Pot.
Original Russian word. Suffix-derived from Horn.
Horse.
Original Russian word. Suffix-derived from the old Russian losh.
Rooster.
Original Russian word. Suffix-derivative (suff. -uh) from pet "rooster". The rooster literally means “singing”.
Samovar.
Original Russian word. The addition of the foundations of self- and var-(from boil in the meaning of "boil"). Dialect variants - samogar, samokipets, samogrey of the same semantics.
Puppy.
Original Russian word. The suffix-derived from the common Slavic puppy is "puppy". A puppy is literally a "child" (of a dog or wolf).
Butterfly.
Original Russian word. Suffix-derived frombaba in the meaning of "moth, butterfly" (this meaning is still noted in dialects). Baba "butterfly" - from the baba "old woman, woman." The name of the insect is based on the pagan idea of a butterfly as a "receptacle" of the soul of female ancestors.
Duck.
Original Russian word. Suffix-derivative (suff. -ък-> -к-) from common Slav. *ot< *ontь «утка» (о >y). Duck literally means "water bird".
Bagel.
Original Russian word. It is usually interpreted as a suffix-derived from the passive participial verb to scald, later transformed under the influence of the phrase bend into a ram's horn. The initial obvaronok > obaronok > obaronok > bagel > bagel (with a change in bv > b, the disappearance of the initial o > a and the re-registration of the bagels into a bagel by analogy with "confectionery" words such as a roll, gingerbread, etc.). In this case, the bagel got its name from the scalded dough from which it is baked.
Sock.
Original Russian word. It arose on the basis of the sock "the front end of the shoe or stocking", a suffix-derived from the nose.
Angel.
Original Russian word. Comes from the ancient Russian angel.
Bast shoes.
Original Russian word. Usually explained as a suffix derivative (cf. nail, etc.) from the same stem as paw. It is possible, however, that this word is a suffixal derivative of lapy "rag, patch", the same root as the Ukrainian lapik "patch". In this case, the bast shoe is literally - "shoes made of bast."
Hour(s).
Original Russian word. Most likely, a suffixal derivative of chati, which later gave chaati "wait". Hour is originally "time". A similar development, meanings are noted in the year "time" (cf. wait a minute, wait).
Basket.
Original Russian word. A suffixal derivative from the same stem as korzit "to weave". Basket literally - "braid".
On a chronological basis, the following groups of native Russian words are distinguished, united by their origin, or genesis (gr. genesis- origin):
Indo-European,
Common Slavic,
East Slavic (or Old Russian),
Actually Russian.
Indo-European words are called that, after the collapse of the Indo-European ethnic community (the end of the Neolithic era), were inherited by the ancient languages \u200b\u200bof this language family, including the common Slavic language. So, common to many Indo-European languages will be:
Some related terms: mother, brother, daughter;
- names of animals, food sheep, bull, wolf, meat, bone etc.
Common Slavic(or Proto-Slavic) are words inherited by the Old Russian language from the language of the Slavic tribes that occupied the vast territory of Eastern, Central Europe and the Balkans by the beginning of our era. As a single means of communication, it was used approximately until the 7th century AD, i.e. until the time when, in connection with the resettlement of the Slavs (it began earlier, but reached its greatest intensity by the 6th-7th centuries), the linguistic community also broke up. It is natural to assume that during the period of the spread of a single common Slavic language, there were already some territorially isolated dialect differences, which later served as the basis for the formation of separate Slavic language groups: South Slavic, West Slavic and East Slavic. However, in each of these groups, words that appeared during the period of common Slavic unity stand out.
The number of words inherited by the Russian language from the common Slavic language is small. The four-volume "Dictionary of the Russian Language" of the Academy of Sciences, which reflects only the most commonly used part of the modern Russian vocabulary material, contains more than 82 thousand words, words coming from the common Slavic language (many of which have other meanings today), in our vocabulary no more than two thousand. However, they are still the most common in our speech and in everyday use account for less than ¼ of all words. They are the core of our modern vocabulary.
