Geopolitical position of the Russian Federation

From the point of view of the geopolitical position, Russia in the world community remains an important link and a kind of "bridge" between the West and the East. Russia is characterized by the features of a European, on the one hand, and an Asian state, on the other. It has been and remains a kind of extinguisher of world wars and cataclysms; it is historically predetermined to be a participant in all world and regional processes.

Understanding the basic national interests of Russia and the main instruments for ensuring them is inextricably linked with the current place of Russia in the system of global military-political relations. Today's global military-political situation is characterized by a combination of two main trends: on the one hand, the desire to form a new, more just and democratic system of international economic and political relations. On the other hand, the expansion of the practice of using armed force on the basis of national decisions and outside the UN mandate. Along with these relatively new trends, the stereotypes of the Cold War period continue to exist, significantly complicating the international situation.

Under these conditions, the importance of military force as an instrument of foreign policy and ensuring the national interests of a particular state remains.

Russia consistently advocates the creation of a system of international relations in which the importance of military force will be minimized and its functions reduced to the task of containing armed conflicts. However, taking into account the objectively existing trends in the system of international relations, it is forced to correct its vision of the role and place of military policy and military instruments. The presence of modern and efficient Armed Forces in Russia is becoming one of the conditions for its successful and painless integration into the system of international relations that is being built.

Russia's exit from the state of political and economic crisis, which has been marked since the beginning of the new century, and the significant strengthening of its positions on the world stage, has recently become the most important global trend. This makes it possible to talk about the need to formulate new priorities for its foreign policy, taking into account new realities, as well as about the objective geopolitical needs of the Russian Federation, related to the need to provide favorable conditions for its development as one of the leading states in the world.

Essential for understanding the specifics of Russian foreign policy interests, and therefore roles and places of the Russian Armed Forces are acquiring new global trends:

Firstly, counteraction to new challenges stimulated by the processes of globalization is coming to the fore in the global system of military-political relations. Among these challenges are: the proliferation of WMD and their means of delivery, international terrorism, ethnic instability, the activities of radical religious communities and groups, drug trafficking, and organized crime. The nature of these challenges is such that it is impossible to deal effectively with them within the framework of individual states. In this regard, the importance of international cooperation between law enforcement agencies, including special services and the armed forces, is sharply increasing.

Secondly, the implementation of international operations for the use of force outside of traditional military-political organizations is becoming a reality. Military force is increasingly used in temporary coalitions. This practice is likely to expand in the future. This is a reflection of the objective nature of the current situation in the world. However, Russia advocates strict adherence to the norms of international law in the formation of such coalitions and, in particular, in the use of military force by them, and will join them only if its foreign policy interests require it.

Thirdly, there is a further economization of foreign policy priorities of states. Economic interests are becoming more important than political and military-political ones, moreover, an increasingly complex combination of economic interests of individual states and the interests of large transnational companies is emerging. As a result, the understanding of the conditions sufficient for the use of armed force has changed significantly. If earlier the basis for making decisions on the use of military means was most often the existence of a direct military threat to the security or interests of a particular state, now military force is increasingly being used to ensure the economic interests of a particular country. This objectively expands the sphere of foreign policy demand for military force.

Fourth, there was a fusion of domestic and international terrorism. In modern conditions, when the emergence of an international anti-terrorist international has become a reality, attempts to divide terrorist activity into internal and international become meaningless. This applies both to political approaches to curbing terrorist activity and to forceful measures to neutralize terrorist activity. It is obvious that terrorism has turned from a political threat into a military-political one, and the sphere of responsibility of the armed forces, in particular, the Russian Armed Forces, to counter it has expanded significantly.

Fifth, the importance of non-state participants in the system of international relations for determining the nature of the foreign policy priorities of various states of the world has significantly increased. Non-governmental organizations, international movements and communities, interstate organizations and informal "clubs" have a wide, sometimes contradictory impact on the policies of individual states. Russia seeks active participation in major interstate and international organizations to ensure various aspects of its foreign policy and security interests.

These tendencies significantly supplement, and sometimes modify the processes developing at the level of bilateral political relations, as well as traditional interstate organizations.

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Topic: Russia in the modern world and the main priorities of its military policy. Topical issues of development of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation

1. Military training of Russia in the context of changing geopolitical situation in the world

military russia geopolitical security

The European Union, their leading allies in the world (Canada, Australia, etc.) directly, as well as through the UN and other international organizations (Council of Europe, etc.) in the political, military, economic and other fields.

Over the past year, the world has undergone dramatic changes. They are caused, first of all, by the growing competition between various world "power centers" among themselves in the military-political, economic, and information spheres. Among the areas where such rivalry between Russia and the United States has unfolded are near-Earth space, the Arctic region and the territory of Ukraine.

It is known that the extraterritoriality of the near-Earth outer space makes it possible to carry out the flight of a spacecraft over the territory of various states in peacetime and in the course of military operations. Almost every space vehicle can be above the zone of any conflict and be used in it. If there is a constellation of spacecraft, they can constantly monitor any point on the globe. This makes it possible to monitor the presence and movement of enemy resources and makes useless means of camouflage effective against aerial reconnaissance. According to expert estimates, space impact systems can be moved from a stationary orbit to the points of impact on objects located on the Earth's surface in 8 - 15 minutes. This is comparable to the flight time of ballistic missiles from submarines that strike from the waters of the North Atlantic in the central region of Russia.

Thus, in order to create an operational deployable system of space communications and reconnaissance over a given area of ​​the earth's surface, the United States on April 2, 2014 completed 470-day flight and space tests of the unmanned aerospace aircraft Boeing X-37B, which can be used for various purposes, including inspections and disruption of the functioning of other spacecraft.

At an accelerated pace, the United States is building up its constellation of spacecraft, improving its quality parameters. In particular, new satellites of the global navigation system GPS with increased noise immunity, devices for detailed study of the Earth's magnetic field and weather are being launched, the technology of using a "constellation" (grouping) of small-sized remote sensing spacecraft is being developed to concentrate control capabilities (reconnaissance, surveillance, communications and etc.) in a given region of the globe. Preparations are being completed for the first test flight of NASA's promising Orion spacecraft, on which, after the completion of the operation of the International Space Station, US astronauts will continue to explore key areas of outer space beyond "near space": highly elliptical near-Earth orbits, on which satellites of missile warning systems operate. attack, global navigation and communications, as well as the Lagrange points of the Earth - Moon system (areas in which the spacecraft maintains its position unchanged relative to these celestial bodies). The creation by the United States of space systems designed for launching and long-term stay in these areas of outer space, the development of technologies for capturing and towing asteroids into a given circumlunar orbit are, from a military point of view, nothing more than the operational equipment of a space theater of military operations and preparation for the development of a new types of non-traditional weapons.

These actions are forcing Russia to increase its capabilities for the development and use, primarily of near-Earth space. One of the priorities of Russia's policy is to ensure guaranteed access and the necessary presence of Russia in space in the interests of defense and security. To this end, the ground-based space infrastructure is being improved, in particular, the launch and technical sites of the Plesetsk cosmodrome, where new-generation launch vehicles (of the Soyuz-2 type) will be tested, as well as a fundamentally new Angara space rocket system. In addition, the formation and maintenance of the necessary composition of the orbital constellations of space vehicles will continue to ensure the provision of services in the required volume and of the proper quality in the interests of the country's defense and security. Within the framework of this direction, it is planned to improve the domestic dual-use navigation system GLONASS. In conditions when the composition of the orbital constellation of satellites is brought to the regular composition, it is planned to increase the accuracy of positioning objects using data from the GLONASS system. In particular, already in 2014, the accuracy of GLONASS on the territory of our country may become less than one meter, after the Luch navigation signal correction system begins to work in full. And by 2020, the accuracy of determining coordinates using this system should reach 0.6 m.

As for the Arctic, today this region of the world has become a territory where the geopolitical interests of many developed and developing countries, including Russia, the United States and China, collide. Contradictions between various (primarily practical) states in the Arctic can lead to an increase in international tension in general and the likelihood of local international conflicts in particular.

There are several reasons for the aggravation of the geopolitical struggle in the Arctic at present. The main ones are the existing legally uncertain status of national borders in the region, the resources located in its depths, as well as the strategic importance of the transport arteries of the Arctic region. The importance of the resources of the Arctic for our country and the world economy is confirmed by the following figures: the reserves of oil and hydrocarbons on the mainland of Russia account for approximately 6% of the world's reserves, while at the same time, 58% of similar reserves of the world's shelves are concentrated in the Arctic. Russia is already actively implementing plans for the development of the Arctic. It is expected that oil production on the Arctic shelf of the Russian Federation by 2030 will reach 66.2 million tons, gas production - 230 billion cubic meters.

In addition, two transoceanic sea routes pass through the Arctic - the Northern Sea Route (the Arctic zone of Russia) and the Northwest Passage (the Arctic zone of Canada), connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. At present, the Northern Sea Route can only be used for three to four months a year, although both of these routes are 6,000 to 9,000 km shorter than the Panama and Suez Canals. This explains the interest in the strategically important northern sea routes (passages) on the part of a significant group of countries - primarily the United States, professing the doctrine of "freedom of the seas", as well as from Norway and Canada.

Currently, in the relations of the Arctic states, problems related to the delimitation of the Arctic territories are becoming more and more acute. In accordance with international law, the length of the continental shelf of states with maritime borders is 200 nautical miles from the coast (the so-called economic zone). At the same time, the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea provides for the possibility that if any country can prove that the shelf of the Arctic Ocean is a continuation of its continental platform, this part of the Arctic shelf will be recognized as its property.

Currently, along with Russia, claims to the resources of the Arctic shelf are made by the USA, Canada, Norway and Denmark and other countries. Most of the contenders for the Arctic resources are part of the NATO military bloc, so they confirm their presence in the Arctic through a demonstration of military force. In addition, NATO regularly demonstrates its presence in the Arctic basin, military aircraft and ships of the bloc patrol the areas for which they claim they claim. The formation of a military threat to Russia in the Arctic is also evidenced by plans to create an Arctic NATO, accelerated development and commissioning by NATO countries of Arctic variants of military and naval equipment, and exercises of aviation, navy, and special forces forces in the Arctic regions. In December 2013, it became known that the Prime Minister of Canada had ordered the inclusion of the North Pole in a UN application to expand the boundaries of the country's Arctic shelf.

In an effort to strengthen its geopolitical position in this region, in 2001 Russia submitted a general application to the UN Commission on the External Limits of the Continental Shelf in the Arctic part for the recognition of the continental shelf as Russian territory: it concerned both the Sea of ​​Okhotsk and the Arctic part (later the application was divided into two, and the first of the private applications was filed in 2013). Thus, if it is proved that the underwater Arctic ridges of Lomonosov and Mendeleev, stretching towards Greenland, are a geological continuation of its continental shelf, then the Russian Federation will be able to obtain the right to explore and produce hydrocarbon resources in the Arctic on an additional 1.2 million square kilometers of area.

Expedition "Arktika-2007" to the North Pole, a trip there in 2010 by the research vessel "Akademik Fedorov" and the nuclear icebreaker "Yamal" caused a negative reaction in the West. One of the main tasks of Russian expeditions to the Arctic in 2007-2014. just was the collection of materials to substantiate the law of Russia.

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National security and national interests of Russia. External and internal threats. Russia's relations with NATO. Military organization of the Russian Federation. Internal Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, Civil Defense Troops of the Russian Federation, Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and their main tasks.

The most important means of ensuring the military security of the Russian Federation are the Armed Forces.

The Armed Forces of the Russian Federation is a state military organization that forms the basis of the defense of the Russian Federation, the main element of the military organization of the state.

The Russian Federation considers it lawful to use the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and other troops to repel aggression against it.

The Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and other troops may also be used to protect against unconstitutional actions, unlawful armed violence that threaten the integrity and inviolability of the territory of the Russian Federation, to perform tasks in accordance with international treaties of the Russian Federation and to perform other tasks in accordance with federal legislation.

Purposes of the use of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and other troops:

in a large-scale (regional) war in the event of its unleashing by any state (group, coalition of states) - protecting the independence and sovereignty, territorial integrity of the Russian Federation and its allies, repelling aggression, defeating the aggressor, forcing him to stop hostilities on conditions that meet the interests of the Russian Federation and its allies;

· in local wars and international armed conflicts - the localization of a hotbed of tension, the creation of prerequisites for ending a war, an armed conflict, or for forcing them to stop at an early stage; neutralizing the aggressor and reaching a settlement on terms that meet the interests of the Russian Federation and its allies;

· in internal armed conflicts - the defeat and liquidation of illegal armed formations, the creation of conditions for a full-scale settlement of the conflict on the basis of the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal legislation;

· in operations to maintain and restore peace - the disengagement of the opposing sides, the stabilization of the situation, the provision of conditions for a fair peaceful settlement.

