I arrived at the studio a little early and found how Dima Shatrov filmed a bottle of tequila for a customer from America. Subject shooting turned out to be a very difficult and dreary process. It would seem - a bottle, but it was not so easy to photograph it ...
Achtung! More boobs inside than Themes per month.
2. 
3. 
Before shooting, Dima connected the camera directly to the computer, which he used instead of the camera screen to track the result:
4. 
I fixed the camera on a massive tripod and began to discuss with Natasha how best to approach the bottle. The problem is that this bottle has a lot of reflective planes and edges, and there should be no glare in the advertising photo. The second problem is the inscriptions on the back wall. It was necessary to illuminate the bottle so that the light does not fall on the back wall and it does not shine through:
5. 
6. 
Before shooting, Dima polished the bottle to a shine:
7. 
And they began to fiddle with the light, trying to illuminate the bottle in the right way. Did not work out. We decided to replace the subject table:
8. 
Then they replaced it with a glass shelf:
9. 
10. 
The back lettering was still translucent. They put a wall cut out of paper at the back, having previously painted it orange. A black flag was hung at the back to illuminate only the edges of the bottle:
11. 
In the end, I was already plowed to hold the reflector:
12. 
In general, I can tell you that subject photography turned out to be not at all an easy task, and the main problems are not related to photography itself, but to the correct selection of lighting. As a result, having done a few more manipulations, Dima managed to defeat the bottle. Unfortunately, so far the customer has not allowed to publish this photo. As soon as he approves, I will show it to you.
13. 
While we were fighting with a bottle, our nude model came - a lovely girl Olya. First of all, she took off her underwear so that her body could rest and there were no traces of panties and a bra visible on it, and went to the dressing room, where Natasha made a couple of strokes:
Looking ahead, I will say that the shooting lasted 5 hours, and I was sincerely sorry for Olya. She had to lie still or sit naked in front of strangers for a very long time. She later told me that she imagined herself as our bottle to endure the "torture of immobility":
16. 
Just like with the bottle, it took a lot of time to set the right light:
At some point, Natasha decided to splash Olga with water and entrusted it to me!
19. 
28. 
Tomorrow I'm flying to Anapa for the kitesurfing festival. I take 500 with me. Stay Tuned!
P.S. If you need to make a portfolio, photograph children or your favorite souvenir toy, then do not hesitate to call Lume Studio on + 7 925 740 0634 Quality guaranteed.
P.P.S. This post is a gesture of goodwill on my part and did not cost the representatives of Lume Studio a dime.
UPDATE: To avoid the temptation to discuss the model instead of the process, I turn off the comments
The study of physics at school lasts several years. At the same time, students are faced with the problem that the same letters denote completely different quantities. Most often this fact concerns Latin letters. How then to solve problems?
There is no need to be afraid of such a repetition. Scientists tried to introduce them into the designation so that the same letters did not meet in one formula. Most often, students come across the Latin n. It can be lowercase or uppercase. Therefore, the question logically arises as to what n is in physics, that is, in a certain formula that the student encountered.
What does the capital letter N stand for in physics?
Most often in the school course, it occurs in the study of mechanics. After all, there it can be immediately in spirit values - the power and strength of the normal reaction of the support. Naturally, these concepts do not intersect, because they are used in different sections of mechanics and are measured in different units. Therefore, it is always necessary to define exactly what n is in physics.
Power is the rate of change in the energy of a system. It is a scalar value, that is, just a number. Its unit of measurement is the watt (W).
The force of the normal reaction of the support is the force that acts on the body from the side of the support or suspension. In addition to a numerical value, it has a direction, that is, it is a vector quantity. Moreover, it is always perpendicular to the surface on which the external action is performed. The unit of this N is the newton (N).
What is N in physics, in addition to the quantities already indicated? It could be:
the Avogadro constant;
magnification of the optical device;
substance concentration;
Debye number;
total radiation power.
What can a lowercase n stand for in physics?
The list of names that can be hidden behind it is quite extensive. The designation n in physics is used for such concepts:
refractive index, and it can be absolute or relative;
neutron - a neutral elementary particle with a mass slightly greater than that of a proton;
frequency of rotation (used to replace the Greek letter "nu", as it is very similar to the Latin "ve") - the number of repetitions of revolutions per unit of time, measured in hertz (Hz).
What does n mean in physics, besides the already indicated values? It turns out that it hides the basic quantum number (quantum physics), concentration and the Loschmidt constant (molecular physics). By the way, when calculating the concentration of a substance, you need to know the value, which is also written in the Latin "en". It will be discussed below.
What physical quantity can be denoted by n and N?
Its name comes from the Latin word numerus, in translation it sounds like "number", "quantity". Therefore, the answer to the question of what n means in physics is quite simple. This is the number of any objects, bodies, particles - everything that is discussed in a particular task.
Moreover, “quantity” is one of the few physical quantities that do not have a unit of measurement. It's just a number, no name. For example, if the problem is about 10 particles, then n will be equal to just 10. But if it turns out that the lowercase “en” is already taken, then you have to use an uppercase letter.
Formulas that use an uppercase N
The first of them defines the power, which is equal to the ratio of work to time:
In molecular physics, there is such a thing as the chemical amount of a substance. Denoted by the Greek letter "nu". To calculate it, you should divide the number of particles by the Avogadro number:
By the way, the last value is also denoted by the so popular letter N. Only it always has a subscript - A.
To determine the electric charge, you need the formula:
Another formula with N in physics - oscillation frequency. To calculate it, you need to divide their number by the time:
The letter "en" appears in the formula for the circulation period:
Formulas that use a lowercase n
In a school physics course, this letter is most often associated with the refractive index of matter. Therefore, it is important to know the formulas with its application.
So, for the absolute refractive index, the formula is written as follows:
Here c is the speed of light in vacuum, v is its speed in a refracting medium.
The formula for the relative refractive index is somewhat more complicated:
n 21 \u003d v 1: v 2 \u003d n 2: n 1,
where n 1 and n 2 are the absolute refractive indices of the first and second medium, v 1 and v 2 are the speeds of the light wave in these substances.
How to find n in physics? The formula will help us with this, in which we need to know the angles of incidence and refraction of the beam, that is, n 21 \u003d sin α: sin γ.
What is n equal to in physics if it is the index of refraction?
Typically, tables give values for the absolute refractive indices of various substances. Do not forget that this value depends not only on the properties of the medium, but also on the wavelength. Tabular values of the refractive index are given for the optical range.
So, it became clear what n is in physics. To avoid any questions, it is worth considering some examples.
Power Challenge
№1. During plowing, the tractor pulls the plow evenly. In doing so, it applies a force of 10 kN. With this movement for 10 minutes, he overcomes 1.2 km. It is required to determine the power developed by it.
Convert units to SI. You can start with force, 10 N equals 10,000 N. Then the distance: 1.2 × 1000 = 1200 m. The time left is 10 × 60 = 600 s.
Choice of formulas. As mentioned above, N = A: t. But in the task there is no value for work. To calculate it, another formula is useful: A \u003d F × S. The final form of the formula for power looks like this: N \u003d (F × S): t.
Decision. We calculate first the work, and then the power. Then in the first action you get 10,000 × 1,200 = 12,000,000 J. The second action gives 12,000,000: 600 = 20,000 W.
Answer. Tractor power is 20,000 watts.
Tasks for the refractive index
№2. The absolute refractive index of glass is 1.5. The speed of light propagation in glass is less than in vacuum. It is required to determine how many times.
There is no need to convert data to SI.
When choosing formulas, you need to stop at this one: n \u003d c: v.
Decision. It can be seen from this formula that v = c: n. This means that the speed of light in glass is equal to the speed of light in vacuum divided by the refractive index. That is, it is reduced by half.
Answer. The speed of light propagation in glass is 1.5 times less than in vacuum.
№3. There are two transparent media. The speed of light in the first of them is 225,000 km / s, in the second - 25,000 km / s less. A ray of light goes from the first medium to the second. The angle of incidence α is 30º. Calculate the value of the angle of refraction.
