S i ozhegov n yu. Ozhegov, Sergei Ivanovich. Ozhegov about language

In 1917, after graduating from high school, Ozhegov entered the Faculty of Linguistics and Material Culture of Petrograd University. At the end of 1918 he left the university and enrolled as a volunteer in the Red Army. Participated in battles near Narva, Pskov and Riga, on the Karelian Isthmus, then in Ukraine, on the Wrangel front.

After the end of hostilities in 1922, Ozhegov was offered a ticket to the military academy, but he refused, was demobilized and returned to Petrograd University.

While still at university, he began teaching Russian.

In 1926, Ozhegov graduated from his studies and, on the recommendation of his teachers Viktor Vinogradov, Lev Shcherba and Boris Lyapunov, was recommended for graduate school at the Institute of the History of Literature and Languages ​​of the West and East at Leningrad State University.

Ozhegov was seriously engaged in the study of the history of the Russian literary language, historical grammar, lexicology, orthoepy (pronunciation norm) of the language of Russian writers, spelling and phraseology. The main object of his scientific works was colloquial Russian speech in all its manifestations.

In addition to scientific work, he also taught at the State Institute of Art History, Pedagogical Institute. A. I. Herzen.

From the end of the 1920s. Sergei Ivanovich began work on the Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language, edited by Dmitry Ushakov.

In 1936, Ozhegov moved to Moscow, where he continued to work with a dictionary that went down in the history of Russian culture as "Ushakov's Dictionary". The first volume was published in 1935, and in 1940 the last 4th volume was published. It was a real event in scientific life.

In 1937-1941. Sergei Ivanovich taught at the Moscow Institute of Philosophy, Literature and Art.

Since 1939 he was a researcher at the Institute of Language and Writing.

During the Great Patriotic War, Ozhegov remained in Moscow until the return of the former leadership from the evacuation. He developed a course of Russian paleography and taught it to students of the Pedagogical Institute during the war years. Wanting to at least somehow be useful to the country, together with other remaining colleagues, he organized a linguistic scientific society, studied the language of wartime.

On the eve of the Great Patriotic War, Ozhegov began work on the Dictionary of the Russian Language. He conceived the idea of ​​creating a concise popular type dictionary. Professor Grigory Vinokur, as well as Academician Sergei Obnorsky as editor-in-chief, took part in the preparation of the first edition. The first edition of the dictionary was published in 1949 and immediately attracted the attention of readers, scholars and critics. Since 1949 the dictionary has been reprinted 8 times. Ozhegov almost until the end of his life worked on the dictionary: he made improvements, improved its structure.

At present, the Dictionary of the Russian Language occupies a special place among other explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language. This is the only relatively complete one-volume dictionary (80,000 words and expressions), which consistently, from edition to edition, reflects changes in Russian literary vocabulary.

In 1952, Sergei Ivanovich became the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, one of the central areas of which was the study and promotion of native speech. He and his staff spoke on the radio, advised announcers and theater workers, Sergei Ozhegov's notes often appeared in periodicals, he was a regular participant in literary evenings at the House of Scientists, inviting such luminaries of writing as Korney Chukovsky, Lev Uspensky, Fedor Gladkov, scientists, artists. At the same time, famous dictionaries of pronunciation norms began to appear under his editorship and in co-authorship, which they listened to, which they knew and studied even in far abroad countries: "The Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language" (1956, 1963), "Russian Literary Pronunciation and Stress" (1955) , "The correctness of Russian speech" (1962), etc.

On the initiative of Ozhegov, in 1958, the Russian Language Reference Service was created at the Institute of the Russian Language, responding to requests from organizations and individuals regarding the correctness of Russian speech.

Sergei Ivanovich Ozhegov became the organizer and inspirer of the popular science series "Issues of the Culture of Speech" (1955-1965), in which the work of young colleagues and students of Sergei Ivanovich, who later became well-known Russianists-normativists, was tested: Yulia Belchikova, Lyudmila Graudina, Vitaly Kostomarov, Lev Skvortsov, Boris Schwarzkopf and many others.

Another business of Ozhegov's life (along with the publication of the "Dictionary of the Russian language") was the preparation of a new scientific journal "Russian speech" (the first issue was published after the death of the linguist in 1967), one of the most widely circulated academic journals, enjoying success and well-deserved respect and now.

Being a deep academic specialist and conducting extensive teaching activities (he worked for many years at Moscow State University), Sergei Ivanovich Ozhegov was not an armchair scientist and responded vividly with his usual kind irony to those changes in the language that began to enter the vocabulary of an ordinary person in the space age.

He was loyal to the "verbal pranks" of young people, listened to them, knew well and could appreciate the literary jargon used in special cases. An example of this is the file of Russian obscenities compiled by him together with another famous scientist, Alexander Reformatsky, - not a collection of obscene expressions in "dictionaries", but a scientifically based and artistically designed study of the sociology of the linguistic everyday life of the urban population - something that is so popular and relevant in real days.

Ozhegov was a member of the Commission of the Moscow Council on the naming of institutions and streets of Moscow, the Subject Commission on the Russian Language of the Ministry of Education of the RSFSR, deputy chairman of the Commission of the Academy of Sciences for streamlining the spelling and pronunciation of foreign proper and geographical names, scientific consultant of the All-Russian Theater Society, State Television and Radio Broadcasting Company; member of the Spelling Commission of the Academy of Sciences, which prepared the "Rules of Russian Spelling and Punctuation", 1956, etc.).

Sergei Ivanovich Ozhegov died in Moscow on December 15, 1964. The urn with his ashes is kept in the wall of the Novodevichy cemetery necropolis.

The material was prepared on the basis of information from open sources

Ozhegov Sergey Ivanovich
Born: September 9 (22), 1900
Died: December 15, 1964 (aged 64)

Biography

Sergei Ivanovich Ozhegov - Soviet linguist, lexicographer, doctor of philological sciences, professor. The author of the Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language, which has gone through many editions. One of the compilers of the Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language, edited by D. N. Ushakov (1935-1940).

Sergey Ozhegov was born on September 9 (22), 1900 in the village of Kamennoye (now the city of Kuvshinovo) in the Tver province in the family of Ivan Ivanovich Ozhegov (1871-1931), an engineer-technologist of the Kamenskaya paper and cardboard factory. Sergei Ivanovich was the eldest of three brothers.

On his father's side, there were Ural artisans in his family (his grandfather was an employee of an assay tent); on the mother's side - the ancestors of the clergy: Alexandra Fedorovna (nee Degozhskaya) was the great-niece of Archpriest G. P. Pavsky, the author of the famous book "Philological Observations on the Composition of the Russian Language."

On the eve of the First World War, the family moved to St. Petersburg, where Sergei graduated from high school. Then he entered the philological faculty of Petrograd University, but the classes were soon interrupted - Ozhegov was called to the front. He participated in the battles in the west of Russia, in Ukraine. In 1922, Ozhegov graduated from military service at the headquarters of the Kharkov Military District and immediately began studying at the Faculty of Linguistics and Material Culture of Petrograd University. In 1926 he graduated from this educational institution, having received a diploma from Leningrad University. University lecturers Viktor Vinogradov and Lev Shcherba recommended him for postgraduate studies at the Institute for the Comparative History of Literature and Languages ​​of the West and East. Postgraduate studies were completed in 1929. Recalling the Leningrad of those years, Sergei Ivanovich wrote that the atmosphere of an extraordinary creative upsurge reigned at the university.

In 1936 Ozhegov moved to Moscow. Since 1937 he taught at Moscow universities (MIFLI, MGPI). Since 1939, Ozhegov has been a researcher at the Institute of Language and Writing, the Institute of the Russian Language, and the Institute of Linguistics of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

During the Great Patriotic War, Ozhegov did not evacuate the capital, but remained to teach.
Founder and first head of the Speech Culture Sector of the Russian Language Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences (since 1952).

The main works are devoted to Russian lexicology and lexicography, the history of the Russian literary language, sociolinguistics, the culture of Russian speech, the language of individual writers (P. A. Plavilshchikov, I. A. Krylov, A. N. Ostrovsky) and others.