The most richly (in terms of quantity and semantics) among the common Slavic words are nouns. For example, common Slavic are:
Names associated with the plant world: oak, linden, spruce, pine, maple, ash, bird cherry, forest, forest, tree, leaf, branch, twig, bark, bough, root;
- names of cultivated plants: millet, barley, oats, wheat, peas, poppy;
- names of labor processes and tools: fabric, forge, flog, hoe, shuttle;
- names of the dwelling and its parts: house, canopy, floor, shelter;
- names of domestic and forest birds: chicken, goose, nightingale, starling;
- food names: kvass, kissel, cheese, lard etc.
A significant group of words of common Slavic origin is formed by verbs: lie down, sit, sleep, be able to take revenge, etc.
There are also adjectives: bald, young, naked, old, wise, etc..
Numerals: one, two, three, seven, ten, one hundred, etc.
Pronouns: I, we, you, you, he, who, himself, etc.
Adverbs: where, then, etc.
Non-derivative conjunctions and prepositions: from, over, behind, and, but, yes, at, etc.
Significantly larger in number and semantic-derivational diversity is the layer of words of the Russian language, the emergence of which is already associated with the existence of dialects of the ancient Eastern Slavs, the Old Russian language (XIV-XV centuries). This is East Slavic vocabulary, i.e. words that have been preserved in the Russian language as the property of the linguistic community of the ancestors of Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians.
East Slavic(or Old Russian) are words that, starting from the 8th century, appeared only in the language of the Eastern Slavs (ancestors of modern Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians), united by the 9th century. large feudal state - Kievan Rus. Historical lexicology still has little information about the specifics of the ancient East Slavic vocabulary. However, there is no doubt that there are words known only to three Eastern Slavic languages. These words include, for example:
Names of various properties, qualities, actions: dove, good, rumble;
- kinship terms, household names: stepdaughter, uncle, lace, churchyard;
- names of birds, animals: finch, squirrel;
- count units: forty, ninety;
- a series of words with a common tense meaning: today suddenly and etc.
The most numerous and diverse in structural-stylistic terms and in terms of grammatical properties, the layer of native Russian vocabulary is represented by words that arose in the era of the separate existence of the Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian languages, i.e. the words are actually Russian.
Proper Russian all words are called (with the exception of borrowed ones) that appeared in the language already when it was first formed as the language of the Great Russian people (from the 14th century), and then as the national Russian language (from the 17th century).
By their meaning, these words in their main part are a form of expression of new concepts associated with the emergence of new objects and phenomena. Significantly fewer words are actually Russian, which are the name of what has already been indicated by other words.
Actually Russian will be, for example:
Action names: coo, thin out, smash, bake, grumble;
- names of household items, food: wallpaper, irradiation, cover, cabbage rolls, kulebyaka;
- names of abstract concepts: result, deceit, bluff, experience and many others. etc. (see: Brief etymological dictionary of the Russian language. - M., 1971).
Almost all nouns formed with the help of:
Suffixes: -shchik-, -ovshchik-, -shchik-, -yatin- (mason, undertaker, cleaner, dead meat);
Suffixes: -lk-, -ovk-, -sh-, -nost-, -tel- (leaflet, lighter, commander, future, fire extinguisher, fuse).
All compound nouns: chief, salary.
Compound nouns: musk ox, chiaroscuro.
Compound adjectives: light red, wild.
Verbs formed by the suffix-prefix method: run away, get in.
Adverbs formed from adjectives with the prefix po- and the suffix -i ( boyish, friendly).
Adverbs of type : in spring, in a serious way.
Most derivative prepositions: like, for the time being, as a result of.
1.3.1.3 Test questions to consolidate the material
1. What is the peculiarity of the formation of the vocabulary of the Russian language?
2. What is meant by the original Russian word?
3. What groups of native Russian words do you know?
4. Tell us about the features of each of them.
In this article, we will consider such layers of vocabulary as obsolete and native Russian words. By origin, native Russian vocabulary is heterogeneous. It consists of several layers, which differ in the time of their occurrence.
