Most private houses in our time have several floors. It is cheaper to build such a house, since you can get more living space with a smaller foundation. After all, it is the foundation that accounts for the main expenses during construction. Yes and organize convenient layout two-story house easier.
But presence more floors requires the construction of stairs, which often frightens those involved in the construction of their house or cottage. To them, such work seems to be something complicated, but in fact, everything is quite simple. Good ladder easy to build with your own hands, just knowing a few features.
What is the staircase made of?
Stair elements First you need, of course, to understand what it is, what are its main elements. The fundamentals of the design here are so simple that the differences between different types minimal.
First, everyone knows that it consists of steps. It is on them that the main burden falls. Steps do not hang in the air, they rest on one of two types supporting structures- bowstrings or stringers.
- Bowstrings are two thick boards in which special grooves are cut for steps and risers. Such grooves are made according to the template. The bowstrings are pulled together with strands of both metal and wood;
- Unlike bowstrings, stringers are not straight boards, but have a sawtooth shape. Horizontal cuts are used as a support for the steps, and vertical cuts are used to fasten the risers. Another difference between the kosour and bowstrings is that during construction, you can use not two boards, but one. In the latter version, the steps rest on the walls.
Kosour marking scheme Optional, but present almost everywhere, the element is the risers. Them main function- decorative. Risers make it possible to hide inner space stairs.
Railings that increase the level of safety of use are also not required, but highly desirable. Sometimes stairs have elements such as a support step or special platforms.
What are stairs
Most modern houses they make one of their three main types - marching, on the bolts, screw. At the same time, they are chosen based on aesthetic preferences, the presence free space in the house, budget and other parameters.
Marching stairs
The most common marching stairs The simplest and most common design is the marching staircase. Although, having such an important plus - ease of construction, it also has one important drawback - it takes up quite a lot of space. As a result, its construction may not be justified in a small house.
Depending on the number of storeys of the building, its size, stairs of this type are built single-flight, two-flight, three-flight, etc. Marches are called separate segments, which may consist of a different number of steps, but usually no more than fifteen. The optimal number is considered to be ten steps.
In addition, they are divided into open and closed. In most cases, owners make a choice based on aesthetic preferences, because the only difference between them is the presence or absence of risers. Open marching stairs are chosen by those who want a feeling of lightness in the interior.
They have a similar device. They also differ simply in what kind of support they use for them. They can rely on bowstrings, or they can rely on stringers. At the same time, there is no total preference for one type of support. It all depends on the wishes of the owner or location. For example, for a staircase against a wall, it is quite logical to use a stringer as a supporting beam.
To save space, they are often made with a turn. In this case, use trapezoidal rotary steps called runaways. The most common angles of rotation of mid-flight stairs are 90 degrees (quarter-turn stairs) and 180 degrees (half-turn stairs). They also come with a 360-degree rotation, but then they can also be attributed to screw ones.
Bolts stairs
Stairs on the rails have a modern, technological and light look. With the growing popularity of high-tech or modern interiors, the popularity of stairs on the rails has increased. They really have a modern, technological and at the same time light look. They got their name from German word"bolts", meaning "bolt" in translation, this is the name of their main structural element- large hanging balusters.
The design feature here is the absence of a frame, which creates the feeling that it is floating in the air. Its role is assumed by the steps and the bolts, mounted to the handrails.
There are several types of designs of stairs on the rails. You can choose either one that involves only the use of balusters, or with one side resting on a wall, bowstring or stringer. Quite common combined options. The choice depends only on the taste and planning features of the house.
In addition to aesthetics, they have one definite practical plus - high maintainability. Any element, from steps to railings, is very easy to dismantle.
Spiral stairs
Spiral staircases are popular both in modern and in classic interiors
Both in modern and classic interiors, spiral staircases are popular. They are valued primarily for the fact that they take up very little space (example in the photo). If you have small house then this is the choice for you. Their compact, space-saving proportions make efficient use of space. On the other hand, it was not without drawbacks - they are not wide and steep, and self-mounting, although not very difficult, requires more work than in the case of marching ones.
There are two main designs in use today:
- The first of them involves the use of bent-glued handrails, on which the steps are attached. This design is quite complex, but it is also distinguished by its special beauty;
- The second, the most common and classic, involves the use of a central support and curved handrails. Steps are attached both to the support and to the handrails. This design is simpler and does not have such strict requirements for the strength of materials as the first one.
The design of the spiral staircase can also provide for the support of the steps on the wall. In this case, special recesses are made in the wall, to which they are attached. It will not necessarily be circular, it may well be polygonal.
Make a ladder: Requirements
You need to design a staircase at the design stage of the whole house. At the same time, several simple terms and requirements:
- It is necessary to consider where it will be installed;
- How many tenants and how often they will use it, and how old these people will be;
- Will it be necessary to carry something very heavy along it;
- It is required that the slope angle not only does not exceed 42 degrees, but is also constant along its entire length;
- The minimum width should be 80 cm and not less;
- Steps should be installed on the basis of a minimum design load of 200 kilograms per meter. cube;
- The minimum design load for the railing is 100 kg per meter. cube;
- Stair railings should not be too low. Their smallest height can be at least 80 cm;
- Balusters should not be too rare, the clear distance between them should not exceed 15 cm.