Do I need to convert to SI? Speeds are given in off-system units. However, when substituting into formulas, they will be reduced. Therefore, it is not necessary to convert speeds to m/s.
The choice of formulas needed to solve the problem. You will need to use the law of light refraction: n 21 \u003d sin α: sin γ. And also: n = c: v.
Decision. In the first formula, n 21 is the ratio of the two refractive indices of the substances under consideration, that is, n 2 and n 1. If we write down the second indicated formula for the proposed environments, then we get the following: n 1 = c: v 1 and n 2 = c: v 2. If you make the ratio of the last two expressions, it turns out that n 21 \u003d v 1: v 2. Substituting it into the formula for the law of refraction, we can derive the following expression for the sine of the angle of refraction: sin γ \u003d sin α × (v 2: v 1).
We substitute the values of the indicated velocities and the sine of 30º (equal to 0.5) into the formula, it turns out that the sine of the angle of refraction is 0.44. According to the Bradis table, it turns out that the angle γ is 26º.
Answer. The value of the angle of refraction is 26º.
Tasks for the period of circulation
№4. The blades of a windmill rotate with a period of 5 seconds. Calculate the number of revolutions of these blades in 1 hour.
To convert to SI units, only the time is 1 hour. It will be equal to 3600 seconds.
Selection of formulas. The period of rotation and the number of revolutions are related by the formula T \u003d t: N.
Decision. From this formula, the number of revolutions is determined by the ratio of time to period. Thus, N = 3600: 5 = 720.
Answer. The number of revolutions of the mill blades is 720.
№5. The aircraft propeller rotates at a frequency of 25 Hz. How long does it take the screw to complete 3,000 revolutions?
All data is given with SI, so nothing needs to be translated.
Required Formula: frequency ν = N: t. From it it is only necessary to derive a formula for the unknown time. It is a divisor, so it is supposed to be found by dividing N by ν.
Decision. Dividing 3,000 by 25 results in the number 120. It will be measured in seconds.
Answer. An airplane propeller makes 3000 revolutions in 120 s.
Summing up
When a student encounters a formula containing n or N in a physics problem, he needs to deal with two things. The first is from which section of physics the equality is given. This may be clear from the heading in a textbook, reference book, or the teacher's words. Then you should decide what is hidden behind the many-sided "en". Moreover, the name of the units of measurement helps in this, if, of course, its value is given. Another option is also allowed: carefully look at the rest of the letters in the formula. Perhaps they will be familiar and will give a hint in the issue being resolved.
Contrary to some stereotypes, Soviet art has never been particularly puritanical, even compared to most Western countries. One girl was not too lazy to collect typical samples of the Soviet nude in painting and graphics of the period from 1918 to 1969 in her magazine. Approximately such selections can be made on Soviet photography, cinema, sculpture, monumental art.
Original taken from catrina_burana in Nude nature in the Soviet fine arts. Part III. 1950-1969
In the 1950s and 60s, socialist realism remained the main trend in Soviet art. And, just like in the 30s and 40s, the depiction of nudity had to comply with its canons. The set of situations where such a nature could be illuminated was limited: the bank of a river or sea, a bathhouse, a shower, a bath, and, of course, an artist's workshop. But back in the 40s, a certain variety of subjects began to appear in the nude theme, even more noticeable in the painting and graphics of the 50s and especially the 1960s. Here, for example, the theme is "morning". Apparently, it was believed that a Soviet girl or woman was quite comfortable, waking up in the morning, showing off topless, or even in general what her mother gave birth to.
1950. N. Sergeeva. Good morning
1950. A Zavyalov. Models against the background of draperies
1950. In Arakcheev. Seated woman.
1950. Vl Lebedev. nude model
1950s in Dmitrievsky. Nude
1953. Vsevolod Solodov. Model
And now - water procedures! Beach, sauna, swimmers, bathers.
1950. N Eremenko. On the sand
1950s B Sholokhov. Bath
1950s T Eremina. Swimmers
A strange picture, or rather, its name. Well, on the right, for sure, swimmer. There are doubts about who is in the middle: it still seems to me that this is a swimmer. Well, and on the left in thongs and with a bare bottom - well, definitely not a swimmer ...
And here is Alexander Deineka, with his daring models, where would we be without them!
1951. A. Deineka. Sketch for the painting "Bather"
1952. A. Deineka. bathers
1951. A. Deineka. Model
1952. A. Deineka. Model
1953. Deineka. reclining model
1953. Deineka. Lying with a ball
The last two, especially the one without the ball - not so impressive relief. And the little man is nothing, only a little short-legged.
1955. Deineka. Nude sitter
Several paintings by artist Andrei Goncharov.
1952. Andrey Goncharov. Nude on a lilac background
1952. Andrey Goncharov. Seated Nude
1954. A. Goncharov. Reclining nude with tulips
1955. A. Goncharov Nude lying on red
1956. A. Goncharov Nude on a striped
1958. A. Goncharov. nude model
And now, there is already a variety of plots. Pimenov's plot, although connected with bathing, is not quite standard, while Glazunov's plot is full of eroticism.
1955. Yuri Pimenov. Winter day
1956. Ilya Glazunov. Morning
A few more studio models from 1957-58. The first and third - to the envy of Deineka!
1957. A. Olkhovich. Nude
1957. Michael of God. Nude
1958. A. Samokhvalov. Nude
1958. R. Podobedov. seated model
Here A. Sukhorukih brings even more variety to the nude scenes. Both "Midday Sun" and "Morning" are filled with romance...
1958. A. Sukhorukikh. midday sun
1960. A. Sukhorukikh. Morning
The bathing scene is also not quite typical. In the center of the composition - a woman or a girl - you can't see it behind the sheet - for some reason, this very sheet blocks the girl, who is stretching out her hand, apparently for clothes. Like, I'll block you while you get dressed. But here's the mystery: from whom? From the shore, you can see everything, the artist spied on it! And from the side of the lake - obviously there is no one, and others are not very shy, the one on the right is sitting in a complete negligee ... A mysterious picture.
1958. Chernyshev. Bathing on the lake
Morning again. Well, yes, it’s impossible to call such a picture a “lying model”, it’s too painful in a frivolous pose, and so - well, the lady woke up, well, stretched - what’s wrong?
1959. L. Astafiev. Morning
Another nautical theme. Not at all Deinekin forms are coming into fashion ...
Two drawings by the artist Grigory Gordon. The reading girl is also a popular plot in those years. Well, you can read in this form, if it's hot, for example.
1960. G. Gordon. girl with a book
1959. G. Gordon. sitting girl
Three more water-themed paintings.
1960. Vladimir Stozharov. Bath. Washing woman
1960s Fedor Samusev. After the bath
Several studio nudes. Urusevsky and Reznikova's models are already quite thin ...
1960. Gennady Troshkin. Nude
1960. R. Podobedov. young model
1960. S.P. Urusevsky. nude model
1961. Evgenia Reznikova. Model Lisa
The heroes of V. Kholuyev's paintings are easily recognizable. There is something puppet about them. The set of subjects is standard: naked in the studio, sea, morning.
1960s V. Kholuev. Reclining Nude
1960s V. Kholuev. Nude
1960s V. Kholuev. born of the sea
1960s V. Kholuev. Morning
1962. V. Kholuev. Nude
"Spring Morning" by A. Sukhorukikh, although it combines two typical plots - morning and bathing, but here the nakedness of the heroine is secondary; this "nude" is not for the sake of "nude", but quite a genre picture.
1962. A. Sukhorukikh. spring morning
Then we look: and studios, and beaches, and another girl with a book ... The 60s bore an echo of liberties, the removal of many prohibitions, and the further, the more freedom is felt both in plots and in performance. In addition, it is easy to see that impressive forms are almost never found.