Editor of the Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language (1956, 5th edition, 1963), reference dictionaries Russian Literary Pronunciation and Stress (1955), Correctness of Russian Speech (1962). Founder and editor-in-chief of the collections "Questions of the culture of speech" (1955-1965).

On the initiative of Sergei Ivanovich Ozhegov, in 1958, the Russian Language Reference Service was created at the Institute of the Russian Language, responding to requests from organizations and individuals regarding the correctness of Russian speech.

Ozhegov was a member of the Moscow Council Commission on the naming of institutions and streets of Moscow, the Subject Commission on the Russian Language of the Ministry of Education of the RSFSR, deputy chairman of the Commission of the Academy of Sciences on streamlining the spelling and pronunciation of foreign proper and geographical names, scientific consultant of the All-Russian Theater Society, USSR State Television and Radio Broadcasting Company; member of the Spelling Commission of the Academy of Sciences, which prepared the "Rules of Russian Spelling and Punctuation".

S. I. Ozhegov died in Moscow on December 15, 1964. The urn with his ashes rests in the wall of the necropolis of the Novodevichy cemetery.

In the year of the 90th anniversary of the birth of the scientist (1990), the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences, together with N. Yu. Shvedova, was elected a laureate of the A. S. Pushkin Prize for the work “Dictionary of the Russian Language”.

Working on dictionaries

In 1935, outstanding Russian and Soviet linguists, V. V. Vinogradov, G. O. Vinokur, B. A. Larin, S. I. Ozhegov, B. V. Tomashevsky, headed by D. N. Ushakov, began work over the Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language. To speed up work on this dictionary, S. I. Ozhegov moved from Leningrad to Moscow. He became the closest assistant to D. N. Ushakov, cooperation with which left a deep mark on the work of Sergei Ivanovich. He was faithful to the memory of the teacher all his life: the portrait of D. N. Ushakov always stood on the professor's desktop. In his notes on the thirtieth anniversary since the start of work on the Explanatory Dictionary, ed. D. N. Ushakova, S. I. Ozhegov noted: “Explanatory Dictionary, ed. D. N. Ushakova became the banner of the Russian language culture of our time ... and gained worldwide fame, especially grown in the post-war years.

On the basis of the four-volume "Explanatory Dictionary ..." S. I. Ozhegov created a standard dictionary for Russian-national dictionaries, which was extremely important for the lexicography that was developing in the national republics. This dictionary served as an essential practical guide for compiling bilingual dictionaries.

In 1939-1940. work began on a one-volume dictionary, the plan for its publication was approved, and an editorial board headed by D. N. Ushakov was formed. After his death in 1942, the main author's work in the dictionary was carried out by S.I. Ozhegov. G. O. Vinokur and V. A. Petrosyan took part in compiling the first edition.

A one-volume dictionary was published in 1949. After the completion of the work, the name of S.I. Ozhegov became on a par with the names of V.I. Dahl and D.N. Ushakov.

The dictionary with corrections and updates has been reprinted several times, of which six are lifetime editions of the author, since 1992 - with the participation of N. Yu. Shvedova. For decades, the dictionary has been capturing modern common vocabulary, demonstrating word compatibility and typical phraseological units. The glossary of Ozhegov's dictionary formed the basis of many translation dictionaries.

(1900-1964) Russian linguist, lexicographer

The Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language, created by the scientist, has long become the most popular reference book on the Russian language, a model for creating many Russian-national dictionaries that record modern vocabulary. Ozhegov himself joked that in terms of the number of published copies, his dictionary is not inferior to the works of the classics of Marxism-Leninism.

The biography of Sergei Ivanovich Ozhegov and his relatives is so full of complex, dramatic events that it could well become the basis of an independent work dedicated to the fate of the Russian intelligentsia.

The Ozhegovs came from Demidov serfs who worked in the Ural factories (“burn” was a stick that was dipped into molten metal to determine the degree of readiness of the mass). Sergei's grandfather worked as a laboratory assistant at the Yekaterinburg plant, he managed to give all his fourteen sons and daughters a higher education. Sergei's father, Ivan Ivanovich, became an engineer and got a job at the Kuvshinova paper mill, famous for its technical innovations. Kuvshinova herself was close to social democratic ideas and managed to create a well-maintained residential village in Kamennoye, in which there were not only hospitals and schools, but even the People's House. The young engineer received a four-room apartment, which became the center of the gathering of the local intelligentsia. It is known that Maxim Gorky, who was a guest, also visited there.

Sergei Ozhegov's mother worked as a midwife in a factory hospital. She gave birth to three sons, the eldest of whom was Sergei. The middle of the brothers later studied at the Institute of Civil Officers at the Faculty of Architecture, the youngest became a student at the Institute of Communications.

In 1909 the Ozhegovs moved to St. Petersburg. Ivan Ivanovich began to work in the Expedition for the Procurement of State Papers (the future Goznak). He received an apartment that housed his large family. Sergei began to go to the gymnasium, became interested in chess, was a member of a sports society. After graduating from high school, he entered the Petrograd University, but soon went to relatives in the town of Opochka.

December 5, 1918 Sergei Ivanovich Ozhegov enlisted as a volunteer in the Red Army. He had to fight near Narva as the chief of staff of the battalion. For the battles in Karelia, he was awarded a special sign "In memory of the liberation of Soviet Karelia from the White Finnish gangs."

In the middle of 1920, the division in which Ozhegov served was transferred to southern Ukraine. He heads the regimental intelligence, then the regimental headquarters. At that time, intense battles were fought with Wrangel's troops, but Sergei Ozhegov also had to participate in the elimination of local gangs. Soon he was appointed chief of staff of the rear.

Until 1922, Sergei Ivanovich Ozhegov served in senior positions at the headquarters of the Kharkov Military District in Yekaterinoslav (now Dnepropetrovsk). He is offered to continue his education at the military academy, but Sergei refuses, is demobilized for health reasons and returns to Petrograd, continues his studies at the philological faculty of the university.

Shortly before graduating from university, Ozhegov married a student of the philological faculty of the Alexander Herzen Pedagogical Institute. Ozhegov's father-in-law, a priest, once dreamed of a conservatory, but fate decreed otherwise, and he realized his love for music in the family circle. In the memoirs of Ozhegov's son, it is said that the grandfather masterfully played both classical and folk music on the harmonium.

Already in senior years, Sergei Ivanovich Ozhegov began to teach Russian. In 1926 he graduated from Leningrad University and gradually entered the circle of Leningrad linguists. He called future academicians V.V. Vinogradova and L.V. Shcherba. D.N. played a special role in the fate of Ozhegov. Ushakov, who attracted him to work on a four-volume explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. At the same time, the young philologist strikes up a friendship with A. Reformatsky, who later wrote the classic textbook on the course "Introduction to Linguistics".

Sergei Ivanovich Ozhegov did not belong to the armchair recluses, he loved friendly companies and considered communication with friends the best vacation. Ozhegov's wife knew how to create a friendly and trusting atmosphere in the house. The couple lived in marriage for almost forty years, raising their son.

Shortly before the start of World War II, the family moved to Moscow. Sergey Ozhegov quickly gets used to the Moscow way of life and gets a rare opportunity to observe native speakers of different cultural levels. At the same time, he began to work on the Dictionary of the Russian Language.

Sergei Ivanovich Ozhegov conceived the idea of ​​creating a concise dictionary "of a popular type, striving for the active normalization of modern literary speech." Later he summarized his observations in the articles “On three types of explanatory dictionaries of the modern Russian language” and “On the structure of the dictionary of the Russian language”.

The established life was cut short with the beginning of the war. Having sent his family to relatives in Tashkent, Ozhegov enrolls in the people's militia. But, being a famous scientist, he was subject to "reservation" and, remaining in Moscow, headed the Institute of Language and Writing of the Academy of Sciences until his return from the evacuation of the former leadership.

