The question "T is a suffix or the end of a verb?" for more than a dozen years, both ordinary people and eminent philologists have been asked. The modern approach to the study of the Russian language allows the existence of two points of view, each of which has its pros and cons.
T is a suffix or an ending?
School grammar for a long time considered "t" and "ti" as an ending or a formal indicator of the infinitive. Most of the manuals intended for higher educational institutions adhere to the same position to this day. Among linguists, the opinion that “t” is an ending is shared by Shansky N.M., Baranov M.T., Kuznetsov G.S.
Defending their version, scientists argue as follows: the infinitive means that it can have an ending. Such an explanation cannot be called satisfactory; moreover, it leads to contradictions. This is due to the fact that the infinitive in modern linguistics is considered an invariable word, and, accordingly, cannot have an ending.
Th - suffix or ending for verbs?
New school textbooks support a different point of view, according to which "t", "ti" of verbs are suffixes. This theory was developed by such linguists as Babaitseva V.V., Valgina N.S. Answering the question: “Is this a suffix or an ending?”, scientists, first of all, tried to prove the inconsistency of another position that reveals this problem. They argued that the "t" of the verb cannot be inflection, since it does not express the grammatical meaning of the word and is not preserved in forms formed from the infinitive.
This approach seems convincing, but it has also caused a lot of controversy in linguistic circles. “If “t” is a suffix, then why is it not included in the basis of the word?” This question has become one of the main ones for everyone who has become familiar with the new theory. It is easy to answer it if you remember the basics of morphemics. In modern Russian, suffixes are divided into form-forming and word-forming. Morphemes of the first type are not included in the stem. This is what we see in the infinitive.
What about "who"?
Do not forget that in Russian there are examples of the initial form of the verb that end in "ch". How to deal with such cases? What is "whose" in such words: an ending or a suffix?
There are several answers to these questions:
- It is a suffix.
- Represents flexion.
- Enters the root.
The first two points of view are obsolete. "Whose" was defined as a suffix or ending by analogy with "t" and "ti".
Modern linguistics believes that this combination is part of the root. To prove that this opinion is correct, you can change the verb: bake-bake. In forms derived from the infinitive, "whose" is preserved, which means that it is part of the root.
What is the result?
It is impossible to unambiguously answer the question: “T is a suffix or an ending?”. Both points of view described above are considered valid in modern Russian. Each of them has its supporters. However, at present, the school curriculum prefers the position according to which “t” is a formative suffix. In higher education institutions, it is customary to consider both theories.
from under the chisel, St..say and falling into the iron box 2. Masha circled..la gla..zamy your room 3. Only one man remained under arrest ... nka, and there was nothing to give birth to him : and so it won’t kill ... lives 4. People of the region ... drank a wagon, and everyone poked in there 5. Paradise with ... mouths didn’t take root ... on wild apple trees 6. The eagle settled a little ... did and immediately transferred to another barn ... tel 7. Your eyes are weak ... they are, and I’ll sit down for a r..bot. 8. I lit ... a sulfur match and brought it to the boy's nose: she looked ... at his white eyes .. for. 9. He was stupid .. sing, completely stupid .. sing from pr .. birth 10. According to the turn of his mind, according to his habits and tastes, it is best for him ... to devote himself to.. Raspor ... pressed all the little dry old man ... k, with fluffy, dob .. la pos .. fine hair 12. I was in the city. rain..l to s..breathe in..los, not vy..zhaya for ten miles from your city..yes in .. little things. 14. The Argentine flag was flying at the stern of the Orion. 15. On the example of the r ... the league of the peoples of India, it is clearly .. clearly visible how the .. developed. 16. Look..three, there, in k..rtuze, t..no baku? 17. That way, in m..nuts of annoyance and ..ldeniya, it suddenly becomes cloudy in the head..zah. 18. So ob..yatelen this h..desny zap..x of the forest after the ..senny gr..zy. 19. When Ognev approached ... the garden to ... the litter, a dark shadow separated ... from the low p ... l ... gardener. 20. Varvara ug..schala g..stay in ..reny and apple p..style. 