After the hissing. We will lay down the rules for you when it should not be done and when it is strictly necessary to do it.
These rules are based on what part of speech is being discussed, in what declension and in what part of the word.
Soft sign after hissing - setting rule
We put a soft sign:
- A soft sign after hissing must be written in feminine nouns if they are in the singular in the nominative and
Example words: night, gap, daughter, lie, thing, baldness.
Example in a sentence: The queen gave birth on the night of either a son or a daughter.
2. In verbs of the second person in the singular, subject to the present or future tense at the endings after the sibilants.
Example in a word: you will, you will become, you cook, you remember, you believe, you will do.
Examples in sentences: If you know, if you believe, then you will be with me and will not soon stop loving.
- Xia, the soft sign is preserved. Example: returning, straining, intending.
3. In singular verbs in endings after sibilants.
Example in a word: Cut! Eat! Hide!
Addition: If the ending is added to these verbs - Xia, the soft sign is preserved. Hide! Don't fool around!
Examples in sentences: Vadik, don't be foolish and don't hide!
4. In verbs in and imperative before endings - those, - those.
Example: smear - smear - smear.
Example in a sentence: Children! Do not Cry!
5. In verbs of an indefinite person, including before the ending -sya.
Example words: oven - bake, lie down - lie down.
Example in a sentence: These rivers take a long time to flow.
6. In adverbs, it is necessary to enter a soft sign after the hissing ones at the end of the word.
Example: Entirely, jump, backhand, wide open.
Example in a sentence: He started the horse at a gallop, and hacked at the air with his sword.
Exceptions: Oh, unbearable, married.
7. In particles with hissing endings: I mean, you see, you only.
Example words: that is, only.
In a sentence: Look what a bully!
Why sometimes a soft sign is not written after hissing ones?
You don't have to write:
- In nouns of the nominative case.
Example: rook, kalach, stag, bream, knife.
Offer: A swift flew up to our window.
2. In plural and genitive nouns.
Example: clouds, steep, shoulders, Grish, between, puddles.
Suggestion example: Unfortunately, no pears were served for breakfast today.
3. In short form.
Example: powerful, hot, good, flying, melodious, comely.
Offer: He was good-natured and good-looking...
4. In pronouns with hissing at the end.
Examples: yours, ours.
Given the above, the spelling of a soft sign after hissing differs depending on many factors - part of speech, declension, number, as well as the presence of exceptions to the rules.
Elementary teachers give their students rhymed versions of the rules - for easier memorization.
Rules in verse!
Nouns "a lot"
Nouns "my" -
We don't put up any sign!
In verbs and adverbs
The sign is always written
And in short adjectives
We never write!
Abstract
Russian language lesson
"Words with - b - at the end"
for 1st grade students with mental retardation
(intellectual disabilities)
primary school teacher Eremeeva I.V.
Target: Learn to write words with - b - at the end.
Tasks:
To acquaint with the spelling of the letter - b -.
formskills of correct calligraphic writing of the studied letters and syllables.
Learn to differentiate words with - b - at the end and without it.
Develop visual and auditory conscious perception and attention.
Develop fine motor skills of the fingers.
Cultivate respect for nature.
Equipment: A sample of writing the letters "s", "b"; city of letters, type-setting; subject pictures depicting a horse, elk, crucian carp, perch, tench, catfish, shark, sanaz; green and blue baskets; tape recorder, mp3 music for physical minutes; cards with individual tasks; questionnaire for the lesson; PC, screen, multimedia presentation.
During the classes
1. Organizational moment
The bell has already rung
The lesson starts.
Books and notebooks are waiting for us.
You are ready?
Everything is good!
Check readiness for the lesson.
Guys, the one who comes up with words with -b- at the end will sit down (Goose, horse, mother, stump, salt, day, shadow, moth, elk, fire, rain, bear... )
What time of year is it?
What day of the week?
What is today's date?
Which lesson?
What's the lesson?