During the war, Sergei Ozhegov lost almost all of his Leningrad relatives. His five-year-old niece ended up in an orphanage. Later, Sergei Ivanovich found the girl, brought her to Moscow and adopted her.

After the war, Ozhegov continued his scientific activity, constantly improving the structure and composition of the dictionary. In total, he managed to prepare four reprints, fixing in each new release the changes that took place in the vocabulary of the modern Russian language. Ozhegov's successful scientific activity was duly appreciated by his colleagues: he was awarded, without defense, first the degree of a candidate, and then a doctor of philological sciences.

The works of Sergei Ozhegov are devoted to the problems of lexicology, lexicography, sociolinguistics, the theory and practice of the culture of speech, the history of the Russian literary language, and the language of individual writers. The scientist prepared the Dictionary for the Plays of Alexander Nikolayevich Ostrovsky for publication, but it was only released after Ozhegov's death.

The scientist edited the Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language (1956), other reference dictionaries - Russian Literary Pronunciation and Stress (1955), Correctness of Russian Speech (1962). It is difficult for a modern reader to even imagine what a colossal work is behind a simple enumeration of Ozhegov's dictionary works. Indeed, together with his associates, he practically prepared a reform of the Russian language, which led to certain changes in established norms.

Since 1952, Sergei Ivanovich Ozhegov headed the Speech Culture Sector of the Institute of the Russian Language of the USSR Academy of Sciences. We can say that Sergei Ivanovich is the founder of the culture of speech as an independent philological discipline. He came up with the idea of ​​organizing a public reception room, in which the employees of the institute are still on duty, patiently answering phone calls when subscribers ask to confirm the rules for the use of certain words. Ozhegov was also the founder and editor-in-chief of the collection Questions of the Culture of Speech.

The death of Sergei Ivanovich Ozhegov came as a surprise to his relatives: after the operation, he contracted infectious hepatitis and died suddenly. The urn with the ashes of the scientist rests at the Novodevichy cemetery.

What dried up in one stream could survive in another.

From "Philological Observations on the Composition of the Russian Language"

Archpriest Gerasim Pavsky.

In the history of Russian philology of the 20th century there are pages that seem to be well known to everyone. Isn't that why when pronouncing the names of academicians A. A. Shakhmatov and L. V. Shcherba, B. A. Larin and V. V. Vinogradov, professors N. N. Durnovo and I. G. Golanov and many others, a reverent feeling always arises respect and admiration for their scientific work and considerable human deeds. After all, they lived in a difficult era, destroying one thing and glorifying the other. And few managed to remain themselves in those turbulent years, retaining faith in science and its traditions, being faithful and consistent in their actions. And among these names, for more than half a century, the name of Sergei Ivanovich Ozhegov, a historian of the Russian literary language and a lexicologist, a teacher, a wise mentor and just a living and close person to many of us, has been on everyone's lips.

And if his scientific works constituted a milestone in the development of Russian science and continue to be discussed to this day, then his appearance, perhaps familiar to every philologist since his student years, is the appearance of a handsome, soft, charming in its spontaneity intellectual of the old generation with a classic beard and with an attentive, as if studying look, - over the years, no matter how sad it is to admit, it fades. Is it not because we began to forget our teachers, torn apart by the vicissitudes of the current difficult time (and were there ever other times?). Or - others, having already become (not without the help of S.I. Ozhegov) well-known scientists, waved their hand at that past, unable to give up the ambitions of the present. And our essay, we hope, will to some extent fill this unsightly gap - the emptiness of our memory - memory, in which sometimes there is no place for significant and bright, and worldly (or vile) vanity captured our souls ... This is partly the paradox of a Christian , which is difficult to understand and feel for a modern person, deprived of the sharpness and depth of a sense of life and the suffering and deprivation that fate presents for good deeds, disinterested help, lively complicity and indifference to people around. This was well said by Pavel Florensky, who experienced the bitter cup of the life of a Christian in Russia. And his words, so poignant and precise, have a special wisdom - the wisdom that was carried “in themselves” to a large extent by our forgotten Teachers: “Light is arranged in such a way that one can give to the world only by paying for it with suffering and persecution. The more disinterested the gift, the more severe the persecution and the more severe the suffering. Such is the law of life, its basic axiom. You are internally aware of its immutability and universality, but when confronted with reality, in each particular case you are struck as something unexpected and new.

Sergei Ivanovich Ozhegov was born on September 23 (new style), 1900, in the village of Kamennoye, Novotorzhsky district, Tver province, where his father, Ivan Ivanovich Ozhegov, worked as a process engineer at a local factory. S.I. Ozhegov (he was the eldest of the children) had two brothers: the middle Boris and the younger Evgeny. If you look at the photograph where S. I. Ozhegov is depicted as a 9-year-old child, then as a 16-year-old boy and, finally, as an adult man, you can notice an outward resemblance that seems to come from those distant times: these are amazing living, burning , "electric" eyes, childishly direct, but even on an early card - wise, as if they had absorbed tribal responsibility and, if you like, predetermined from above belonging to that now unpopular class of "average" people, who are sometimes called contemptuously by scientists , thinkers, researchers.

On the eve of the First World War, the family of S.I. Ozhegov moved to Petrograd, where he graduated from the gymnasium. A curious episode of this time was told to us by Natalia Sergeevna Ozhegova. For all its simplicity and, we would say, nudity, the case is very sweet, characterizing the ingenuity and, perhaps, already manifested philological abilities. A Frenchman who did not know Russian taught at their gymnasium, and the students liked to play pranks on him. Seryozha, a lively and receptive boy, often asked the teacher with his classmates: “Monsieur, can I go to the toilet?” And he, of course, answered: “Yes, please, go out” (“Toilet” in French means “go out”).

According to Sergei Sergeevich Ozhegov, the son of a scientist, he had a “stormy, hot youth”: he was fond of football, which was just coming into fashion then, and was in a sports society. His handsome masculine frame, rather tall stature and good hardening helped him a lot in the future. "Almost still a boy" he joined the Socialist-Revolutionary Party.

In 1918, Sergei Ozhegov entered the university. Much later, he rarely talked about his "genealogical roots" and his passion for philology. And it is clear why: it was hardly possible in those years to speak and even mention aloud that there were persons of the clergy in the family. Sergei Ivanovich's mother Alexandra Fedorovna (nee Degozhskaya) was the great-niece of the famous philologist and teacher, professor at St. Petersburg University, Archpriest Gerasim Petrovich Pavsky (1787–1863). His "Philological Observations on the Composition of the Russian Language" was awarded the Demidov Prize during the author's lifetime and published twice. Thus, the Imperial Academy of Sciences honored the work of a respected Russian scientist, perhaps due to his “spiritual” obligations, who understood the structure and spirit of the language more broadly and clearly than many talented contemporaries. He was revered, many learned men discussed the problems of philology with him more than once: A. Kh. Vostokov, and I. I. Sreznevsky, and F. I. Buslaev. Of course, S. I. Ozhegov knew about this. We think that he not only knew this from the stories of his mother, but felt an inner need to continue the work of a great ancestor. Therefore, the "philological" choice was conscious and quite definite for the young S.I. Ozhegov. Then, we note, one had to have considerable courage in order to devote his future to science in the hungry, terrible years.