Make a ladder: Calculations
Before making a staircase, it is necessary to correctly make calculations Taking into account all the above requirements and choosing the appropriate type of stairs, you can safely proceed to its construction with your own hands according to the drawing.
Success self erection depends on correct calculations. Calculating the design parameters of the stairs, you determine those dimensions that best contribute to ensuring convenient and safe movement. Moreover, convenience is supported by a certain ratio between the rise and advancement.
When designing, you need to remember that all steps of one march must have same sizes. At the same time, the sum of the double height of the riser and the step should not be less than the length of the average human step, which is 60–66 cm.
To achieve the greatest convenience, it is worth maintaining the difference between the width of the step and the height of the riser at the level of 12 cm, but the greatest safety is achieved when the sum of these parameters is not less than 46 cm.
When calculating the angle of inclination, it is taken into account that the distance from the plane of each step to the ceiling should not be less than two meters.
The optimal angle is considered to be in the range from 23 to 37 degrees.
Naturally, the larger it is, the less space the structure will occupy, but at an angle of more than 45 degrees it will simply be inconvenient to climb along it.
In order to determine the total length of a simple flight of stairs, you can use the formula H2 + D2 = L2, where H is the sum of the distance from the floor of the first floor to the ceiling and the thickness of the interfloor ceiling, and D is the size of the projection onto the floor. In order to determine the size of the projection, you must first find out the number of steps required. To do this, divide H by the selected step height. After that, the resulting number of steps is multiplied by their selected width.
Make a ladder according to the instructions: a ladder with bowstrings
There are many types of stairs, now we will talk about the stairs on bowstrings.
Staircase to the second floor on bowstrings How to make a string
It is necessary to start building a staircase on bowstrings from their manufacture. Why choose either a solid solid and thick enough board or a durable glued laminated timber. The length of the boards is selected based on the length of the stairs or march. You also need to prepare the strands with which you fasten the beams so that they do not part in different sides during operation.
The markup is done even before the bowstrings are installed. This stage plays an important role, since its incorrect execution often leads to a banal distortion of the steps. In order for the cutouts of the grooves to be completely identical, located equidistant from each other, a self-made template is used when marking. A thin sheet of plywood is used as a template.
On the inside boards, you need to draw a boundary line, stepping back 5 cm from the edge, otherwise the bowstring has a chance to turn into a kosour.
It is these lines that will act as the border of the steps. Then they take a template, apply and outline the places for future grooves, moving to the end. The location of the grooves on the beams of the bowstrings should be mirrored.
Mounting the bowstring
Mounting bowstrings does not require any special skills and a lot of time. The whole procedure consists in the fact that the bowstring is fastened with screws to the floor and the ceiling of the floors. Sometimes, if a very large load is expected, support beams are used. But such a design is rarely found in interiors, due to its bulkiness and lack of practical necessity.
Cutting elements
To cut grooves, use the usual milling machine. This requires two or three approaches, no more. They almost always start with side cuts, after which they make additional ones that make work easier with a chisel. The optimal depth is 1.5–2 cm. At the end, the grooves are cleaned and the edges are smeared with glue before mounting the steps.
How to make steps and mount them
The production of steps is one of the most simple procedures in all installation work. A dry board is taken. Its thickness should be at least 3.5 cm. The width must correspond to that which was chosen for the steps in the calculations. The board is cut based on the width of the stairs, including the railing. Grind after cutting. The procedure for making risers looks almost the same. Unless you can use a less thick board - up to 2 cm.
When assembling flight of stairs First of all, steps are attached, for which self-tapping screws are used. Best Option are self-tapping screws 6x90, of which there should be six pieces.
It is also possible to mount without the use of additional devices, but only with glue. But its strength depends on how tightly the step fits into the groove.
Sometimes the steps are attached to the bowstrings without using grooves. Then, surfs or bars are attached to the inside of the boards with the help of metal holders, on which the steps are placed. Risers can be attached to bowstrings with or without screws.
How to make railings and mount them
Railings can be either made independently or bought ready-made. Although they may differ from each other appearance, their design is the same - the railings consist of handrails and balusters. Handrails are usually made from boards, and balusters are made from bars. square section. Moreover, the latter can be both very simple and carved.
The number of balusters should usually correspond to the number of steps. Two of them, installed at the beginning of the stairs and at its end, play the role of support. All the rest are decorative.
They also help safe use design. Self-tapping screws act as fasteners, which can be hidden with a decorative plug. After fixing the balusters, handrails are attached to them. For this, self-tapping screws are also needed.
Staircase on stringers
Staircase to the second floor on stringers Stringer making is similar in many ways to bowstring making, although these two types of support structures use several different principle holding steps.
Using this technology, temporary, outdoor (street) home-made stairs are made in houses.
You need to choose a solid board of solid durable wood. The board must be dry.
After that, make a markup template, like that, which was used to make a bowstring. The template imitating the protrusions must correspond to the calculated dimensions of the steps. This time you do not need to draw an indent line, since it will not be necessary to cut out the grooves.
For sawing out protrusions, it is most convenient to use an electric jigsaw. After they are sawn, they need to be sanded.
