We are often contacted by clients who are interested in house designs in english style made of brick and more modern materials- from foam blocks or aerated concrete. Upon discussion, it turns out that they mean completely different buildings, and there is an objective reason for this. The architecture of England took shape over several centuries, and three periods are distinguished: XV-XVI, XVII-XVIII, XVIII-XIX centuries.
Substyles of English architecture
- acute-angled multi-pitched roofs, covered with red tiles;
- large brick chimneys;
- high gables with small dormer windows;
- arched windows with frequent glazing, stone facing of the base.
Projects of houses in the English Tudor style: No. 33-03 (one-story townhouse), No. 51-34 (classic cottage with attic).
- rectangular shape, symmetry;
- walls without decoration;
- simple roofs of medium height;
- doors framed by a portal.
Typical examples in the catalog: No. 58-66 or a more modern interpretation No. 32-11.
- decoration facing stone, using half-timbered or siding techniques;
- roofs are purchased complex shape, are complemented by towers;
- distribution of bay windows, verandas, terraces;
- high pediment above the central entrance.
An example would be a photo of a 2-story house in the English Victorian style No. 34-67, or a project with a terrace (No. 40-56).
Composition of project documentation
The Cottage Projects company develops ready-made solutions for 15 years already. Each finished project contains a complete package of documentation necessary for construction.
- Detailed description of all structures: foundation, walls, ceilings.
- Floor plans with a breakdown for each room: area, purpose.
- Specification of building materials, options for their replacement are indicated.
The project includes a set of working drawings: sections, masonry plans, floor explications, and a diagram for filling window openings. Some standard solutions include engineering communications projects. In most cases, water supply and electrification systems are developed individually. For example, when a customer requires a house with a second light (No. 35-12, 375 m2). Additionally, an architectural passport of the object is prepared.
A house in the English style would be quite appropriate to call it classic. Restraint and elegance are the main features that are inherent in these styles. The traditional English style still contains a certain aristocracy. In the modern world, it is quite difficult to adhere to one style in the design of your home, but in our article we will still try to figure out how to skillfully combine the basic elements of the English style with functionality, while maintaining harmony. And the 33 photos that accompany the material perfectly illustrate the depth of the presented style visually.
Correct facade of a house in English style
Construction of a private house involves preliminary planning of external and interior work, in which facade decoration plays a very important role. The facade of a house in the English style is, first of all, austerity and conservatism; it has many of its own features that should not be neglected. The facades of English-style houses are noticeably original finishing materials and special decorative elements.
The most popular varieties of English style:
- Gregorian
- Victorian
- Tudor
Gregorian style
In the Gregorian style, the motifs of ancient architecture are quite noticeable. As a rule, houses in this style are two-story. The first floor of the house has a high base and wall coverings in the form of cornices and moldings. The doors are made of wood, sometimes with small windows at the top.
The walls are most often made of red brick; visually it looks like a classic brick house in the English style, reminiscent of a fairy-tale construction from the Middle Ages. The presence of artificial or wild stone in the facade of the house is also a clear characteristic of the style. Facade cladding is often found using foam or polyurethane. These materials are light in weight and quite versatile, they can be easily painted to match natural materials.
Victorian style
This style is characterized by symmetry with the entrance at the center. Ceilings in houses in victorian style low, based on this, the windows of the second floor are also located quite low. The windows themselves are round in shape. The roof of the house is covered with slate and symmetrical pipes, cone-shaped towers and cylindrical buildings are used as decorations. The facade of the house in the English style has such striking differences as: stained glass windows, mosaic masonry and figured forging. Direct finishing of the house is done using brickwork. Cornices, doors and window transitions are made in contrasting colors.
Tudor style
As with the previous two, the Tudor-style facade uses brickwork. The masonry is done according to the castle type, and half-timbered walls are also used to fill the walls wooden frame brick or stone material.
In houses made in the Tudor style, the presence of a porch is not accepted; instead, a small canopy is built, which is decorated with climbing vegetation.
English style house: design features of the roof and foundation
In such houses there is practically no foundation; the floor is laid almost on the ground layer of earth. It is not customary to display a garage, so it is built in the middle of the site. It is also unacceptable to build separate sheds for the garage and make it adjacent to the wall of a residential building. The facade of English-style houses has a high roof. The most popular materials for roof construction are slate, tiles and even straw.