But the classes that had begun were soon interrupted, and S.I. Ozhegov was called to the front. Previously, the biographers of the scientist wrote: “In 1917, young Sergei Ozhegov enthusiastically met the overthrow of the autocracy and the Great October Socialist Revolution, which marked the beginning of a new era in the life of his native people. It couldn't have been otherwise." Now, from the magnitude of what has been lived and rethought, it is hardly possible to judge the views of the young Sergei Ozhegov so categorically. Like any ardent young man, he undoubtedly experienced a lively attraction to everything new, and the talented philologists of that time, who had already shown themselves in the teaching department, were also involved in the turbulent events of the revolutionary years (let us recall, for example, E. D. Polivanov, whom they talked about that it replaces the entire eastern department of foreign relations of Soviet Russia). One way or another, but fate gave him this first, truly masculine test, which he survived, participating in battles in western Russia, near the Karelian Isthmus, in Ukraine. After graduating from military service in 1922 at the headquarters of the Kharkov Military District, he immediately began studying at the Faculty of Linguistics and Material Culture of the University. In 1926, he completed his course of study and entered graduate school. In the coming years, he intensively studied languages ​​and the history of his native literature. He participates in the seminar of N. Ya. Marr and listens to the lectures of S. P. Obnorsky, studying at the Institute of the History of Literature and Languages ​​of the West and East in Leningrad. His first scientific experiments date back to this time. In the collection of S. I. Ozhegov in the Archives of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the “Project of a dictionary of the revolutionary era” has been preserved - a harbinger of the future major work of the team of authors under the leadership of D. N. Ushakov, where S. I. Ozhegov was one of the most active participants, “movers”, as called his teacher.

It should be noted that the scientific atmosphere in Leningrad in the 1920s contributed to the creative growth of the scientist. His senior colleagues and associates taught there: B. A. Larin, V. V. Vinogradov, B. V. Tomashevsky, L. P. Yakubinsky. The old academic professors, who had great experience and rich traditions, also supported the young talented researcher's first steps in science. As L. I. Skvortsov noted in his book, “except for V. V. Vinogradov, his representation [S. I. Ozhegova. - O.N.] professors of Leningrad State University B. M. Lyapunov and L. V. Shcherba signed for graduate school. These were the most famous scientists of their time, deep connoisseurs of Slavic literatures, languages ​​and dialects, not only theorists of science, but also subtle experimenters (remember the famous phonetics laboratory, which was organized by L. V. Shcherba).

Since the late 1920s, S.I. Ozhegov has been working on a large project - the "Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language", - the Ushakov Dictionary, as it was called later. It was an exceptionally fruitful time for S.I. Ozhegov. He was literally in love with dictionary work, and the colleagues around him, so different both in their scientific interests and position: G. O. Vinokur, V. V. Vinogradov, B. A. Larin, B. V. Tomashevsky and before In total, Dmitry Nikolayevich Ushakov helped and to some extent educated S.I. Ozhegov. But he had special feelings for one of them, idolized him, loved and revered him - D.N. sensitive father, almost forgotten now. It is difficult for us to understand what kind of responsibility lay on “him when the idea was conceived of publishing the first explanatory dictionary of the “Soviet” era (by the way, ironically, precisely for the absence of this very “Sovietness” and, conversely, for “philistinism” and avoidance of contemporary tasks of that time were mercilessly criticized by opponents of this work), and what attacks they all had to endure. The discussion that unfolded in 1935 was reminiscent of the sad campaign of the revolutionary years, which set itself the goal of expelling competent and independent scientists. And this is where all methods come into play. Here is how S. I. Ozhegov reported this in a letter to D. N. Ushakov dated December 24, 1935, referring to M. Aptekar, their staff prosecutor:

“The main provisions of “criticism”: politically unsharp, toothless, demobilizing the class struggle<…>“Hooligan-tavern terminology also “disarms”. The reason is incorrigible Indo-Europeanism, bourgeois and petty-bourgeois thinking<…>There will be another fight!<….>In general, there was a lot of funny and mostly vile, vile. Despite all the ugliness<…>all these opinions reflect, at least sideways, certain moods that must be reckoned with, especially since they are quite real. Discussions were not easy among the authors themselves, with their sometimes irreconcilable position. It seems that S. I. Ozhegov was very capable here too: according to his mental make-up, he was very delicate and soft, not able to “break through”, he helped D. N. Ushakov a lot, “smoothing the corners”. Not without reason among the Ushakov boys (as the students of D.N. Ushakov were called) - he was known as a great diplomat and had the nickname "Taleyrand".

S. I. Ozhegov moved to Moscow in 1936. Behind the rich postgraduate years, teaching at the State Institute of Art History, Pedagogical Institute. A. I. Herzen, behind the first “strength tests”: after the release of the 1st volume of the Explanatory Dictionary, a tough discussion flared up in Leningrad, which aimed to discredit the brainchild of D. N. Ushakov and ban the publication of the dictionary. Many of the letters of those years, which we managed to get acquainted with, spoke directly about the "political" events awaiting their authors.

Arriving in Moscow, S.I. Ozhegov very quickly entered the rhythm of Moscow life. But the main thing for him was that his teacher and friend D.N. Ushakov was now nearby, and communication with him in his apartment on Sivtsevo Vrazhka was now constant. In 1937–1941 S. I. Ozhegov teaches at the Moscow Institute of Philosophy, Literature and Art. He is fascinated not only by purely theoretical courses, but also by the language of poetry and fiction in general, the pronunciation norm (it is not for nothing that he, following D. N. Ushakov, who was considered the greatest specialist in speech style, later advises editors on the radio). S. I. Ozhegov merged with Moscow, but still, even years later, he liked to visit the city of his youth and visit his trusted friend, the most talented Leningrad philologist Boris Aleksandrovich Larin.

His two brothers also lived in Leningrad. Their tragic fate, full of some kind of fatal sign, and the loss of their relatives were another difficult test for S.I. Ozhegov, a test that, it seems, he courageously carried in himself all his life. Even before the war, his younger brother Eugene died, having contracted tuberculosis. Their little daughter also died. When the war broke out, the middle brother - Boris, who also lived in Leningrad, due to poor eyesight) could not go to the front, but actively participated in defensive construction and, being in a besieged city, died of starvation, leaving behind his wife and two small children . Here is how S. I. Ozhegov wrote about this to his aunt in Sverdlovsk on April 5, 1942:

“Dear Aunt Zina! You probably didn't receive my last letter, where I wrote about Borya's death on January 5th. And the other day I received another, new sad news. In mid-January, Borin's son Alyosha died, on January 26, his mother died, and on February 1, Borin's wife Claudia Alexandrovna. I don't have anyone left now. Couldn't remember. Four-year-old Natasha is alive, still there. I call her to my place in Moscow, m<ожет>b<ыть>be able to transport. I’ll babysit myself for now ... ”(from the archive of N. S. Ozhegova).

Work on the Dictionary ended in the prewar years. In 1940, the last 4th volume was published. It was a real event in scientific life. And S. I. Ozhegov lived with new ideas ... One of them, prompted by D. N. Ushakov, he intended to implement in the coming years. It was a plan for compiling a popular one-volume explanatory dictionary. But the implementation of this project was postponed for years. The war has come.

The scientific teams were hastily evacuated in August-October 1941. Some, such as V.V. Vinogradov, "unreliable", were sent to Siberia, others - to the outback of the country. Many dictionaries were sent to Uzbekistan, almost the entire Institute of Language and Writing. D. N. Ushakov later reported on this “journey” in a letter to his student G. O. Vinokur: “You witnessed our hasty departure on the night of 14/X. How did we drive? It seemed that it was bad (cramped, they seemed to sleep in turns, etc.); ...twice on the way, in Kuibyshev and Orenburg, by some order, we were given bread in a huge loaf for an hour<елове>ka. Compare this with the mass of grief, suffering and sacrifice, to<ото>rye fell to the lot of thousands and thousands of others! - In our train, one car is academic, others: "writers", filmmakers (with L. Orlova - well-fed, spoiled freeloaders in a soft car) ... ".

S. I. Ozhegov remained in Moscow without stopping his studies. He developed a course of Russian paleography and taught it to students of the Pedagogical Institute during the war years, was on duty in night patrols, guarded his home - later the Institute of the Russian Language. (During these years, S.I. Ozhegov acted as director of the Institute of Language and Writing). Wanting to at least somehow be useful to the country, together with other remaining colleagues, he organizes a linguistic scientific society, studies the language of wartime. Many did not like this, and he sympathetically reported this in a letter to G. O. Vinokur: “Knowing the attitude of some Tashkent residents towards me, I am inclined to be suspicious of your silence! After all, they blame me for the illness of DN (i.e. Ushakov. - O.N.), and for refusing to leave Moscow, and for creating a linguistic “society” in Moscow, as they seem to call it, and for much more ... ".

