Spelling of case endings of adjectives. Declension of adjectives Instrumental endings

Unstressed case endings for adjectives are written in the same way as percussion, except for masculine adjectives in the nominative case.

In order to correctly write the unstressed ending of an adjective, you need to find in the sentence the noun to which this adjective belongs and determine its gender and case. Then remember the ending of the adjective in this case. Next, compare the ending of the adjective and the ending of the question it answers.

Woodpecker treated himself to delicious spruce cones . → treated myself(how?) cones TP, cones(what?) delicious mi .

Masculine adjectives in the nominative and accusative answer what question? and have endings -y, -y.

Masculine: which? -oh, th, -th:dashing oh , dared th , great uy

Middle gender: what? th, -her: white oh , syn her

Example: There was a funny clown in the circus . → was(who?) clown IP, clown(which ?) dared th . m.r. IP

Genitive answer the question of what? and have endings -wow, -his: near him, merry .

Serezha called his beloved puppy → called(whom?) puppy RP, puppy(what?) love wow . m.r. RP

masculine and neuter adjectives dative case answer the question (which one?) and have endings th, -him: handsome omu , near him .

We drove up to a beautiful building . → drove up(to what?) to the building dp, building(what?) handsome omu . s.r. DP

The masculine and neuter adjective in instrumental answer the question (what?) have an ending th, -them: good them , oars th .

The plane was flying over a huge city . → flew over(how?) city TP, city(what?) huge th . m.r. TP

The masculine and neuter adjective in prepositional answer the question (about what?) and have endings -ohm, -eat:o oars ohm ,about near eat .

I talked about my favorite writer . → told(about whom?) about the writer PP, writer(what?) love ohm. m.r. PP

Feminine adjectives in the genitive, dative, instrumental and prepositional cases, answer questions what? and have endings -oh, -her. handsome oh , senior her.

She was a fun girl . → was(by whom?) girl TP, girl(which ?) oars oh . zh.r. TP

AT instrumental there may be more endings -oy, -her.

feminine adjectives in accusative answer the question what? and have endings - wow, -yuyu.

They went to an evening disco . → Went(where? for what?) to the disco VP, discotheque(what?) vespers yuyu . zh.r. VP

What does it mean to decline? List the parts of speech that are inflected.

Declension is a change in cases. All names are declined: nouns, adjectives, numerals. Only nouns are divided into three declensions, while other names do not have such a division. Pronouns, which are also declined, do not have it either.

Let's decline the phrases: winter day, winter weather, winter morning.

I.P. (what?) winter day, winter weather, winter morning

R.P. (what?) winter day, winter weather, winter morning

V.P. (what?) winter day, winter weather, winter morning

D.P. (why?) WINTER DAY, WINTER WEATHER, WINTER MORNING

T.P. (what?) in a winter day, in winter weather, in a winter morning

P.P. (about what?) about a winter day, about winter weather, about a winter morning

You notice that the question suggests the ending of the adjective, but not always exactly. In the question of the nominative and accusative cases of the masculine gender, the ending is -oy, and in the words -y, or -y: which one? snowy, winter.

There is no coincidence even when in a word before the ending there is not a hard consonant, as in the question, but a soft one: what UUU? -winter; about what? - about winter.

There are also orthograms in the endings of the genitive case of the masculine and neuter genders: in place of the sound (B) the letter (G) is written, and at the end, the letter O.

These spellings are unverifiable, you can not emphasize each one separately, but the entire ending (th) (it).

2. Rules for declension of adjectives

1. Adjectives have endings similar to the endings of the interrogative word what: with a good (how and m?) mood, about an interesting (how about th?) book, etc.

2. Possessive adjectives in -y, -ya, -e, -i (fox, fox, fox, fox) in all cases, except for the nominative and the accusative case of the masculine singular, similar to it, are written with ь: fisherman, fisherman, fisherman, fisherman, fisherman, about fisherman; fishermen, fishermen, fishermen, fishermen, fishermen, about fishermen. Note 1. Possessive adjectives are formed from nouns with the help of the suffix -j- (yot), the indicator of which in indirect forms is the dividing b. Note 2. Possessive adjectives in -i should be distinguished from adjectives in -i of the recumbent, combustible type, in which ь is not written in oblique cases, since they do not have the suffix -j-; cf .: recumbent, recumbent, recumbent, recumbent, etc.

3. Adjectives suburban, intercity, suburban change according to the solid variety of declension and are written with the endings -th, -th, -th, -th, etc.; adjectives boundless, out-of-town change in a mild variety of declension and are written with the endings -й, -я, -е, -е, etc. The forms long-distance and out-of-town, endless are obsolete and are not currently recommended for use.

4. Adjectives ending in -yny have a short form in -en in the nominative case of the masculine singular: sultry - sultry, calm - calm, slender - slender.