Self-manufacturing stairs at first glance may seem like a rather complicated task that requires calculations, right choice material and skills. But this is only at first glance. It is enough to get acquainted with how everything is done to understand that there is nothing complicated here.
Making your home comfortable does not require too much time, or too much effort, or a significant financial outlay.
There are also types of stairs for limited space - folding, retractable, cabinet stairs. They are temporary and are made mainly of iron.
Video
Watch a YouTube video on how to make a ladder with your own hands.
Building a staircase to the second floor is a rather complicated procedure, but with experience and good walkthrough you can handle this on your own. The main difficulty in this case is that the dimensions of the span and the angle of inclination of the structure must be calculated with the utmost accuracy, since both the durability of the structure and the convenience of its operation largely depend on this. Reliable and aesthetically pleasing attractive staircase– a great chance to test yourself and acquire valuable experience for subsequent work in his private home.
First, you should decide what role your staircase should play in general interior. Such a design can serve as a decorative element or be invisible; moreover, the staircase can become the central element of the whole design, according to which the whole room will be designed. But before choosing a specific option and starting directly manufacturing, it is necessary to find out how this kind of staircase works in general, and determine its required dimensions.
Construction - what are interfloor stairs made of
And they consist of a large number structural elements. You definitely cannot do without some, while the rest, on the contrary, may be absent in some variations of the described design.
Let's start with the fact that in the design in without fail steps must be present, as well as supports supporting them - these are the main elements of any interfloor construction of this type. The step itself is an element consisting of two perpendicular each other parts. talking professional language, from riser and riser. The latter, by the way, serves as a kind of support under the approach, but you can often do without it.
As for the supports, they can be of two types:
- kosour (this is a special beam that supports the steps from below);
- bowstring (a similar beam for steps, only it supports them at the ends).
The next structural element is the railing. They are extremely important, although they are not available on all types of construction. And if elderly relatives or children live in your house, there is certainly no way without a railing.
Finally, balusters are special vertical supports under the railing, often necessary not only for practicality, but also for decoration. Different materials can be used for balusters, and the shape of the elements is also different.
Note! In view of great variety stairs, they may have such details that are required exclusively for this design. Let's get acquainted with them.
- Boltsy. By them are meant special bolts intended to support the steps. They can be attached both to them and to the walls themselves. They are not often used, but only for some versions of the stairs.
- Racks. Such elements are used in the construction of spiral staircases. Steps are attached to one such rack with the appropriate step, having special form and forming a spiral that rises to the second floor from the first.
Which version of the stairs to the second floor to choose for the house?
So, first we determine which ladder we need, and make the appropriate calculations. As a rule, in private houses there are metal, concrete and wooden stairs.
According to their design, they can all be:
- screw;
- rotary;
- straight.
There are, by the way, combined options with varying degrees of complexity, but we will not dwell on them.
Concrete stairs require a very strong foundation, and the construction itself takes a lot of time, but the finished structures are very durable and strong. Installing a metal staircase is nothing complicated, but provided that you know how to work with welding machine. But everyone can build a wooden structure if you familiarize yourself with the algorithm of such a process.
The simplest in construction is considered to be a direct mid-flight structure - a not very complicated staircase to the second floor with your own hands. It is quite compact, does not include too many details, and complex calculations are not required in this case. If space is limited, then best option- this is a spiral staircase, which, although it looks elegant, is not always convenient to use. For example, it will be difficult for you to lift something heavy or bulky on it. More difficult to install structures that consist of several spans, but they are the most suitable option for buildings with a large distance between floors.
Stairs to the second floor with their own hands made of wood single-flight
This design consists of the following elements:
- stringers;
- risers;
- tread;
- railing.
With what each of these elements represents, we have already figured out, so we immediately move on to the main thing.
So, the height of a single-flight staircase to the second floor should be the same as the distance between floors + floors. To simplify the calculation, it is first necessary to determine the dimensions of the steps themselves. If children or elderly relatives live with you, then it is desirable that the steps be 15 centimeters high, in other cases this height can be 20 centimeters. It is undesirable to exceed the latter value, since the ascent will turn out to be steeper, and it will not be so convenient to climb.
As for the width of the steps, it should vary from 20 to 30 centimeters - the specific value depends on how much free space is allocated for the staircase. After all, the wider the steps, the more space would need. Select the required dimensions, proceed to the calculation of the length of the base and the number of steps. Take the total height of the entire structure and divide by the height of one riser, and round the number you get to the nearest integer and multiply by the tread depth value. For example, the entire staircase to the second floor with your own hands will have a height of 300 centimeters, and the height of each riser will be 20 centimeters.
This will require 15 steps, because:
300:20=15
And if the width of each step is 25 centimeters, then the base should be 37.5 centimeters long (15x25 \u003d 37.5).
Step-by-step instructions for making stairs to the second floor
Having finished with the calculations, start making everything necessary elements designs. Stringers must be made of hard and dense wood, since they will bear both the weight of people and the weight of the entire staircase. Cut out a template from thick cardboard, making cutouts corresponding to the dimensions of the steps, while the slope should be the same as the angle of inclination of the stairs itself. Cut out grooves on the ends of the stringers, through which they will be attached to the ceiling and base, and then mark up in accordance with a pre-made template.