Staying in the center, S.I. Ozhegov helped many of his colleagues, who were in the most difficult conditions in the evacuation, to return to Moscow soon to continue joint dictionary work. Only D.N. Ushakov did not return. In recent weeks he had been terribly tormented by asthma; Tashkent weather adversely affected his health, and he died suddenly on April 17, 1942. On June 22 of the same year, his students and colleagues honored the memory of D. N. Ushakov with a meeting of the Faculty of Philology of Moscow University and the Institute of Language and Writing, where heartfelt reports were read. S.I. Ozhegov was among the speakers. He spoke about the main work of his teacher's life - "Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language".

In 1947, S.I. Ozhegov, together with other employees of the Institute of the Russian Language, sent a letter to I.V. Stalin with a request not to transfer the Institute to Leningrad, which could significantly undermine the scientific forces. Formed in 1944, according to the authors of the letter, the Institute performs responsible functions in the study and promotion of the native language. We do not know what the reaction of the head of state was, but we understand the full responsibility of this act, which could have been followed by other, tragic events. But the Institute was left in its original place, and S.I. Ozhegov took up his “brainchild” - the “Dictionary of the Russian Language”. The 1st edition of this "thesaurus", which has already become a classic, was published in 1949 and immediately attracted the attention of readers, scholars and critics. S. I. Ozhegov received hundreds of letters with requests to send a dictionary, to explain this or that word. Many turned to him for advice, and the scientist did not refuse anyone. “... it is known that the one who builds a new road encounters many obstacles,” wrote the famous ancestor of S.I. Ozhegov G.P. Pavsky. So S. I. Ozhegov received not only well-deserved praise and a balanced assessment, but also very tendentious criticism. On June 11, 1950, the newspaper "Culture and Life" published a review by a certain N. Rodionov with the characteristic title "On one unsuccessful dictionary", where the author, like those (in Ushakov's times) critics, tried to discredit the "Dictionary", using all the same political intimidation methods. S. I. Ozhegov wrote a response letter to the editor of the newspaper, and sent a copy to Pravda. We got acquainted with this 13-page message of the scientist and immediately drew attention to the approach of S. I. Ozhegov: he did not try to humiliate the unfortunate reviewer, but presented him with reasonably tough arguments, relied only on scientific philological principles and eventually won.

During the life of the scientist, the Dictionary went through 8 editions, and S.I. Ozhegov carefully worked on each of them, thought through and looked through errors and shortcomings. The discussion of the Dictionary in academic circles was not without controversy. The former teacher S.I. Ozhegova, and later academician S.P. Obnorsky, who acted as the editor of the 1st edition of the Dictionary, later could not share the positions of S.I. Ozhegov, and the disagreements that emerged in the late 1940s led to the elimination of C P. Obnorsky from participation in this edition. To make the essence of their dispute clear, we will give a small fragment from his letter. So, the opponent of S. I. Ozhegov writes: “Of course, any spelling is conditional. I understand that in controversial cases it is possible to agree there to write together, or separately, or with a hyphen, or with a small, or with a capital letter. I agree with this, no matter how disgusting it is for me to read “moreover” according to Ushakov (cf. at the same time!) [I still see “moreover”]. But write "gory" vm<есто>"mountain", "high" vm<есто>"supreme", "great" vm<есто>"greater" is an arbitrariness. It's like agreeing to write "business" through "deco", for example. I can't go on like this. Let someone else go, ... for whom even the “cow” can be written through two yat, etc. ” . There were other, not only personal, but also editorial disagreements.

Such an episode, which we gleaned from Philological Observations by G. P. Pavsky, is curious. It seems that he met disapproving exclamations more than once, but found the courage to defend his own view. And this example was very indicative for S.I. Ozhegov: “There are people who do not like my comparison of Russian words with the words of foreign languages. It seems to them that with such a comparison, the originality and independence of the Russian language is destroyed. No, I have never been of the opinion that the Russian language is a collection composed of various foreign languages. I am sure that the Russian language was formed according to its own principles ... ".

Why is S.I. Ozhegov's "Dictionary" interesting and useful? We believe that this is a kind of lexicographic standard, the life of which continues even now. It is difficult to name another such publication that would be so popular and not only because of that; "foundation" of words and thoughtful. concept, coming from the time of D. N. Ushakov, but also because of the constant painstaking work and. competent "modernization" of the Dictionary.

The 1940s were among the most fruitful in the life of S.I. Ozhegov. He worked hard, and future projects born in the depths of his soul found a successful embodiment later, in the 1950s. One of them was associated with the creation of the Center for the Study of the Culture of Speech, the Sector, as it was later called. From 1952 until the end of his life, he headed the Sector, one of the central directions of which was the study and promotion of native speech, not primitive, as it is now (like the one-minute walking TV program "ABC"), but, if you like, comprehensive. He and his staff spoke on the radio, advised announcers and theater workers, S. I. Ozhegov’s notes often appeared in periodicals, he was a regular participant in literary evenings at the House of Scientists, inviting such luminaries of writing as K. I. Chukovsky, Lev Uspensky, F. V. Gladkov, scientists, artists. At the same time, famous dictionaries of pronunciation norms began to appear under his editorship and in co-authorship, which were listened to, known and studied even in far abroad.

In the 1950s, another periodical publication appeared in the system of the Institute of the Russian Language - the popular science series "Questions of the Culture of Speech", organized and inspired by S.I. Ozhegov. It was on the pages of these books that the subsequently sensational article by T. G. Vinokur “On the language and style of the novel by A. I. Solzhenitsyn “One Day of Ivan Denisovich” appeared. In the “Issues of the culture of speech”, the work of young colleagues and students of S. I. Ozhegov, who later became well-known normative Russianists, was tested: Yu. A. Belchikova, V. L. Vorontsova, L. K. Graudina, V. G. Kostomarov, L. I. Skvortsov, B. S. Schwarzkopf and many others. That attention and respect for young talented researchers, which S.I. Ozhegov always provided with moral support, friendly complicity and simply human help, invariably attracted people to him. And now the names discovered by S.I. Ozhegov - the successors of the work of their teacher - "Ozhegov" - are largely based on the rich traditions laid down by S.I. Ozhegov. He knew how to discern individuality in a person, to feel it with some kind of his inner “touch”. Therefore, the younger generation, rallied around their teacher - "a mighty bunch" - as K. I. Chukovsky once called them in a letter to him, - opened up even under him, showing and proving their commitment; his ideas and intentions.

Another matter of life (along with the publication of the Dictionary of the Russian Language) was the preparation of a new scientific journal "with a human face." They became "Russian speech" (the first issue came out after the death of S. I. Ozhegov in 1967), perhaps the most widely circulated of academic journals, which is still a success and well-deserved respect.

Being a deep academic specialist and conducting extensive teaching activities (he worked for many years at Moscow State University), S. I. Ozhegov was still not an armchair scientist and responded vividly with his usual kind irony to those changes in the language that began to enter the vocabulary of an ordinary man in the space age. He was loyal to the "verbal pranks" of young people, listened to them, knew well and could appreciate the literary jargon used in special cases. An example of this is the card file of Russian obscenities compiled by him together with another famous scientist, A. A. Reformatsky - not a collection of obscene expressions in miserable "dictionaries", now and then flashing on book shelves, but a scientifically based and artistically designed study of the sociology of linguistic everyday life of the urban population is what is so popular and relevant today. In an article dedicated to the 90th anniversary of the birth of S.I. Ozhegov, one of his most talented and devoted students, prof. L. K. Graudina wrote about the original approach of the scientist to the world of changing words and phenomena: “S. I. Ozhegov repeatedly repeated the idea that experimental ones are needed [our italics. - O. H.] research and permanent service of the Russian word. Surveys of the state of literary language norms, analysis of current trends and forecasting of the most probable development paths - these aspects<…>"reasonable and objective justified normalization" of the language is an important part of the activities of the department of culture of speech in our days ".