The main forms of employment of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and other troops: (Slide #1)

Strategic operations, operations and combat operations in large-scale and regional wars;

Operations and combat actions - in local wars and international armed conflicts;

Joint special operations - in internal armed conflicts;

Counter-terrorism operations - when participating in the fight against terrorism in accordance with federal law;

peacekeeping operations.

The military organization of the state serves the purpose of ensuring the military security of the Russian Federation.

The military organization of the state includes the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, which constitute its core and the basis for ensuring military security, other troops, military formations and bodies designed to perform military security tasks by military methods, as well as their control bodies. The military organization of the state also includes part of the industrial and scientific complexes of the country.

The main principles of the development of the military organization of the state:

· adequate consideration of the conclusions drawn from the analysis of the state and prospects for the development of the military-political situation;

centralization of leadership;

unity of command on a legal basis;

· Achieved compliance, within the limits of the country's economic capabilities, with the level of combat and mobilization readiness, as well as the training of military command and control bodies and troops (forces), their structures, combat strength and strength of the reserve, stocks of materiel and resources, with the tasks of ensuring military security;

unity of education and upbringing;

· implementation of the rights and freedoms of military personnel, ensuring their social security, decent social status and standard of living.

The nature of the tasks facing the Russian Armed Forces, taking into account the specifics of armed conflicts and wars in which they may be involved, requires the formation of new approaches to them.

The main priorities in the construction of the Russian Armed Forces are determined by the nature of the tasks in the field of national security and the geopolitical priorities of the country's development. We can talk about the existence of several fundamental requirements for the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, which will determine the main parameters of military organizational development:

Ability to implement strategic deterrence;

High combat and mobilization readiness;

strategic mobility;

A high degree of staffing with well trained and trained personnel;

High technical equipment and resource availability.

The implementation of these requirements allows you to choose tasks of development of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation currently and in the future. The main ones include:

1. Preservation of the potential of the Strategic Deterrence Forces.

2. Increasing the number of formations and units of constant readiness and the formation of groupings of troops on their basis.

3. Improving the operational (combat) training of troops (forces).

4. Improving the system of manning the Armed Forces.

5. Implementation of the program for the modernization of weapons, military and special equipment and maintaining them in a state of combat readiness.

6. Improvement of military science and military education.

7. Improving the systems of social security for military personnel, education and moral and psychological training.

The ultimate goal of these measures is the elimination of duplicating links and ensuring, if necessary, the integrated use of the Armed Forces and military units of the power ministries of the Russian Federation.

The development of all components of the military organization of the state is carried out in accordance with the normative legal acts regulating their activities, according to coordinated and coordinated programs and plans.

An integral part and priority task of the current stage of military development is the implementation of a comprehensive military reform, due to radical changes in the military-political situation, tasks and conditions for ensuring the military security of the Russian Federation.

Within the framework of the military reform, an interconnected, coordinated reform of all components of the military organization of the state is carried out.

Introduction
At all times, the combat composition, structure, strength of the Armed Forces, their technical equipment, combat training, etc. were determined by the objective conditions for the existence of the state, its place and role in the world community, in the system of international relations.
Russia is at a new stage in its historical development. The foundations of the state structure and administration are being reformed, the process of reassessing national values ​​and reconciling the interests of the individual, society and the state, the further development of socio-economic, political, legal, ethnic ties and relations is being carried out. Approaches to ensuring national security have changed, which in turn made it possible to reconsider the place and role of Russia in the world. Within the framework of this paradigm, relations with the United States and other industrialized countries are considered as elements of a partnership system and an instrument for solving the security problems of the Russian Federation.
The current stage of world development is characterized by the most acute socio-economic conflicts and political contradictions. The end of the bipolar bloc system has led to a significant change in the principles of strategic stability in the world. Global and regional security is shifting from clearer questions of war and peace to less definite and more complex political, financial, economic, ethno-national, demographic and other problems.
There are security constants for Russia. Russia, with its three facades, faces the surrounding geopolitical space: the western one facing the Euro-American world, the southern one facing the very diverse Islamic world, and the eastern one facing Asia and the Asia-Pacific region. Therefore, the European, Middle East, Middle East, Central Asian, Asia-Pacific regions are of natural interest to Russia from the point of view of national security.
Contrary to many assessments prevailing in the first half of the 1990s, the importance of military force in the post-bipolar world has not diminished. Moreover, at the beginning of the 21st century, the processes of increasing the role of military force to ensure the political and economic interests of the states of the world were outlined, while a number of political institutions in the field of international security entered a period of severe crisis. This puts on the agenda the task of rethinking the entire range of issues related to both the main aspects of international security and the principles of ensuring the national security of the Russian Federation.
The strong Russian Armed Forces are of geopolitical importance. In the context of the weakening of a number of international institutions in the field of security, it is precisely the strengthening of the potential of the RF Armed Forces that will be a factor preventing the final collapse of the system of international relations based on the principles of international law. It is the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation that can ensure global stability in the broad sense of the term.
Modern Russian military policy is an integral part of national security policy and is built on the basis of the provisions of the National Security Concept of the Russian Federation and the Foreign Policy Concept. After a long period of reform and overcoming the crisis, the Russian Armed Forces are acquiring new qualitative indicators both in terms of combat readiness and effectiveness, and in terms of the possibilities of ensuring the political and economic interests of the Russian Federation.
An indicator of the maturity of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and their overcoming the most difficult period in development is that their development and military planning is now based on the geopolitical needs of the Russian Federation and the principle of defense sufficiency, and not on the actually existing potential.
This report outlines the main views of the leadership of the Ministry of Defense on the specifics of the development of the Armed Forces in the foreseeable future.

I. Russian Armed Forces: on the threshold of a new stage of development
Over the years since Russia gained sovereignty, the Russian Armed Forces have traveled a difficult path. They, like the country as a whole, were in the process of active reform, associated with a radical change in the geopolitical conditions in the world and the formation of a renewed Russian statehood. In fact, the Russian Armed Forces were at the center of the processes of formation of a new paradigm of the national security of the Russian Federation. The political leadership, in conditions of limited funding and incomplete transformation of the socio-economic structure of society, set the task of carrying out large-scale quantitative and qualitative changes in the Armed Forces.

In the course of the military reform, a full-fledged legal framework for the development of the Armed Forces was formed
During the military reform, the President and the Federal Assembly adopted a number of important legislative acts that determine the structure of relations between state bodies related to the country's military organization. The fundamental documents in the military sphere are the Federal Law of May 31, 1996 No. 61-FZ "On Defense", the Federal Constitutional Law of January 30, 2002 No. 1-FKZ "On Martial Law", the Federal Law of March 28, 1998 No. 53-FZ "On military duty and military service", Federal Law of February 26, 1997 No. 31-FZ "On mobilization training and mobilization in the Russian Federation", Law of the Russian Federation of April 1, 1993 No. 4730-1 "On State Border. In addition, they should include the Military Doctrine (approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of April 21, 2000 No. 706), the Fundamentals of the State Policy of the Russian Federation on military development for the period up to 2010 (approved by the President of the Russian Federation on August 7, 2002), as well as the Regulations on the Ministry of Defense and the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation (approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of November 11, 1998 No. 1357).

A system of political control has been created and the foundations of a system of public control over the activities of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation have been laid.
As a result of the enactment of these legislative acts, as well as the formation of a full-fledged legislative and judicial power in Russia, a system of civilian control over the Armed Forces was formed, which fully meets the requirements of a democratic political system. Despite certain difficulties, it was possible to achieve the creation of the foundations for public control over the activities of the Armed Forces. The Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation interacts on a permanent basis with a number of public organizations representing the civil society that is emerging in Russia.
The military budget has become more open - many of its previously closed articles have been declassified. As a result, the State Duma was given the opportunity for a more detailed item-by-item study of the military budget and strict control over its execution. Today we can also talk about the unprecedented openness of information on the problems of military policy and army reform. One of the indicators of civil control can be the number of complaints and lawsuits, taking into account arbitration and general jurisdiction, against the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation. If in 2000 there were 2.746 of them, then in 2001 - 3.778, and in 2002 - 3.507.
At the same time, it should be noted that the effectiveness of civilian control over the military sphere depends on the subjects of control having solid military knowledge, without which even well-intentioned creativity in this matter will be subject to superficial or distorted ideas and judgments about the state of affairs in the army, may take ugly forms or will fall under the influence of pacifist myths about the "original sinfulness" of all the military in general.

The main structural transformations were carried out in the Russian Armed Forces, which ensured an increase in the efficiency of the command and control system
The Russian Armed Forces have switched to a three-service structure, which is more in line with today's requirements and makes it possible to increase the effectiveness of combat use, seriously simplify the interaction of various branches of the Armed Forces and reduce the cost of the command and control system. At present, the Armed Forces structurally consist of three types:
* Ground Forces;
* Air Force;
* Navy;
three types of troops:
* Strategic Missile Forces;
* Space Forces;
* Airborne troops;
as well as troops that are not included in the branches of the Armed Forces, Logistics of the Armed Forces, organizations and military units for the construction and quartering of troops. In the future, until 2010, measures will be taken to improve their structure.

The main reduction in the number of Russian Armed Forces has been completed
The reduction in the size of the Armed Forces took place in several stages. At the first stage, from 1992 to 1996, the number was reduced from 2.75 to 1.6 million people. At present, the second period of its reduction is coming to an end. As of August 1, 2003, the strength of the Armed Forces is 1.16 million people, and by 2005 it will be about 1.0 million.
A special issue is the number of senior officers. There is an opinion in society that there are tens of thousands of generals in the Armed Forces. This is far from true. Today, in the Russian Army, the ratio of the number of posts filled by senior officers to the total strength of the Armed Forces is 0.1%, which is lower than in the Soviet Army, and in the tsarist army, and in most modern armies of the world. Moreover, this number is the lowest compared to similar indicators of other departments in which the law provides for military service (Ministry of Emergency Situations - 0.44%; FSB (including FPS) - 0.13%).
The process of reducing the Armed Forces was painful, which is largely due not only to the magnitude of the process, but also to the economic crisis experienced by the country. In this regard, in the federal budget of the Russian Federation, to finance the activities carried out by the power ministries and departments within the framework of the military reform, a section "Military reform" was provided. Under this section, the allocation of funds was carried out for the following purposes:
* payment of monetary allowance and compensation payments to servicemen dismissed from military service in connection with the military reform, and members of their families;
* housing provision for servicemen dismissed from military service in connection with the military reform (expenditures for these purposes account for more than 70% of the total expenditures of the section);
* transport support within the framework of the State Defense Order (transportation costs for moving to the chosen place of residence, etc.);
* maintenance, operation and current repair of weapons, military equipment and property within the framework of military reform measures.
In 2002, 16.5 billion rubles were allocated to finance military reform measures under this section, of which 14.9 billion were allocated to the Moscow Region. billion. That is, the peak of spending on military reform has passed.
Despite the difficulties, the Russian Armed Forces retained the backbone of the officer corps and the most combat-ready units. The Russian Armed Forces have become more compact, while maintaining their combat capability. In the future, major reductions in the Armed Forces are not envisaged - their numbers have been brought to the level of defense sufficiency.

Russian military policy has adapted to the new global realities
As part of the reform of the Armed Forces and the overall military organization in the Russian Federation and the development of new principles of Russian military policy, the new level of political relations with the United States and other most industrialized countries was taken into account. Some pre-existing bases of military planning were revised. In particular, there was an exception from the list of the most likely conflicts for which the country's Armed Forces were preparing, a global nuclear war and large-scale conventional wars with NATO or another US-led coalition. This made it possible to go for significant reductions in the nuclear potential and the potential of conventional weapons without prejudice to the country's security. Much attention in the training of troops (forces) began to be given, along with traditional forms of combat operations, such as peacekeeping, special, counter-terrorism, participation in local conflicts, etc.

Changing the recruitment system of the Armed Forces
In the process of improving the recruitment system of the Armed Forces, the following measures were taken:
1. The system for managing the recruitment of privates and sergeants to the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation has been centralized. Conditions were created for reforming the recruiting agencies for the branches of the Armed Forces and transferring their functions to the Main Organizational and Mobilization Directorate of the General Staff.
2. It is envisaged to improve the preparation of citizens for military service in educational institutions, public associations and training centers of organizations. Under the conditions of the reform of the Armed Forces and the gradual transition to the recruitment of positions by contract servicemen, the need to improve the preparation of citizens for military service is objectively increasing. Expansion of the network of training centers of organizations will make it possible to cover all young men of 16-17 years of age with preparation for military service and to carry out a systematic accumulation of a reserve for recruiting troops (forces).
3. The procedure for recruiting positions for privates and sergeants has been changed. The practice of recruiting into the Armed Forces of persons undergoing military service under a contract has been expanded. The program for the partial transfer of privates and sergeants to a contract basis, approved by President of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin, corresponds to today's financial and economic capabilities of the country. The introduction of a system of contract service provides for the preservation of the conscription of citizens for military service with a subsequent reduction in the period of its passage. This program is considered as one of the means of increasing the combat readiness of the Armed Forces.
At the same time, it should be noted that already today the number of servicemen doing military service under the contract is slightly more than 55% (of which about 12% are sergeants and soldiers), by 2008, that is, the date of the implementation of the Federal Target Program, their number will increase almost up to 70%. At the same time, the number of contract soldiers among sergeants will exceed 50.7%.