21. Forgive me, I'm waiting for you in correspondence. 22. The rook roams the fields, like a rural agr ... nom. 23. Everyone froze ... rli on chairs, exchanged glances ... nulis. 24. The war was only ... dreamed ... with Dasha's iron finger. 25. One ... nokaya curve b ... cut r ... fell on a slope. 26. Our raft was littered with fish and bl ... became f ... vy ... ser ... bromine. 27. In the morning, dust covered with ... barking the streets, passed ... dili p ... lki and convoys 28. Podska ... kali riders with torches ... lamas, nip ... chili call ... me. 29. On his shaved head ... and on his forehead, drops of sweat were falling. 30. Either tears of delight, or streams of sweat flowed down her face - she did not ... tear them away. 31. Although it is difficult, it is necessary to understand the new orders. 32. And here it was necessary to get tanned ...! 33. After ... having risen from Semyon's hut, the girls slowed down and began to see ... a third ... at the illuminated windows. 34. At the hut, a gloomy Christmas tree stands and looks at the s ... ryu. 35. The k..rtina was h... right: near the fires, another.. stinged and seemed to freeze. 36. There is something sad, m..reading and highly poetic.. 37. By an effort of will. I forced myself to listen to the fleeting b..seds in the compartment. 38. More people - in .. villages. 39. You are driving and suddenly you see: in the middle of the very d..horns there is a force..t, similar to m...naha. 40. They crossed .. they made a square .. a big bridge, and horse and foot p.. lki were located on the left bank, in .. rstakh five from the city. 41. And already beyond the jagged edge of the river ... the valleys m .. lit the ridges, roared the guns, lifted .. the rivers with long ch. 42. The river, spilling, wide, bl ..became a mirror, and the low bank on the left m. 43. On a flat brown river.. in the k.. a lot of people were sewn. 44. See ... the shadow of the owner ... their business, see ... the shadow of joy.
Is the suffix or ending -t (-ti) in the indefinite form of the verb?
Th (-ty) is a formative suffix, since it forms the form of the infinitive: read-ty, carry-ty. The infinitive (the indefinite form of the verb) is an invariable form, so it simply cannot have an ending, because the ending is the inflected part of the word. By cutting off -t (-ti) we get the stem of the infinitive, from which many verb forms are formed: build-t - build-l, build-vsh-th.
In the school textbook, according to tradition, -t (-ti) stands out as endings.
In the new manuals, there is a twofold option, when -t (-ti) is distinguished both as an ending and as a suffix. Apparently, the most reasonable solution for the teacher would be to teach to isolate this morpheme as recommended in the textbook, while explaining its nature. Students should know that this is a formative suffix.
And here -who at the end of the infinitive is not a separate morpheme at all, is included in the root . Compare: bake-y, bake-you, bake.
How to distinguish a suffix from a postfix?
In words that have an ending, the suffix usually comes before the ending. But the suffix can also be after the end. It's called a postfix.
Postfixes are observed in verbs and in separate categories of pronouns: I wash myself, formed myself, eat, someone, some, came after all. They can be written with a word both together (the first two examples), and through a hyphen (the rest of the examples).
By origin, all postfixes are independent words.
To distinguish a postfix from a suffix, you just need to remember all the postfixes. There are few of them, in the examples above, they are all named.
What sign to select postfixes?
There are several options for highlighting: 1) as a suffix, 2) in no way, 3) as a “prefix on the contrary” (in the other direction).
The most logical, in our opinion, is the allocation of a postfix with a suffix sign, since, according to the definition, a postfix is a suffix that comes after the end. But in words it is necessary to explain that this is a special morpheme and call it correctly.
Are postfixes included in the stem of a word?
The verb has postfixes both word- and form-forming, pronouns have only word-forming ones. Formative postfixes are not included in the stem of the word, word-forming ones are included.
The verbal postfix -sya (-s) requires special attention. It can be both word- and formative. It is formative if it forms the form of a pledge: pour, get angry, rush. In some cases, the affix -sya acquires the meaning of a word-forming morpheme and enters the stem, which in this case becomes intermittent (it is interrupted by the ending and / or the formative suffix): sya. It is not difficult to distinguish such verbs: they are not used without -sya.