3. Training exercises

1. We decline word combinations: Difficult long-distance journey, difficult long-distance road. I.P. (what?) Difficult long-distance journey, difficult long-distance road.

R.P. (what?) Difficult long-distance journey, difficult long-distance journey

Vp (what?) Difficult long-distance journey, difficult long-distance road

D.p. (what?) Difficult long-distance way, difficult long-distance road

T.P. (what?) Difficult long-distance way, difficult long-distance road

P.P. (about what?) about a difficult long journey, about a difficult long journey

2. Working with text. Insert missing letters.

1) From cloudy ... .. high .... the sky occasionally fell lone snowflakes.

The sky (what?) overcast, high

2) Clean ... white ... the earth was covered with a tablecloth.

Tablecloth (what?) Clean, white.

3) Here is an old .... stump slammed on his forehead fluffy ... furs ... hat.

The stump (what?) is old. Hat (what?) fluffy, furry. memo“How to recognize letters in unstressed endings of adjectives?” 1. Find the noun on which the adjective depends. 2. Put a question to the adjective in the form required by the noun. 3. Find out the letter by the stressed ending in the question. (Be aware of possible mismatches)

1. Kalenchuk M.L., Churakova N.A., Baikova T.A. Russian language 4: Academic book / Textbook.

2. Buneev R.N., Buneeva E.V., Pronina O. Russian language 4: Ballas.

3. Lomakovich S.V., Timchenko L.I. Russian language 4: VITA_PRESS.

1. The culture of writing ().

1. Fill in the table by entering the correct endings of adjectives.

2) Write the text, changing the endings of adjectives according to the meaning, highlight them, indicate the case. Tall (th) century (th) pines with red (th) mighty (th) trunks stood gloomy (th) army. They tightly closed at the top with green peaks. In the damp corners, tall green grasses stretched with tall stalks.

3) A) Make sentences with the words - green leaves, dense trees, sonorous streams in the genitive and prepositional cases. b) Sort the adjectives according to their composition.

4) *Compose a text-description on a free topic, using various adjectives with various case endings.

In order to correctly decline adjectives, you need to know their case questions in both numbers.

Endings and adjectives are most conveniently checked by substituting a question which? in the correct form, since the endings of the question and the adjective are the same, for example: It was hard for him to go after wow(as wow?) days. The exception is the nominative singular masculine (and the accusative case similar to it), where the ending is written under stress -oh (detachable oh calendar, business oh Human), and without the accent - th or -th (desktop th calendar, sincere uy Human).

In adjectives on -th , -ya , -e (wolch uy, wolch ya, wolch ye ) in all cases, except for the nominative (and similar accusative) case of the masculine singular, the letter is written b , For example: wolch b I(flock) wolch b e(den), wolch b and(traces); wolch b him, wolf b hey wolf b them wolf b them etc. (but: wolch uy howl).

Nominative case endings

In the feminine, in the nominative singular, the ending is written -and I or -ya , and in the middle gender - th or -her (which? — in absentia and I average ya school; which? — interesting oh comprehensively her study).

In the plural of all three genders, the ending is written th or -s (which? — frosty s winter ie days, nights, mornings).

Accusative endings

In the feminine, in the accusative singular, the ending is written th or -yuyu (answers a question what?), For example: finish (what?) in absentia wow average yuyu school.

Instrumental endings

In the masculine and neuter gender, in the instrumental singular, the ending is written th or -them (answers a question what?), For example: enjoy (what?) warmth th autumn them afternoon, morning.

In the feminine singular, the ending is written -oh (-oy ) or -her (-her ) (answers the question which? what?), For example: patronize (what? what?) change oh average her school.

Prepositional endings

In the masculine and neuter gender, in the prepositional singular, the ending is written -ohm or -eat (answers a question what?), For example: write about (what?) heat ohm autumn eat afternoon, morning.

Declension of participles, ordinal numbers

Just like qualitative and relative adjectives, participles change (decline), some pronouns (every, every, most, this, etc.), ordinal numbers (first, second, fourth, etc., except for the third, declining like possessive adjective wolf). The spelling of the endings of all these words can be checked by substituting the question which one? in the right form, for example: He strove to read (what?) every scientific article that appeared on (what?) an issue of interest to him.

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36. Instead of a suffix -or after hissing under stress, a suffix is ​​\u200b\u200bwritten -yor (-er ): trainee, retoucher.

37. Instead of -enka , -enok , -echek after hissing are written under stress -onka , -onok , -points: girls about nka, shirt about nka, nag about nka, bear about nok, wolch about nok, mouse about nok, hook about check, mesh about check, circle about check.

38. In female patronymics: Ilyinichna, Lukinichna, Fominichna, Kuzminichna etc. - before n spelled h .

Spelling of adjectives

39. In order not to mix the endings of the plural. h. th , -s with neuter singular endings th , -her , which words should be substituted? and what? For example: kind oh , syn her , former her (which?); kind s , syn ie , former ie (what kind?).