Indo-Europeanisms
The most ancient of the original Russians are Indo-Europeanisms, that is, words that have passed into our language since the time of Indo-European unity. According to researchers, in the 5th-4th centuries BC there was an Indo-European civilization, within which various tribes united, living on a rather large territory. According to the studies of some scientists, this area extended from the Yenisei to the Volga. Others suggest that it was a South Russian or Balkan-Danubian localization. Such a linguistic community as Indo-European laid the foundation for European languages, as well as some Asian ones (for example, Sanskrit, Bengali).
Words that go back to the parent language, the basis of this community, denote animals, plants, minerals and metals, forms of management, tools, types of kinship and others - these are primordially Russian words. Examples: salmon, oak, wolf, goose, copper, sheep, honey, bronze, son, mother, night, daughter, snow, magnifier, new, water, sew and etc.
Common Slavic words
The next layer of native Russian words includes common Slavic, which were inherited from the common Slavic (that is, Proto-Slavic) Russian language. They served as a source not only for our language, but also for all other Slavic languages. This language-base existed in prehistoric times on the territory of the Vistula, the Bug and the Dnieper. These places were inhabited by the ancient tribes of the Slavs. The common Slavic language fell apart in the 6th-7th centuries AD. Thus, the way was opened for the development of a number of Slavic languages, to which Old Russian also belongs. The common Slavic words in them are easily distinguished, their common origin is obvious even today. The Russian language also goes back to the common Slavic languages. Originally include common Slavic as an integral part.
Many of them are nouns. First of all, these are specific names that are native Russian words. Examples: throat, head, heart, beard, field, palm, forest, mountain, maple, birch, cow, ox, sickle, knife, pitchfork, neighbor, seine, servant, guest, friend, spinner, shepherd, potter.
There are also abstract ones, but they are much less. This is: will, faith, sin, guilt, glory, happiness, thought, rage.
Among other parts of speech, verbs are also represented in the common Slavic vocabulary: hear, see, lie, grow. Adjectives: old, young, cunning, wise. Numerals: three two one. Pronouns: you, we, you. Pronominal adverbs: where, there, how. Some official words: by, yes, and, a, over and other native Russian words. Examples can be continued.
Common Slavic vocabulary today is about two thousand words, but this rather small vocabulary is the core of the Russian dictionary. It includes the most common, stylistically neutral words that are used both in written and oral speech.
Having its source in the Proto-Slavic varieties of it, with various lexical, grammatical and sound features, they separated into the following three groups: eastern, western and southern.
East Slavic vocabulary
The third layer, which is available in the Russian language, is the words of the Old Russian (East Slavonic) vocabulary. This is a later time, which also includes the origin of native Russian words. This vocabulary developed on the basis of the East Slavic language, one of the three groups into which the Old Slavic are combined. The time of its appearance is 7-9 centuries AD. The Ukrainian, Russian and Belarusian nationalities ascend to the tribal unions that lived in Eastern Europe. That is why the words left from this period in our language are also known in two others: Belarusian and Ukrainian, but are absent in the languages of the southern and
It is possible to single out the following vocabulary belonging to East Slavic. Since these words were used in the language from the very beginning, they were not borrowed, these are also native Russian words. Examples:
Names of birds, animals: squirrel, dog, drake, jackdaw, bullfinch;
Names of tools: blade, ax;
Names of household items: ladle, boot, ruble, casket;
Names by profession of people: cook, carpenter, miller, shoemaker;
Names of various settlements: liberty, village, as well as other lexico-semantic groups.
Proper Russian vocabulary
The next, fourth, layer that can be distinguished is the Russian vocabulary itself, which was formed after the 14th century, that is, during the period of independent development of the Belarusian, Ukrainian and Russian languages. They already have their own equivalents for expressing certain objects or phenomena.
Actually Russian words can be distinguished on a derivative basis: flyer, mason, community, locker room, intervention other.