The last years of S. I. Ozhegov's life were not simple either personally or socially (that is, scientifically, for science for him was a service to lofty, now lost, social ideals). The institute activity of the scientist was overshadowed by attacks and proud attacks in his direction. Other “colleagues” who were especially skilled in intrigues called Sergei Ivanovich “not a scientist” (sic!), tried to humiliate him in every way, hushing up his role and contribution to science, which, once again, we emphasize, was not a personal matter for him, but socially useful. Whether he was more rational, practical in his own interests, or servile to the authorities, he, no doubt, could have had a “better reputation”, which his students and colleagues were so worried about and are now baking. But Sergey Ivanovich was, first of all, sincere in relation to himself and far from the political situation in science. And it, the generation of new "Marrists", was already stepping on its heels and moving forward. Of course, not everything was so simple and unambiguous, and we are not in a position and have no right to evaluate it. There were those who walked with him to the end, in the same team, and after decades remained devoted to the cause of the teacher, there were others who turned away from S. I. Ozhegov as soon as he passed away, and joined the more “promising” the figure, and the third - destroyed what he created.

A special topic is the hobbies of S.I. Ozhegov. He was a very interesting man “not without personality” (by the way, it was this quality that he especially appreciated in women) and he certainly attracted the attention of the weaker half of humanity, being passionate, amorous, carried away. Youthful excitement, the attractive power of the "electric" look, it seems, remained with him all his life and, perhaps, therefore, he was always young and sympathetic in soul, pure in impulses. S. I. Ozhegov had a real sense of time, where in his lifetime, in the life of the generation of the 1900s, the most difficult, sometimes unbearable trials fell, intertwined with rare years of calm and a measured, prosperous life. From the sweet impressions of a happy childhood in the bosom of a caring and enlightened family and gymnasium years filled with keen interest to the terrible months of the revolution and no less difficult trials of the civil war, from the first youthful love and student and graduate years saturated with ideas and quests to the painful time of repression that took away and crippled the lives of many of his teachers and classmates, from meeting D.N. Ushakov, who became his caring and faithful mentor, to the again tragic and long months of the Great Patriotic War, from the first success and recognition to “spacing”, gossip and gossip - all these are fragments of his difficult, but illuminated by noble thoughts of life, where love is a bright property stored in the secrets of the soul - was the constant companion of S.I. Ozhegov. The son of a scientist, S. S. Ozhegov, once told about his father: “Echoes of youth, a kind of “hussar” always lived in his father. All his life he remained a thin, fit, carefully watching himself man. Calm and unflappable, he was also capable of unpredictable hobbies. He liked and loved to please women ... ". His disposition to Man, his touching attention to the ladies, and his great personal powers of observation were integral features of Sergei Ivanovich's life-loving nature. That is probably why he was not categorical in his assessments and did not judge people strictly.

Letters to the scientist told us a lot about his spiritual qualities - not those that become the “prey” of nimble researchers looking for big names, but those numerous reviews of his now forgotten colleagues who are full of the most cordial, sincere feelings. One of them, who worked in the late 1950s - early 1960s. under an agreement in the Speech Culture Sector, E. A. Sidorov, wrote to Sergei Ivanovich on August 19, 1962: “With a feeling of not only deep satisfaction, but also great pleasure, I write these lines to you, dear Sergei Ivanovich, recalling our last conversation, not long, but so soulful. She, this conversation - like your letter - touched me so much that now I almost wrote “my dear friend” ... Do not blame me on this! But it is impossible not to be touched: the new coming one is cosmic! (what a scope!) - the century, apparently, does not in the least affect the sincerity of such relations, which, to my genuine joy, have been established between us. I remember how in another letter the same scientist wrote that if it was not possible to pay for his work for the Sector, then he was still ready for him (and, therefore, first of all for S.I. Ozhegov) to work and asked to accept assurance of this position and invariable feelings of respect for the senior colleague. The question involuntarily arises: and now who would be able to work disinterestedly for an idea, for science? Or, perhaps, there are no such names left as Sergey Ivanovich Ozhegov, who are not able to force people to work for themselves, but invariably attract to themselves with the depth of their intellect, and exceptional delicacy, and respect for the interlocutor, and special Ozhegov charm.

His appearance - both external and: internal - was surprisingly harmonious, graceful, and the priestly face, a neat, gray beard over the years and the manners of an old aristocrat caused curious cases. Once, when S. I. Ozhegov, N. S. Pospelov and N. Yu. Shvedova arrived in Leningrad, they left the platform of the Moscow railway station, went to the taxi rank and sat down safely in the cabin, with imperturbable elegance asked the driver to take them to the Academy (of sciences), but, probably embarrassed by their appearance and manners of men, he brought them to ... the spiritual academy.

In recent years, S.I. Ozhegov spoke more than once about death, talked about the eternal. Perhaps he also recalled the idealist philosopher G. G. Shpet, whom he loved, banned in Soviet times, a volume of whose works he had in his library. Probably, the days of a difficult life passed before his eyes, where hardships went side by side with hope and faith, which supported him in difficult times, nourished his suffering soul. They say that during the times of repressions on S. I. Ozhegov - not physical, but moral, but giving him, perhaps, even more pain than physical - in the seemingly relatively calm 1960s, he did not resist his slanderers , for he lived according to other, spiritual principles, but being unable to restrain suffering and pain from the attacks of those who surround him, ... wept.

He asked to be buried at the Vagankovsky cemetery according to Christian custom. But this desire of Sergei Ivanovich was not fulfilled. And now his ashes, reconciled by time, rest in the wall of the Novodevichy necropolis. Natalia Sergeevna Ozhegova said that the word "God" was constantly present in their family. No, it was not a religious cult, and the children were brought up in secular conditions, but the very touch and attitude of the Spirit invariably accompanied everything that Sergei Ivanovich did. In those irreconcilable times, when communism was the state religion, and the Soviet “scientist-intellectual” already had a different look, S.I. Ozhegov was called a Russian master (an expression by A.A. Reformatsky). Apparently, his human essence internally opposed the world around him. He possessed his “gait”, had refined manners and always watched his appearance, he sat down in a special way (not, “thumped on his feet”, as now) and spoke, remaining the same simple, accessible, gentle person with his weaknesses. In the family of Sergei Ivanovich there was never hypocrisy in relation to religion, but, on the other hand, there was no “ostentatious prayer service” either. The only holiday he sacredly observed was Easter. Then he went to the vigil at the Novodevichy Convent ...

In A. I. Solzhenitsyn's "Russian Dictionary of Language Expansion" there is such a word - "to bless", i.e. dedicate yourself to charitable deeds. Sergey Ivanovich Ozhegov was such a "bogoda", "a good Russian man and a glorious scientist", whose life, nevertheless too short, but bright, impetuous, rich in events and meetings, is worthy of our memory. Let at least in such a small measure, the only possible now, as this “etude”, we have slightly opened the secrets of the soul and the search for a wise, respected scientist, a man whom many were not destined to understand during his lifetime.

We have repeatedly turned to the famous scholar of the 19th century, Archpriest T. P. Pavsky. The preface to the 2nd edition of his book ends with these words, obviously close and understandable to a no less talented descendant, who, perhaps, kept this innermost thought in himself and followed it all his life: my favourite hobby. And they do their favorite thing to themselves, without asking others, without special extraneous views.

I am reminded here of a recent archival find - "Campo Santo of my memory." Images of the dead in my mind "A. A. Zolotarev - several notebooks written in tight handwriting, where images of contemporaries preserved in the memory of the author are presented: there are portraits of scientists (for example, D. N. Ushakov), and writers, and artists, and spiritual persons, and simply acquaintances close to A. A. Zolotarev. And I thought: it’s a pity that now no one writes such “notebooks” ... The entry on the cover of one of them reads: “God is Eternal Love and Eternal Memory. Lovingly working to preserve the appearance of the departed is the work of the Lord.