What letter did you meet at the last Russian lesson?
2. Posting the topic of the lesson
Today in the lesson we will continue our acquaintance with the letter - b -.
slide 1
3. Repetition
1. Work with the city of letters.
slide 2
Name the vowel sounds.
Why are they vowels?
What hard sounds do you know?
What soft sounds do you know?
4. Finger gymnastics
slide 3
Children perform movements in accordance with the words of the verses.
In the meadow
The house is on the meadow.
But the way to the house is closed.
We open the gate
We invite you to this house.
To walk
One, two, three, four, five.
The fingers went out for a walk.
One, two, three, four, five.
They hid in the house again.
By mushrooms
Finger, finger, where have you been?
This finger went to the forest,
This finger mushroom found
This finger began to clean,
This finger began to fry,
This finger ate everything
That's why he got fat.
One, two, three, four, five,
One, two, three, four, five -
Ten fingers, a pair of hands -
All your wealth, friend!
5. Repetition
1. self letter borders from the elements of the letter b.
2. Letter letter b.
slide 4
Guys, what letter does -b- look like?
Let's turn the letter -Y- with -L-.
- Look at the letter b. How many elements does this letter consist of?
Explanation of the letter z.
We start on the top line of the working line. We lower the inclined straight line down, not reaching the bottom line, make a rounding to the right, touch the bottom line, lead the semi-oval line up, round it to the left to the middle of the line and close the oval on the straight line.
3. Letter of letters and combinations of letters with -b-.
Read the letters:l, m, b, c, s, e, n, t.
What is this letter? (Consonants, can be hard and soft)
Draw a blue circle in your notebook. Write down the letters in your notebook.
How to make them soft? (Substitute soft sign)
Let's read what we got:l, m, b, v, x, d, n, t.
Draw a green circle in your notebook. Write down the letters in your notebook.
What can be said about -b-?
Guys, there is a poem about the letter -b-, listen here:
A soft sign is a cunning sign.
Don't name him.
It doesn't pronounce
But the word often asks
Why does the house have a "corner"
Turned immediately into "coal"
No fire, just like that?
This is a soft sign.
7. Studying the topic of the lesson.
1. Sound-letter analysis of words.
Guess the riddle:
He is slim and handsome
He has a thick mane.(horse)
slide 5
Let's count how many sounds are in the word horse?(3)
Let's draw 3 cells.
The first sound is a consonant, solid - a blue cell.
The second sound is a vowel - a red cell.
The third sound is a consonant, soft - a green cell.
Let's write the word - horse - in a notebook.
Let's count how many letters are in the word horse?(4)
- We haven't had anything like this yet, so that there are fewer sounds than letters. Why do you think it happened? (The letter -b- has no sound).
Solve another riddle:
Touching the grass with hooves,
A handsome man walks through the forest
Walks boldly and easily
Horns spread wide(Elk)
slide 6
Analysis of the word by analogy.
Guys, a horse and an elk - who is this?
What other animals do you know?
What two groups can all animals be divided into?
Fizminutka
Children perform movements for the teacher to the music.
2. Differentiation of words with and without -b-.
Fishing game
Slide 7
Guys, look, we have a pond on the board. There are fish swimming there. Let's read their name.(Shark, crucian carp, carp, perch, tench, catfish).
Guys, let's leave from the pond only those fish whose name has -b- at the end, and the rest in baskets.
Write down the names of the fishes with -b- at the end in a notebook, underline the consonant next to -b- with a green pencil.
Read the names of the fish in chorus.
What other fish do you know? (Carp, herring, flounder and others).
3. The game "Transformation of words" (ball game)
I will tell you words that mean several objects, and you will have to say a word that means one object.
Moose, horses, geese, bears, notebooks, doors, animals, shadows, primers, coals, lynxes, perches.
4. Individual work.
Children receive cards with the task: write out words with -b- at the end with one column, and words without a soft sign in another.