1962. Vladimir Lapovok. In a workshop
1962. M. Samsonov. Nude
1963. S. Solovyov. naked girl
1964. A. Samokhvalov. On the beach
1964. V. Scriabin. Nude
1965. A. Sukhorukih. girl with a book
1966. A. Sukhorukih. In the artist's studio
1965. N. Ovchinnikov. Evening melody
1966. Antonov. Bathhouse in the village of Titovo. sisters
1966. Teterin. Nude
1967. Kaparushkin. Siberian
1967. A. Sukhanov. In a workshop
Well, this is quite a frivolous story. Straight BDSM. Guy caught peeping...
1967. A. Tarasenko. Punishment
Not swimming, mind you, but just relaxing. A girl in a hat was walking in the mountains, she was tired. undressed and sat down on a pebble ...
1967. V. Chaus. Rest
1968. Vladimir Lapovok. sleeping
1968. May Miturich. Nude
And this picture - in general, on the verge. Either schoolchildren or students just like that came to the bank, where, judging by the presence of bridges, not only they go, they completely undressed, took out paints with easels - and, well, draw each other!
1969. M. Tolokonnikova. On sketches
1969. Y. Raksha. August
1969. Y. Raksha. Dream
Not the worst time, it seems to me, were those same 1960s ...
Consumer Magazine, Photo & Video Cameras N3 2000
Introduction
I note that the material is written from an "amateur" point of view. This means that the approach to shooting is to get the positive emotions first and foremost, and not to produce a commercially viable shot that has to sell. That is, we set ourselves the task of capturing beauty, and not making money. We will also not consider such examples of professional photography of people as wedding photography, advertising, etc.
What is nude and act
Let's look at the encyclopedic dictionary.
ACT - (German Akt), in the fine arts, the image of a naked human figure; the same as nude.
NU - (French nu - naked, undressed), an image of a naked female body; a genre of fine art that reveals in the image of a naked body ideas about beauty, the value of earthly sensual being.
As we can see, we are talking about art and beauty, and not about physiology. Many amateur photographers begin to photograph nudity precisely from the capture of primary sexual characteristics. Of course, you yourself determine what and how you want to shoot, but artistic taste is what you need to cultivate in yourself if you want your photos to be beautiful and interesting not only for you. This can be achieved in many ways, such as by studying the work of recognized masters.
In this regard, I highly recommend getting acquainted with the classics of the genre, for example, the works of Gunars Binde, Janis Gleizds, and, of course, Rimantas Dikhavičius, whose works radiate the aroma of beauty and harmony. Quite different in spirit are the works of another classic - Helmut Newton, whose unique erotic-ironic style can be unmistakably defined.
About types of shooting.
It's hard to describe how you "should" shoot nudity, as it's a very individual process. Each person sees and feels differently, so there are a variety of approaches to photographing people. Some photographers try to capture the sexuality of the model, others - to reveal the personality, others - to capture some fleeting state, and so on. Each of these genres, of course, requires a different approach to shooting, very likely even the participation of different models, etc.
Shooting people can be conditionally divided into staged and reportage. In staged shooting, you come up with a plot, light, clothes, maybe makeup in advance, and shoot deliberately and slowly. Reportage, on the contrary, involves a significant amount of spontaneity when shooting. In this case, you have to be only a witness to the action, and the main thing here is to be ready to capture that very unique moment that will turn out to be the most beautiful, interesting or curious. Reporting in this case does not mean shooting in a bathhouse or on a nudist beach. It's just that the model is given much more freedom in choosing poses, etc. - that is, a kind of complicity in the creative process.
About models
What should be the model? Perhaps it should be such as to inspire the author. Otherwise, why photograph it at all, if, as we agreed, we do not pursue our goal of making money?
Of course, there is a well-known stereotype "90-60-90", but it is worth noting that even for many "supermodels" the figure does not always correspond to these parameters. The main thing is that the figure of the model is proportional and harmonious. Sometimes it would seem that an imperfectly folded model is able to "give all the best" when shooting, to show such internal states that the result is charming.
It is very important that the model has good skin. Moderately tanned skin often looks very advantageous in the pictures. On the other hand, "white spots" from a swimsuit on a tanned body do not always look aesthetically pleasing. Minor skin defects can be tried to "repair" with foundation, or use softening filters when shooting.
Undoubtedly, there must be trust between you and the model, otherwise everything loses its meaning. During the shooting, it is important to create all the conditions for the model to feel as confident and calm as possible. For example, she must be sure that no one will suddenly enter the room, etc. Naturally, extra people should not be present during the shooting. To make the model feel more confident, it is useful in the studio to have a mirror of sufficient size, in which the model could see herself directly during the shooting.
The best subject to start with would probably be the author's wife or girlfriend. The difficulty of shooting close or dear people lies in the fact that they have certain stereotypes in relation to the author (and vice versa) that can interfere with the successful implementation of their plans. So, these stereotypes will have to be overcome.
If this is the first shoot of its kind for the model, then it is wise to start with a portrait, gradually moving to more nude poses.
Many of the photographers shooting in the "Dikhavičius style" use mostly non-professional models for shooting, since what is required here, first of all, is not the longest legs or a wasp waist, but sincerity and purity. Love your model and idolize her, then you simply cannot get bad shots.
While one model may look very good in nature, another "urban" model will simply not be able to feel comfortable in such an environment and therefore the shots will be unnatural at best. Ideally, for each outdoor shooting you need to look for "your" model.
In order for the model to show her personality during the shooting, give her this opportunity! To do this, you do not need to put a model of a rigid framework and command it. Just watch and observe. Many people in life are very constrained, and sometimes you have to expend a lot of effort to ensure that the model "turns on" to the desired state for the author. One of my acquaintances, who shoots girls in nature, gives them time to walk in nature alone in order to feel the atmosphere and get in the right mood. In any case, it is highly desirable to most accurately convey the author's vision and mood in the picture, what the author admires at the moment.
Sometimes it can be quite difficult to shoot professional models if she shows dead learned poses and you want to show her as an individual. In such cases, you should have a "conversation" with the model so that she tries to put out of her mind what she was taught, and which may be an obstacle to your shooting.
When shooting people, you always have to take into account various human characteristics (character, mentality, taste, etc.). I must say that the ability to interact with people for a photographer is no less important than the ability to shoot. Humor and patience are the main qualities that allow you to achieve your plan.
Legal "aspects" of creativity
We all live in a state and therefore automatically fall under the laws that apply in its territory. As a photographer who shoots nudes or people, it's a good idea to keep the following in mind.
The right to own image is a personal non-property right of citizens, protected by civil law (Article 2, 150 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation). Reproduction and distribution (including publication) of images of citizens without their consent will be a violation of this right.
The most reliable way to resolve this problem is to issue a written permission for the RIGHT OF REPRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE IMAGE OF THE PERSON. The fact of payment of remuneration to a photo model for shooting does not confirm the right to distribute the image, but can only mean payment for her working time. Conversely, the right to distribute an image can be granted free of charge.
Citizens under the age of 14 are considered incompetent, from 14 to 18 years of age - with limited capacity. Thus, the right to depict them (and especially their nudity) should be obtained from their legal representatives (parents, guardians, trustees). Otherwise, the case may go into the sphere of criminal proceedings (a number of articles of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, for example, Article 132, which provides for liability for violent acts of a sexual nature, including (part 2) committed against a knowingly minor (minor) person.