It should be noted that in the composition of such vocabulary there may also be words with various foreign roots that have gone through the path of word formation and added Russian prefixes, suffixes ( non-partisan, partisanship, ruler, aggressiveness, teapot, glass), as well as having a complex basis ( locomotive, radio station). These also include many different compound words that have replenished our language in the 20th century: wall newspaper, timber industry, Moscow Art Theater and etc.
Now the original Russian vocabulary continues to be replenished with new inclusions, which are created with the help of the word-formation resources of our language as a result of various word-formation processes.
Obsolete Russian words
Words that have ceased to be actively used do not immediately disappear from it. They are still understandable for some time to those who speak it, and are known to us from works of fiction. Although the speech practice of everyday life no longer needs them. These words constitute a passive stock of vocabulary and are given in various explanatory dictionaries with a special note "outdated."
The process of archaization of words
Usually the process of archaization takes place gradually. Among obsolete words, therefore, there are those that have significant "experience" (for example, this, therefore, scarlet, speech, enemy, child). Others are removed from the composition of the active vocabulary due to the fact that they belong to the Old Russian period of its development. Sometimes words become obsolete in a relatively short period of time, appearing and disappearing in the latest period. For example, "shkrab" meant "teacher" until the 1920s. Words such as "rabkrin", "enkavedist" appeared, which fell into disuse very quickly. Such nominations do not always have corresponding marks in dictionaries, since the process of archaization may still be perceived as not quite completed.
Reasons for archaization
There are various reasons for the archaization of vocabulary. They can acquire character if the refusal to use certain words is associated with social transformations. But they can also be determined by linguistic laws. The adverbs "right hand", "osh" (right, left), for example, have disappeared from the active dictionary due to the fact that the nouns that produce them ("left hand" - "shuytsa" and "right hand" - "right hand") have become archaic. In such cases, the systemic relations of various lexical units played a decisive role. For example, the word "shuytsa" fell out of use, and, consequently, the semantic connection of various words that were united by this historical root also fell apart. "Shulga", for example, was not retained in the language in the meaning of "left-handed" and remained as a surname, which goes back to the nickname. This is how the word is used now. You can talk about the Russian language, the processes inside it for a long time. All this is very interesting. We will only briefly describe a typical process using one example.
The following anatomical pairs collapsed: oshuyu-right, shuytsa-right; synonymous links ( left, oshyu). But the word "right hand" for some time, despite the archaization of the systemic relations associated with it, was retained in our language. For example, in the Pushkin era, this word was used in poetic speech, "high style". One can talk about the Russian language as a constantly developing one, therefore the fact that the vocabulary becomes obsolete is a natural process. The word "oshuyu" remained only as an echo of the archaic, its use only in a satirical context at that time was possible.
Composition of obsolete vocabulary
Obsolete vocabulary is heterogeneous in origin. Its composition includes native Russian words (examples: semo, this, so that, lying), as well as Old Church Slavonicisms ( loins, kiss, smooth), borrowings from different languages ("polites" - "politeness", "voyage" - "journey", "abshid" - "resignation").
The revival of obsolete words
There are also cases when obsolete Russian words are revived, returned to the composition of the active stock of vocabulary. For example, the following nouns are often used in Russian today: minister, ensign, officer, soldier, which archaized after October. They gave way to others: People's Commissar, Commander, Red Army soldier. In the 1920s, for example, the word "leader" was extracted from the composition of passive vocabulary, for example, in the Pushkin era it was perceived as archaism and was given in the dictionaries of that time with the appropriate mark. Today it is archaizing again. The shade of archaic relatively recently lost such words as Duma, gymnasium, department, lyceum. They were evaluated after 1917 as historicisms.
historicisms
Returning to the active stock of some words is possible only under special circumstances. This is always due to various extralinguistic factors. In the event that archaization is dictated by linguistic laws and is reflected in lexical systemic connections, the resulting words are called historicisms.