Previously the roof was made of natural materials talked about the decadence financial situation owners, and now such roofing is highly valued and considered environmentally friendly. The striking features of English style roofs are their sharpness and height.
Interior of an English-style house: key elements and characteristics of the style
Mahogany can easily be called an essential element of the interior of a house in the English style. Expensive and elegant material, perfect for furniture and interior decoration rooms. Plain walls are traditionally decorated with paintings or tapestries. Windows play a special role; they are always covered with rich multi-layer curtains, decorated with veils, draperies and lacing.
The interior of the English-style house is traditionally decorated in brown, gray, olive and white. There are several elements thanks to which an English-style house cannot be confused with anything else.
Fireplace - what kind english house, without a fireplace? In cold and damp weather conditions, it performs not only an aesthetic function, but also a practical one. The best option will become real fireplace, and not electric, but it all depends on the capabilities of the living space. Most often, the fireplace becomes the center of the room, starting from it the sofa, armchairs and other furniture will be placed.
Also, almost no English home is complete without a library. It could be a whole separate room, a rack or just a few shelves. A great addition to the library would be a few armchairs and a coffee table.
And the last obligatory element of the English style is the cage. This pattern is very often used in textiles. It is quite bright and stands out against the background of other interior elements.
Perhaps many will consider the interior of an English-style house too restrained and conservative, but not fans of the classics. If a book, a fireplace and a cup of tea are your ideal evening, then the English style is made for you.
English style house - classic, sophistication and beauty in 33 photos updated: September 14, 2017 by: Valeria Likhovaya
Classicism of English style for decoration country houses attracts both designers and ordinary people with its functionality, rigor and ability to well demonstrate the taste and character of its guests. Photos of English-style houses demonstrate the external roughness of unlined facades with low-lying window openings and a bright red tiled roof.
Distinctive elements outside English apartments are considered:
- wall surfaces made of natural stone elements or bricks;
- lack of carved parts;
- asymmetry in the location of the exterior composition;
- presence of columns;
- narrow color palette;
- gable roof;
- The area near the house is planted with a garden and flowers.
Types of English country buildings
The architecture of English buildings is recognizable all over the world. There are three main architectural and construction trends with their own characteristics and features.
Tudor house style. Visually, such buildings resemble fairy-tale village houses. However appearance a little rude.
The main architectural features of this type are:
- the presence of high pediments on the main façade;
- roof with a steep slope and uneven edges;
- large chimney and miniature dormer windows;
- the general outlines of the building are asymmetrical;
- the entrance has an arched design.
Georgian architectural style. For modern English world This direction of development is the most popular. Georgian buildings look magnificent and simple at the same time.
The direction is characterized by the following features:
- symmetry;
- window openings same sizes, which have the same location;
- lack of various kinds of decorations;
- the main facade of the building is decorated with five windows;
- the entrance door is located very low;
- low roof.
Victorian direction. Different decorative cladding and contrasting color combinations.
Its features:
- A symmetrical arrangement;
- overall veranda area;
- decorative finishing of wall surfaces with stone or siding;
- ornamental and stucco elements.
The main feature of houses made in the English style is the construction of the building from red brick. Thanks to this material, which has a very reasonable cost, the life of the house increases.
Another advantage is high sound insulation qualities indoors.
An English apartment project is characterized by the presence of two full floors and, in some cases, an attic. The entrance to the room is located in the middle.
Architectural features
The foundation of a typical English residential building is very low, so the floor surface practically coincides with the ground plane. You won’t be able to find the usual basements and garages in the house, since the English style does not imply this.
Sometimes owners can equip a small cellar or storage room in their home. The external façade is not decorated or clad in any way, so it looks rather rough.
Window openings rectangular or square shape the first level are located low. The roof of the house is covered with red tiles, its shape is sharp, and the structure is very high. IN recent years The roofs of English houses are made of straw or reeds.
A porch is attached to a house only if the building is located on a site with a slope. But entrance doors and the windows are often framed by awnings.
The ivy climbing along the canopy brings special luxury to the design of an English-style house. It is customary to plant next to an English residential building small gardens and design picturesque flower beds.
Layout inside the house
The main living area of the first floor is represented by a spacious living room, which, as a rule, is combined with a dining room, corridor areas and a hall. The guest room must be made light, since there are many window openings in the room. Another room on the first level is a study.