Creation of prerequisites for the deployment of a modern system of social security for military personnel
Despite significant difficulties, especially in the first half of the 1990s, the Ministry of Defense, in cooperation with other departments, was able to launch a number of programs that significantly improve the social situation of officers, sergeants and enlisted personnel. In addition to raising the level of monetary allowance for servicemen, the debt on payments to officers and military pensioners was completely eliminated. The Government of the Russian Federation, by its Decree of January 20, 1998 No. 71, put into effect the Federal Target Program "State Housing Certificates", the main goal of which is to quickly solve the problems of providing housing for the families of citizens dismissed or dismissed from military service.

Formation of a new system of interaction with other power structures of Russia, in which the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation are the central part of the military organization of Russia
The implementation of the main provisions of the military reform made it possible to turn the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation into the basis of the military organization of the state. In accordance with the Law "On Defense" No. 61-FZ, adopted on May 31, 1996, the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation are the main power structure of the state, responsible for ensuring the security of the Russian Federation and protecting it. national interests. In accordance with the Federal Constitutional Law "On the State of Emergency", the Russian Armed Forces, by decision of the President of the Russian Federation, can be used in internal armed conflicts to suppress the activities of illegal armed groups, restore law and order and ensure public security and stability. The Armed Forces of the Russian Federation may be called upon to assist state authorities, local self-government bodies and the population in the aftermath of accidents, catastrophes and natural disasters.

Formation of a new system of Russia's military-political obligations to its allies, consistent with international law
The formation of a system of allied relations between the Russian Federation and other states began immediately after the collapse of the Soviet Union and continues to this day. The main content of this process was to bring the military-political obligations of the Russian Federation in line with the principles of international law, the sovereign foreign policy interests of Russia and its military-political partners. Cooperation is currently being built on the basis of mutual respect for sovereignty, as well as transparency of all major military-political obligations. The international obligations of the Russian Federation are determined by the following documents:
* The UN Charter and the decision of the UN Security Council, confirmed by the President of the Russian Federation and the Federal Assembly, on the dispatch of contingents to conduct peacekeeping operations within the framework of UN operations.
* The Collective Security Treaty of the CIS countries, signed on May 15, 1992, ratified in April 1994, extended in 1999 for 5 years and ratified in the same year, on the basis of which the Collective Security Treaty Organization of the CIS countries was created, which is the basis for the implementation of Russia's allied obligations to the CIS countries.
* Other agreements defining various aspects of the coordination of military activities of the CIS countries, on which the activities of the Headquarters for the Coordination of Military Cooperation of the CIS countries are based, in particular, the Decision of the Council of Heads of State of December 24, 1993 (Ashgabat) on the approval of the "Regulations on the Headquarters for the Coordination of Military cooperation of the CIS countries.
* Agreements between Russia and the Republic of Belarus on cooperation in the field of security (Agreement between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Belarus on the coordination of activities in the military field; Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Republic of Belarus on the status of military units of the Russian Federation from the Strategic Forces temporarily stationed on the territory of the Republic of Belarus; Agreement between RF and RB on military cooperation).

Establishing partnerships with the US and NATO at the level of the Armed Forces
Military-level partnerships with the United States and NATO, corresponding to the new level of political relations, have created additional structures and institutions that ensure global stability. Partnership relations between Russia and NATO remain, despite significant disagreements on issues related to the expansion of the alliance to the East and NATO's military activities in regions of armed conflicts. Among the top-priority projects of interaction with the US and NATO is the creation, in accordance with the decisions of the Rome meeting between Russia and NATO in May 2002, of the Russia-NATO Council. The activities of this Council made it possible to work out more fully the system of communication and consultations between Russia and NATO in crisis situations and the procedure for the formation of joint military contingents in conflict zones.
Within the framework of Russia-NATO contacts, a number of working groups are currently functioning in the following areas of cooperation:
* in the airspace;
* in the field of logistics and logistics;
* in the field of missile defense.
On February 8, 2003, the Russian Defense Minister and NATO Secretary General J. Robertson signed a Russia-NATO framework document on rescuing the crews of emergency submarines.
Today, we not only participate in joint exercises, but also conduct joint peacekeeping operations. Military-technical cooperation with interested NATO members has become a reality, based on a long-term basis and joint development of various military products. The task of increasing the degree of interoperability between units of the Russian Armed Forces and NATO troops is being solved, which is a prerequisite for the successful implementation of joint activities.
Despite the significant objective and subjective difficulties in the process of implementing the military reform, it was possible to ensure sufficient controllability of the processes and maintain the combat effectiveness of the Armed Forces. This largely provided an opportunity to significantly strengthen at the beginning of the 21st century the international role and status of Russia in the perspective of the new millennium, as well as to preserve the territorial integrity of the country.
On the whole, it can be stated that large-scale changes in the Armed Forces, related to their radical restructuring within the framework of the main provisions of the military reform, have been completed. A new stage is on the agenda - it is necessary to start building a modern Armed Forces on the basis of the legal, political, organizational and structural prerequisites created in the process of reform, based on the newly comprehended national interests, Russia's place in the world and the degree of reality of threats to the country's national security.

II. Russia in the system of military-political relations in the world
Understanding the basic national interests of Russia and the main instruments for ensuring them is inextricably linked with the current place of Russia in the system of global military-political relations. The current global military-political situation is characterized by a combination of two main trends: on the one hand, the desire to form a new, more just and democratic system of international economic and political relations. On the other hand, the expansion of the practice of using armed force on the basis of national decisions and outside the UN mandate. Along with these relatively new trends, the stereotypes of the Cold War period continue to exist, significantly complicating the international situation.
Under these conditions, the importance of military force as an instrument of foreign policy and ensuring the national interests of a particular state remains.
Russia consistently advocates the creation of a system of international relations in which the significance of military force will be minimized and its functions reduced to the task of containing armed conflicts. However, taking into account the objectively existing trends in the system of international relations, it is forced to correct its vision of the role and place of military policy and military instruments. The presence of modern and efficient Armed Forces in Russia is becoming one of the conditions for its successful and painless integration into the system of international relations that is being built.
Russia's exit from the state of political and economic crisis, which has been marked since the beginning of the new century, and the significant strengthening of its position on the world stage, has recently become the most important global trend. This makes it possible to talk about the need to formulate new priorities for its foreign policy, taking into account new realities, but also the objective geopolitical needs of the Russian Federation, associated with the need to provide favorable conditions for its development as one of the leading states in the world.
New global trends are becoming essential for understanding the specifics of Russian foreign policy interests, and hence the roles and places of the Russian Armed Forces:
Firstly, counteraction to new challenges stimulated by the processes of globalization is coming to the fore in the global system of military-political relations. Among these challenges are: the proliferation of WMD and their means of delivery, international terrorism, ethnic instability, the activities of radical religious communities and groups, drug trafficking, and organized crime. The nature of these challenges is such that it is impossible to deal effectively with them within the framework of individual states. In this regard, the importance of international cooperation between law enforcement agencies, including special services and the armed forces, is sharply increasing.
Secondly, the implementation of international operations for the use of force outside of traditional military-political organizations is becoming a reality. Military force is increasingly used within temporary coalitions. This practice is likely to expand in the future. This is a reflection of the objective nature of the current situation in the world. However, Russia advocates strict adherence to the norms of international law when forming such coalitions, and especially when they use military force, and will join them only if its foreign policy interests require it.
Thirdly, there is a further economization of foreign policy priorities of states. Economic interests are becoming more important than political and military-political ones, moreover, an increasingly complex combination of economic interests of individual states and the interests of large transnational companies is emerging. As a result, the understanding of the conditions sufficient for the use of armed force has changed significantly. If earlier the basis for making decisions on the use of military means was most often the existence of a direct military threat to the security or interests of a particular state, now military force is increasingly being used to ensure the economic interests of a particular country. This objectively expands the sphere of foreign policy demand for military force.
Fourth, there was a fusion of domestic and international terrorism. In modern conditions, when the emergence of an international anti-terrorist international has become a reality, attempts to divide terrorist activity into domestic and international become meaningless. This applies both to political approaches to curbing terrorist activity and to forceful measures to neutralize terrorist activity. It is obvious that terrorism has turned from a political threat into a military-political one, and the sphere of responsibility of the armed forces, in particular the Russian Armed Forces, to counter it has expanded significantly.
Fifth, the importance of non-state participants in the system of international relations for determining the nature of the foreign policy priorities of various states of the world has significantly increased. Non-governmental organizations, international movements and communities, interstate organizations and informal "clubs" have a wide, sometimes contradictory impact on the policies of individual states. Russia seeks active participation in major interstate and international organizations to ensure various aspects of its foreign policy and security interests.
These tendencies significantly supplement and sometimes modify the processes developing at the level of bilateral political relations, as well as traditional interstate organizations.
The most important aspect that determines approaches to building and developing Russia's military potential is understanding the nature of our country's relations with the most significant elements of the modern system of international relations.

UNITED NATIONS AND THE UN Security Council
The United Nations and the UN Security Council are seen by Russia as a central element that ensures global stability. The reduction of the role of the UN Security Council and the transition to the use of armed forces on the basis of national decisions is assessed as a dangerous trend, which in the long run can create a serious threat to Russia's political and military-political interests. This can significantly reduce the significance and effectiveness of political instruments for resolving crisis situations and significantly lower the threshold for the use of military force.

COMMONWEALTH OF INDEPENDENT STATES AND THE ORGANIZATION OF THE COLLECTIVE SECURITY TREATY
Relations with the Commonwealth of Independent States are the most important direction of Russia's foreign policy. Russia will strive to further develop the potential for coordinating the military-political activities of the CIS countries within the framework of existing structures and institutions. The Collective Security Treaty of the CIS countries determines the structure of Russia's military-political obligations to its allies. Russia will continue to advocate the transformation of the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) into an effective interstate organization exerting a stabilizing influence on the overall military-political situation in the CIS and regions bordering the CIS. Russia considers ensuring the security and inviolability of the borders of the CSTO member countries as a priority of its military planning.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) AND EUROPEAN UNION (EU)
Russia's relations with the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) are determined by the 2001 Rome Declaration. Russia is closely following the process of NATO transformation and counts on the complete removal of direct and indirect components of an anti-Russian orientation from both military planning and political declarations of the member countries of the alliance. However, if NATO continues as a military alliance with today's offensive military doctrine, this will require a fundamental overhaul of Russian military planning and posture of the Russian Armed Forces, including a change in Russian nuclear strategy. Russia counts on the further development of constructive political and economic relations with the countries of the European Union, based on the need to form mutually beneficial, fair and non-discriminatory relations, as well as the unconditional recognition of the territorial integrity of the Russian Federation and respect for its right to combat all manifestations of international terrorism.

STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIP OF RUSSIA AND THE USA
Russia counts on expanding cooperation with the United States in the political, military-political and economic spheres, as well as continuing cooperation with the United States in the field of ensuring strategic stability and dismantling the legacy of the Cold War, on constructive interaction with the United States in ensuring regional stability and non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction in regional level. Russia supports efforts to combat international terrorism within the framework of the antiterrorist coalition, which is an element of global stability and a means of establishing a more just new world order. In relations with the United States, Russia is guided by the need to strictly observe the norms of international law and the primacy of its own national interests. Russia proceeds from the premise that, despite individual differences in approaches to solving regional problems, consensus must be found on the basis of respect for the norms of international law and mutual respect for national interests.

SHANGHAI COOPERATION ORGANIZATION (SCO)
The Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) plays an important role in ensuring regional stability in Central Asia and the Far East region. In case of further strengthening of the political and military-political potential of the SCO, a zone of peace and stability will be formed in the Southeast and Far East directions, excluding the emergence of a large-scale military threat. If there is a complete or partial renationalization of the security policy of the states of the region, Russia will be forced to consider the region as a potential source of ethnic conflicts, border disputes and general military-political instability.
Thus, the analysis of current global political trends shows that the current international situation, characterized by dynamism, the versatility of ongoing processes, as well as the evolution of a number of key international institutions, poses the task of re-evaluating the system of threats to the security of the Russian Federation in a new realistic and comprehensive way. And on this basis to work out the priorities of military policy and military building, corresponding to the new international status of Russia and the resources it has.

III. Threat assessment
The starting point in assessing the level of military danger for the Russian Federation is that the importance of military force in the system of international relations has not diminished in recent years. Moreover, the military-political situation does not rule out the possibility of major armed conflicts arising near Russia's borders, affecting the security interests of the Russian Federation, or the emergence of a direct military threat to the security of the Russian Federation.
There are permanent basic national interests for each state. These include: state sovereignty, territorial integrity, socio-political stability of society, constitutional order, strategic stability in the system of the world community, free access to vital economic and strategic zones and communications, and others.
National, including basic, interests can be affected by a diverse range of threats that are formed as a result of one or another development of the military-political situation and can manifest themselves in political, military-political and power forms. It can be said that in the current international situation there are three types of threats, the neutralization of which is, to one degree or another, a function of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation: external, internal and cross-border.