To cope with the subsequent work, you must prepare:
- electric jigsaw;
- a hammer;
- grinder;
- drill;
- level;
- and finally anchor bolts.
Take a jigsaw and use it to make protrusions on the stringers in accordance with the markings, then carefully sand both sides. Next, cut out mounting holes in the floor beams or, alternatively, install metal supports. In the place where the first step will be located on the first floor, install the support beam, fixing it with anchor bolts. Then install the stringers, without fail checking the slope through the level. Secure the stringers at the top/bottom with the same anchor bolts.
Now you can make the stairs yourself. Take dry boards, the thickness of which is at least 3.6 centimeters; the width at this time should be similar to the width of future steps or even slightly larger.
Note! When making risers, you can take boards 2 centimeters thick.
As for the length of the blanks, it should be the same as the width of the entire structure (that is, within 80-120 centimeters).
When finished cutting, carefully sand each piece to remove roughness and sharp cuts. The installation process itself is nothing complicated: coat the lower cutouts on the stringers with wood glue, attach the risers and align everything around the edges. Next, fix them using self-tapping screws, and lay the steps themselves on top. If you do not use glue, then wooden details under load will create squeaks.
Lay all the steps in the same way, and then start attaching the railing. Make balusters for railings from square bars or, alternatively, figured wooden blanks. You can mount on each step or through one (it all depends on what the characteristics of the span are). Fasten with screws, do not forget to close the hats with decorative caps. If the stairs to the second floor with your own hands will be located approximately in the middle of the room, you can equip the railing immediately on each side.
At the end, sand the finished staircase well and treat with an antiseptic. Then paint the wood or open it with varnish. It is important that the final surface is not too smooth - the roughness of the steps will significantly increase the safety of the inhabitants of the house. Finish coat Apply two or three layers, and before each new layer, the previous one must dry completely.
Straight concrete stairs
If your house is spacious enough, and interfloor overlap it is made of concrete, then you may well build a concrete staircase. As a rule, people often build one of two design options:
- monolithic;
- combined type(here only the stringer is made of concrete).
Note that option #2 looks much more attractive. However, a concrete staircase requires formwork in any case, as well as a sufficiently strong base that can withstand such a weight.
To get started, prepare everything you need, in particular:
- moisture resistant plywood (can be replaced edged board, upholstered with PET film);
- concrete;
- strong bars 10x10 centimeters in cross section;
- self-tapping screws;
- fittings or special knitting wire.
Note! The thickness of the board for the construction of formwork should be 3 centimeters, and plywood - at least 1.8 centimeters. All required dimensions calculate in the same way as for the design from the previous paragraph of the article, however, the strength characteristics of the base are required to be maximum.
Start work with the construction of formwork: take plywood or boards, knock them down in accordance with a pre-drawn drawing, avoiding cracks and observing the required slope.
When the formwork is ready, install it between floors and fix it with the same bars. Then lay out the reinforcement bars inside the formwork, tie them with steel wire. Where the railing will be installed, fix the wooden plugs, and only after that fill the entire box with cooked concrete mortar. It is important that the formwork be filled immediately, in one go, otherwise the solidity of the future structure will be broken.
After the concrete has set, dismantle the box, and moisten the formed steps with water from time to time, otherwise their surface may crack. Start finishing only when the concrete gains strength and dries completely. During the construction of stairs of the combined type, stringers are poured in the same way, and the formwork should be narrower (which is typical, the installation of steps should be taken into account here).
You can finish the finished monolithic structure with stone, wood, decorative tiles and other finishing materials. Before proceeding directly to the cladding, consider the weight - for example, the same tile will put a much greater load on the foundation than wood. You can attach any steps to concrete stringers, but they will look especially attractive with a tree.
Video - Self-made stairs
How to build a metal staircase
It is not so difficult to assemble such a structure, but this will require skills in working with a welding machine and metal elements in general.
So, to get started, prepare the following materials and equipment:
- grinder with a grinding nozzle;
- channel number 10;
- file;
- iron corners;
- metal in sheets;
- actually welding.
First, take a channel, cut it into segments and assemble a frame from them of such dimensions as the stairs to the second floor will be with your own hands. Next, take the corners and weld them to the ends of the resulting frame with the same step equal to the height of the steps. It is important that all corners are exactly perpendicular to each other. To facilitate the installation of the structure, you can weld the steps after the frame has been mounted and fixed.
Fasten to the top cover top elements frame, using anchor bolts for this purpose. Attach the lower ends to the floor of the lower floor. After that, weld the steps made of sheet metal, and install the railing. When finished with the assembly, carefully sand the joints special nozzle or, alternatively, ordinary files. At the end, treat the entire structure with an anti-corrosion primer.
How to make a spiral staircase
The main advantages of a spiral staircase are excellent decorative properties, as well as the fact that such a design does not take up much space. For example, a staircase 2.5 meters high will consist of 16-17 steps, while the base will be approximately 2 meters in diameter. One of the most popular ways to build spiral staircases to the second floor is to “string” triangular / trapezoidal steps onto a central axis. In this case, the width of the wide part will be from 30 to 35 centimeters, and the narrow one - only 15 centimeters.