The second floor is considered the sleeping area. There are three bedrooms in total, one of which has a bathroom and wardrobe.
Interior composition of the house
The main conditions for creating internal English interior for a private home are comfort and coziness. The living room is arranged in such a way that it is comfortable for all guests and household members to be here.
Natural wood is chosen as finishing materials typical for working in the English style. The floor surfaces are covered with noble parquet covering.
The chosen direction is characterized by large spacious areas for the living room, however, with the help of design techniques in small rooms it is possible to create a project that is distinguished by its effectiveness and style.
Mandatory characteristic for English direction An element of the interior decoration is a fireplace. It acts as the center of the entire interior composition in the guest area.
You can cover the fireplace various materials in the form of marble, wood or lime panels. On the shelf above the fireplace it is customary to display clocks, bronze sculptures, flowerpots with flowers and snuff boxes with cigarette cases.
English stylistic direction Perfect for decorating a private country residence.
Photos of English style houses
The old designs of English houses are chronologically the oldest, in area they are much smaller than the Tudor houses that appeared at the end of the 15th century, and even more so the large country Georgian and Victorian cottages, and most closely echo the medieval style. Ordinary are characterized by steep pitched roof with cross gables, large stone or brick chimneys at the front of the house, and small window openings of double-hung windows. Entrance groups were often gables with a pitched roof that was steep and straight on one side and carefully curved on the other. Doorways are arched or semicircular, richly decorated with fittings and external lighting.
Architectural features of ancient English projects
- The roof is steep and pitched with complex intersecting gables
- Roof covering made of natural clay tiles, preferably old ones - with lichen or moss
- Massive dominant chimney
- Details may include half-timbering and narrow windows with wooden shutters
- Finishing - natural or artificial stone, rough plaster and wood
Tudor style houses
Tudor style houses are considered the next step in English cottage architecture. Tudor houses are usually mixed - i.e. the first floor is designed from brick or stone, the second floor mansard type, as a rule, is carried out according to half-timbered technology or with decorative overlays made of timber. Roofs in Tudor style houses steep, pitched, with finely flared curves on the eaves, the windows are high and narrow. Tudor houses, like Old English ones, have massive stove or fireplace chimneys, but they are no longer exposed to the foreground and are located to the side or behind the house. We invite you to familiarize yourself with ready-made projects Tudor houses, or carry out individual design country cottages, carefully planned and functional, according to your wishes.
Georgian houses
The Georgian style of architecture originated in England at the beginning of the 18th century and developed between 1720 and 1840. English Georgian houses are very easy to distinguish from other English designs - they are characterized by precise proportions and balance.
Characteristics of Georgian architecture
- Usually have rectangular symmetrical shapes, windows and doors centered on the front facade.
- The most commonly used building materials are simple clay bricks in dark or light shades.
- Georgian houses are mostly two-story, but you can also design a mansard or one-story design.
- The roof is usually dark.
- The colors are discreet - various shades of red and burgundy, sometimes gray.
- Like any English house, a Georgian design must have a fireplace. Unlike the earlier ones, here you can do without a chimney attached to the side.
English designs in Victorian style
The Victorian style of architecture flourished for a century, from the 1810s to the early 1910s, but is still relevant today. Particularly common in rural areas and suburbs of large cities in the United States. Houses in this style have an asymmetrical facade, steep roof, bay windows and towers decorated with spindles or carvings, porches with pillars and spacious covered terraces or verandas - with decorative railings.
Pediments visually stand out on facades. The decoration of English cottages in the Victorian style is decorated with shingles or siding, and the roof is covered with patterned tiles. Traditionally, these houses are mostly two-story or with an attic.
The name “English” in relation to architecture is associated with the word “classical”. The unity of sophistication, restraint, splendor, luxury is the reason for the identification of these two concepts. To purchase not newfangled housing construction, which will certainly lose its aesthetic relevance, but solid housing, not subject to the trends of the times, is the desire of people striving for stability. An English-style house can be an excellent choice.
The English style, like no other, requires at least a slight excursion into history to perceive it correctly and fully. This is an architectural epic spanning at least four centuries (the 15th–18th centuries are the years of official recognition: its formation takes much longer). The era is characterized by a change of ruling dynasties, rapid processes of development of society, industry and, as a result, active construction of secular buildings.