To the main external threats should include:
* deployment of groupings of forces and means aimed at a military attack on the Russian Federation or its allies;
* territorial claims against the Russian Federation, the threat of political or forceful rejection of certain territories from the Russian Federation;
* implementation by states, organizations and movements of programs to create weapons of mass destruction;
* interference in the internal affairs of the Russian Federation by foreign states or organizations supported by foreign states;
* demonstration of military force near the borders of the Russian Federation, conducting exercises with provocative goals;
* the presence near the borders of the Russian Federation or the borders of its allies of centers of armed conflicts that threaten their security;
* instability, weakness of state institutions in border countries;
* build-up of groupings of troops, leading to a violation of the existing balance of forces near the borders of the Russian Federation or the borders of its allies and the sea waters adjacent to their territory;
* expansion of military blocs and alliances to the detriment of the military security of the Russian Federation or its allies;
* the activities of international radical groups, the strengthening of the positions of Islamic extremism near Russian borders;
* the introduction of foreign troops (without the consent of the Russian Federation and the sanction of the UN Security Council) on the territory of states adjacent and friendly to the Russian Federation;
* armed provocations, including attacks on military installations of the Russian Federation located on the territory of foreign states, as well as on objects and structures on the State Border of the Russian Federation or the borders of its allies;
* actions that impede the operation of the Russian systems of state and military administration, ensuring the functioning of strategic nuclear forces, missile attack warning, anti-missile defense, control of outer space and ensuring the combat stability of troops;
* actions hindering Russia's access to strategically important transport communications;
* discrimination, suppression of the rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of citizens of the Russian Federation in foreign countries;
* distribution of equipment, technologies and components used to manufacture nuclear and other types of weapons of mass destruction, as well as dual-use technologies that can be used to create weapons of mass destruction and their means of delivery.

To the main internal threats should include:
* attempts to forcibly change the constitutional order and violate the territorial integrity of Russia;
* planning, preparation and implementation of actions to disrupt and disrupt the functioning of public authorities and administration, attacks on state, national economic, military facilities, life support facilities and information infrastructure;
* Creation, equipment, training and functioning of illegal armed formations;
* illegal distribution (trafficking) on ​​the territory of the Russian Federation of weapons, ammunition, explosives, etc.;
* large-scale activities of organized crime, threatening political stability on the scale of the subject of the Russian Federation;
* activities of separatist and radical religious-nationalist movements in the Russian Federation.

To a special concept cross-border threats include political, military-political or forceful threats to the interests and security of the Russian Federation, which combine the features of internal and external threats and, being internal in form of manifestation, in their essence (according to the sources of occurrence and stimulation, possible participants, etc.) are external. The importance of cross-border threats for the security of the Russian Federation and for Russian military planning will tend to increase. These threats include:
* Creation, equipment, support and training on the territory of other states of armed formations and groups for the purpose of their transfer for operations on the territory of the Russian Federation or the territories of its allies;
* activities of subversive separatist, national or religious extremist groups directly or indirectly supported from abroad, aimed at undermining the constitutional order of the Russian Federation, creating a threat to the territorial integrity of the Russian Federation and the security of its citizens;
* cross-border crime, including smuggling and other illegal activities on a scale that threatens the military-political security of the Russian Federation or stability on the territory of the allies of the Russian Federation;
* conducting information (information-technical, information-psychological, etc.) actions hostile to the Russian Federation and its allies;
* activities of international terrorist organizations;
* drug trafficking activities that create a threat of transporting drugs to the territory of the Russian Federation, or the use of the territory of the Russian Federation as a transit territory for transporting drugs to other countries.
Neutralization of external threats, as well as participation in the neutralization of internal and cross-border threats, is the task of the Armed Forces and is carried out jointly with other law enforcement agencies, as well as with the relevant authorities of the countries - allies of the Russian Federation.
Actions to curb such threats are carried out taking into account the provisions of international and humanitarian law, proceeding from the primacy of the interests of the national security of the Russian Federation and Russian legislation. Today, the level of military danger to Russia's security can be regarded as relatively low. None of the existing conflict situations of the power plan creates a direct military threat to the security of the Russian Federation. At the same time, taking into account the changes in the geopolitical situation in the world, it must be stated that ensuring the security of the Russian Federation only through political opportunities (membership in international organizations, partnerships, opportunities for influence) becomes impossible.
Russian military planning in the field of construction and employment of the Russian Armed Forces in the first half of the 21st century will also be determined by the existence of a number of uncertainties. The uncertainty factor is understood as a situation, conflict or process of a political or military-political nature, the development of which can significantly change the geopolitical situation in a region that is a priority for Russia's interests or create a direct threat to the security of the Russian Federation. However, the very nature of the uncertainty factors excludes the possibility of formulating an unambiguous forecast of their development. This circumstance turns uncertainty factors into a special category of military planning for the Russian Armed Forces.
The most significant factors of uncertainty in Russian military planning are:

DEVELOPMENT OF THE INTERNAL SITUATION IN THE KEY COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD
Today, the main countries of the world operate in conditions of relative transparency in foreign policy and military-political planning. This is ensured by the existence and development of institutions of democracy, parliamentarism and civil society. The transparency of foreign policy and its civilized character make it possible for Russia to have a long-term partnership with the most developed states of the world, including in the military-political sphere. A change in the situation, in particular, the refusal of the leadership of these states from certain components of democracy and the principle of maximum predictability of foreign policy decisions and their compliance with the principles of international law, will create for Russia the need to reconsider the political nature of relations with these countries, and in the future, to change individual components of military policy.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE SITUATION IN THE CIS COUNTRIES
Russia fully supports the processes of democratization in the CIS countries and the construction of harmonious multi-ethnic communities in them, in which the rights of Russian citizens and ethnic Russians are respected and protected. In the event of internal instability, both inter-ethnic and political, as well as in the event of the actions of one or another political regime to curtail democratic reforms, Russia may need to correct the principles of military planning.

SITUATION IN REGIONS BORDER WITH CIS
Today, in most regions adjacent to the territory of the CIS, the situation is favorable for Russia's security. However, in the event of large-scale internal or interstate tension, a significant change in the deployment of the grouping of troops of the Ministry of Defense and other power structures may be required. The situation in Afghanistan and in the adjacent regions of Central Asia remains the most problematic. Despite the absence of a direct military threat, Russia continues to view this area as potentially dangerous. There remains such a threat as the smuggling of drugs from Afghanistan through the territory of the Central Asian countries to Russia. The destabilization of the situation in Afghanistan and the possibility of a renewed threat of Islamic extremism from this direction will pose new military-political and security tasks for the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and will require a change in the currently existing grouping of forces and means in the southern strategic direction.

THE POSSIBILITY OF RETURNING THE PROPERTIES OF A REAL MILITARY TOOL TO NUCLEAR WEAPONS
Attempts were noted to return nuclear weapons to the number of acceptable military instruments through the implementation of "breakthrough" scientific and technical developments that turn nuclear weapons into relatively "clean" ones in terms of the consequences of their use. On the other hand, the expansion of the practice of using armed forces without the sanction of the UN Security Council may stimulate a greater demand for weapons of mass destruction, including nuclear weapons, among regional powers seeking to create a tool for guaranteed deterrence of possible hostile actions on the part of developed states. The conduct of such R&D in a number of countries and the adoption of political decisions to intensify their expanded use are considered by the RF Ministry of Defense as a factor capable of undermining global and regional stability. Lowering the threshold for the use of nuclear weapons will require Russia to restructure its command and control system and approaches to containing threats of various levels.
Even a cursory analysis of the existing threats to Russia's national security, taking into account the existing factors of uncertainty, shows the extent of changes that have taken place in the world over the past decade. Obviously, along with changes in the field of military-political forms and methods, the nature of direct military, combat confrontation has been significantly modified, which must be taken into account when assessing the prospects for military development in Russia.

IV. The nature of modern wars and armed conflicts
The level of threats and factors of uncertainty has a significant impact on the development of the military-political and military-strategic situation in the world, on the creation of hotbeds of tension and conflict zones, on the nature of wars and armed conflicts. It should be noted that wars and armed conflicts of the future will not be generated by any one, even a very significant factor, but by a complex interweaving of various socio-political, economic, national and religious contradictions and causes that should be taken into account when revealing the strategic content of the armed struggle of the future.
The most significant wars and armed conflicts of the last decade are presented in Table 1.
Speaking about the specifics of the armed conflicts of the 1990s. - the beginning of the XXI century, we can talk about the following fundamental points:
* no generalized type of armed conflict was identified. Conflicts in terms of forms and principles of warfare were very different;
* a significant part of the conflicts was asymmetric in nature, that is, it took place between opponents standing at different stages in technical terms, as well as the qualitative state of the armed forces;
* all conflicts developed in a relatively limited area within one theater of operations, but with the use of forces and means deployed outside it. However, essentially local conflicts were accompanied by great bitterness and in some cases resulted in the complete destruction of the state system (if any) of one of the participants in the conflict;
* the role of the initial period of an armed conflict or war has increased significantly. As an analysis of the outcome of armed conflicts shows, it was the seizure of the initiative at the initial stage of hostilities that predetermined the outcome;
* the main role in the initial period of the war, of course, was assigned to long-range precision weapons operating in conjunction with aviation. However, in the future, the main burden of conducting hostilities fell on the Ground Forces.
This puts before the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation the task of being ready to participate in any known type of conflict. And this, in turn, is possible only if all the key features of modern wars and armed conflicts are understood. With regard to the tasks of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, it is necessary to note the increasing importance of the factor of difference in the nature of potential conflicts in various strategic directions.
The main feature of the conflicts of the new historical period turned out to be that there was a redistribution of the role of various spheres in armed confrontation: the course and outcome of the armed struggle as a whole will be determined mainly by confrontation in the aerospace sphere and at sea, and land groupings will consolidate the military success achieved and directly ensure achievement of political goals.
Against this background, an increase in the interdependence and mutual influence of actions at the strategic, operational and tactical levels in armed struggle was revealed. In fact, this suggests that the old concept of conventional wars, both limited and large-scale, is undergoing significant changes. Even local conflicts can be fought over relatively large areas with the most decisive goals. In this case, the main tasks will be solved not in the course of a collision of forward units, but by means of fire engagement from extreme ranges.
Features of possible military operations in the Western strategic direction:
1. Volumetric aerospace-sea and ground nature of operations and combat operations. The main tasks will be solved before the collision of advanced units by long-range fire destruction.
2. Operations of interspecific groupings, as a rule, will develop rapidly and be of a highly maneuverable nature.
3. Fire damage will become a decisive operational-strategic factor.
4. In the period up to 2030, the number of combat assets capable of delivering fire strikes without coming into contact with the enemy's weapons will increase sharply.
5. In the course of wars, not only troops and military installations, but also the country's economy with all its infrastructure, the civilian population and practically the entire territory will be under the blows of the enemy.
Features of possible military operations in the Far Eastern strategic direction
1. Naval landing operations and antiamphibious defense will also have an extensive aerospace-sea and ground character.
2. An important influence on the stability of the antiamphibious defense of the Far East will be exerted by the ability of troops (forces) to conduct autonomous combat operations.
3. The insufficient level of development of transport communications linking the Far East with the European part of Russia may have a negative impact on the course of hostilities.
Speaking about the factor of nuclear deterrence, especially in relation to the deterrence of threats associated with the use of conventional weapons by the enemy, one must also take into account the fact that in modern conditions it can be carried out effectively ONLY if there are highly equipped and combat-ready general-purpose forces. Only then will the threat of using nuclear weapons in response to a conventional attack be credible.
Based on an analysis of the most common features of conflicts in the late 20th and early 21st centuries, the following fundamental conclusions can be drawn regarding the military-political features of armed struggle at the present stage and in the foreseeable future.
* The armed forces reaffirm their central role in the implementation of security operations. The real combat role of the paramilitary, paramilitary formations, militias, units of the internal security forces turns out to be significantly less than it was assumed before the outbreak of armed conflicts. They were unable to conduct active combat operations against the regular army (Iraq).
* The decisive moment for achieving military-political success is the seizure of the strategic initiative in the course of an armed conflict. Passive conduct of hostilities, counting on "exhaling" the offensive impulse of the enemy, will lead to the loss of controllability of one's own grouping and, subsequently, to the loss of the conflict.
* A feature of the armed struggle of the future will be that in the course of the war, not only military facilities and troops will be under the blows of the enemy, but at the same time the country's economy with all its infrastructure, civilian population and territory. Despite the development of the accuracy of means of destruction, all the recent armed conflicts studied were, to one degree or another, humanitarianly "dirty" and entailed significant casualties among the civilian population. In this regard, there is a need for a highly organized and effective system of civil defense of the country.
* The criteria for military victory in armed conflicts will vary, but on the whole it is obvious that the solution of political tasks in an armed conflict is of primary importance, while military-political and operational-tactical tasks are predominantly of an auxiliary nature. In none of the conflicts considered, the victorious side was able to inflict the planned damage on the enemy. Nevertheless, she was able to achieve the political goals of the conflict.
* Despite the increasing role of the groupings of forces and assets deployed by the time of the threatened period, a significant role in the outcome of an armed conflict will be played by the presence of a combat-ready reserve and a system for its mobilization and deployment. This will make it possible to preserve the strategic resource of force response in any development of the situation in the course of an armed conflict.
* Combat operations will be characterized by a combination of maneuver operations and positional operations. Reconnaissance and sabotage operations and guerrilla warfare are seen as part of a "normal" war. This confirms the need for a balanced composition of forces and means of the armed forces, as well as comprehensive combat training.
* A perfect intelligence system with a single control center and well-protected centers (points) for collecting and processing intelligence information from all branches of the armed forces and special services will be of decisive importance for the defenders. They have the ability to bring the processed intelligence data to all interested authorities in the shortest possible time, close to the real time scale. The presence of such reconnaissance will make it possible to timely uncover the enemy's preparations for an attack and carry out all urgent measures of the threatened period, and above all, the transfer of troops to the highest degree of combat readiness.
* In the grouping of troops, in addition to the usual elements in operational formation (combat order), there must be: an intelligence and information center operating in real time; automated, highly secure command and control system for troops and weapons; aerospace echelon (or part of it) of high-precision weapons; highly protected reserve.
* The nature of the weapons used in modern wars dictates the urgent need for forces and means to deliver strikes against enemy military instruments (long-range high-precision weapons, long-range aviation) located outside the boundaries of the immediate conflict area. This requires both the presence of its own potential for long-range precision weapons, and other means that make it possible to transfer combat operations directly to enemy territory.
* The main attention should be paid to the creation of a stable duplicate system of command and control of troops (forces) at all levels of command and control. To this end, all existing and new communication systems should be used, air command posts should be used to the maximum, and the orders of the country's top leadership should be unconditionally brought to the attention of the executors and orders and their implementation.
* The key condition for victory in almost all conflicts was undermining the morale of the troops and stimulating unrest in the officer corps. A significant role in the armed conflicts of the late 20th and early 21st centuries will be played by the ratio of the levels of moral and psychological stability of the parties, and especially the highest command personnel. This means the need to strengthen military discipline, legality, create a truly effective system of moral and psychological training of the armed forces from a soldier to a general, as well as increase the efficiency of military counterintelligence agencies. Of great importance for the outcome of armed conflicts will be the availability of tools for conducting information and propaganda work among the troops and population of the enemy.
Given these trends, new aspects appear in the existing principles of military art, which in general are as follows:

The current doctrinal documents of the developed countries of the world in one form or another determine that in an armed conflict or war, armed struggle will include four main stages:
The first, which will consist in gaining initiative and superiority in the information sphere (in the dominant influence on public consciousness, in command and control of troops and weapons).
Second, the content of which will be to gain dominance (superiority) in the aerospace sphere.
Third, during which it is supposed to gain superiority at sea and on land with the defeat or significant weakening of the groupings of enemy troops (forces).
Fourth, the final one, during which the achieved success should be consolidated and conditions should be created for the implementation of the goals set by political and diplomatic means.
First. The principle of concentrating forces and means in a decisive direction, which has existed for a long time, needs to be clarified for the new conditions. It should be carried out not by concentrating troops in a chosen direction, but mainly by massive use of fire weapons. The way it is done will change. New long-range weapons in a number of cases will make it possible, instead of maneuvering and concentrating troops, to maneuver by trajectories for inflicting massed fire strikes against certain groupings of troops. And strike groupings of troops can advance to the chosen directions of the main strikes at the very last moment.
Second. The relationship between strategy, operational art and tactics will change, although all these categories of military art will retain their significance. In any case, the use of the results of strikes by strategic means and the completion of the defeat of enemy groupings will depend on the success of combat operations on an operational and tactical scale.
Third. Significant changes should be expected in the external and internal indicators of the armed struggle. The main changes stem from its internal content, where the actions of a large number of branches of the Armed Forces, military branches and special forces will be tightly linked, performing a huge number of the most complex interrelated strategic, operational and tactical tasks simultaneously in all areas of armed struggle. The main tasks of defeating and defeating the enemy will be solved not in the course of a collision of large masses of infantry and tanks, but mainly by the method of long-range fire destruction.
Fourth. There will be a further convergence of the methods of action of troops in the offensive and defense. At the same time, the offensive in the future is presented as a combination of fire, electronic strikes. In connection with the increase in the range and effectiveness of fire weapons, it will be necessary to clarify methods for dispersing troops along the front and in depth, both in the offensive and in defense, removing firing lines from waiting areas, lines of deployment of troops, second echelons and reserves. The importance of the early creation of sufficiently strong and well-protected groupings of ground forces and forces that are capable of not only repelling an enemy attack after inflicting massive air strikes on them, but also be ready for immediate conduct (perhaps by separate autonomous detachments or groups) of offensive operations in direct contact is growing. with the ground forces of the aggressor or his allies. It is required to turn already at the first stage, in the initial period of the war, a "non-contact" war into a "contact" war as the most undesirable for an enemy equipped with a long-range WTO. Of particular importance is the ability to ensure the rapid incapacitation of the enemy's political and economic control infrastructure, communications and electronic warfare systems.
Fifth. A characteristic feature of the tactical actions of the future will be the increasing importance of the range of firefighting. Troops will be able to inflict significant damage on the enemy with fire weapons long before direct contact with him. The new weapon will make it possible to achieve continuity of the offensive, surprise and swiftness of strikes, high activity, maneuverability and stability of the troops. One of the characteristic features of the battle will be the disruption and reflection of enemy air strikes and the struggle for air supremacy.
Sixth. Of particular importance is the ability of the troops to ensure the rapid incapacitation of the enemy's political and economic control infrastructure, as well as communications and electronic warfare systems.
Seventh. The decisive role in the war of the future will be played by a well-protected anti-jamming air defense system capable of effectively combating all enemy aircraft, including those manufactured using stealth technology. The air defense system should be layered and structured at three levels:
- strategic air defense with elements of protection against cruise and ballistic missiles,
- object air defense, covering the most significant military, political and humanitarian infrastructure facilities,
- Air defense of the ground forces, neutralizing the enemy's attempts to achieve air supremacy over the battlefield.
Eighth. When planning aggression, the enemy will carry out a wide range of measures to conceal the beginning and nature of his preparations for an attack. One of the effective ways to solve this problem could be to conduct a special disinformation operation, which will include a set of interrelated and carefully coordinated measures to mislead the opposing side about the true intentions.
Ninth. Although gaining air supremacy and the massive use of high-precision weapons will retain a decisive influence on the outcome of armed struggle, they do not remove the need for massive ground operations by ground forces. Over-reliance on air support will be a factor limiting the combat use of the armed forces. The increased importance of air defense systems on the battlefield was revealed.
At the same time, an analysis of the listed characteristic features of the wars of the beginning of the new era shows that this is by no means a classic image of a "contactless" war, but rather an intermediate (transitional) version, in which the features of both traditional wars and the features of new generation wars, called contactless. To date, the concept of "non-contact war" remains only a theoretical model, reflecting the desire of certain states to reduce their involvement in regional conflicts with the presence of ground forces. Of course, it is hardly possible to achieve complete contactlessness of hostilities. To do this, you will probably have to go to the formation of coalitions, in which one of the partners takes on the brunt of the ground war. However, this will come with significant political costs.
The identified features of modern wars and armed conflicts raise the problem of formulating a new understanding of the main tasks of the RF Armed Forces. These tasks should take into account both the specific features of the development of the military-political situation in the zones of Russia's interests and the nature of the armed struggle, as well as possible directions for the development of the principles of conducting combat operations, taking into account the changing geopolitical situation and improving the means of warfare.

V. Tasks of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation
The changed foreign policy situation in recent years, the new priorities for ensuring national security have set completely different tasks for the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, which can be structured in four main areas:
1. Deterrence of military and military-political threats to the security or interests of the Russian Federation.
2. Ensuring the economic and political interests of the Russian Federation.
3. Implementation of military operations in peacetime.
4. Use of military force.
The peculiarities of the development of the military-political situation in the world make it possible for the fulfillment of one task to grow into another, since the most problematic military-political situations from the point of view of the security of the Russian Federation are complex and multifaceted.

Containment of military and military-political threats to the security or interests of the Russian Federation is ensured by:
* Timely detection of threatening developments in the military-political situation, preparation of an armed attack on the Russian Federation and (or) its allies;
* maintaining the composition, condition, combat and mobilization readiness and training of strategic nuclear forces, forces and means that ensure their functioning and use, as well as control systems at a level that guarantees the infliction of the specified damage to the aggressor in any conditions;
* maintenance of combat potential, combat and mobilization readiness and training of groupings of general-purpose troops (forces) in peacetime at a level that ensures the repulsion of aggression on a local scale;
* maintaining readiness for strategic deployment as part of government measures to transfer the country to wartime conditions;
* organization of territorial defense.

Ensuring the economic and political interests of the Russian Federation includes the following components:
* Ensuring the security of Russian citizens in zones of armed conflict and political or other instability;
* creation of conditions for the security of the economic activity of the Russian Federation or the economic structures representing it;
* protection of the national interests of the Russian Federation in the territorial waters, on the continental shelf and in the exclusive economic zone of the Russian Federation, as well as in the World Ocean;
* carrying out, by decision of the President of the Russian Federation, operations using the forces and means of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation of a given scale in regions of vital economic and political interests of the Russian Federation;
* organization and conduct of information confrontation.

Implementation of military operations in peacetime
* Fulfillment by the Russian Federation of allied obligations in accordance with international treaties or other interstate agreements;
* the fight against international terrorism, the fight against political extremism and separatism, the prevention and suppression of sabotage and terrorist acts;
* partial or full strategic deployment, maintenance of readiness for use and use of the nuclear deterrence potential;
* the implementation of peacekeeping operations under a UN or CIS mandate under peacekeeping or peace enforcement scenarios as part of coalitions created within the framework of international organizations in which Russia is a member, or on a temporary basis;
* Ensuring the regime of martial law (emergency) in one or more constituent entities of the Russian Federation in accordance with the decisions of the highest bodies of state power;
* protection of the State Border of the Russian Federation in the airspace and underwater environment;
* enforcement of the regime of international sanctions imposed on the basis of a decision of the UN Security Council;
* prevention of environmental disasters and other emergencies, elimination of their consequences.

Use of military force to ensure the security of the Russian Federation
The Armed Forces of the Russian Federation are preparing for direct participation in the following types of military conflicts:

ARMED CONFLICT
One of the forms of resolving political, national-ethnic, religious, territorial and other contradictions with the use of means of armed struggle, in which the state (states) participating in hostilities does not go into a special state called war. In an armed conflict, the parties, as a rule, pursue private military-political goals.
An armed conflict may result from the escalation of an armed incident, a border conflict, an armed action and other limited-scale armed clashes, during which the means of armed struggle are used to resolve contradictions.
An armed conflict may be of an international character (with the participation of two or more states) or an internal character (with the conduct of armed confrontation within the territory of one state).

LOCAL WAR
A war between two or more states, limited by political goals, in which military operations will be conducted, as a rule, within the borders of opposing states and mainly the interests of only these states (territorial, economic, political, and others) are affected.
A local war can be waged by groupings of troops (forces) deployed in the conflict area, with their possible strengthening due to the transfer of additional forces and means from other directions and the partial strategic deployment of the armed forces.
Under certain conditions, local wars can develop into a regional or large-scale war.

REGIONAL WAR
A war involving two or more states (groups of states) of a region by national or coalition armed forces using both conventional and nuclear weapons on a territory bounded by one region with adjacent oceans, seas, air and outer space, in the course of which the parties will pursue important military-political goals. To conduct a regional war will require the full deployment of the armed forces and the economy, the high tension of all the forces of the participating states. If the nuclear-weapon states or their allies participate in it, a regional war will be characterized by the threat of transition to the use of nuclear weapons.