Draw two circles blue and green(heat, fry, soap, soap, angle, coal, horse, horse, choir, polecat) .
Examination.
5. Work with the proposal.
Slide 8
Recording sentences from dictation.
Guys, how do I start writing a proposal? (with a capital letter).
What do we put at the end? (Point).
Count how many words are in this sentence (The ferret attacked the chickens.)
The ferret attacked the chickens.
Make your own diagram for this proposal.
Check (At the board, the child makes a diagram).
8. Reflection
What did we talk about in class?
Remember what tasks you did.
Fill in the form:
Red - yes, blue - no.
Guys, cross out all -b- in the line and you will find out how you worked in the lesson:
L H H O L L R L O L L L O L
Note.Letter b before about written in some foreign words, for example: battalion, bouillon, guillotine, Carmagnole, companion, minion, pavilion, postman, champignon.
§ 72.Letter b written to denote the softness of a consonant, Besides h, sch(see §75), at the end of a word, for example: drink, darkness, horse, and in the middle of a word before a solid consonant, for example: threshing, request, nurse, smaller.
To indicate the softness of a consonant before another soft consonant, b written in the following cases:
- If, when changing the word, the second soft consonant becomes hard, and the first consonant retains its softness, for example: nannies(nurse), wedding(wedding), eight(eighth).
- To indicate softness l, For example: herring, flatter, smaller, finger.
In all other cases, before soft consonants, including before h, sch, letter b not written, for example: bones, early, babysit, tip, mason.
Note.between two soft l letter b not spelled, For example: illusion, goofy.
§ 73. Letter b It is also written in the following cases:
- In formed from numerals five, six, seven, eight, nine complex numerals in which both parts decline, for example: fifty(fifty, fifty) sixty, seventy, eighty, nine hundreds, but: fifteen(fifteen, fifteen) sixteen etc.
- In the instrumental plural, for example: children, people, also four.
- In an indefinite form before -sya and in an imperative mood before -sya and -those eg: drink - get drunk; fix - get better, fix; suspension - get suspended, weigh.
§ 74. Letter b not written:
- In adjectives with a suffix -sk - formed from nouns on b, For example: Kazan(Kazan), Kemsky(Kem), Siberian(Siberia), brutal(beast), January(January).
- In the genitive plural from nouns on -nya with a preceding consonant or th and in those formed from them with the help of a suffix -to - diminutives eg: cherry - cherries, cherry; slaughter - slaughterhouse; reading room - reading room; but: bath - baths, bathhouse; Apple tree - apple trees, apple tree; also a village villages, village; young lady - young ladies; kitchen - kitchens, kitchenette.
Note.adjectives September, October, November, December, June, day (day-day) are written with b; adjectives formed from Chinese names in -n , For example: Yunnanese(from Yunnan).
§ 75.After the sizzling (well, h, w, sch) letter b written only in the following cases:
- At the end of feminine nouns in the nominative and accusative singular, for example: rye, night, mouse.
- In the ending of the 2nd person singular of the present and future tenses of the verb after the final w, For example: carry - carry, wear - wear, accept - accept.
- At the end of the verb in the singular imperative mood, and letter b is preserved before -sya , For example: smear - smear; hide - hide; eat.
- In the plural imperative before -those, -tes, For example: smear - smear ; hide - hide ; eat.
- At the end of the verb in the indefinite form, and letter b written before -sya, For example: cut, get a haircut.
- In all dialects after final w and h , For example: entirely, jump, away, as well as in the adverb wide open.
- At the end of the particles: vish, I mean, only, ish.
A large set of materials for the lesson on b after hissing (presentations, tests, cards, games, dictations and much more)
10 words per b rule after hissing
For 2nd - 3rd grade: nonsense, rye, a mouse, a stove, a doctor, a comrade, a hut, and because of the clouds, many tasks around the dachas.For grade 4: mouse, speech, doctor, comrade, hot, and behind the clouds, many tasks, guard, bathe, you know.