For self-manufacturing stairs to the second floor will need:
- two steel pipes by 5 and 5.5 centimeters;
- primer mixture;
- wooden slats with which the template will be made;
- file;
- corners;
- welding machine.
A pipe with a smaller diameter will serve us as the main rack, therefore, its length should be the same as the interfloor distance. It is also recommended to concrete the staircase near the base to make it more stable (do not forget to set the structure vertically in advance). A large pipe must be cut into cylinders, the length of which is approximately 15 centimeters. Make sure all cuts are at a 90 degree angle, otherwise you won't be able to align all the steps horizontally.
Note! Cylinders should be put on the main pipe as tightly as possible, and there should not be any backlash. If the docking turns out to be loose, you will have to use sealing rings.
To make steps, you will need a template made from wooden slats. Glue the latter in such a way that the corners placed in the frame form steps of the required dimensions.
Weld each rung to the corresponding cylinder, then sand thoroughly. When all the necessary elements are ready, begin to assemble the entire structure. Put the steps on the axle, set the corners and weld securely.
The last step is the installation of railings and the final finishing of the entire structure. For the manufacture of railings, you can use:
- fittings;
- thin profile;
- chrome-plated pipes of small diameter.
Forged railings will also look very impressive. At the same time, do not forget that all metal surfaces must be carefully sanded, treated with a primer mixture and painted.
The spiral staircase to the second floor is assembled in a similar way, for which wooden steps are used. Wood blanks should be made in the form of trapeziums, after which a hole with a diameter of 5 centimeters is made in the narrow part. Further, using special seals, the steps must be strung on the axis and fixed there. At the end, railings are attached, the wood is primed, painted and decorated with decor.
Features of assembling stairs to the second floor on the rails with your own hands
As a result, one more interesting option should be considered on how a staircase to the second floor is built with one's own hands. In this case, we will talk about the design on the bolts, which got its name from him. Bolzen, which translates as "bolt". In other words, we are talking about a structure that is fixed on special bolts. Although in reality these are not even bolts, but fasteners made in the form of pins, at the ends of which there is a thread. Thanks to the bolts, the railings and steps are interconnected and also attached to the wall. As a result, we get an airy and light staircase that can decorate any a private house. Moreover, in this case there are no risers at all.
Among other things, stairs of this type are both quite compact and stretched on a specific section of the wall. Despite the fact that these structures seem light, in reality they are strong and durable, they can easily withstand several hundred kilograms, which is why, in fact, they acquire last years increasing popularity.
Note! It is quite obvious that it is impossible to install such a staircase in the center of the room, because, as we have already found out, the fastening is carried out to the wall. But most importantly, for the construction you need to use only high-quality and durable materials.
It is extremely difficult to calculate such a ladder with your own hands, but it can be purchased at ready-made or order specialists in individual project. For more details on the installation of this design, see the video below.
That's all, good luck and warm winters!
Video - How to install a wooden ladder on the rails
If you have already built a two-story house or are the owner duplex apartment, then the topic of constructing a staircase on the second floor will be of interest to you.
In order to acquire a comfortable and high-quality ladder system, you have only three ways: buy a ready-made structure in a specialized store, order required model master carpenter, make a staircase with your own hands.
For those who chose the third option, this article is devoted. In it you will learn a lot useful information about ladder construction and see step by step detailed instructions for the manufacture of stairs in photo and video.
For owners of a two-level dwelling, the staircase of the second floor is a necessary attribute of the interior
What are the stairs - a little theory
Before you start building stairs with your own hands, you need to decide on the type of construction that will be most suitable for your home.
Types of stairs by design type
We will choose a system from three types:
- Marching.
- Screw.
- Combined.
Let's take a look at each of them a little.
Marching
This type is the easiest to manufacture and therefore, if you decide to make a staircase with your own hands, then this option will be the most suitable for you.
Single-march designs, despite their apparent simplicity, can be beautiful and spectacular. Marching stairs, in turn, are divided into types:
- single-march;
- two-march;
- multi-march.
Both the first and second types are considered not difficult to manufacture and are in the greatest demand.
screw
Such stairs are a spiral going up to the second floor. This type saves a lot of room space, but it is labor-intensive in production.
The spiral staircase is original and beautiful, but it is better to entrust its production to professionals. Combined
These systems combine the two previous types. Their manufacture is the most difficult and therefore not suitable for independent construction.
Combined systems more complex in production and it will be quite difficult for a beginner to mount them We make a ladder with our own hands - instructions for making
First, we will determine the material of manufacture and prepare the tool necessary for the job.
Material selection
For the production of a ladder structure, you can choose:
- wood;
- stone;
- concrete;
- metal;
- plastic.
For the manufacture of stairs, you can use a variety of materials by the most suitable material for self-manufacturing stairs is, of course, natural wood. Its advantages are obvious:
- environmental friendliness and safety;
- non-toxicity;
- ease of processing;
- relatively economical price;
- long service life.
Therefore, for the construction of our stairs, we will choose natural wood. It is best if it is pine wood - spruce, pine. You can also use ash, beech, maple, oak, birch and other species.
Natural wood is the most the best choice for the production of stairs with their own hands So, we have decided on the type of construction being erected - this is a mid-flight staircase. They also chose the easiest to process and environmentally friendly material - natural wood. The next step is to prepare the necessary tool.