How to photograph people
There are a few purely technical "fads" that are good to keep in mind when shooting people, and, in particular, nudity:
when shooting at full height or so, it is undesirable to use a shooting point higher than the model (unless special effects are required), as this will shorten the legs and distort the proportions of the body in the picture.
if the model's legs are not long enough or you want to make her look even longer in the photo, use the lower shooting points. You can also achieve interesting shots by combining wide-angle shooting with a low point of view.
often when shooting people, they use optics ranging from 50 or 85mm, and 50mm lenses, if they are used, are usually when shooting in full growth. It should be taken into account that lenses with short focal lengths distort the linear dimensions of the object being photographed more. Therefore, if some part of the model is a little closer to the lens when shooting (for example, the nose or part of the hand in portrait shooting), then this part will appear larger than it actually is, which usually confuses the viewer and does not look very aesthetically pleasing. . That is why the portrait is classically shot at focal lengths of 50 and 85-135mm. Although everything should be approached creatively, because. in art there can be no rigid "possible" and "impossible". That's what art is for.
if you want to emphasize the volume of the model's chest, you should not lay her on her back. Ask the model to take various poses, and you yourself will be able to find many interesting points of view. When shooting, make sure that there are no folds in the skin (most often - on the stomach or around the waist when the body is turned excessively). The ribs that show through the skin look rather ugly, so if you want, say, to emphasize the shape of the chest with a curve, then you should not overdo it.
sometimes you can very successfully use when shooting everything that comes to hand and is typical for the place where the shooting is taking place. It can be daisies growing nearby, rubbish in the basement of the house, a mop that came to hand, etc. It's also good to have some stock of various kinds of items that can come in handy when shooting. For example, pieces of transparent matter, various kinds of decorations, artificial flowers, etc. In the picture it is often appropriate to show the relationship of the model and her environment, this gives the picture liveliness and dynamism. The shots of Helmut Newton, who liked to photograph people in the midst of any suitable mess, are very revealing here (for example, his shots of Pina Bausch or Grace Jones und Dolph).
do not forget to remove watches and jewelry from the model before shooting, if necessary.
watch the background, let the horizon line not cut off the head from the body, no trees should grow "out of the head", etc. You should also evaluate the brightness and color of the background so that the picture is technically literate! To estimate the spread in the brightness of the model and the background, it can be useful to measure the brightness of the light for the model and the background separately.
Get creative with your use of depth of field. If you want to separate the model from the background, use telephoto lenses with a focal length of 100mm or more. You can get interesting shots by focusing on certain parts of the body and shooting at an open aperture with high-aperture optics.
very often pictures are cropped in such a way that people "have somewhere to look", i.e. in the direction of view, an empty space is usually left.
use shooting a portrait in profile, full face, behind and in three quarters. It is also often possible to find an interesting shooting point well above eye level.
Turning the head of the person being portrayed means a lot. It is advisable to use such shooting points when the face looks the best.
Reflections in the eyes are a very important element in portrait photography. It often looks unnatural when multiple light sources are reflected in the eyes. Conversely, the reflection of a single flash enlivens the portrait, adding sparkle in the eyes. Sometimes a weak flash is used for this purpose, which practically does not affect the light pattern, but gives a glare in the eyes.
Often portraits use relatively small apertures to achieve a shallow depth of field. In this case, the sharpness should be aimed at the eyes of the person being portrayed. With this approach, it is easy to hide small skin defects, if any.
many people don't have a very nice nose in profile, keep an eye on this when shooting. In general, you should carefully study the model before shooting and decide which side it looks best from. You can ask the model to tell you about your shortcomings so that after the shooting there will be no unnecessary disappointments (although over time you will learn to see the "critical places" yourself).
watch out for the shadows! The eye sockets should not "fall through". The shadows from the nose and chin should not be too harsh. Often in color photography, such lighting is used so that the contrast on the face does not exceed one step.
Use a fill flash or reflector to highlight shadows and lower contrast.
choose the right time of day and/or weather for filming.
traces of underwear usually remain on the body, therefore, when shooting nudity, the model should be undressed 20-40 minutes before shooting. To make her feel comfortable, you can give her some kind of jacket or loose cape.
when shooting, it is useful to use music suitable for the mood and genre of shooting
if possible, study what has already been achieved by photographers and painters. It is not necessary to try to copy their works, although copying is in itself a very difficult task.
If you are shooting nude for the first time and your knees are trembling, don't worry, this is normal. Apparently, it makes sense to warn the model that this is your first shooting of this kind.
What to take with you for an outdoor shoot? As a general rule, the minimum kit should include a camera with a flash (or a reflector instead of a flash), a good lens (usually a telephoto lens), and enough film. Sometimes it is useful to grab a tripod. You may need something warm to temporarily cover the model from the cold, while the attire should be loose and easy to shed. When shooting outdoors, it is advisable to take a means against flying blood-sucking insects. In this case, it is better to use spray products in cylinders. It's a good idea to bring some food and a plastic water bottle with you. Let your model capture a reasonable amount of makeup.
and most importantly - take pictures the way you like. After all, for the sake of this, everything, in fact, was started ...
Personally, when shooting people, I like the 85 or 90mm lens the most. A lens with such a focal length allows you to shoot both a half-length portrait and a full-length portrait, without having to go far back. The 85mm lens allows you to separate the model from the background, and at the same time show the environment in which the model is located (especially good when shooting outdoors). Optics with a focal length of 100mm or more make the image too flat for my taste. It should be remembered that any lens around the edge distorts the image. This effect is usually almost imperceptible when using telephoto lenses and is most pronounced when using wide-angle optics. Therefore, when shooting people with optics with a focal length shorter than 70mm. try not to place anything at the very edge of the frame that can be spoiled by this kind of distortion.
Often, when shooting outdoors, film with a sensitivity of 400 units is used. It is quite difficult to imagine how it is possible to shoot, say, in a forest even in summer during daylight hours with amateur zooms with a relative aperture of 5.6. It is good to have optics with a fixed focal length in your arsenal, especially since such optics (in addition to high aperture ratio) usually work better against light, have better optical characteristics (and often their own pattern), etc. Plus, using prime lenses will give you a much better feel for the shot and more thinking (because instead of mindlessly twisting the zoom ring, you'll be kicking your feet and looking for the best vantage point).
It is very good to have fast optics for shooting, as often beautiful natural light is rather weak, and using flash ruins everything, as the flash gives flat unnatural light. Sometimes a fast standard lens and 400 film (or higher) are the salvation of a photographer who does not want to spoil the beauty of natural light with a flash.
B/W or color?
Many nude photographers use black and white photographic materials. There are several reasons for this. First, black and white photography is traditional and the nude or portrait in black and white has a long tradition. Secondly, when using black and white materials, the photographer gets more degrees of freedom (since there are a huge number of creative techniques in black and white photography that are basically unrealizable in color photography), which means more room for creativity. Thirdly, when filming acts, color is usually redundant and is a distracting factor that makes it difficult to focus on the essence of the work. Although of course the choice of "b / w or color" always remains with the photographer.
It so happens that nowadays it is much easier for an amateur photographer to produce a color photograph than a black and white one. However, in my opinion, a fairly small percentage of photographers who shoot for color make good use of color in their composition. I think that in this regard it will be useful for the reader to get acquainted with the work of the photographer Uwe Ommer, for example, with his album “Black Ladies” published by Taschen, which, according to the author, is not just a work of art, but also a great example of the use of color in photography in general. and when shooting nudes in particular.
photographic materials
In this section, I will try to characterize some of the photographic materials and their combinations that can be used in shooting, based on my experience. Moreover, if everything is more or less clear with color materials, then in black and white photography there are extremely many combinations of film / developer, which can give different results.
Black and white films.
Perhaps no other black and white film has generated as much controversy as the Kodak T-MAX. From unconditional worship and admiration, to statements that ultra-modern hi-tech film containing little silver, in principle, cannot give anything good. The truth probably lies somewhere in the middle. Kodak T-MAX films are indeed very specific and require precise exposure and processing.
Many photographers working with this material do not use the T-MAX at its nominal sensitivity. To get excellent results, it is usually overexposed (by up to one stop) and developed softer (i.e., reduced development time, exact data is given in Kodak F-32). Kodak's technical documentation indicates the need for such an approach when printing on a condenser enlarger (more on black and white photography is written in Consumer No. 10, 1998).
(Apparently, it is worth explaining that there are two fundamentally different types of enlargers that can be used to print black-and-white photographs. The first type is condenser enlargers, in which light from a lamp passes through a lens system - a condenser, after which it enters the negative. The second type of enlarger is the diffuse light source enlarger (usually all color print enlargers are of this type.) For black and white photography, the difference between these enlargers is that condenser enlargers generally require lower contrast negatives, while diffusion enlargers generally require higher contrast. ).Different developers develop T-MAX differently, just like any other black and white film. It seems to me that the most versatile developer for T-MAX is D-76 (or its equivalent from ILFORD ID-11). At the same time, good results are obtained when using D-76 in a 1: 1 dilution (one-time, i.e. after use, the solution is poured). This combination gives high sharpness and satisfactory tonal gradation.