NOTES

1. Hegumen Andronik (A. S. Trubachev). Life and fate // Florensky P. A. Works in 4 volumes. Volume 1. - M., 1994. P. 34.

2. Ozhegov S.S. Preface // Ashukin N.S. Ozhegov S.I., Filippov V.A. Dictionary for the plays of A. N. Ostrovsky. - Reprint edition. - M., 1993. S. 7.

3. Skvortsov L. I. S. I. Ozhegov. M., 1982. S. 17.

4 . There. S. 21.

5. Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences. F. 1516. On. 2. Unit ridge No. 136. Ll. 14–14 rev.

6. RGALI. F. 2164. On. 1. Unit ridge No. 335. L. 27.

7. RGALI. F. 2164. On. 1. Unit ridge No. 319. L. 12v.

8. The speech by S. I. Ozhegov and other participants in that memorable meeting was published quite recently by T. G. Vinokur and N. D. Arkhangelskaya. See: In memory of D.N. Ushakov (on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of his death) // Izvestiya RAN. Literature and Language Series. Volume. 51, No. 3, 1992, pp. 63–81.

9. Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences. F. 1516. On. 1. Unit ridge No. 223.

10. Pavsky G.P. Philological observations on the composition of the Russian language. 2nd edition. - SPb., 1850. S. III.

11. Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences. F. 1516. On. 1. Unit ridge No. 225.

12. Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences. F. 1516. On. 2. Unit ridge No. 113. L. 5v.

13. Pavsky G. P. Decree. op. C.V.

13a. A curious document has been preserved in the archive of N. S. Ozhegova - a copy of a letter from S. I. Ozhegov to the state publishing house "Soviet Encyclopedia" dated March 20, 1964, where the scientist, in particular, writes: "In 1964, a new stereotypical edition of my one-volume" Dictionary of the Russian language. Now the Spelling Commission, formed at the Department of Literature and Language of the USSR Academy of Sciences, is working, considering the issues of simplifying and improving Russian spelling. In the near future, apparently, this work will end with the creation of a draft of new spelling rules. In this regard, I find it inappropriate to further publish the Dictionary stereotyped [hereinafter, italics are ours. - O. N.] way. I consider it necessary to prepare a new revised edition ... In addition, and this is the main thing, I propose to make a number of improvements to the Dictionary, to include new vocabulary that has entered the Russian language in recent years, to expand phraseology, to revise the definitions of words that have received new shades of meaning ..., to strengthen the normative side of the Dictionary.

14. See: Questions of culture of speech. Issue. 6. - M., 1965. S. 16–32.

15. Graudina L.K. To the 90th birthday. Sergei Ivanovich Ozhegov. 1900–1964 // Russian speech, 1990, No. 4, p. 90.

16. Ozhegov S. S. Father // Friendship of Peoples, 1999, No. 1, p. 212.

17. Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences. F. 1516. Op. 2. Unit ridge No. 136. L. 5.

18. We have quoted Boris Polevoy's statement about S.I. Ozhegov (see: Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences. F. 1516. On. 2. Item No. 124. L. 1).

19. Pavsky G. P. Decree. op. C. VI.

20. RGALI. F. 218. On. 1. Unit ridge No. 15. L. 1. In our introductory article, so far we have talked about the scientific merits of Sergei Ivanovich Ozhegov, involuntarily resurrecting episodes of his fate, experiences, and aspirations. We tried to show S.I. Ozhegov from a different, less accessible side, paying attention to the human appearance of the scientist. It seems quite logical to us to end this essay with the publication of unknown letters. They, we believe, contain that objective (in comparison with ours) idea of ​​the Man of Science, illuminate the circle of his interests and the geography of communication. In these touching letters, the spiritual qualities of S. I. Ozhegov are revealed in a special way, and the scientific controversy that appears on many lines is still relevant, because it discusses the eternal questions of “linguistic community”.

Correspondents of S.I. Ozhegov are people who are well known to him, and just random authors. In this we see the great value of the correspondence conducted by a scientist who is not able to reject an inquisitive interlocutor, but, on the contrary, who wants to argue with an attentive reader, finally discuss this or that problem with a competent specialist.

Some of the authors of the letters, carried away by their own guesses, turned out to be wrong in some way, talking about pronunciation norms and the culture of speech. But nevertheless, we left their statements and do not make comments on them, rightly believing that an educated and interested reader will understand the essence of a scientific, but such, as it turned out, ordinary dispute. Something else is important for us: these messages and answers by S. I. Ozhegov are a part of our common history, in which for us there are no losers and winners, but only observers and “movers”. Let us also fix our eyes on them and try to understand the dynamics of their thoughts, the color of their speech, the skillfulness of their manner. Perhaps then we will feel life more sharply and cherish the history in which we live.

LEV USPENSKY - TO S. I. OZHOGOV

<Ленинград>, 2.XI. 1954

Dear Sergei Ivanovich!

Not only does I not intend to “scold” you for your remarks, but, on the contrary, I ask you not to leave me with them after I have finished reading the book. Whether there will be a second edition or not, let the consuls know about it, but in any case, separate and competent criticism is a pure benefit to me.

I believe that in the end you will “gain a lot of comments: I myself have already discovered four hundred grams of all sorts of “unfortunate typos”, “oversights”, etc. He corrected the old "yati" a hundred times at all stages, and yet the word "meste" (p. 123) is printed with two "e". There are also sins that I myself missed: as a result of a seven-year (yes, yes!) edit, Bukharian Jews turned out to speak the Turkic language, instead of Tajik ..; well, what to do: with the ability of our publishing houses to keep a manuscript for almost decades, interspersing their dolce-far-niente with an incongruous race and haste, and something else can be missed.

As for the Latin priests, I think. You are right, but not "one hundred percent". Despite the generally low level of development, nevertheless, some of them went through the same bursa, were "rhetors" and "philosophers" together or in parallel with Khoma Brutus and Gorobets. They may not have taken out knowledge from there, but - I'm sure - pampering with Latin could not but attract them. I willingly admit that Deacon Bystrogonov himself might not have known either the word "velox" or the word "dog"; it is possible that some bishop (so in the text - O.N.) turned him over in an administrative order (just like my great-grandfather, a Tatar in Bursa, received the Russian surname “Zverev” instead of the natural “Khanzyreev”, apparently - according to consonance, and during the ordination he also changed “Zverev” to “Uspensky”, obviously - according to the church in which he served, but, according to family legends, with the motivation: “it is obscene for an Orthodox priest to bear such a brutal surname!”). However, when talking with children, I would not risk leading them into such a jungle of seminar practice: it would simply be difficult for them to explain without “longish” comments who, how and when could change Bicycleov’s surname. It seems to me that such a degree of "tolerance" in my semi-fiction book is not reprehensible.

On the question of the soft "en" of seminary Latin, I fully submit to your authorship. I wrote this name here like this, for autobiographical reasons: in 1918–<19>22 years in the Velikolutsky district of Psk<овской>lips<ернии>I knew two friends - employees of Vneshkoobraz, sons of a local parable: one was called Lyavdansky, the other Benevolensky, and it was precisely in the pronunciation that I fixed, quite possibly without foundation.

I am very flattered by your desire to involve me in your work. Of course, I would have answered your sweet summer letter already, but you said then that you were going on vacation, and I was waiting for it to end.

very sorry that this is the second. I received your message only today, the second of November, after my arrival from Moscow, where I spent a week. I would definitely come to you or phone you, especially since I stopped at the Arbat.

Now it remains only to correct this during one of my possible next trips to Moscow. If you are in Leningrad, I beg you not to forget my phone number (A-1-01-43), and you know the address.

I think that it is difficult to establish the contact we need on business matters without a personal meeting: after all, I do not know at all either the range or the direction of the work of your Sector.

However, I would be glad to receive from you your written thoughts on this issue: if only I can be of any help to you, I am ready to serve.

I greet you in every way, respecting you: Lev Us<пенский>

Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences. F. 1516. On. 2. Unit ridge No. 152. Ll. 1–2 vol.