LARGE SCALE WAR
War between coalitions of states or the largest states of the world community. It can be the result of an escalation of an armed conflict, a local or regional war by involving in them a significant number of states from different regions of the world. In a large-scale war, the parties will pursue radical military-political goals. It will require the mobilization of all available material resources and spiritual forces of the participating states.
Modern Russian military planning, based on a realistic understanding of the current resources and capabilities of the Russian Federation, proceeds from the fact that the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, together with other troops, must be ready to repel an attack and defeat an aggressor, to conduct active operations (both defensive and offensive) in any variant of unleashing and waging wars and armed conflicts in conditions of massive use by the enemy of modern and advanced combat weapons, including weapons of mass destruction of all varieties.
At the same time, the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation must be able to:
* During peacetime and in emergency situations, while maintaining the potential of strategic deterrence and performing the tasks of maintaining combat readiness, troops (forces) of constant readiness, without carrying out additional mobilization measures, successfully solve tasks simultaneously in two armed conflicts of any type, as well as carry out peacekeeping operations both independently and as part of multinational contingents.
* In the event of an aggravation of the military-political and military-strategic situation to ensure the strategic deployment of the RF Armed Forces and to contain the escalation of the situation through the forces of strategic deterrence and maneuver by forces of constant readiness.
* In wartime to repel an enemy air and space attack with available forces, and after a full-scale strategic deployment, solve problems simultaneously in two local wars.
Thus, the nature of the tasks facing the Russian Armed Forces, taking into account the specifics of armed conflicts and wars in which they may be involved, requires the formulation of new approaches to their construction and development.

VI. The main priorities of the construction of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation
The main priorities in the construction of the Russian Armed Forces are determined by the nature of the tasks in the field of national security and the geopolitical priorities of the country's development. We can talk about the existence of several fundamental requirements for the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, which will determine the main parameters of military organizational development:
* the ability to implement strategic deterrence;
* high combat and mobilization readiness;
* strategic mobility;
* a high degree of staffing with well trained and trained personnel;
* high technical equipment and resource availability.
The implementation of these requirements makes it possible to choose the priorities for reforming and strengthening the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation at the present time and in the foreseeable future. The main ones include:
1. Preservation of the potential of the Strategic Deterrence Forces.
2. Increasing the number of formations and units of constant readiness and the formation of groupings of troops on their basis.
3. Improving the operational (combat) training of troops (forces).
4. Improving the system of manning the Armed Forces.
5. Implementation of the program for the modernization of weapons, military and special equipment and maintaining them in a state of combat readiness.
6. Improvement of military science and military education.
7. Improving the systems of social security for military personnel, education and moral and psychological training.

Maintaining the potential of the Strategic Deterrence Force
The main goal of the policy of the Russian Federation in the field of strategic deterrence is to prevent any kind of forceful pressure and aggression against Russia or its allies, and in the event of its unleashing, guaranteed protection of the sovereignty, territorial integrity and other vital national interests of Russia or its allies. This policy of the Russian Federation in the field of strategic deterrence is based on the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the current Russian legislation, takes into account the international obligations of Russia, is formed and implemented in accordance with the National Security Concept of the Russian Federation, the Military Doctrine of the Russian Federation, the Concept for the Construction of the RF Armed Forces and other legislative acts, regulating issues of ensuring the national security of the Russian Federation.
Force pressure - a set of actions based on military force taken by the state (unilaterally or on a coalition basis) to achieve its goals and aimed at forcing the opposing side to make concessions by the threat of the use of military force, a demonstration of military power, when the pursued goals do not require large-scale combat use of armed forces or when such use is impossible or undesirable.
Russia will independently determine the structure of its Nuclear Forces, guided solely by the interests of ensuring national security, fulfilling international and allied obligations, and the need to maintain strategic stability in the world.
De-escalation of aggression - coercion of the enemy to cease hostilities by the threat of inflicting or directly carrying out strikes of various scales using conventional and/or nuclear weapons.
Given damage - damage subjectively unacceptable to the enemy, which exceeds the benefit that the aggressor expects to receive as a result of the use of his military force.
Strategic deterrence is carried out with the aim of:
* in peacetime - preventing forceful pressure and aggression against Russia or its allies;
* in wartime - de-escalation of aggression:
– cessation of hostilities on terms acceptable to Russia,
- causing damage to the enemy.
To carry out the tasks of strategic deterrence, the Armed Forces must be ready to carry out a demonstration of military presence and determination to use military force. As elements of the strategy, dosed combat use of individual components can be used. Strategic deterrence forces, increasing the level of their combat readiness, conducting exercises and changing the deployment of individual components of the Strategic Deterrence Forces.
The Strategic Deterrence Forces consist of the Strategic Missile Forces, the Strategic Nuclear Forces and the Naval Strategic Nuclear Forces. Deterrence will be based on their ability to inflict damage in response, the extent of which would call into question the achievement of the goals of possible aggression.
At the same time, Russia stands in the position of unconditional implementation of all signed and ratified international agreements. This concerns the START-1 Treaty, according to which, by December 5, 2001, Russia reached the following levels:
* the total number of deployed ICBMs, SLBMs and HBs - no more than 1,600 units, including heavy ICBMs - no more than 154 units;
* the total number of warheads (according to the counting rules) on deployed ICBMs, SLBMs and TBs - no more than 6,000 units, including on deployed ICBMs and SLBMs - no more than 4,900 units, of which on heavy ICBMs - no more than 1,540 units, and on mobile ICBMs - no more than 1,100 warheads.
The total throw-weight of all deployed ICBMs and SLBMs must not exceed 3,600 tons.
By December 31, 2012, according to the SORT Treaty, the total number of nuclear weapons will be 1,700 - 2,200 units.
Development ground group SSS - Strategic Missile Forces will be carried out in the direction of their final formation as a branch of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, optimization of the composition in accordance with Russia's contractual obligations in the field of START (START-1, SNP) and will depend on the implementation of these agreements.
By 2007-2008 it will consist of no more than 10 missile divisions. This will reduce the financial and material costs for the production of military equipment and the further operation of unpromising missile systems. Saving money will increase the share of funding for the development of advanced missile systems.
In development aviation component of the CCC the main efforts should be directed to the modernization of the Tu-160 aircraft as a multifunctional aircraft capable of using high-precision conventional and nuclear cruise missiles, aviation bombs, including high-precision corrected ones, as well as conducting aerial reconnaissance and jamming.

"The quality of nuclear weapons, which has been and remains the basis of Russia's security, must meet the highest requirements for universality of use, for efficiency and safety."
(Speech by the President of the Russian Federation at the Federal Nuclear Center in Sarov on July 31, 2003)

Further development will be Naval strategic nuclear forces. Improvement of the quality characteristics of the RPLSN is planned to be carried out by completing the development of a new missile system, creating a new project for it.
Further development of the Strategic Deterrence Forces is impossible without the implementation of a set of targeted measures to maintain the proper level of combat readiness parts of CCC compounds.
First A group of measures concerns reducing the time for preparing the Strategic Deterrence Force for use, ensuring the stable operation of control and guidance systems, systems and means of communication.
Second a group of measures concerns the extension of the service life of missile systems. This is the most costly group of measures, but the funding allocated for repairs, maintenance work and the operation of missile systems allows us to look to the future with optimism.
Third A group of measures concerns the maintenance of the combat strength of the deterrence forces. The missile systems being decommissioned will be replaced by new generation systems.
Fourth a group of measures concerns the development of the space component of the control system - the constellation of spacecraft, which will constantly increase.

Increasing the number of formations and units of constant readiness and the formation of groupings of troops (forces) on their basis
Taking into account the experience of the combat use of troops (forces) in the 90s of the last century, one of the main priorities in the development of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation is the optimization of their combat strength in order to create groupings of troops (forces) united by a single command and capable of performing combat missions with peacetime personnel .

In relation to the modern tasks of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, strategic mobility includes the following components:
* the ability to carry out the operational regrouping of troops (forces) in given areas during the period of growing threat of aggression;
* the ability to conduct combat operations related to the selective, targeted use of force in any theater of military operations adjacent to the territory of Russia;
* maintaining in a deployed state groupings of troops (forces) of constant readiness.

The main criteria that distinguish these groupings from those created earlier are their mobility and self-sufficiency in logistical terms, the required staffing, the availability of the necessary types of weapons and military equipment, allowing their autonomous use in any direction within the boundaries of an armed conflict, as well as beyond outside of it.
To this end, when forming groupings, the territorial principle is used, which allows for joint activities of operational and combat training, combat coordination, organization of interaction, operational and combat control, as well as comprehensive support.
The basis of such groupings of troops (forces) is made up of formations and military units of constant readiness, as well as echelons of constant readiness of formations and military units of reduced strength.
Category constant readiness includes formations and military units capable of performing combat missions in peacetime and wartime without undertaking measures to resupply mobilization resources.
The following main tasks are assigned to these groupings of troops (forces):

IN PEACETIME:
* participation in the protection of the national interests of the state, including the holding of a set of measures to demonstrate military force;
* participation in peacekeeping operations in accordance with international obligations;
* assistance to other troops, military formations and bodies of the Russian Federation in the performance of the tasks assigned to them to protect the State Border of the Russian Federation, suppress internal conflicts and other actions using armed violence, eliminate the consequences of accidents, catastrophes and natural disasters;

IN AN EMERGENCY SITUATION (WHEN A STATE OF EMERGENCY IS INTRODUCED):
* participation in maintaining the state of emergency, including in areas of internal armed conflicts;
* elimination (strike) of illegal armed formations, terrorist groups and organizations, destruction of their bases, training centers, warehouses and communications;
* conducting, together with other troops, military formations and bodies, an active fight against terrorism, ensuring the safety of national maritime navigation, protecting the airspace of the Russian Federation;

WAR TIME:
* solution of problems of localization (neutralization) of possible armed conflicts in all strategic directions, reflection of aggression of a local scale.

The concept of "combat flexibility" combines:
* structural flexibility that allows formations and military units of the forces of constant readiness to carry out combat operations in any type of conflict;
* military-technical flexibility, that is, the orientation of equipping the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation for combat operations in a wide range of armed conflicts;
* optimization of the combat training system so that the servicemen have the skills to conduct combat operations in all types of conflicts, including internal ones.

The composition, command and control system and all-round support of groups of troops (forces) of constant readiness correspond to the degrees of threats of the Russian Federation. Groupings are created in all strategic directions, their composition is different and corresponds to the degree of threats to the national security of Russia, while providing for their sufficient mobility, i.e. regrouping, if necessary, in any region (district) to solve the problems of localization (neutralization) of possible armed conflicts.
Given the size of our country, a special role in the implementation of such regroupings will belong to military transport aviation.
In order to successfully conduct combat operations in any type of armed conflict considered likely for Russia, groupings of troops (forces) include formations and military units of constant readiness of various types and branches of the Armed Forces, while the main component is combined arms formations and military units, and as well as high-precision strike firing systems of other types of the RF Armed Forces.
In addition to groupings of troops (forces) of constant readiness, a grouping of troops (forces) of the reserve is created in the strategic directions in the Armed Forces, including a combined-arms reserve grouping (combinations and military units of the constant readiness of the Airborne Forces, RV and A), a reserve grouping of the Navy (military units of the permanent readiness of the Air Force and Air Defense of the Navy) and a reserve of central subordination (units and military units of constant readiness of the GRU General Staff, EW, RHBZ, technical and logistic support).