The T-MAX developer is quite good, and maybe even better than others, is able to use the advantages of T-MAX film. When using a combination of T-MAX with T-MAX developer, the grain is practically invisible to the eye at a magnification of up to 30x40 from 35 mm film, but this combination does not provide high sharpness. Of course, this is not always bad, and just when shooting portraits and nudes, it can be a desirable quality.
Some photographers successfully use the FX-1 and FX-2 developers, which give high edge sharpness and good gradation in the bright parts of the picture. The composition of FX-1 is simple and can be prepared independently.
The combination of T-MAX + Rodinal at a dilution of 1:50 gives very pleasant tonal gradations, while the resulting sharpness is not maximum, however, it seems to me, with portrait shooting "just right".
T-MAX and Kodak XTOL developer work well together, the grain is very fine, but the sharpness is not maximum. The structure of the grain is a little unusual (say, compared to what the classic D-76 gives), the grain is not pronounced and a little "soapy".
T-MAX films require precise exposure and processing conditions, and small deviations from these can cause significant deterioration in the quality of the negatives.
The closest analogue of films of the Kodak T-Max family are ILFORD Delta Professional films. It should be noted that these films are not so capricious in processing and usually the image obtained from them is more plastic. The graininess of Delta films may be slightly larger than that of T-Max, but still noticeably less than that of classic (non-T-Grain) materials. Some photographers find that Delta film does not adequately reproduce the light tone of human skin.
Fuji Neopan Professional films are well suited for nude photography because of their rich tonal gradations. They are usually shown in D-76 or its modifications.
These films are characterized by the fact that they are made using conventional, not “T-Grain” or similar technology (more on T-Grain technology is written in Consumer #10, 1998) and contain more silver. It should be noted that the listed Kodak films are the most "old", and therefore the range of compliance with the law of reciprocity (the law of reciprocity can be found in Consumer #11, 1999) is less than that of other films.
The listed films can be developed with anything, D-76 or ID-11 is often used. In the West, the PMK developer is popular, which, among other things, gives very good gradations in the bright areas of the image (which is important when shooting nudes). Agfa films are optimally developed in Rodinal.
There is a unique film for fashion photographers (i.e. fashion photographers) Kodak Tri-X Pro Pan 320 (not to be confused with the film of the same name, but 400 speed), which has the largest grain in its class, and with the richest tonal gradations. It is on this film that Helmut Newton shoots and at the same time believes that only this film properly conveys the plasticity of the human body. It should be added that such a film is only wide (type 120) and is not yet available in Russia.
It should be said that the vast majority of modern black-and-white films have an overestimated sensitivity. Of course, shooting film "at face value" will give you a very satisfactory result, but if you still want to get well-developed deep shadows, then usually the film will be overexposed and slightly underdeveloped. By the way, using this technique usually produces negatives of normal contrast (for printing on a condenser enlarger), while using the manufacturer's recommendation, contrast negatives will be obtained in most situations.
In the West, infrared materials are widely used for filming nudes, which have an interesting and unusual tonal reproduction. However, unfortunately, in our country, infrared materials are not yet sold and processed.
Color films.
From color films, you can use everything
, anything, the main thing is that the material is of high quality. Personally, I like Fuji materials the most, negative films are Superia Reala 100, NPS 160 and NPH 400.Superia Reala has an "optimistic" view of the world, giving bright vibrant colors, however, without the excessive contrast often inherent in amateur films. This film has exceptionally fine grain and high sharpness, making it easy to produce large prints.
Fuji NPS 160 film is primarily a portrait film (although it can be used with success in other areas of photography). With reduced contrast and soft midtones, it is especially well suited for romantic portraits of women. The portraits shot with this film look great for my taste.
Fuji NPH 400 is also quite soft film, has very fine grain (for a film of its class) and can be recommended wherever shooting is done in low light conditions. It should be noted that NPH film is particularly sensitive to underexposure.
Of course, the choice of film (and developer) seems to be very important, but this is still not the most important thing, and therefore the main efforts should not be focused on this. Learn to work with one material in order to comprehend the intricacies of its processing and begin to "feel" it.
Some standard lighting schemes
Lighting is one of the most important moments, because photography is light painting. Poorly set lighting can completely ruin the entire shoot, even if the most luxurious model took part in it. And vice versa, with a good command of light, even a model that is not the most beautiful can be shot very beautifully, focusing on its best features and hiding flaws. For example, the shape of a model's chest can be accentuated by using harsher lighting from the side or even from above.
The types of lighting used when shooting black and white and shooting on color film are different. B/W photography often uses fairly contrasting light, sometimes even from a single direct light source. In general, the game of contrasts is often used in black and white photography. When shooting on colored materials, on the contrary, softer and more even light is used, and the contrast on the face and body does not exceed one step.
Let's look at shooting outdoors first. As a rule, rarely does anyone dare to shoot people under the direct bright sun, because in this case very deep shadows appear on the body (especially on the face), which look unaesthetic. Therefore, measures should be taken to avoid the appearance of such shadows.
One way to "brighten" shadows is to use fill flash. Fill flash is a technique that uses natural light and flash light at the same time and in a balanced way. In this case, the flash usually does not make the main contribution to the exposure, but only reduces the contrast on the face and “fills in” the shadows. Using a fill flash requires some skill, as the flash output must be finely tuned. If the flash output is incorrectly set to the lower side, the flash will not give the desired effect. Too strong an impulse will overexpose the foreground, and the background will fall into darkness. As always, the best results are obtained by using a flash meter and / or manually calculating the flash output.
Typically, the flash output is set to about one or two stops less than natural light. For example, if the scene is metered for aperture 16, then the flash output is often chosen so that it gives aperture 8 - 11. It's not bad if your flash "can" synchronize with all shutter speeds, however, you need to remember that the flash output in mode high-speed sync drops a lot.
Fill-flash should be used with caution, as possible glare (on skin, clothes, lycra tights, etc.) can spoil the picture.
Another way to shoot in the sun is to use reflectors. There are special reflectors, also called light disks, which are an elastic rim on which a special fabric is stretched. Such a design can be folded quite compactly, and, if necessary, unfolds almost instantly. The stretched fabric is usually different in two directions, for example, pure white and silver, or white and warm yellow. Reflectors of this type are very practical, however, in order to hold such a reflector, an assistant or a special tripod is required, which is not always convenient. On the other hand, a light disk (unlike a flash) is a predictable source of light, i. already during the shooting you know exactly what will happen in the photo. In cinema and professional photography, a flash or a reflector is used very often, and in almost 100% of cases in contrasting lighting (the most striking example is shooting on the seashore).
A very important point is the choice of time of day. It is good to use the morning or evening for shooting, when the sun is not high above the horizon and the light from it is not so sharp. The light from the evening sun has a very pleasant warm tint to the eye.
During the day, you can successfully shoot in the shade (for example, trees), but the light is quite small, and you often have to use 400 film.
Grass can give fairly noticeable reflexes (their intensity depends on many factors, such as the height of the sun); such reflections are usually colored green and can slightly spoil the picture when shooting on color film.
If we talk about shooting indoors, then there are also different lighting options. The simplest is to use a flash. I note that I have not yet had to deal with photographers who like to voluntarily use a flash. The fact is that a flash is a rather limited source of light (in terms of both quantity and quality of light), and what is most unpleasant - unpredictable. Those. if you did something wrong, you can find out about it only after the development of the film (when it is too late to correct something).
Direct head-on flash is rarely used in artistic photography, as it gives very "flat" lighting and unpleasant harsh shadows. Sometimes, to obtain the so-called shadowless light, a ring flash is worn on the lens, but this option is quite specific and cannot be recommended as a universal one.