For 5th - 7th grade: false, alkali, comrade, only, many tasks, guard, bathe, smear, jump, hot.
25 words per b rule after hissing
For 2nd - 3rd grade: nonsense, rye, mouse, stove, lie, louse, thing, brooch, gouache, ball, doctor, comrade, bream, tick, circus performer, weaver, trickster, kalach, executioner, strongman, hut, and because of the clouds, many tasks, around cottages, many puddles.For grade 4: mouse, speech, luxury, bile, trifle, youth, trumpeter, rich man, bearded man, trickster, pusher, circus performer, kalach, hot, fresh, from behind the clouds, many tasks, programs, monsters, guard, captivate, bathe, write, read, you know.
For 5th - 7th grade: false, alkali, buckshot, trifle, luxury, comrade, radio beam, hoop, Muscovite, many tasks, gears, monsters, guard, captivate, bathe, write, read, you know, smear, cut off, only, jump, wide open, unbearable, hot , fresh.
Lists on individual rule items
Nouns
Feminine, 3rd declension
Mouse, daughter, speech, falsehood, nonsense, youth, oven, rye, lies, louse, rags, thing, brooch, baldness, gap, game, wilderness, trifle, alkali, dryness, help, medical assistance, self-help, mutual assistance, technical assistance, bitterness, night, midnight, gouache, power, wasteland, silence, luxury, bile, bastard, ink, retouching, thickness, flow, buckshot, harness, harness, harness, fallow, stupidity, whim, trembling.
Feminine, pl. h.
A lot of skis, dachas, clouds, sales, sales, meetings, successes, failures, transfers, hernias, monsters, monsters, transfers, renditions, galoshes, biliters, Ksyusha, Pash, Dash, Sash, puddles, prey, carcasses, conflagrations, candles , prize-winners, foremen, paws, paws, lifters, thousands, nags, tasks, losses, shoulders.
Masculine, 2nd declension
Hunchback, trumpeter, grabber, rich man, stagman, stricter, puller, pugach, tractor, autotractor, bearded man, trickster, pusher, circus performer, weaver, trickster, kalach, executioner, strong man, crying, interpreter, basmach, kosmach, kumach, rhymer, zurnach, trepach, violinist, doctor, female doctor, chief physician, sanitary doctor, military doctor, veterinarian, dietician, rook, cedar, nosach, barbel, laugher, scorcher, rumorer, sword, scourge, sandwich, prince, tsarevich, prince, krivich, Muscovite, Dregovich, Ryadovich, Pskovych, Popovich, Rodich, Kindred, Erofeich, Knyazhich, Paralysis, Cry, Kulich, Radimich, Kostromich, Brick, Speech, Barich, Gentry, Lyutich, Vyatich, Sotchich, French, clinch, light, grub, tornado, match, ketch, sketch, putsch, general education, head teacher, sealing wax, ignoramus, beam, radio beam, hoop, panych, Serpent Gorynych, hrych, owl, key, ball, sabbath, pita bread, Chuvash, legash, trader, pencil, chardash , mordash, drunk, broadsword, jumble, hut, ours, murash, bandolier, ladle, flare, kulesh, dervish, Yiddish, kukish, crumb, sultanas, finish, fetish, shish, hashish, bakshish, revenge, rematch, cards blanche, punch, brawl, penny, aprosh, mac, march, d emarsh, minced meat, ruff, bursh, ingush, shower, kush, tush, kuntush, cartouche, scratched, ragged, insert, afterbirth, foundling, miscarriage, lily of the valley, gnawed, embryo, reed, stray, baby, round, naked, reed, adoptee, fattener, fosterling, bastard, foundling, serpent, silly, little animal, gosling, cub, kitty, duckling, blackie, ugly, mole rat, strong man, reptile, silly, profit, maggot, swindle, loss, win, raffle, rally, zamorysh, katysh, pellet, lettish, shorty, shifter, fold, pout, whooping cough, plush, kruglyash, belyash, goulash, nephew, curly, cloak, sling, bream, mite, fistula, comrade, companion, vegetable, horsetail, borscht, cartilage, pimple, ivy, cartilage.
adjectives
Hot, viscous, smelly, handsome, loose, combustible, prickly, good, furious, fresh, burning, molting, powerful, effervescent, skinny, ebullient, odorous, creaky, creeping, ubiquitous.