Among them are the names of concepts, phenomena, objects that have disappeared: chain mail, oprichnik, policeman, gendarme, tutor, hussar, Bolshevik, institute school, food appraisal, NEP, middle peasant, kulak, VKP(b) other. Historicisms, as a rule, appear as a result of non-linguistic reasons: the development of production, social transformations, the renewal of household items, weapons, etc.
Today the school curriculum includes the topic "Obsolete and native Russian words" (grade 6). Any person should know at least a little about their native language, the history of its development. Our article was written in order to expand the knowledge of readers about the various layers of vocabulary that make up the great Russian word.
Russian vocabulary(a set of words of a language) has gone through a centuries-old path of development, during which some words disappeared, others appeared. This process continues today and will continue to continue, as in any living language on the planet.
Vocabulary in terms of its origin can be divided into primordial and borrowed. Both of these layers, in turn, are heterogeneous in origin and time of occurrence of the words (lexemes) included in them.
We will start the story about this with the original vocabulary: it is she who makes up the main part of the vocabulary of the Russian language. As for the exact number of native words, it is difficult to establish it, and different researchers give different estimates here. In most cases, the proportion of native vocabulary is determined in the range of 80-90% (or even more) of the total vocabulary.
Aboriginal those words are called that were formed in the given language from the morphemes available in it or were inherited from the more ancient "ancestor language". For example, the original vocabulary of the modern Russian language includes not only words that were formed on Russian soil in the last two centuries, but also inherited from the period of the 16th - 18th centuries, Old Russian, Proto-Slavic, Proto-Indo-European languages ... Let's consider these layers in chronological order.
Indo-Europeanisms
This is the conditional name of the most ancient Russian words that we inherited from the era of Proto-Indo-European linguistic unity. Proto-Indo-European is restored hypothetically; it presumably existed in the 5th - 4th millennium BC. e. As a result of the collapse into numerous dialects, it gave rise to most of the languages \u200b\u200bof present-day Europe and some Asian ones (the Indo-European language family).
Indo-Europeanisms for the most part represent the names of specific objects, qualities and actions; there are few designations of abstract concepts among them. All these words have close "relatives" not only in Slavic, but also in other languages of the Indo-European family. Of course, the "descendants" of the same Proto-Indo-European word in modern languages look somewhat different: over the course of many centuries they have changed and accumulated some phonetic, structural and semantic differences. Here are examples of related words dating back to the Proto-Indo-European era:
Russian sky- German Nebel‘fog’ - Greek nephos‘sky, cloud’ (more about the etymology of the word sky cm. );
Russian son- Lithuanian sunus- German sohn– English son;
Russian sheep- latin ovis- ancient Indian avikaḥ and etc.
In addition to those listed, Indo-Europeanisms in Russian include the words:
mother, daughter, brother, sister, daughter-in-law, nose, tooth, ear, eye, night, water, moon, snow, fire, goose, deer, house, honey, oak, seed, grain, bronze, price, name, new, left, first, have, take, sob, sew, grind, tear, two, three etc. As you can see, among them there are terms of kinship, designations of animals, parts of the body, actions, qualities, quantity.
Common Slavic vocabulary
The Proto-Slavic (common Slavic) language is one of the "descendants" of Proto-Indo-European. In turn, it is the common ancestor of all the languages of the Slavic group. The time of its existence is not precisely established, usually the period from the second or middle of the first millennium BC to the middle of the first millennium BC is called. e. until the 6th-7th centuries AD. e.
Common Slavic vocabulary includes words that arose in the Proto-Slavic language and were absent before. At the same time, they were usually created on the basis of the Proto-Indo-European roots directly inherited by the Slavs; rarely - on the basis of borrowings (for example, from the languages \u200b\u200bof the Germanic group). At present, Russian words of common Slavic origin have close correspondences in other Slavic languages and do not have such correspondences in other languages of the Indo-European family.