40. In order not to make mistakes in the endings th , -them — -ohm , -eat , you should substitute the words with what? and about what? For example: kind th , syn them , former them (what? - instrumental case); oh good ohm , oh xing eat , about the former eat (about what? - prepositional case).

41. In order not to make mistakes in the endings th , -yuyu — -oy , -her , which words should be substituted? and what? For example: kind wow , syn yuyu , former wow (what? - accusative case); kind oyu , syn her , former her (what? - instrumental case).

42. Unstressed endings in adjectives are generally written in the same way as stressed endings, except for endings after hissing (compare with nouns - item 21); under stress: alien about go, big about go, alien about mu, big about mu; without accent: red e th, more e th, red e mu, more e mu.

43. In the names of adjectives, after the hissing under stress, the suffix is ​​\u200b\u200bwritten -ov- (penny about new, hedgehog about new, brocade about new, canvas about new), and without stress - the suffix -ev- (plush e out, key e vaya water).

Note. You should remember the spelling of the word cheap (cf .: cheaper).

44. In short adjectives under stress after sibilants, it is written about: the food is hot about́ (the ending), funny about n (about fluent in suffix).

45. In adjectives on -th , -ya , -e (fox, fox, fox) in all forms except imit. and blames. singular masculine cases ( fox), before the end is written b: fox, fox, fox etc.

46. Diminutive adjectives are formed by means of suffixes -enk-: little blue, plump; after G , to , X possible and -onk- , and -enk-: light and easy, broad and broad, quiet and quiet.

47. In suffix -en- , -yan- , forming adjectives from nouns, one is written n: leather n th, sandy n th, silver n th except for three words: tree nn th, tin nn th, glass nn th.

48. In adjectives formed with the suffix -n- from nouns with stem on n , written two n : kame nn th, co nn th, length nn th.

Note. From such adjectives it is necessary to distinguish adjectives with one n: young, rosy, pork etc.

The choice of the ending of the adjective depends on the hardness or softness of the preceding consonant, as well as on the place of stress.

RED - [n] solid, accent on the basis -> ending YY
BLUE - [n] soft, accent based -> ending II
NATIVE - accent on the ending -> ending OH

It is not always easy for a foreigner to distinguish a soft consonant from a hard one by ear, so the spelling of adjectives must be memorized. It is not difficult for a native Russian speaker to hear a soft or hard sound, because. this law is already embedded in our phonetic system. But almost all foreigners have problems choosing a vowel ( s or and, at or yu, oh or e) because in their native languages ​​there is no systematic (phonemic) distinction between hard and soft consonants.

Foreigners can be suggested to remember that most of the bases are solid (i.e., they end in -YY). Gradually, as needed and as they appear in the texts, in the textbook, introduce them to words that end in - NIY. In general, they can get some kind of notebook for themselves with lists of adjectives with certain endings for memorization. Over time, phonetic hearing will develop to a greater extent: a foreigner will be better able to distinguish between hard and soft pronunciation. Although practice shows that even at high levels of Russian language proficiency, foreigners periodically confuse -i and -s.

Adjectives with the ending -(N)II can be grouped according to their meaning:

1. Related to time expression:autumn uy, winter uy, flying uy, spring uy, morning uy, evening uy, early uy, late uy, Saturday uy, long ago uy, ancient uy, last year uy, new year uy, five years uy, biennial uy, former uy, last uy
BUT!: daily oh, Sunday th

2. Formed from adverbs of place and time:here uy, there uy, then uy, yesterday uy, today uy, present uy, now uy, tomorrow uy

3. Expressing spatial relationships:far uy, close uy, internal uy, external uy, upper uy, lower uy, front uy, avg uy, rear uy, extremely uy, neighboring uy, near uy

The list is not limited to these adjectives. Is there some more blue, domestic, sincere, outsider, one-sided and etc.

When changing adjectives in cases, pay attention to the following.

• If unstressed endings-th, -th, -thand a solid stem, as in words like "beautiful", in the genitive case there will be an ending -th / -th. And also if the shock endings-oh, -oh, -oh(as in the words big, native, stingy; urban, expensive, bad, alien, big), when declined, the words will change fromth / th.

• In unstressed endings-y, -her, -ya(early, late, hot) the declension will occur according to the soft version:-his/hers.


• In adjectives with an unstressed ending-th, -th, -thand soft base on K, G, X in the masculine form (Russian, English, distant, close, quiet) will oh / oh.

• In words with unstressed-th, -th, -herand a solid base on a sizzling (good, fresh) will -his/-her.

Percussive ending

-OY, -AYA, -OE, -IE

a) after K, G, X, F, W: urban, expensive, bad, foreign, big