If we omit the division into early and later periods, the following main varieties of English style in architecture are distinguished:
- Tudor;
- Georgian;
- Victorian.
Despite the sequence of appearance of styles, one cannot talk about their continuity, find elements of improvement in later directions, or look for common fundamental or unifying features. These are styles that have different architectural traditions.
If we still try to find generalizing definitions, without touching on the comparison of shapes, shades, and materials used, then they will be as follows:
- conservatism;
- strength and solidity;
- massiveness.
English architecture still has many fans today. Those wishing to purchase a house in European style, namely in the classical English genre, becomes more and more with increasing levels of well-being.
Tudor era in English style: brick house designs
Many modern country villages are built up brick houses in English style. It is the Tudor era that is characterized by the appearance of such houses. Brick was imported in the 15th century by Dutch emigrants and immediately began to be actively used not only as the main building material, but also as a way to decorate facades.
Characteristic features of Tudor buildings are:
- numerous asymmetries in the architecture of buildings;
- roofs with steep slopes;
- high gables;
- half-timbered;
- a chimney that visually represents a separate part of the building and has a decorative finish made of stone or a special type of brickwork;
- main windows rectangular shape, with small squares of glazing, swinging open;
- dormer windows, usually round in shape;
- bright, distinguished by finishing with large stones or additional decorative brickwork, the design of the central entrance.
The era of Tudor rule lasted for more than a hundred years. The style has undergone many changes, or rather even additions. If you look at the suggested construction companies photos of houses in the English style belonging to the neo-Tudor movement, it can be noted that the main distinctive elements and characteristic features are also present in modern houses: high roofs(tile roofing only); chimneys, which decorate the facade of the building; mandatory half-timbered structures (imitation is often used); asymmetry, giving the building originality and mystery.
Useful advice! This style is intended for use in construction natural materials. If preference is still given metal-plastic windows, better install window units brown or imitated under natural wood. White products will introduce a certain stereotype and will contribute to a departure from style.
English style house projectsGeorgian era
Georgian style is both restrained and grand. The houses look presentable and solid. It is thanks to the above advantages that the Georgian type of construction is in demand. Modern architects have developed many various projects country houses of this architectural direction.
Main distinctive features of this style are:
- rectangular shape of the building;
- strict symmetry of its various parts;
- brick walls with discreet decor;
- ceiling at the entrance supported by columns (portico);
- paneled front door with decorative elements;
- a pitched roof that practically does not overhang the building.
The proposed photos of the facades of houses in the English style of the Georgian era clearly demonstrate the paired, symmetrical arrangement of windows and even chimneys. A significant part of the interior is the door. Decorated door leaf can be framed on top and on both sides (necessarily symmetrically) by blocks of small windows, which are sometimes opening structures, but more often they are intended only for natural lighting of the corridor. Modern designers Windows are often replaced with glass blocks, which adds additional decorative effect.
The facade is decorated with various small stucco elements, arches, pilasters, which are either made of white material or painted white.
White windows and the same decor give the building elegance and completeness.
The roof of Georgian buildings is also a symmetrical structure. To follow the laws of style, modern houses covered with material gray shades, similar to the slate used in the 18th century.
Buildings of this direction of the English style are built on a high base, which is covered with stone or highlighted by plastering and painting.
Architectural features of Victorian style houses
“Victorian style” sounds status-conscious and pathetic. It was formed against the backdrop of the industrial rise of Great Britain. In parallel with the rich houses of the bourgeoisie, wanting to emphasize their position, buildings of representatives of the wealthy middle class appeared. The size of the latter's households was somewhat smaller, but the basic traditions were respected. Although it should also be noted that the building materials often replaced with cheaper ones.
Looking through photos of English houses built in the Victorian style, even with today's standard set of building and finishing materials, it is impossible to find two very similar objects. Eclecticism is the basis of this architectural trend, which does not put forward restrictions for creative fantasies.
The main features characterizing Victorian architecture, are:
- deep but dim colors of the house facade;
- use of almost all possible finishing materials;
- a variety of types of decoration on the facade of one building;
- large elongated main and small dormer windows;
- bay windows, turrets, balconies, verandas;
- complex roof structure: broken, multi-stage.