NOTE TO THE LETTER

2. See: Uspensky L.V. A word about words. (Essays on language). L., 1954.

3. The same, 2nd ed. - L., 1956.

We have a rich language that is so powerful and flexible that it can put literally anything into words. In its grandeur, it is not inferior to any language in the world. It is constantly being improved, at the same time having a rich foundation and linguistic traditions. It is valuable and self-sufficient, is the history of the people, reflects the culture. The language must be protected and studied, this should become a necessity for every Russian person. The greatness and richness of the language is reflected in books, especially those relating to classical literature, or in dictionaries and reference books that reflect the norms. And of course, we must know and remember those great scientists who laid the foundation of our native language.

Linguistics

Linguistics is the study of language. She considers the main function of the language as a means of communication, its historical development and patterns. Linguistics explores language theory: what is the system of language, what is the nature of grammatical categories, etc.

Science observes the facts of speech, perceives native speakers, linguistic phenomena, linguistic material.

Linguistics is closely connected with other sciences: history, archeology, ethnography, psychology, philosophy. This is because language accompanies us everywhere, in all areas of life.

In any science, key personalities stand out. Speaking about linguistics, we can name such names: Victor Vinogradov, Baudouin de Courtenay, Lev Shcherba and many others. And let's also name our Russian scholar Sergei Ivanovich Ozhegov, to whom this article will be devoted.

Renowned linguist

Sergey Ozhegov, who graduated from the gymnasium in the Tver province, then the philological faculty of Leningrad University, participated in the battles on the territory of the Ukrainian Fleet during the Civil War, completed postgraduate studies, taught at many Moscow universities, today is better known as the author-compiler of the dictionary, which we also use this day. Collection of Russian words S.I. Ozhegov is the result of the colossal work of the scientist. All modern commonly used vocabulary is collected here, cases of word compatibility and the most common phraseological units are shown. This work was the basis of many translated collections of Russian words.

Ozhegov about language

Sergei Ozhegov spoke a lot about the simplification of Russian spelling. The author's quotations also contained his suggestions for improving the stereotyped 1964 edition of the dictionary. Ozhegov said that new words that had recently appeared in the Russian language should be included in the collection. It is also necessary to reconsider and rethink the concepts of some new words. And of course, you need to pay attention to the norms of the use and pronunciation of the Russian language.

Another statement by S.I. Ozhegov about language concerns the accuracy of word usage. The scientist spoke about the high culture of speech, which consists in the ability to find an intelligible, appropriate word to express one's thoughts.

The dictionary of this Russian linguist has become a popular reference publication. Sergei Ozhegov himself joked about this. His quotes indicate the need for this collection: the number of published books of the dictionary is not inferior to the number of published works of the classics of Marxism-Leninism.

Life and art

The surname of the famous linguist has Siberian roots. It is based on the word "burn", they called a stick to check the readiness of molten metal for pouring.

Ozhegov Sergei Ivanovich, speaking about his biography, always mentioned the fact that their surname comes from the Demidov serfs. In the family of his grandfather, who worked for more than fifty years at the Yekaterinburg smelter, there were fourteen children, and all subsequently had a higher education.

Sergei Ozhegov was born into the family of a mining engineer and a midwife at a factory hospital at the end of September 1900. His small homeland is the village of Kamennoye in the past of the Tver province.

The craving for knowledge inherent in their surname manifested itself in the fact that, having entered a higher educational institution, Sergey Ivanovich Ozhegov was forced to quit his studies and go to the front. But, having returned from the front, in the 20s he nevertheless graduated from Leningrad University. His teachers were well-known linguists of that time and L.V. Shcherba. Sergei Ozhegov immediately entered the circle of Leningrad scientists, then met his Moscow colleagues and gained fame there.

Since 1952, S.I. Ozhegov was the head of the verbal department at the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. reflected in the "Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language", the editor-in-chief of which was D.N. Ushakov. The development team included Ozhegov. Also Ozhegov's merit is the authorship of the Dictionary of the Russian Language.

Friendship with famous linguists

At that time, linguists V.V. Vinogradov and D.I. Ushakov. They are joined by Ozhegov Sergey Ivanovich, a linguist whose career is developing successfully here, since he is part of a group working on a four-volume edition of D.I. Ushakov.

In addition, the young linguist is friends with the famous scientist A. Reformatsky, who later became the author of a classic textbook on linguistics.

Ozhegov's main work

Working on material for the collection of D.I. Ozhegov got excited about the idea of ​​creating a dictionary for wide use. Work on this collection began before the war with the Nazis. Ozhegov believed in the strength of the Red Army, which would not allow the Germans into Moscow, so he remained in the city. He gave all this difficult wartime to his offspring. Moscow linguists G. Vinokur and V. Petrosyan were co-authors in the work on the dictionary. But gradually they moved away from work, and S.I. Ozhegov almost alone did all the work.

Sergei Ozhegov continued to work to the last. The dictionary of the Russian language was constantly refined by him, its construction was improved. The author accepted language as a constantly changing living phenomenon. He enjoyed watching the changes taking place in the language.

There are a number of well-known facts that will complement the knowledge about S.I. Ozhegov and his dictionary:

• many mispronounced the linguist's last name, emphasizing the second syllable;
• censorship initially did not pass the word "mistress", seeing in it a depraved meaning;
• censorship and church vocabulary, such words as "nalay", "iconostasis" did not suit;
• the word "Leningrader" during the reprint of the dictionary was introduced artificially so that the words "lother" and "Leninist" did not appear next to each other;
• the interpretation of the word "rape" in Ozhegov's dictionary helped one guy get out of prison, since his actions did not fall under rape;
• there are six editions of Ozhegov's dictionary published during his lifetime;
• Recently, a student of S.I. has been working on the dictionary. Ozhegova N.Yu. Shvedova; the heirs of a famous linguist do not like some of the principles of her work.

Ozhegov family

Sergei Ozhegov experienced a lot in his life, his family experienced a lot of complex, dramatic events that are characteristic of the Russian intelligentsia.

His father, an engineer at the Kuvshinova paper mill, received a four-room apartment, where the local intelligentsia often gathered. The settlement was advanced: innovations were constantly introduced at the factory, a school, the People's House, and a hospital were built. In the latter, Ozhegov's mother worked as a midwife. In addition to Sergei, the eldest, there were two more sons in their family. The middle one became an architect, the youngest - a railway worker.

In 1909, the Ozhegov family moved to St. Petersburg. Here Sergey went to the gymnasium, enrolled in a chess club and a sports society. Having successfully graduated from the gymnasium, he entered a higher educational institution, but the war prevented education.

Nevertheless, after the war, he still graduated from the university. Before receiving a diploma, Sergei Ozhegov married a student from the philological faculty. Her father was a priest, an excellent self-taught musician, performing classical and folk music.

Ozhegov was a very sociable person. Friendly companies always gathered in his house, a benevolent atmosphere reigned.

Ozhegov's wife was a great hostess, they lived together for about forty years, raised their son.

During the war, the Moscow family of Ozhegov moved to Tashkent, but almost all of the Leningrad relatives of the scientist could not survive the blockade. Left a niece. A five-year-old girl was sent to an orphanage, later S.I. Ozhegov found her and adopted her.

Ozhegov's merit

Ozhegov Sergei Ivanovich did a lot for Russian linguistics, whose contribution to the Russian language is very great. He is the author and compiler of many dictionaries and reference books. S.I. Ozhegov is known as a member of the Commission of the Moscow Council, deputy chairman of the commission of the Academy of Sciences, scientific consultant, teacher at the university.

Scientific works of Ozhegov

The main scientific works of S.I. Ozhegov reflect the issues of Russian lexicology and lexicography. He worked a lot on the history of the Russian language, studied sociolinguistics, the culture of Russian speech. Also, Sergey Ozhegov, a linguist, made a great contribution to the study of the language of individual writers (I.A. Krylova, and others). He worked a lot on the normativity of the Russian language: he was the editor of various reference dictionaries and language collections.