Let's take as an example the word father. It came to modern Russian from the Proto-Slavic era, where it was formed on the basis of a modified Indo-European root * at-(from children's speech) using a suffix *-ĭ kŏs. As a result of subsequent changes, the word took on the form * otbkb> * otbcb where did the old Russian otts, and then the modern Russian version. There are close analogues in other Slavic languages: Ukrainian father, Bulgarian father, Serbo-Croatian thatz, Slovenian oce, Czech otec, Polish ojciec, Upper Lusatian wotc and others. The Proto-Indo-European designation of the father was lost by the Slavs (cf. German Vater, Latin Pater, English father etc.).
Let us give other examples of Russian words of Proto-Slavic origin. For the most part, they mean:
- body parts of humans and animals ( throat, head, hand, side, mane, hair, face, snout, nail, hoof);
— kinship terms ( father-in-law, mother-in-law, stepfather, stepmother, son-in-law, grandson);
- periods and time intervals ( spring, year, summer, tomorrow, morning, month);
- household items needle, barrel, bucket, broom, thread, lock, mirror, candle, oil);
- natural objects and phenomena ( stream, frost, storm, thunder, lake, island, valley, sun, star, earth, ice);
- plants ( carrots, wheat, viburnum, cranberries, oats, spruce, birch);
- domestic and wild animals, insects ( dog, bear, horse, fish, lynx, bison, bull, bee, caterpillar, snake, eagle, hedgehog, stallion, owl, hare);
— minerals ( clay, tin, sand, iron, gold, silver, lead, copper);
- implements, tools and activities ( pincers, harrow, rake, oar, harp, knife, chisel, hunting, spear);
- faces, people guest, witch, potter, people, bride, groom, boy, shepherd);
- abstract concepts ( struggle, punishment, fear, weight, grief, sin, gift, happiness, defense, image, laughter);
- actions ( to roll, cook, bathe, patch, breathe, heal, drive, bite, get, crush, ride, spare);
- signs and qualities ( important, stupid, deep, fast, great, old, expensive, green, red, gray, left).
Of course, only the most extensive semantic categories are listed here; they do not exhaust all the richness of the common Slavic vocabulary in the Russian language. In general, there are about two thousand Proto-Indo-European and Proto-Slavic lexemes in modern Russian. On the one hand, this is not much; on the other hand, these words are still very common, and in our everyday communication their share is about a quarter. In addition to nouns, verbs and adjectives, there are also numerals, pronouns, adverbs and auxiliary parts of speech.
East Slavic (Old Russian) vocabulary
The linguistic community of the East Slavic tribes was formed approximately by the 7th - 9th centuries. and lasted until the XIV - XV centuries. These tribes, whose language is now called East Slavic or Old Russian, became the ancestors of today's Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians. The state on whose territory the glades, drevlyans, vyatichi, northerners, krivichi and many other Slavic and non-Slavic ethnic groups of that period lived, we now call Ancient Russia.
Ancient Russian by origin, the original vocabulary was formed for the most part on the basis of common Slavic, sometimes on the basis of borrowings (from Greek, Germanic, Turkic languages). There are close correspondences to Russian words that came from Ancient Russia in the Ukrainian and Belarusian languages, but as a rule, there are no such correspondences in the Western and South Slavic languages.
squirrel, jackdaw, drake, bullfinch, nephew, snowfall, gaze, destiny(‘region, territory’), bagpipe, blade, casket, ruble, carpenter, shoemaker, cook, healer, village, settlement, trap, benefit, fun, secluded, healing, vigilant, sudden, start, wag, appease, flicker, beckon, get used to, kind and etc.
Proper Russian vocabulary
From the XIV - XV centuries. the era of the separate existence of the Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian languages begins. All original words that have appeared in the Russian language since that time are called properly Russian. They make up the majority of our vocabulary.
This is the largest and most diverse layer of Russian vocabulary. It was created and is being created on the basis of the original words inherited by the language from earlier periods of its development, as well as on the basis of borrowings. As for the latter, usually native vocabulary also includes such words that were formed from foreign words according to the rules of Russian word formation, with the help of Russian affixes. For example, words highway, tea, manicure are not native in Russian and belong to borrowed vocabulary. But tokens highway, teapot, manicurist already formed in the Russian language according to its rules, therefore they are considered primordial. Some researchers refer them to an intermediate layer of vocabulary between native and borrowed words.