Adverbs
Backhand, backward, completely, wide open, completely, away, jump, unbearable, exactly the same.
Exceptions: already, married, unbearable.
Particles
See, see, see, only.
Verbs
Infinitive
Burn, lie down, clothe, bring on, extract, bake, neglect, cherish, guard, speak, detect, flow, burn, cut, cut, reach, drag, pound, be able, strain, strain.
2nd person verbs
Smile, eat, bite, kick, drink, pour, sleep, eat, love, kiss, move, nod, use, write, read, wash, use, weaken, move, hold, see, know, fly, mourn, heal, you are enrolled, you study, you use, you can, you repent, you guard, you extract, you burn, etc.
Imperative verbs
Spread, cut, eat, prescribe, don't cry, hide, respect, provide, discover, summarize, multiply, disturb, focus.
b is preserved before -te and -tes: smear, smear, hide, hide, etc.
Publication certificate No. 1356502 dated May 31, 2017
Although the letters b and b by themselves do not represent any sounds, they are written in order to pronounce words correctly. Compare, for example: a seed (without a soft sign) and a family (with a separating soft sign). To remember when to write a soft sign and when to write a hard sign, you need to learn the following rules.
The dividing b is written inside the word (in the root or suffix, but not after the prefix) before the letters E, E, Yu, I, I (blizzard, weeds, fox), as well as in some borrowed (foreign) words before the letter O (broth , signor, guillotine). A soft sign usually softens the consonant sound that precedes it and, in addition, makes us pronounce an additional sound [Y].
The letter ъ is written only before e, e, u, i in the following cases:
1. When combining a prefix ending in a consonant and a root, for example: entrance, volume, supernatural, will, inter-tier.
2. In compound words after numerals two-, three-, four-, for example: three-tiered.
3. In foreign words, after foreign prefixes ab-, ad-, dis-, in-, inter-, con-, counter-, ob-, sub-, trans- and after the initial compound particle pan-, for example: adjutant, disjunction , injection, injection, conjuncture, counter-tier, object, subject, trans-European, pan-European.
Examples of words with separator ъ
Congress, entrance, departure, departure, volume, pre-anniversary, to express, will manifestation, embrace, immense, furious, supernatural, filming, ruffle (hair), cringe, explained (sky), unite, announcement, edible, lifting (crane).
Bilingual, three-tiered, four-tiered.
Adjutant, injection, conjuncture, object, subject, trans European, pan European.
Examples of words with separator ь
Health, happiness, it’s pouring, it’s beating, it’s viet, it’s winding, it’s south, seven I, another sparrow, flakes, a play, a barrier, linen, a diamond, a storm, a wind, an interview , fox and, gun yo, naughty me, crawler, drink yo, drink, friends, serious, Tatyana, Mary, we sew, sew yo, pour out, monkey, night yu, leaf I, tree I, bird and climbing plants, in the hive, atelier, zealous (worker), (speak) yu, (own) thing yu.
He is a battle, he is a postman, he is a broth, he is a pavilion, he is a companion, he is a medal, he is a minion, he is a mushroom.
Task: write down 20 words each with a separating hard and separating soft sign.
Filming, entry, traveled, entrance, announce, disconnection, announcement, explanation, congress, notorious, lift, leftovers, embraced, cringed, pre-anniversary, explain, disperse, ate up, furious, edible.
Lukomorye, curl, flakes, chickens, blizzard, Tatyana, monkey, serious, barrier, sparrows, linen, dress, hare, rural, trees, animals, consent, happiness, family, girlish.