When shooting portraits with a flash, he often uses special diffusers (for example, from Lumiquest) mounted on a flash. They can be very different, ranging from white visors to mini-softboxes or special inflatable balls, inside of which a flash is placed. However, all the same, such diffusers give a harsh light, and work effectively only at short distances. In addition, diffusers "eat off" a lot of power from the flash (up to three steps, depending on the type of diffuser).
A flash can never be powerful, so if possible, use the most powerful flash available with a head that can be rotated in any direction. This will make it possible to use the light reflected from the ceiling or walls.
When using flash light reflected from the ceiling, the contrast will not be as high, and the picture will be more pleasant. However, keep in mind that when using such lighting, the bottom of the photo may be too dark. The ceiling or wall that the flash light is bouncing off of must be white (at least when shooting on color film), otherwise the color balance of the picture will be far from ideal.
Sometimes light from a window is used (although usually there is quite a bit of it). This is a very pleasant and even type of lighting, and most importantly natural, since it is the eye that is most accustomed to it.
Of course, the most interesting option for shooting indoors is shooting in a studio. Although, of course, few amateurs can afford such a luxury.
Modern studios, as a rule, are equipped with pulsed light. This means that special powerful flashes are used as light sources, and halogen (sometimes ordinary) "pilot" lamps are used to simulate light (all this is done in one block). Typically, the power of the modeling lamp is made proportional to the power of the flash, and the pilot lighting photographer can pre-evaluate the light pattern given by one or more sources. Sources can be triggered both via a sync cable and by using a light "trap" (light synchronizer). Those. The sources track the pulse of light given, for example, by the flash on the camera and fire simultaneously with it. Some types of these illuminators also have infrared triggering capability.
Of course, less expensive options can be used for amateur photography. For example, these are halogen lamps (say, "Photon" type). When using halogen lamps with black and white film, there are no problems, and when shooting in color, special conversion filters are used or a special “evening” film with the “T” index in the film name is used.
You can also use multiple coordinated flashes. For example, some models of domestic flashes of the FIL type have built-in light synchronizers. It should be noted that flashes of the FIL type have certain problems with the stability of the pulse power and reliability (etc.), so they are often subjected to serious modifications before they are put into use.
You can use any other flashes, and synchronize them using separately sold synchronizers. There are flashes that screw into a regular cartridge and are also equipped with synchronizers.
Generally speaking, it is very difficult to imagine the light pattern that several flashes will give, even using a flashmeter.
Usually, when shooting people in a studio, the following lighting scheme is used - one source (“drawing”) through an umbrella, softbox, fabric or directly shines on the object, and the second source (it should be diffuse, for example a white umbrella or softbox) “fills in” the shadows. Wherein. often, the key light is placed above and away from the subject, and the fill light shines from the camera, smoothing out harsh shadows. Also, just one light source is used, or one source with a reflector / reflectors, etc. There are an infinite number of lighting schemes that are beyond the scope of the article, if you are interested in this, refer to the relevant literature.
Low key & High key
Low Key and High Key are translated into Russian as "low key" and "high key". Shooting "in high key" means shooting when the whole picture is taken in a bright tone, usually everything is low-contrast and soft, there are no deep shadows at all. A low key, on the contrary, implies the predominance of a dark tone in the image.
For high key shots, multiple light sources are usually used, some of which are directed at the background and make it pure white or almost pure white in the picture, and the model itself is also illuminated from all sides, often with soft diffused light. The model, of course, should not be dressed in dark and especially black clothes. To get a more pronounced effect, some conscious overexposure (usually about one stop) is done to further brighten the picture.
Low-key shots use a black or dark background, dark clothing, and appropriate lighting schemes. I have come across recommendations for using deliberate underexposure, but this is highly debatable, as general underexposure will simply cause shadows to fail and reduce the contrast of the image. A low key is, first of all, a correctly built and measured light. Apparently, metering in most cases should be done according to the most illuminated part of the composition.
About photographic equipment
Of course, you can shoot people with almost any camera. Of course, the medium format as a result gives a higher image quality and, importantly, allows you to better convey the plasticity of the light-tone pattern of the human body. On the other hand, narrow-film equipment is very convenient due to its speed, and sometimes, due to this circumstance, it turns out to be completely out of competition compared to medium-format equipment. With the right approach to business - a 35mm camera provides good quality in many cases.
After light and the ability to use it, the quality of the optics is very important. It is absolutely ridiculous to argue which is better - Canon or Nikon, or, say, Mamiya or Pentax. Optics should be such that it turns out beautifully. You can use softening, vignetting (that is, darkening the edges of the frame), spectral and other filters. Also, very interesting shots are given by a monocle, or special soft focus lenses. Do not forget about the easiest way to soften the image - just pull a piece of black nylon stocking over the lens.
One way to get "something out of the ordinary" in a picture is to shoot it on slide film and develop it using the C-41 process. This procedure is called "cross-processing". When cross-processing, "non-standard" colors and contrast are obtained. So if you like all kinds of experiments, you can try this technique. The main thing is not to overdo it with special effects, when there are a lot of them, they are tedious.
Technique is only your working tool for taking a picture, no more (and no less) than that. The main thing in photographing people is to convey the state, to show the beauty of a person and his inner world. Everything else is secondary.
I wish you all success in this difficult field of photography!
Alexey Nikolaev
You can get acquainted with the work of the most interesting professional photographers on the page
(Chinese prince of oxen) - in Chinese mythology, the god is the patron saint of cows. His images were hung at the barnyard.
Nyugandat - Dictionary Dahl
olon. sniff arch.-by whom. from Karelian mumble, speak softly or sluggishly; | slander, slander. Nyuganda vol. nyugandun m. mumlya; gooey, gooey.
Nygorsvoll -
(Nygaardsvold) Johan (1879-1952) - Prime Minister of Norway in 1935-45 (in exile in London in 1940-45), leader of the Norwegian Labor Party.
Nyudurguns - Dictionary Dahl
m. pl. (pull? or from Mongolian?) Zabaikalsk. sleeve openings.
Nui-wa - Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
in Chinese mythology, a female deity with the body of a snake, who created people from clay. Fu-si's wife. Often depicted with Fu Xi intertwined snake tails.
Nyuk - Dictionary Dahl
m. arch. the upper cover of the Samoyed plague, made of deer skins, with the wool on the outside.
Nyukzha - Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
a river in Transbaikalia, a right tributary of the Olekma. 583 km, basin area 32.1 thousand km2. Average water consumption approx. 310 m3/s.
Nux - Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
See Nikta.
Nyukta - Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
See Nikta.
Nurses - Dictionary Dahl
well. pl. bryly, bryle, lips: saggy, drooling lips; saliva running down the lips. hang out, sit open-mouthed, sluggishly, lazily; dissolve nurses the same; | flare up, cry or roar like a child. hang, think, get bored, grieve, hang your nose. th, roar, glare, cry dissolute nurses; whimper, whine sib. Nurya vol. hnyunya sib., crybaby, roar, whiny child; | sluggish slacker, stupid rotozey. Nyunka tamb. Sparganium plant, blackberry, cardovnik. | Semolina grass, water wheatgrass, Festica fluitans, whose seed gives tasty cereals, herbal manna.
Nyunka Vladas Yuozovich - Philosophical Dictionary
(1907-1983) - owl. scientist, academician of the Academy of Sciences of the Lithuanian SSR. Author of a number of books, brochures and articles on criticism of the modern. clericalism, ideology and politics of Catholicism. Main works: "National Liberation Movement and Religion" (1972); "Modern Vatican" (1980).
Nurse - Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov
Thor is the same as crybaby
Nyura - Dictionary Dahl
well. olon. with corels. underwater shallow. Nyuriki m. mi. arch. summer leather shoes, pistons.