In addition, words that consist entirely of foreign morphemes can also be primordially Russian. For example: astronaut, activist, rocket launcher. These lexemes originated in the Russian language, created by its speakers, and not taken from outside. In foreign languages, they are either absent altogether, or are borrowings from Russian.
Literature:
Shansky N. M. Essays on Russian word formation and lexicology. - M., 1959.
Rozental D. E., Golub I. B., Telenkova M. A. Modern Russian language. - M., 2017.
Shansky N.M., Ivanov V.V. Modern Russian language: In 3 parts. - Ch. I. - M., 1987.
Marinova E. V. Foreign vocabulary of the modern Russian language. - M., 2012.
Chernykh P. Ya. Historical and etymological dictionary of the modern Russian language: In 2 volumes. - M., 1999.
Shansky N. M., Ivanov V. V., Shanskaya T. V. Brief etymological dictionary of the Russian language. - M., 1971.
The vocabulary of the Russian language is one of the largest in the world. It has been formed over the centuries under the influence of the development of social, economic and cultural life. The list of native Russian words makes up 90% of modern explanatory dictionaries. The rest consists of foreign borrowings that appeared both in the early stages of its development and in modern times.
In contact with
Stages of development of the Russian vocabulary
Russian language, along with Ukrainian and Belarusian, is part of the East Slavic group of the Indo-European language family. It began to form at the end of the Neolithic era and continues its development to this day.
There are several major stages in the development of native vocabulary:
Words that appeared in our language at any of these stages are considered native Russian.
Also, words of Russian origin include lexical units formed from borrowed ones according to the rules of Russian word formation.
Scientists believe that at the end of the Neolithic era there was a single Indo-European linguistic community. Native speakers of the Indo-European language lived on a rather vast territory. Some researchers call this place the land from the Yenisei to the Volga. Their opponents talk about the settlement of the Indo-Europeans along the banks of the Danube and on the Balkan Peninsula. But they all agree that the Indo-European language gave rise to almost all European languages and some Asian ones.
Common Indo-European words reflect specific phenomena and objects of the surrounding reality, degrees of kinship, numerals. Their spelling and pronunciation in many languages of the Indo-European family is almost identical. For example:
In East Slavic languages there are a lot of words common to Indo-European languages. These include nouns denoting:
- degree of relationship: mother, brother, sister, daughter, son;
- natural phenomena: sun, moon, ice, rain, water;
- animals: wolf, goose, cow, bear;
- plants: oak, birch;
- metals: copper, bronze.
Words denoting numerals (two, three, four, five), properties of objects (new, white, fast), actions (sew, go) have Indo-European origin.
Common Slavic
Around the 6th century BC e. the Proto-Slavic language appeared. Its carriers were Slavic tribes settled in the territory between the rivers Dnieper, Vistula, Bug. Common Slavic vocabulary served as the basis for the development of the languages of the Western, Southern and Eastern Slavs. Common roots can be traced in them today.
The common Slavic primordially Russian vocabulary is diverse. Noun examples:
Among common Slavic words there are nouns that denote not specific objects and phenomena, but abstract concepts. These include: will, guilt, faith, sin, thought, glory, happiness, goodness.
Compared with the words of Indo-European origin, there are more lexical units from the common Slavic vocabulary in our language, denoting actions, signs and qualities of objects.
- Actions: breathe, lie down, run, write, sow, reap, weave, spin.
- Signs and qualities of objects: high, fast, black, red, many, few, soon.
Common Slavisms are distinguished by their simple structure. They consist of a base and an end. At the same time, the number of derivative words from their stems is very large. Several dozen words have been formed with the root of glory: dishonor, glorify, glorify, glorious, love of glory, glorify.