Useful advice! The architecture of the Victorian building is interesting, but quite complex. When ordering or designing such a house model, you must special attention devote heating system so that remote areas do not remain cold.
Modern house designs in a classic style
Not everyone potential buyer private building trying to understand the peculiarities of English architectural eras. He wants to buy or build a house in classic style. In this case, managers of construction companies provide a huge choice to his attention.
To express many architectural styles, there are limitations in the use of materials and construction technologies. This is completely uncharacteristic of English classics. The house can be made of natural stone, foam concrete, aerated concrete, cinder block, brick, etc. Ok can be framed with wood paneling or made of timber. Only the forms matter.
Classic style home design requires good taste and considerable capital investments. The English structure is characterized by the following general characteristics:
- steep roof;
- thick walls;
- high ceilings;
- solid foundation;
- the need to design each element of the building facade.
My home is my fortress, reliable, beautiful and comfortable. The proposed photos show houses in a classic style. The buildings generally have two floors, but one-story, one-and-a-half-tier, and three-story structures are also offered. There are standard buildings, and also quite a few exclusive options. The facades of country houses impress with the variety of ideas. The price range of projects is quite wide – from 6 million rubles. for a house with an area of 120 m² in a restrained Georgian style up to 60 million rubles. for a Victorian mansion of 520 m².
Useful advice! When choosing an English-style house, you should definitely take into account the size of the plot as a whole. If less than 5 acres of land is allocated for construction, a solid house in a classic style will be “cramped” here.
English architectural traditions in American style houses
Even with a cursory examination of the designs of American-style houses, one can note their great similarity with English buildings. The United States as a state was formed on the site of the English colonies, so mutual influence on the development of architecture was inevitable.
With some shift in time relative to Britain, architectural styles arose successively in America:
- colonial;
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- Tudor;
- Victorian.
The colonial style, which experienced a revival in the 19th century, is characterized by the symmetry of facade elements, a massive porch with columns, windows divided into small square glazed fragments, and decorative details in the form of carvings.
Tudor style houses are reminiscent of medieval England. These are half-timbered structures with massive attics, high gable roof. For registration modern facades houses of this style use plaster of various shades, wooden elements, natural stone.
House facade projects victorian era America is distinguished by the presence of towers various shapes, balconies, bay windows. Many features of design elements given american style borrowed from the French: color shades, design of columns, ground floor.
Modern methods of cladding the facades of houses in the English style
Along with architectural features important To express the style, the façade of the house is decorated. Photos on the Internet show various cladding options. It makes sense to dwell on the main methods of designing building facades. This information can be especially useful for those who independently design their future structure.
The main materials used for finishing are:
- natural stone;
- brick;
- plaster;
- board, wooden facade panels;
- siding.
Materials for the facade of a house can be used in various combinations: wood and brick, siding and plaster, facade wood panels and natural stone, etc. It must be taken into account that a significant part of the walls must be flat. Decorative types the masonry of certain elements of the building, even occupying a significant area, is designed to complement and decorate.
Quite often they use stone cladding of house facades. This win-win, giving the structure solidity. Using this universal material for finishing structural elements, it should be remembered that it is completely incompatible with red brickwork and siding.
Are there differences in the design of facades of one-story houses and facades two-story houses? In terms of the use of materials and execution techniques, there is no difference. However, in order one-story building has not lost its restrained English greatness, you need to follow a number of recommendations:
- It is better to do decorative fragmentary wall cladding with medium-sized stone, since a large one will visually expand, but at the same time reduce the actual height of the house;
- it is desirable that the windows have two hinged sashes, consisting of one row of vertically arranged glazed square sections;
- It is not recommended to use siding for finishing one-story houses, since it is not worth combining on a small area, and full cladding with this material looks rustic for the facade of an English-style house.
There are no restrictions when decorating the facades of two-story houses. The main rule is to follow the laws of style.
Projects of one-story houses in the English style
One-story houses in the English style are a fairly popular option, as they have a reasonable price. Modern architects try to give them all the features inherent in this architectural direction. Houses are built on a large foundation. This makes the building as a whole tall and makes it possible to decorate the entrance in an interesting way by equipping a porch with columns, pilasters, high and wide steps and original railings. The inability to make a balcony is replaced by designing a veranda along one of the walls.
Quite often one-story english houses are erecting frame method. This somewhat reduces the cost of construction and makes it as environmentally friendly as possible.