Nuremberg - Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
(Nurnberg) - a city in Germany, Bavaria, on the river. Pegnitz ikanale Main - Danube. 497 thousand inhabitants (1992). Electrical engineering, machine tool industry, precision mechanics, non-ferrous metallurgy, woodworking, printing, light industry, food industry; production of toys, pencils. Metropolitan. German National Museum. City art collection, museums of crafts, toys, House-Museum of the German artist A. Dürer (born in e). Sser is mentioned. 11th c. In the Middle Ages (from 1219) a free imperial city. Castle (begun in the 11th century), late Gothic churches (13th-15th centuries), town hall (14th-17th centuries). In 1945-46 there was a trial of the main war criminals.
Nuremberg Laws of Citizenship and Race - Historical dictionary
(Laws of the Ghetto), adopted by the Reichstag on September 15, 1935, two laws that determined the status of Jews in the Third Reich in order to limit their rights in the political and public life of Germany. The first of these, concerning citizenship in the Reich, introduced a distinction between "citizens of the Reich" and "belonging to the state." The citizens of the Reich had to document that German blood flows in their veins, because only they could enjoy political rights to the extent that these rights existed in the Third Reich. The second law on the "protection of German blood and German honor" prohibited marriages between Jews and Germans, as well as extramarital sexual relations between them. On the way to power, Hitler constantly fanned a vicious anti-Semitic campaign (see Anti-Semitism), not disdaining any methods, he tried to stir up the hatred of the Germans towards the Jews. Hitler's supporters attacked Jews, beat them, humiliated them, forced them to wash the streets, picketed or closed Jewish businesses, declared Jews to be crooks, profiteers and traitors. After reports of Nazi brutality against Jews were published abroad, German goods were embargoed in many countries. As a result, a new wave of anti-Semitism broke out in Germany: Jewish-owned shops were closed, Jewish doctors and lawyers were fired from their jobs, and Jewish students were expelled from universities. Gradually they were excluded from all spheres of life. "A Jew can only speak Hebrew," Hitler declared. "When he writes in German, he lies." The Nuremberg Laws laid the foundation for various executive orders, which, with sadistic pettiness, "regulated", but in fact made life difficult for the Jewish population of Germany.
Nuremberg Party Congresses - Historical dictionary
Annual pompous propaganda events held by the NSDAP in 1933-38 in Nuremberg in order to demonstrate "national unity" in the Reich. They were given various names: "Congress of Victory" (1933), "Congress of the Reich" (1934), "Congress of Freedom" (1935), "Congress of Honor" (1936), "Congress of Labor" (1937), "Congress of Greater Germany" (1938). The congress planned for 1939, ironically called the "Peace Congress", did not take place due to the German attack on Poland and the start of World War II.
Nuremberg Trials - Law Dictionary
Trial of major Nazi war criminals, held 20 November 1945 – 1 October 1946 in Nuremberg. 24 Nazi leaders appeared before the International Military Tribunal. The defendants were charged with planning, preparing, initiating or waging an aggressive war with the aim of establishing the world domination of German imperialism, i.e., with crimes against peace; in the killing and torture of prisoners of war and civilians in occupied countries, the deportation of the civilian population to Germany for forced labor, the killing of hostages, the plundering of public and private property, the aimless destruction of cities and villages, ruin not justified by military necessity, i.e., war crimes; in extermination, enslavement, exile and other atrocities committed against the civilian population for political, racial or religious reasons, i.e. in crimes against humanity.
Nuremberg Trials - Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
the trial in Nuremberg (Germany) in 1945-46 over the main Nazi criminals, which was carried out in accordance with an agreement between the governments of the USSR, the USA, Great Britain and France and the charter of the International Military Tribunal. Almost the entire ruling elite of Nazi Germany was in the dock - leading Nazi politicians, industrialists, military leaders, diplomats, ideologists, who were accused of crimes committed by the Nazi regime. The Tribunal was to consider the issue of recognizing the organizations of the Hitlerite regime - the leadership of the Nazi Party, the SS, SA (storm troops), the Gestapo, etc. - criminal. The indictment was based on the concept of a common plan or conspiracy drawn up by the defendants to achieve world domination by committing crimes against peace, war crimes or crimes against humanity. Among the defenders were prominent German lawyers. None of the defendants pleaded guilty. During the Nuremberg trials, 403 open sessions of the Tribunal were held. The accusation was based mainly on German documents. The defendants and their lawyers tried to prove the legal inconsistency of the Charter of the Tribunal, they blamed Hitler, the SS and the Gestapo for the crimes committed, they made counter-accusations against the founding countries of the Tribunal. The final speeches of the chief accusers were based on general principles. In late September - early October 1946, the tribunal announced the verdict, which analyzed the principles of international law, the arguments of the parties, gave a picture of the criminal activity of the whole state for more than 12 years of its existence. The tribunal sentenced G. Goering, I. Ribbentrop, V. Keitel, E. Kaltenbrunner, A. Rosenberg, G. Frank, V. Frick, J. Streicher, F. Sauckel, A. Jodl, A. Seyss-Inquart and M. Bormann (in absentia) - to death by hanging; R. Hess, W. Funk and E. Raeder - to life imprisonment, W. Schirach and A. Speer - to 20 years, K. Neurath - to 15 years, K. Doenitz - to 10 years in prison; G. Fritsche, F. Papin and G. Schacht were acquitted. The Tribunal declared the organizations SS, SD, Gestapo, the leadership of the National Socialist Party (NDSAP) to be criminal, but did not recognize the SA, the German government, the General Staff and the Wehrmacht high command as such. R. A. Rudenko, a member of the tribunal from the USSR, declared in his “dissenting opinion” that he did not agree with the acquittal of the three defendants, spoke in favor of the death penalty in relation to R. Hess. After the Control Council for Germany rejected the petitions of the convicts for clemency, those sentenced to death were hanged in the Nuremberg prison on the night of October 16, 1946 (H. Goering committed suicide). was an adequate response to the atrocities of the fascists and militarists, unprecedented in world history, and became an important milestone in the development of international law. The court completed the military defeat of Hitlerism with a moral and legal defeat, created a barrier for the revival of fascism in the future. For the first time, officials responsible for planning, preparing and unleashing aggressive wars were brought to criminal responsibility. For the first time, it was recognized that the position of the head of state, department or army, as well as the execution of government orders or a criminal order, do not exempt from criminal liability. The Nuremberg principles, supported by the UN General Assembly as universally recognized norms of international law, entered the minds of most people. They serve as a basis for refusing to carry out a criminal order, they warn of the coming responsibility of those leaders of states who commit crimes against humanity.
Nuremberg Trials - Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
trial of major Nazi war criminals. Held in Nuremberg 11/20/1945-10/1/1946 at the International Military Tribunal. The highest military and statesmen of Nazi Germany were brought to justice, including G. Goering, V. Keitel, E. Kaltenbrunner, A. Jodl, A. Speer, J. Schacht, G. Krupp; 12 people were sentenced to death, 7 to long terms or life imprisonment. The following were recognized as criminal: the leadership of the National Socialist Party and the security (SS) detachments of this party, the security service (SD), the state secret police (Gestapo). exposed the essence of German fascism, its plans to destroy entire states and peoples, the danger of fascism for all mankind. At the Nuremberg trials, for the first time in history, aggression was recognized as the gravest crime against humanity.
Nuremberg Trials - Historical dictionary
trial of the main Nazi war criminals in Nuremberg (Germany) 11/20/1945-10/1/1946 at the International Military Tribunal with the participation of representatives of the USSR, USA, Great Britain, and other countries of the anti-Hitler coalition. Among the defendants are G. Goering, W. Keitel, E. Kaltenbrunner, A. Jodl, A. Schneer, J. Schacht, G. Krupp. 12 people were sentenced to death, 7 to long terms or life imprisonment. N. p. exposed the essence of German fascism, its plans for the destruction of entire states and peoples, and the danger of fascism for all mankind. For the first time in history, aggression was recognized as the gravest crime against humanity.
Nuremberg Trials - Historical dictionary
The trial of the main Nazi war criminals in Nuremberg 11/20/1945-10/1/1946. at the International Military Tribunal. The highest military and statesmen of the Third Reich were brought to justice, including G. Goering, W. Keitel, E. Kaltenbrunner, A. Jodl, A. Speer, G. Schacht, G. Krupp and others. 12 people were sentenced to death executions, 7 - to long terms or to life imprisonment. Recognized as criminal: the leadership of the NSDAP and the security detachments of the SS of this party, the SD security service, the Gestapo state secret police. For the first time in the world, aggression has been recognized as the gravest crime against humanity.