Cooking tool
To make a wooden staircase with your own hands, we need:
- Measuring devices - tape measure, ruler, level.
- Electric drill of manual type.
- Hacksaw for woodworking.
- Screwdriver.
- A hammer.
- Electroplaner.
- Sandpaper.
Optimal set necessary tools Preparing the basic elements
Before installing the ladder system, it is necessary to prepare the following details:
- Processed boards of the required dimensions (according to the drawing).
- Bars for the production of steps.
- Step boards.
- Bowstrings or stringers (depending on the type of construction).
- Railings, balusters, handrails - these parts can be bought ready-made.
- Fasteners - screws, screws, bolts.
On the this figure all components of the structure are detailed The main stages of installation
To make quality ladder with your own hands, use next instruction on production in photo and video.
Stage 1. Schematic drawing
Let's draw a drawing on which we denote the main elements of the future design.
Stage 2. We perform the necessary calculations
Performing design calculations is probably the most exhausting process, but it still needs to be done. You can do this in a few steps:
- determine the height of the structure - to calculate it, measure the distance from the floor plane of the first level to the floor of the 2nd floor. This will be the length of the march;
- determine the height of the steps - usually the most optimal height for a person of average height 17 centimeters;
- we calculate how many steps and risers are needed - for this, we divide the height of the stairs, which we have already measured, by the height of the steps (17 cm);
Before making a ladder, it must be calculated - tread width - for comfort when walking smallest value this parameter should be equal to 22 cm, and the largest - 40 cm.
Stage 3. Making a kosour
We cut the beam prepared for this part to the desired size and cut out the notches right size to install steps.
Stage 4. Checking the kosour
To do this, we attach it to the place where the stairs will be located, if necessary, we make adjustments to the part.
This diagram shows detailed calculations of the kosour Stage 5. We fasten the stringers
We attach the stringers and fasten them together to the upper beam using anchor bolts.
We fasten the stringers securely anchor bolts Stage 6. Installation of risers
Attaching the risers to the stringer is carried out using self-tapping screws.
If there is more than one floor in a private house, you cannot do without stairs. But besides the fact that it must connect the floors, the staircase must also fit into the interior. Therefore, when choosing a design, it is necessary to pay attention not only not to the dimensions and how much space it takes in the room, but also to take into account the style. Then the staircase to the second floor, made with your own hands, will be not only a functional item, but also an interior decoration. The work is difficult and responsible, but it can be done.
Types of stairs to the second floor in a private house
All these structures can be made of metal, wood, concrete, glass, marble and others. decorative stones, and combinations of these materials are often used. But most often the staircase to the second floor is made of wood with your own hands, a little less often - from metal or combinations of metal and wood.
In addition, there are two types of degrees - open and closed. In open stairs there is only a horizontally located part - the step itself, in closed ones - there is also a vertical part - risers.
Design codes
When designing a staircase, it is important to make it comfortable and safe. There are very specific numbers and recommendations that relate to the parameters of the steps and the general angle of ascent:
The number of steps is determined by simply dividing the height of the planned staircase by the chosen height of the riser. For example, the height of the room is 285 cm. It was decided to make the angle of elevation 40°. According to the table, we see that the height of the riser is 19 cm. We divide 285 cm / 19 cm = 15 steps. If the number turns out to be even, we slightly adjust the size accordingly to get an odd number.
If one of the steps turns out to be several centimeters smaller, this height is “taken away” from the first step. All others, including the last one, should be the same.
When choosing the size of steps, comfort can be checked. If the double height of the riser is added to the selected step width, the result should be from 60 ms to 64 cm. The second test option is that the sum of the lengths of the tread and the riser is optimally 45 cm, but deviations of 2 cm in both directions are acceptable.
All these parameters should be taken into account when designing a house. If the house has already been built, you have to proceed from the fact that there is and adjust the dimensions to the existing dimensions.
Spiral staircase
As already mentioned, a spiral staircase in a private house takes up the least space. But she has a serious drawback: it is inconvenient to walk on it, and it is almost impossible to lift anything bulky to the second floor. So they are not very popular, although they look good and fit well into any interior.
Calculation features
When designing a spiral staircase, one must take into account that in some positions, there are other steps above the head. Therefore, making small risers will not work.
The next feature is that the steps all have an unequal width - narrower on one side, wider on the other. The narrow part they are attached to the central support (pillar), the wide part - to the walls or balusters. The standard for the width of the tread is measured in the middle part, and the wide one should not be more than 40 cm.
The span width is from 50 cm to 100 cm. Double the distance goes to the entire structure - a square with a side of 100 cm to 200 cm is required.
Construction on a prefabricated column
This type of spiral staircase is the easiest to make: a pipe is placed on which wooden elements- stages, intermediate cylinders, etc.
Looking more closely, apart from metal pipe(in this case, 40 mm in diameter), steps and balusters (available in any design), there are turned wooden cylinders (segments) that set the distance from one step to another.
On the other hand, the distance between the steps is kept with the help of cuts on the balusters. Steps are attached to these grooves (on glue + fasteners).