Improving operational (combat) training of troops
Operational (combat) training is aimed at improving the training of command and control bodies of headquarters, units, subunits, and the professional skills of the personnel of the Armed Forces in solving the tasks assigned to them.
Operational and combat training of the Armed Forces should be carried out taking into account the change in the direction of military and other threats to Russia, the guaranteed fulfillment of tasks to ensure the country's military security, new trends in the nature of armed struggle and methods of action of troops (forces), the operational purpose of groupings of troops (forces), features of the theater of operations and a potential enemy.
In peacetime, it is carried out as close as possible to the conditions of combat reality.
First. In operational training, the main efforts will be aimed at mastering new forms and methods of using groupings of troops (forces) and formations to localize and neutralize possible armed conflicts and repulse large-scale aggression in the conditions of the use of both conventional weapons and nuclear weapons, as well as improving the style and methods of work of commanders (commanders) and headquarters in command and control of troops in conditions of strong information and electronic countermeasures.
At the operational training of troops (forces) in strategic directions, it is necessary to work out practical measures to prevent attempts to put pressure on Russia, suppress armed provocations and prevent terrorist acts, and continue to work out issues of combating enemy air attack weapons.
During the exercises in 2004, emphasis will be placed on working out the issues of mobility of diverse forces and means, including testing the possibility of carrying out an inter-theater regrouping.
The number of exercises and combat training activities in 2002 for all branches of the Armed Forces exceeds the corresponding figures for 2001, and the specific expenditures on combat training have increased 2.2 times. Based on the results of 9 months of 2003, this trend has further strengthened. In the draft budget of the Ministry of Defense for 2004, about 16% of all funds are planned to be directed to the development of the combat training system.
As practice shows, operational training should not be limited to conducting exercises and games on maps, it is necessary to return to the practice of conducting maneuvers and command and staff exercises on the ground with the involvement of designation troops, to plan combat training activities against the background of command and staff exercises of the strategic and operational command and control levels.
Particular attention should be paid to the use of electronic topographic maps (ETK) as one of the most effective methods and means of topographic and geodetic support for troops. It allows you to quickly and automatically study and evaluate the terrain when making decisions, planning and conducting operations (combat actions), organizing interaction and command and control, as well as effectively using weapons and military equipment systems, including high-precision weapons.
With the widespread introduction of digital information about the terrain, the effectiveness of the use of troops and weapon systems is increasing.
by 50 - 70%.
In preparing the governing bodies, it is necessary to train staff officers to perform related specialties and functional duties one or two steps higher than the position they hold. Pay special attention to practical work to organize and maintain interaction with the command and control bodies of military units and subunits of the branches of the Armed Forces, the Airborne Forces and other troops of the Russian Federation. The algorithm for training the command and control bodies of the operational (operational-tactical) level must necessarily include joint training of the command and control bodies of the power structures of the Russian Federation.
Second. The practice of combat training should be aimed at solving the tasks of formations, units and subunits. At present, the proportion of combat training activities carried out in real conditions at training grounds has increased by 1.5 times. This trend will continue for the foreseeable future. The number of combat shootings and exercises with the participation of aviation, artillery and units of other power structures has increased.
The main attention in combat training should be directed to the training of the battalion as the main tactical unit in local and border armed conflicts, as well as peacekeeping operations. At the same time, the training of tactical level command and control bodies should be carried out with the expectation of their ability to manage not only subordinates, but also attached and supporting forces and means, organize and maintain interaction with neighbors, means of the senior commander, as well as other troops, military formations and bodies during the battle. .
Particular attention will be paid to the preparation of connections and parts for use with an incomplete composition. For the Ground Forces, such groups are based on motorized rifle subunits, as a rule, from a platoon to a battalion, which will significantly increase the modern requirements for the tactical independence of these subunits. This is primarily due to the fact that the troops in armed conflicts will be confronted not by a typical enemy, but most often consisting of formations of various types in terms of technical equipment and training and using the tactics of guerrilla and sabotage and terrorist actions.
It is necessary to improve the skills of commanders at various levels and command and control levels of operational and tactical camouflage, operational misinformation of the enemy, and work with the local population.
Third. In order to improve professional training, special attention will be paid to training officers of the platoon, company and battalion levels of organizing and conducting reconnaissance, adjusting the fire of artillery, tanks (infantry fighting vehicles, armored personnel carriers), directing attacks by front-line and army aviation, and organizing the fire system.
In order to improve the combat training of pilots, it is necessary to find opportunities for a significant increase in resources for its implementation, especially in aviation formations deployed in unstable regions. To ensure the average annual flying time of the flight personnel, which makes it possible to perform assigned tasks in real conditions, and to work out the skills of using precision-guided munitions on simulators.
It is necessary to clearly and skillfully solve the problem of comprehensive support for tactical units and individual small groups operating independently, in isolation from the main forces and using non-standard actions in mountainous and wooded areas. This art must be persistently taught to the officers of the military branches, special troops and rear.

Implementation of a targeted program to ensure the transition to the recruitment of positions in a number of formations and military units by military personnel undergoing military service under a contract
The recruitment system that existed before the latest decrees of the Government of the Russian Federation ceased to meet the requirements of the day, and there were reasonable fears that after 2005 it would not be able to provide the required staffing of the military organization of the state. There are several reasons for this: this is both a lack of recruiting resources, and fairly liberal legislation that allows only about 10% of the young men on the military list to be drafted.
It is impossible not to take into account the fact that since 2005 a demographic “pit” will begin to form, which by 2010 will reach its maximum depth.
All this requires changes in the system.
me of manning, without which it will become impossible to maintain the combat readiness of the RF Armed Forces at the proper level. The recent decisions of the Government of the Russian Federation are fundamentally changing the situation in this area. Partial transfer of the Armed Forces to a contractual basis is not a political declaration and is not the goal of the development of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. This is one of the ways to increase the combat effectiveness of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and achieve such a quality level that will allow them to solve any tasks in the field of ensuring national security set by the President of the Russian Federation.
Partial transfer of the Armed Forces to a contractual basis is seen not as a goal of their development and improvement, but as a means of solving the problems of ensuring the defense capability of the Russian Federation and increasing the combat readiness of the Armed Forces. Decisions to transfer part of the units of the Armed Forces to a contract basis are not political declarations that have not been thought out from a financial and organizational point of view, but have become the result of a long work to assess the objective capabilities of the country.
The following are defined as the main tasks of reforming the recruitment system:
* the creation of a centralized, structurally optimized and stably managed system of recruiting troops (forces) included in the military organization of the state, citizens who voluntarily enter military service;
* improvement of the regulatory legal framework that regulates all relations of federal executive bodies to conduct and ensure the transition to the recruitment of military posts of soldiers, sailors, sergeants and foremen with military personnel serving under a contract;
* optimization of methods for planning the transition to a new recruitment system, stages and terms of increasing the number of military personnel undergoing military service under the contract, taking into account the socio-economic situation in the country and economic development forecasts;
* stage-by-stage reorganization of recruitment, selection, admission, training and retraining of citizens entering military service under a contract;
* improvement of the social infrastructure for military service under contract, increasing its attractiveness.
The first available experience of manning the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation on a contract basis shows that in order to achieve the main goal of this event, sufficient and regular funding is necessary, as well as the availability of a high-quality base for replenishing units with contract soldiers. Today, there is a high turnover of personnel among military personnel serving under a contract, indicating that far from the best part of young people wants to link their fate with the Armed Forces, but first of all those people who, for various reasons, have not found their place in civil life.
In this regard, in 2003 a federal target program was developed for the transition to the recruitment of positions in a number of formations and military units by military personnel undergoing military service under a contract for 2004-2007. This program primarily provides for radical positive changes in public consciousness in relation to the military structure of the state and military personnel of all categories, the allocation of the necessary financial and material and technical resources for decent and timely remuneration of military personnel, the creation of normal conditions for their service, life and life.
Representatives of the Ministry of Defense, the Ministry of Economic Development and Trade, the Ministry of Finance, other ministries and departments in which military service is provided for by law took part in the development of the program. During the development of the federal target program, the Interdepartmental Working Group, including representatives of the Ministry of Finance of Russia, carried out work directly in the troops to study the state of formations and military units of constant readiness, as well as to assess the costs associated with their transfer to recruitment by military personnel undergoing military contract service. The total need for appropriations from the Federal budget to finance the entire range of activities related to the achievement of the goals of the program, in accordance with the approved criteria, initially amounted to 139,3 billion rubles. And taking into account the comments of the Ministry of Finance of Russia, the cost of implementing the program was significantly limited and amounted to 79,1 billion rubles with the exclusion from the total number of formations and military units planned for transfer to the contract method, Spetsstroy and the Federal Railway Service of Russia.
At the same time, the costs of social security and increasing the attractiveness of military service under the contract amount to 64,2 billion rubles, to solve the problems of improving the combat readiness of formations and military units transferred to the contract method of manning - 14,9 billion rubles.
The program provides for the transfer during 2004-2007 to a new method of manning 80 formations and military units of 147,5 thousand servicemen, including: in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation - 72 formations and a military unit, in the Federal Border Guard Service of Russia - 3 military formations, in the Internal Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia - 5.
Expenses by years and the number of contractors planned for recruitment will be:
in 2004 - 9,7 billion rubles; 15,7 thousand people
in 2005 - 20,9 billion rubles; 54,5 thousand people
in 2006 year - 21,7 billion rubles; 26,8 thousand people
in 2007 - 26,8 billion rubles; 50,6 thousand people
In order to create minimal incentives for entering military service under a contract, the draft program provides for an increase in the allowance paid for special conditions of combat training to 3.300 rub. per month per one serviceman, and for formations quartered on the territory of the Chechen Republic - 5.000 rub. per month (in total, a contract soldier of the first year of service will receive about 6 thousand rubles per month, in the Chechen Republic - 15 thousand rubles per month).
At the same time, the benefits established by the current legislation regarding soldiers and sergeants undergoing military service under a contract, related to the free travel of military personnel and members of their families to the place of vacation, will be replaced by compensation payments.
The implementation of the program will make it possible to eliminate the service of sergeants and conscripts in military units performing combat missions in the Chechen Republic, as well as to change the qualitative parameters of troop training.

Mobilization human resources are prepared from the following main sources:
* the passage by citizens of the Russian Federation of military service on conscription and under the contract;
* training of citizens on higher education in public associations and educational institutions;
* training of citizens according to the training programs for reserve officers at military departments;
* preparation of citizens for military service at military training camps.

The transfer of formations and units to a contractual basis will be carried out sequentially after the creation of the necessary infrastructure, while in the first place the formations and military units of the permanent readiness of the Armed Forces, the Internal Troops, the Federal Border Service stationed in the North Caucasus region will be transferred. As a matter of priority, a highly professional non-commissioned corps should be created at the expense of contract servicemen. The formation of a professional sergeant corps is intended to solve not only the issues of raising the level of combat training, but also maintaining the statutory discipline in the troops.
The implementation of these measures will make it possible to fulfill the task of optimizing the recruitment system for soldiers, sailors, sergeants and foremen in the context of the modernization of the Armed Forces in order to ensure their completeness and quality of staffing with privates and sergeants.
A gradual transition to a new recruiting system will also be associated with a consistent reduction in the terms of conscript service. The duration of such service will be determined by the availability of recruiting resources in the country. It is planned that from 2008 the period of conscript service will be reduced to 1.0 years. Among other things, this will require the establishment of an optimal ratio of categories of servicemen in the size of a peacetime military organization and the stock of a military-trained reserve. The implementation of the Federal Target Program will make it possible to reduce the significant mobilization reserve.
However, the implementation of the program for the partial transition of the Armed Forces to a contract does not remove the need to maintain and improve the mobilization reserve system.
The presence of a mobilization reserve of various levels of readiness is determined by the need to have a resource for the rapid strengthening of the Russian Armed Forces in the event that actions to contain or suppress an armed conflict by forces of constant readiness in peacetime have not yielded positive results. In order to increase the guaranteed staffing of troops (forces) with high-quality mobilization human resources, it becomes necessary to develop a new system for the training and accumulation of mobilization human resources.

Implementation of the program for the modernization of weapons, military and special equipment and maintaining them in combat readiness
To date, the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation are provided with the main types of weapons, military equipment and other materiel at the proper level. However, a qualitative analysis shows that the share of modern weapons and military equipment is 20-30%, while in modern armies of the world this figure is more than 70%.
The current state of armaments allows us to count on a certain period of time - about 10-15 years - during which it is necessary, on the one hand, to ensure the maintenance of existing assets, and on the other hand, to realize the existing backlog in the field of technology to a level at which, after this period, it would be possible to proceed with the rearmament of the army and navy.
AT 2003 fundamental documents in the field of military-technical policy of the Russian Federation were developed and adopted, a list of basic military technologies for the future was determined.
Particular emphasis in these programs and plans is placed on the modernization of weapons, military and special equipment. In the short term, funding for the development of weapons and military equipment will be carried out in three areas:
* maintenance of weapons, military special equipment of units of constant readiness in combat readiness;
* Completion of developmental developments that have breakthrough results in terms of improving the quality characteristics of weapons;
* modernization of obsolete weapons.
The improvement of the system of technical equipment should be based on the balanced development of the Strategic Deterrence Forces, combat control systems (information support), as well as the General Purpose Forces.

Specific resource availability- an average cost indicator, which is the ratio of the total costs for the construction and use of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation in a certain calendar period of time (usually for a year) in financial resources, energy, raw materials and other necessary specialized materials and property to the total number of personnel of the Armed Forces .
Unit costs for combat training- the average indicator of expenses for combat training of one serviceman. It represents the ratio of allocated appropriations for combat training of the Armed Forces to the total number of personnel of the Armed Forces.
Unit costs for the purchase of weapons and military equipment- an average cost indicator, which is the ratio of the total costs allocated for the purchase of weapons and military equipment to the total number of personnel of the Armed Forces.

Particular attention will be paid to the development of AME models and systems that are decisive for the outcome of future armed struggle: long-range high-precision weapons, reconnaissance and target designation systems (ground, air, space), electronic countermeasures, automated command and control systems for troops and weapons.
The result of the implementation of the proposed measures will be an increase in the level of provision of military formations with modern weapons and military equipment to 2010 in general up to 35%, and to 2015- up to 40-45%. A complete replacement of the existing weapons of the Armed Forces and other troops of the Russian Federation may occur by 2020-2025.
Until 2025, due to a gradual reduction in the costs of the current maintenance of the Armed Forces, the total costs for the development, purchase, modernization and repair of weapons and military equipment should be about 50-60% of national defense spending.
The share in the development of weapons and military equipment SON of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation in the total amount of funds allocated for research and development, the purchase and repair of weapons and military equipment of the Armed Forces, should be at least 80%.
Solving the problem of timely equipping the Armed Forces with modern weapons and military equipment is impossible without bringing the system of arms and military equipment orders in line with the requirements of the times.
Already today, 20 general customers of weapons and military equipment have been established for the Armed Forces (in 1997 there were 57, in 1999 - 29). In order to reduce ordering bodies, one (single) body was left in all types of the Armed Forces and combat arms. At the same time, each customer is responsible for the implementation of the main provisions of the military-technical policy for their functional tasks.
In order to centralize orders and deliveries of weapons and military equipment in the Ministry of Defense and other bodies with military formations, to streamline expendable funds and eliminate parallelism in purchases, acceptance and deliveries, by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. defense of the Russian Federation.
As a result of the implementation of the main measures for the development priorities of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, it is expected to ensure the growth of their key parameters and qualitative characteristics (compared to 2000):
* specific resource supply by 2.2 times by 2005 and by 4 times by 2010;
* unit costs for combat training - 2.3 and 3 times, respectively;
* unit costs for the purchase of weapons and military equipment - 3 and 6 times, respectively.