Nuremberg Trials - Historical dictionary
The trial of a group of major Nazi criminals, held in Nuremberg (Germany) from 11/20/1945. to 1.10.1946 at the International Military Tribunal. As a result, 12 criminals were sentenced to death. It was the first international trial that punished war criminals and recognized aggression as the gravest crime against humanity.
Nuremberg Trials - Historical dictionary
The trial of the main fascist war criminals. Held in the city of Nuremberg (Germany) November 20, 1945 - October 1, 1946. The highest military and government officials of the Nazi regime were brought to justice. At the trial, the following were recognized as criminals: the leadership of the National Socialist Party and its security detachments (SS), the security service (SD), the state secret police (Gestapo). 12 people (G. Goering, E. Kaltenbrunner, A. Jodl and others) were sentenced to death, 7 - to various terms of imprisonment (including life). At the Nuremberg trials, for the first time, aggression was recognized as the gravest crime against humanity. The process was carried out by the International Military Tribunal, created by the allies.
Nuremberg Trials - Historical dictionary
The trial of a group of major Nazi war criminals. Held in Nuremberg from November 20, 1945 to October 1, 1946. The highest statesmen and military figures of the Third Reich were put on trial: Hermann Goering, Rudolf Hess, Joachim von Ribbentrop, Wilhelm Keitel, Ernst Kaltenbrunner, Alfred Rosenberg, Hans Frank, Wilhelm Frick, Julius Streicher , Walter Funk, Karl Dönitz, Ernst Raeder, Baldur von Schirach, Fritz Sauckel, Alfred Jodl, Arthur Seys-Inquart, Albert Speer, Konstantin von Neurath, Hans Fritsche, Hjalmar Schacht, Robert Ley (hanged himself before the start of the process), G. Krupp (he was declared terminally ill, and his case was suspended), Martin Bormann (tried in absentia, because he disappeared and was not found) and Franz von Papen. All of them were charged with drawing up and carrying out a conspiracy against peace and humanity (killing and ill-treating prisoners of war, killing and ill-treating civilians, plundering public and private property, establishing a system of slave labor, etc.). The question was also raised of recognizing as criminal organizations such as the leadership of the NSDAP, the assault (SA) and security detachments of the Nazi Party (SS), the security service (SD), the state secret police (Gestapo), the government office and the general staff. During the process, 403 open court sessions were held, 116 witnesses were interrogated, numerous affidavits and documentary evidence were considered (mainly official documents of German ministries and departments, the General Staff, military concerns and banks). To investigate and support the prosecution, a Committee was formed of the main prosecutors: from Great Britain - H. Shawcross, from the USSR - R. A. Rudenko, from the USA - Robert H. Jackson, from France - F. de Menton, and then Ch. de Riebe . September 30 - October 1, 1946 the verdict was announced. All the defendants except Schacht, Fritsche and von Papen were found guilty of the charges and sentenced: Göring, Ribbentrop, Keitel, Kaltenbrunner, Rosenberg, Frank, Frick, Streicher, Sauckel, Jodl, Seyss-Inquart and Bormann in absentia - to death through hanging; Hess, Funk and Raeder - to life imprisonment; Schirach and Speer - by 20, Neurath - by 15, Doenitz - by 10 years in prison. The SS, the Gestapo, the SD and the leadership of the NSDAP were recognized as criminal organizations. The petitions of the convicts for clemency were rejected by the Control Council, and on the night of October 16, 1946, the death sentence was carried out (Goering committed suicide shortly before the execution).
Nuremberg Trials - Political vocabulary
Trial of a group of major German war criminals, held in Nuremberg (Germany) from November 20, 1945 to October 1, 1946 at the International Military Tribunal. The defendants (members of the Hitlerite government, leaders of the fascist party, the Gestapo, the General Staff, etc.) were accused of crimes against humanity, violating the laws and customs of war. 12 perpetrators were sentenced to death, 3 were acquitted, the rest - to prison. The N.P. was of great historical significance - it was the first international trial that recognized a war of aggression, war crimes and crimes against humanity as the gravest international crimes and punished war criminals.
Nuremberg Trials - Economic dictionary
Trial of major Nazi war criminals. Before the International Military Tribunal (established in accordance with the Declaration on the responsibility of the Nazis for the atrocities committed on October 30, 1943, adopted at the Moscow Conference of 1943, and the Agreement between the governments of the USSR, USA, Great Britain and France on the prosecution and punishment of the main war criminals of European countries "Axis" dated 08.08.45) 24 fascist leaders appeared. In accordance with the principles of the Charter of the International Military Tribunal (also known as the principles of the Nuremberg Tribunal), which is an integral part of the Agreement or08.08.45, the defendants were charged with planning, preparing, unleashing or waging an aggressive war in order to establish the world domination of German imperialism, those. in crimes against peace; in the killing and torture of prisoners of war and civilians in the occupied countries, the deportation of the civilian population to Germany for forced labor, the killing of hostages, the plundering of public and private property, the aimless destruction of cities and villages, in ruin not justified by military necessity, i.e. in war crimes; in extermination, enslavement, exile and other atrocities committed against the civilian population for political, racial or religious reasons, i.e. in crimes against humanity. In connection with the crimes of the defendants, the Tribunal had to consider the question of recognizing the organizations of the Hitler regime as criminal. The defendants had German lawyers of their own choosing or appointed by the Tribunal; 8 German lawyers spoke separately in defense of the organizations. In the course of the process, 403 open court sessions were held, at which, in addition to the defendants, 116 witnesses were interrogated, tens of thousands of written testimonies and over 4 thousand documentary evidence were considered. On 07/30/46 the speeches of the main prosecutors ended, and on 09/30 - 10/01/46 the verdict was announced. The Tribunal found the defendants guilty of conspiracy to prepare and wage aggressive wars, of criminal aggression against Austria, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Denmark, Norway, Belgium, Yugoslavia, Greece, the USSR and a number of other countries; in the commission of countless war crimes and grave atrocities against humanity. The tribunal sentenced H. Goering, J. Ribbentrop, W. Keitel, E. Kaltenbrunner, A. Rosenberg, G. Frank, W. Frick, J. Streicher, F. Sauckel, A. Yodpya, A. Zeiss-Inquart and M. Bormann (in absentia) - to death by hanging; R Hess, W. Funk and E. Raeder - to life imprisonment; B. Shirakh and A. Speer - to 20 years, K. Neurat - to 15 years and K. Doenitz - to 10 years in prison. The case of the paralyzed G. Krupp was suspended, R. Ley committed suicide in the Nuremberg prison. G. Fritsche, F. Palen and G. Schacht were acquitted. The tribunal declared the leadership of the National Socialist Party of Germany (NSDAP), the SS, SD and Gestapo to be criminal organizations, but did not recognize the SA as such, and so on. Hitler's government, the high command and the general staff, indicating that members of these organizations can be brought to the soup individually. The member of the Tribunal from the USSR, in a dissenting opinion, expressed his disagreement with the decision of the Tribunal not to recognize these organizations as criminal and with the acquittal of Schacht, Palen and Fritsche. The defendants filed petitions for pardon. After the rejection of the petitions by the Control Council, those sentenced to death, with the exception of Goering, who committed suicide, were hanged on the night of 10/16/46 in Nuremberg prison. N.p. for the first time in history recognized aggression as the gravest international crime. In accordance with the principles of the Nuremberg Tribunal, for the first time, those who were the main perpetrators of the aggression were prosecuted.
Nutten Joseph | Nuttin, Joseph R. (1909-1988) - Psychological Encyclopedia
Nutten was one of the first psychologists to formulate an integrated cognitive theory of human selective learning. He is also known for his theory of human motivation as behavioral relationships "required" for optimal functioning.