Do-it-yourself installation of stairs to the second floor begins with the installation of a pillar. A hole is made in the floor of the first floor and the ceiling of the second, equal to the diameter pillar. We insert the pipe into the hole, put on an enlarged washer, tighten the nut. Further, the assembly is simple: the corresponding elements are mounted on the rod, in parallel with the installation of the step, the baluster is placed and fixed. The dimensions of the steps for this spiral staircase with the given parameters are in the drawing.
Steps are cut from glued board or furniture board. You can use an array, but of furniture quality, that is, without any defects and dried, with a moisture content of not more than 8-12%. Although glued wood is considered more reliable: it definitely will not lead and it will not crack during shrinkage.
An example of an assembly of such a design, see the video. It has a prefabricated post, but you can also use a solid one, although it will be inconvenient to assemble the steps - you will have to climb the stairs every time.
The design of a metal spiral staircase is presented in the following video fragment. For those who are friends with welding, this option will be easier.
Spiral staircase to the second floor: photos of interesting options
With railings or without railings, the choice is yours. In the photo on the right, a wooden spiral staircase on a bent stringer is a difficult element to perform Forged spiral staircases are a classic of the genre
Staircase to the second floor
Marching stairs are the most popular. Firstly, they are convenient to use, and secondly, the technology of their construction has long been worked out. There are few features of the calculation. It is important to determine the number of marches. In one section there should be from 3 to 15 steps. The most convenient have 11-13 pieces. If, according to the calculation, it turns out that there should be more steps, they are divided into several sections, between which platforms are made. The dimensions of the platforms are a multiple of the step length (600-630 mm). Then the ascent and descent will not cause inconvenience.
Kinds
Ladders with platforms take up quite a lot of space. If there is not enough space, add turns. The most common option is to place the stairs along two adjacent walls at the corners. Also, to save space, you can make winder (turning) steps instead of a platform. Only one point: the section with winder steps is the most traumatic. If the family has small children or elderly people, it is better to make a playground.
As mentioned earlier, mid-flight stairs are made on stringers (beams with a sawtooth edge) and on terraces (just an inclined beam). Fastening steps to bowstring beams requires more time and skill. Usually, a “seat” is cut out for each step - a groove is selected in the board. For additional reliability, bars are still nailed from below or corners are installed. The option with corners is reliable, but rather controversial from an aesthetic point of view. If the whole staircase is made of wood, the metal parts are very "cut" the look. Carefully processed bars look much more organic. However, with sufficient thickness of the boards for the steps and the width of the bowstring, you can do without additional fasteners. In this case, it is important that the steps do not bend, otherwise they may pop out of the grooves.
The assembly of steps on stringers is simpler: you have two or three supports, to which parts cut to size are attached. The main task is to correctly mark and cut out the stringers.
This is a ladder on stringers - one of the fragments of the assembly
Installation of a marching staircase with step by step photos
Stringers are made from a wide board 75-80 mm thick and 350-400 mm wide. If there is no massive dry board, glued boards can be used. How to calculate the kosour is described in the form, but it is possible to assemble a staircase to the second floor not only as a separate one.
An example of assembling a ladder on the stringers next to the wall. Fasten first supporting pillars on which the winder steps will be based. We attach the upper stringers to these pillars.
Then we put the bottom. We fasten the kosour near the wall on top decorative board- it is easier to wash and the dirt is less visible than on the wall.
We fasten the lower stringers - one to the pole, the second to the finishing board
Intermediate stringers are installed last. This makes it easier to connect all the elements.
The steps are being installed. After they are cut, sanded and painted, everything is simple: put in place, drill a hole for a self-tapping screw, then twist it.
The next step is attaching the balusters. In this case, they are made from stainless pipe with wooden inserts. A hole is drilled under each baluster, into which a tube is inserted, it is fixed on a hairpin or in any other available way.
Photos of interesting mid-flight stairs to the 2nd floor
Metal and glass - interesting combination Interesting idea, and from the end - pantry
To date, the construction of a private house is not limited to one floor, so it is necessary to make a staircase to the second floor in order to be able to get convenient access. It is quite possible to build a staircase from various materials on your own, the most important thing is to carefully carry out all the required calculations, since otherwise this design can become dangerous and unreliable.
Construction of an internal staircase in a private country house- The process is quite difficult, but quite doable.
When building stairs, you must:
- Take into account the interior of the house;
- Make all required calculations;
- Choose a design that will fit in all respects.
To easily choose the most acceptable option, you should first schematically draw a staircase that should be in the house or find a ready-made version that is most suitable for all requests and already adapted to your needs. Before choosing a staircase model for a private house, it is important to correctly calculate all available design parameters. Many people wonder what is the best ladder to make.
Most often in a residential building stairs are made of materials such as:
- Wood;
- Concrete;
- Metal.
According to its configuration, the staircase can be straight, spiral or rotary. In addition, there are also combined options. Concrete products are considered the most durable and durable, however, it takes quite a lot of time to prepare a solid foundation and manufacture a structure. metal structure can be made quite simply, you only need to know the rules for working with welding, and a wooden staircase can be made very easily by yourself, the most important thing is to familiarize yourself with the step-by-step instructions for its manufacture.
It's easiest to make a straight line marching ladder, since it has a small number of parts and takes up absolutely little space. Screw structures are characterized by the fact that they need a small area, they look very elegant, however, they are not always easy to use.