To maintain common solid looking of the building, special attention is paid to the roof. Viewing windows in its slopes serve not only as decoration, but also as a means of illuminating the attic area.
Photos of projects of one-story houses in the English style, proposed by various construction companies, demonstrate the possibilities of expansion usable area houses through the use of the basement (for technical needs) and attic (to accommodate a living room) floors. The elegance of the exterior contributes to a positive perception of buildings of this type.
Useful advice! Choosing a project one storey building in English style, you definitely need to inquire about the composition roofing pie. Moisture insulation and heat conservation are very important for houses of this type.
Projects of modern cottages in the English style
If we are talking about the truth English cottage, then it is necessary to imagine a low one-story building covered with thatch or a material that imitates it. The house is practically buried in randomly planted flowers, bushes, climbing plants. The architecture is designed according to the style: symmetrical windows, chimneys, observation windows, etc.
Quite far from the building described above is a modern English-style cottage. The desire to a certain extent for convenience, practicality, and expediency has led to significant changes.
Cottages are considered to be exclusively country houses. More often these are villages where buildings are created according to standard projects. It is the flow of construction that makes this housing affordable, and therefore in demand. Main distinguishing features modern cottages in English style are:
- desire for compactness;
- the presence of at least two floors;
- Maximum use of the area of the basement level.
The desire to place all premises under one roof requires rational planning. The small size of land plots does not allow building complex houses. It is quite rare to find columns and pilasters in the architecture of the proposed cottage projects.
The photo shows the decoration of the facade of a private house suburban type made of brick or various types plaster. Brick walls complemented by white cornices, moldings, arches. Plastered surfaces have pleasant color shades. Ground floor lined with stone. Interesting are the options for cottages where the decoration is made of panels from artificial stone, – the buildings look solid, they emanate historical romance.
English style in landscape design:naturalism and imitation of nature
English landscape design requires significant space. These should be landscapes that have a pristine natural basis and are embellished by the hand of man. However, few homeowners have a lot of free space. House area on average is 4-7 acres.
Based on actual conditions, a third local area should be set aside for a neatly trimmed English lawn. This is the only design element that looks “correct” in every way. It serves as a background against which other plantings will appear as elements of untouched wildlife.
The facades of brick houses are covered with ivy, flower beds are chaotically scattered around the site, shrubs adjacent to trees merge into a green oasis - these are the characteristic features of the design.
Useful advice! When settling in personal plot Uneven surfaces such as hills, curved banks and slopes should not be removed. English landscape design does not accept straight lines.
Mixborders can be an excellent design element for a site. It's constant blooming flower beds, where plants are selected according to growing season and color scheme. This is not just a flowerbed with colorful flowers. Mixborders do not have clear boundaries. Looking at them, you should get the impression that the flowers in this place grew themselves.
Photos of the facades of houses in a classic style, surrounded by greenery, benches with openwork metal backs, swings, gazebos covered with ivy, and bridges reflect the true content of English landscape design. The paths are paved with gravel and sandstone; in the depths of the garden, naturally shaped stones form a composition with antique sculptures. Addition to the natural landscape is the basic rule that must be observed when designing a site.
If there is even a small pond in the local area, it must have aquatic plants. It is necessary that everything is in English landscape design obeyed the admiration of nature.
English style house:Housing shouldn't be a burden
To prevent your home from becoming boring over time, you need to take care of it first.
However, there are still some points that are worth considering before purchasing a classic English structure:
- Even a small English house is an impressive structure. You definitely need to calculate your capabilities to keep it clean.
- A large number of designs and decorative elements on the façade of the building also require maintenance, cosmetic repairs or even updates.
- Significant funds will need to be allocated for heating and lighting. Austerity will lead to discomfort.
- Arranging a backyard area will require a lot of time and physical effort.
- You should know that a classic house is quite an expensive pleasure.
The value of classics lies in the inviolability of its canons of beauty and perfection. That is why the English style of architecture is not getting fewer fans. The solidity and grandeur of the house, which gives the opportunity to retire behind reliable walls and temporarily renounce the outside world, completely devoting oneself to the family, is a feature of English buildings. When looking at pictures of country houses, the imagination involuntarily draws an unusual way of life, solemn and friendly receptions of guests, interesting traditions- an atmosphere of comfort, coziness, fullness of life.