The meaning of some common Slavic words changed during the development of the language. The word "red" in the common Slavic vocabulary was used in the meaning of "beautiful, good." The modern meaning (color designation) has come into use since the 16th century.
There are about two thousand common Slavic words in the vocabulary of Russian-speaking people. This relatively small group of native words forms the core of the Russian written and spoken language.
Old Russian or East Slavic stage of lexical development
In the 7th century AD, on the basis of the common Slavic vocabulary, three separate groups of Slavic languages began to develop: West Slavic, South Slavic and East Slavic languages. The East Slavic community of peoples became the basis of the Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian nationalities. The tribes that were carriers of a single East Slavic language formed a single state in the 9th century - Kievan (Ancient) Rus. For this reason, the vocabulary that appeared between VII and XIV is called Old Russian vocabulary.
Old Russian lexical units were formed under the influence of the political, economic, social and cultural development of a single East Slavic state. The original words of our language of this period belong to different parts of speech and lexical-semantic groups.
Great Russian period of language formation
From the 14th century the actual Russian or Great Russian stage of development of our vocabulary begins. It continues to this day. The beginning of the formation of the Great Russian vocabulary coincided with the formation of the Russian statehood and the division for a long time of the development of the Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian nationalities. Therefore, in the lexical stock of these languages, the same objects are denoted by different words. For example: wallet - ukr. hamanets - Belarusian. cough; palace - Ukrainian Palace - Belarusian. palace; sparkle - Ukrainian vibliskuvati - Belarusian. zihatsets.
The words that appeared during this period are characterized by a derivative basis. They appeared on the basis of well-known lexical units of Indo-European, Common Slavic and East Slavic origin. New word forms were formed on the basis of borrowings from foreign languages by adding simple bases. Such word forms are considered primordial. Actually Russian words make up a significant part of the Russian vocabulary.
Formation of new words in Russian
The vocabulary of our language replenishes quite rapidly. The basis for this process is the lexical units of the previous stages of language development and borrowed vocabulary. This vocabulary changes and adapts to the needs of the language in accordance with the rules of word formation adopted in it.
Nouns
Addition to the borrowed basis of a specific Russian suffix -shchik, -chik, -ovshchik, -shchik, -lk, -ovk, -k, -tel, -ost. For example: from the word stone, which is of Indo-European origin, with the help of the suffix -shchik, the actual Russian noun mason was formed; from the word sheet, which appeared in the all-Slavic period of the development of the Russian language, with the help of the suffix -ovk, the concept of a leaflet arose.
Addition to the basis of primordially Russian prefixes at-, pa-, pr-, su-, in-, voz-, on-, ob-, pre-, re- and so on. For example: by adding the prefix city to the common Slavic stem, the word suburb is formed; adding the prefixes o- to the same stem, they get the noun garden.
The formation of new words from two or more bases: from the common Slavic bases -pravd- and -lyub- the complex Russian word truth-lover was formed; from the Indo-European basis of the mouse- and the common Slavic word to catch with the help of the suffix -k, the noun mysh was formed Ways of forming verbs.
Ways of forming verbs
One of the most common ways to form verbs is simultaneous addition of a prefix and a suffix to the stem. For example: from the common Slavic basis, running with the help of the prefix raz- and suffixes -at and -sya appeared the verb to scatter; from the common Slavic basis -bogat- with the help of the prefix o- and suffixes -it and -sya, the original Russian word enriched itself appeared.
In the actual Russian period of the development of vocabulary, verbs formed from nouns are quite common. From the borrowed in the XVIII German word assault with the help of the suffix -ova, the verb to assault was formed. With the help of the suffix -i, the verb to praise was formed from the common Slavic word glory.
The Russian vocabulary is one of the most extensive and actively developing in the world. Borrowing vocabulary from other languages and forming new words on its basis, the Russian language is replenished. Using online dictionaries of the origin of words, you can get acquainted with the etymology of Russian vocabulary in more detail. In the age of globalization, knowledge of the origins of the Russian language and the stages of its development will help preserve its originality and originality.