A staircase of several spans is considered a rather complex structure, which is problematic to build. This design is perfect for a house where there is a significant distance between floors.
Instructions for making a simple wooden staircase
The simplest device is considered to be a simple single-flight staircase.
It consists of:
- Kosourov;
- railing;
- Tread;
- Riser.
To calculate the height, you need to take the distance between the floors and add the thickness of the floors. In order to quickly calculate what the length of the span and base should be, it is initially worth deciding on the parameters of the steps. If small children live in the house, the optimal step height will be 15 centimeters, and in all other cases it should be equal to 20 centimeters. It is not worth making the risers higher, as the rise will be less comfortable.
The optimal width of the steps should be 20-30 centimeters, since if they are wider, the whole structure will take up much more space, which may not be very convenient.
Exists step-by-step instruction the manufacture of stairs, which must be adhered to, as this will allow you to perform a fairly high-quality and solid construction. For the manufacture of stairs, it is necessary to select durable and strong wood, since all elements of the stairs must withstand not only the total weight of the structure, but also people. It is necessary to cut out a template from durable cardboard that will meet all the parameters of the future staircase, and then use this template to make wooden elements for the stairs. Then it is necessary to collect all the elements of the stairs and treat them with antiseptic solutions, cover them with paint or varnish.
How to make a staircase quickly and easily out of concrete
If the house has concrete floors the second floor, then you can equip a simple concrete staircase that will be durable and, if properly processed, will look very beautiful. You can make a completely concrete staircase in the house, or pour only the kosour with concrete, and make everything else from other materials.
For the production of such a ladder you will need:
- Waterproof plywood;
- Durable beam;
- fittings;
- self-tapping screws;
- Concrete solution.
building concrete stairs requires special attention, therefore, everything must be carefully calculated, since the base must be very strong. You need to start with the assembly of the formwork, which must be done according to all the available drawings and taking into account that there should be absolutely no gaps.
The finished formwork must be placed between floors and secured with wooden beams. After that, it is necessary to lay reinforcement inside the frame and pour the prepared base with concrete mortar.
It is necessary to fill the frame with mortar immediately, otherwise the solidity of the finished structure may be violated. When the concrete hardens well enough, the formwork can be removed and the steps periodically watered to avoid cracking the concrete. The design must dry thoroughly and then you can proceed to finish the stairs. You can decorate the finished structure with a variety of materials, in particular, you can use wood, stone, tile and many other materials.
Quick and easy: building a staircase in a private country house made of metal
Home-made ones look quite interesting and original, however, for their manufacture it is necessary to make a little effort and take into account all the features of working with this material. To put a ladder made of metal, you must first prepare some materials and tools.
In particular:
- Steel channel;
- metal corners;
- Welding machine;
- Sheet metal;
- File.
Forged stairs have excellent aesthetic and operational properties. Read more about forged stairs in the material on our website:.
It is necessary to start building a staircase with the fact that the channel is cut into pieces and a frame is assembled from them. Weld the corners to the side faces of the frame at regular intervals, which will be equal to the height of the steps. All corners must be strictly parallel to one another. The upper ends of the frame are firmly fixed and attached to the ceiling of the upper floor, and the lower ends are fixed to the floor. Then the steps made of sheet iron are welded, as well as the railing. At the final stage, the finished structure is treated with special anti-corrosion mixtures. In order not to redo the structure, it is necessary to carry out all stages consistently and strictly observe all the rules for its construction.
Tips on how to make the stairs yourself in a private country house: building a screw type
The spiral staircase looks quite interesting and original, which takes up very little free space. It is a compact design that can be placed even on small area. The spiral staircase can go from the ground floor or from the garage, which is very convenient. The most famous and common method of mounting spiral staircases is step-by-step stringing steps onto a central base. Steps can be triangular or trapezoidal.
To build spiral staircase you need to take:
- steel pipe;
- Wooden slats;
- Welding machine;
- Corners for steps;
- File;
- Primer.
The pipe will act as a central post, so its length must fully correspond to the available distance between the floors. For greater stability, it is necessary to concrete the pipe near the base. For the manufacture of steps, it is necessary to use templates made of wooden slats. They must be glued in such a way that they form steps with the specified parameters. Each step must be attached to its own pre-prepared cylinder, carefully sanded, primed and painted.
If necessary, and for greater convenience, the spiral staircase can be converted to a straight structure. Before mounting the permanent staircase, a temporary structure is installed.
What types of construction can be
If you firmly decided, we make a staircase in a private country house, it is worth initially determining what design should be.
In particular, it is quite possible to distinguish such types of structures as:
- On stringers;
- On the pains;
- Screw.
The most popular are the stairs on the kosoura, as they are suitable for rooms of various sizes and stylistic solutions. Such a device is very durable and guarantees safety during its operation. Many people prefer to make a staircase on the bolts, the peculiarity of which is that all structural elements are fastened together with the help of special bolts and pins. If necessary, you can very easily repair it and completely disassemble it.
Do-it-yourself staircase to the second floor (video)
It is quite possible to make a staircase in a private country house on your own, the most important thing is to clearly follow all the rules and requirements.
In detail: do-it-yourself stairs to the second floor (photo examples)