Improving the system of logistics and technical support
An important direction of military development is the integration of the entire support process of the Armed Forces and other troops of the Russian Federation through the transition to interdepartmental (related) systems of technical and logistic support (MUSTiTO) of the Armed Forces, other troops, military formations and bodies of the Russian Federation.
The main goal of the transition to MUSTiTO of the Armed Forces is to increase the efficiency of technical and logistical support for all military formations based on the integration of the relevant bodies of power ministries and departments of the Russian Federation, as well as the joint rational use of the existing material and technical base and infrastructure.
The systems being created will ensure the unification of their warehouse, transport, medical and other infrastructures on a territorial basis with management from a single body. This will make it possible to carry out technical and logistic support for all troops, regardless of their departmental affiliation and subordination, both stationed within the boundaries of the military district and arriving on its territory to perform various tasks.
The transition of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, other troops and military formations to interdepartmental (related) unified systems of technical and logistic support is expected implemented sequentially, ending in 2006.
The basis for improving the system technical support it will be necessary to create a unified regulatory framework for the implementation of centralized program-targeted planning of orders, supplies and operation of military and military equipment and other materiel, organization and implementation of measures for the technical support of a military organization in peacetime, crisis situations and wartime.
Primarily until the end of 2003 The Ministry of Defense of Russia, together with interested federal executive authorities, needs to develop a regulatory legal framework that regulates the procedure for the transfer and organization of work on the disposal of weapons and military equipment by authorized federal executive authorities.
Since 2004 disposal of weapons and military equipment should be carried out by authorized federal executive bodies.
Until 2005 it is planned to implement the territorial principle of overhaul of weapons and military equipment, other general-purpose materiel, technical support for groupings of troops (forces), regardless of departmental affiliation, on the terms of ensuring cost reduction. To improve the system of accumulation and separation of stocks of materiel.
In the future, it is planned to step up efforts to modernize and bring into serviceable technical condition all types of weapons and military equipment with which the troops and military formations are equipped and which are stored in warehouses, arsenals and bases, as well as to maintain their high technical readiness.
In improving the system logistic support priority areas are: formation of a unified policy for the development of rear services and a unified pricing policy for the purchase of general-purpose products; creation of a unified regulatory legal framework for logistics support of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, other troops and military formations; interfacing departmental systems of logistic support for troops and military formations in such important areas as the provision of fuel and lubricants, clothing and food, and the training of logistics specialists; creation of stocks of material and technical means for joint actions of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, other troops and military formations in wartime and in crisis situations.
In 2006 - 2010 a full-scale supply of troops and military formations with all types of allowances for rear services must be ensured, current and emergency supplies of material resources must be brought up to established standards.
The next stages of the transition to MUSTiTO for the period up to 2020 will be its adaptation and improvement of quality parameters through the implementation of modern market mechanisms for the purchase of materiel on a competitive basis, the standardization and unification of supplies, the improvement of the functioning of military health care and the training of logistics personnel.
The ultimate goal of these measures is to eliminate parallelism, eliminate duplicate links or redirect them to solve other defense tasks and ensure, if necessary, the integrated use of the Armed Forces and military units of power ministries and departments of the Russian Federation.

Improving the military-scientific complex and military education
The implementation of these priorities of reforming and strengthening the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation is impossible without the formation of a solid foundation - scientific and human potential, which are the common foundation of the ongoing reforms.
The military-scientific complex of the Armed Forces includes research organizations (NIO MO), higher military educational institutions of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, organizations and institutions that solve the problems of scientific substantiation of promising areas of construction, development, training, use and support of the RF Armed Forces in real and predictable geostrategic, political, economic and demographic conditions.
Problem resolution military science is inextricably linked with the reorganization of the military-scientific complex as one of the most difficult parts of the modernization of the Armed Forces. The price of decisions here is extremely high, since mistakes can lead to consequences that are not obvious now, but very serious for the country's military security.
Taking into account the measures already taken to reform the military-scientific complex, the main targets for the near future are as follows:
* advance development of the theory of construction, training and use of the Armed Forces, study of the conditions and development of recommendations for improving their structure, improving the forms and methods of combat use of groupings of troops, developing weapons and military equipment, and studying other, most pressing issues;
* implementation of the program for the introduction of systems for complex situational analysis and forecasting, which significantly increase the capabilities of operational command and control of troops;
* improvement of the military-scientific complex of the Armed Forces, its composition, structure and staffing, taking into account existing needs; strengthening the regulatory legal framework that determines the status, conditions and procedure for the functioning of the complex; creation of a really working system of material incentives for scientific and scientific-pedagogical workers, development of laboratory and experimental base.
The main efforts will be concentrated on the following main areas of improvement of the military-scientific complex:
* improving the system of planning scientific research and coordinating the activities of research organizations of the Ministry of Defense, universities, scientific organizations of the Russian Academy of Sciences, other ministries and departments of the Russian Federation conducting research on defense topics;
* optimization of the composition and structure of scientific departments of research institutes, universities, other scientific organizations and institutions;
* further automation of research processes, including information support systems;
* improvement of the system of training scientific personnel and organizational forms of conducting research in the interests of concentrating the efforts of scientific teams on a comprehensive solution of the most urgent military-theoretical and scientific-technical problems;
* development of modeling and laboratory-experimental base;
* strengthening the human resources, financial and material and technical base of research and development organizations and universities.
Further improvement of the military-scientific complex involves a number of structural, organizational, research and technological activities, including the following:
1. Formation of systemic interspecific and specific scientific directions, problems and tasks integrating military-political, operational-strategic, military-economic, military-technical research in the field of construction, development and use of the Armed Forces. The solution of this problem must be entrusted to the permanent interspecific (fundamental science, applied science of the Ministry of Defense and Industry) and specific coordinating councils.
2. Development and implementation of an effective legislative mechanism to involve military science and science of the defense industries in the development and examination of military-political decisions through the relevant committees of the State Duma and the Security Council of the Russian Federation.
3. Deep analysis of existing and long-term plans for research and development carried out in the interests of the Ministry of Defense and branches of the Armed Forces, their revision and formation anew based on the principles of program-targeted planning.
4. Creation and implementation of an automated planning system with a modern database of scientific research of the Ministry of Defense. In the future, this system should develop into a unified automated system for planning scientific research in the Ministry of Defense with access to information systems and databases in the Higher Commissariat, Research and Development Organizations and universities of the branches of the Armed Forces. The goal is to coordinate, record and control the activities of research organizations and universities in planning, conducting research and their results.
5. In order to quickly solve the problems of forming the Armament Program and the State Defense Order, influencing the coordination of planning documents with the Ministry of Economic Development of Russia and industrial organizations, it is necessary to create a closed automated computer network for sections of the Armament Program and the State Defense Order of the following structure: Office of the Chief of Armaments of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation - the apparatus of chiefs of armaments and military-scientific committees of the branches (arms of service) of the Armed Forces - the Central Research Institute of the types of the Armed Forces.
6. Restoration of the system of centralized provision of research and development organizations and universities of the Ministry of Defense with military-technical and scientific information through the VNK of the types and arms of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation according to agreed lists. Subsequently, the transition to an automated system for the exchange of scientific and technical information.
Modernization of the Armed Forces requires constant improvement of the professional knowledge and skills of the officer corps. This means that major changes must take place. in the system of personnel training, and above all in the system of higher military education.
“Only educated, modern-minded and receptive to new people can cope with such large-scale tasks. And of course, people who have absorbed the best military traditions of Russia.”
(From the speech of the President of the Russian Federation at a reception in honor of graduates of military academies and universities on June 25, 2003)
The main goal of the military personnel training system has been and remains to ensure the stable recruitment of troops with qualified officers, the constant improvement of their professionalism and general culture, the formation of high moral qualities of a citizen and defender of the Fatherland among university graduates. There are a number of problems that require careful consideration and solution.
Today, the system of training military personnel in Russia is built on a departmental principle. This is the main reason for the dissipation and irrational use of the already clearly insufficient financial resources allocated to military education. For example, the training of officers for law enforcement agencies is carried out, in addition to the Ministry of Defense, in another 6 departmental systems of military education.
Many universities provide training in just one or two specialties, while elements of duplication and parallelism prevail. In comparison with the universities of the Ministry of Defense, the duplication of officer training in military specialties is 88% in educational institutions of the Federal Security Service of the Federal Security Service, 60% of the Ministry of Emergency Situations, 50% of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, and 43% of the FSZhV. And this despite the fact that the cost of education and maintenance of one cadet (listener) in the universities of the Ministry of Defense is 1.9 times lower than, for example, the PS of the FSB. In addition, each department that has universities maintains its own apparatus for managing military education.
Today it should be recognized that the policy of combining military academies with military schools as branches was erroneous. It led, first of all, to a decrease in the status of systemically important universities, an outflow of professors and teachers of the highest category from them. The merger, and in fact a "hidden reduction", led to the fact that legally there are 57 universities in the Ministry of Defense, but in reality there are many more. At the same time, about half of the existing universities have a capacity of less than 1,000 students and cadets, which not only contradicts global practice, but also significantly increases the cost of the already high cost of education, and makes it difficult to create qualified teaching staff.
At present, the Ministry of Defense considers it costly to train cadets in military schools in two specialties (military and civil). Many young people in recent years have been using military universities as a way to get a free education and at the same time as an opportunity to evade military service. Due to the imperfection of the legislative framework in the Russian Federation, annually 7-8 thousand cadets left the walls of military schools and continued their education in civilian universities, and about
10,000 lieutenant graduates left military service immediately after receiving their diploma.
There is a lot of work to be done to eliminate the dangerous gap in the planned generation change, when the officers of the Soviet school have already left or will leave in the coming years, and the officers of the Russian school who came to replace them, for various reasons, do not have the necessary practical skills and theoretical knowledge. Shortcomings in the training of officers inevitably entail difficulties in the training of privates and sergeants, which, in fact, determine success on the battlefield. It is impossible to solve this problem without a significant increase in the professional level and status of the management and teaching staff of military educational institutions.
The issue of restoring the material and technical base of universities, which has been degrading for more than a decade and is still not capable of providing the necessary level of officer training, is extremely acute. Only in recent years, significant funds from the budget have been allocated to maintain this base, and the situation is gradually beginning to improve: equipment began to go to the training grounds, and training aircraft began to fly. For the time being, students are acquiring basic practical skills on simulators, but the main task is to provide, first of all, universities with the latest models of weapons and military equipment, where the personnel potential of the Russian army of the future is being formed.
The training of officers in military educational institutions should be carried out taking into account the requirements of modern armed struggle, the development of means, forms and methods of its conduct. Now this is not always the case.
A special conversation is the training of reserve officers at the military departments of educational institutions of higher professional education in the Russian Federation. On a massive scale, it does not correspond to the planned figures set for the military departments of universities, both in the direction of significant undertraining and in the direction of retraining. Both options are unacceptable, since in some military specialties the Armed Forces do not receive a large number of officers needed in the reserve, and in others, a large number of officers accumulate in the reserve, which many times exceeds their mobility needs, and for which significant financial resources. As a result, today only every tenth specialist trained in these departments is practically in demand.
This became possible as a result of the lobbying of past years, the number of military departments that train specialists in small military specialties and are actually not in demand by the Ministry of Defense has increased significantly.
The main reasons for the current state of affairs are: the lack of a clear systematic approach to the organization of military education and training of troops in terms of its internal content; insufficient level of professional and methodological training of teachers themselves; reduction of control over the educational process in universities and over the organization of professional and combat training in the troops.
It is extremely important that higher education institutions graduate professional officers with a high level of methodological training, who are proficient in the system of techniques and methods of training subordinates. At the same time, curricula and subjects of study must be rigidly and systematically linked according to the stages of education. In this regard, each commander must be aware of the need for the strictest observance of the established procedure for the preparation and conduct of each lesson with subordinates and the entire educational process. The principles of education should be simple and understandable to everyone.
The improvement of the education system is required, among other things, in connection with the partial transfer of the RF Armed Forces to a contract basis. An officer must be able to effectively manage subordinates who sometimes have great life experience, educational level, etc.
To solve the most complex problems of military education, on May 27, 2002, the Government of the Russian Federation adopted the Federal Program "Reforming the system of military education in the Russian Federation for the period up to 2010".
In the coming years, the improvement of the system of military education will be carried out taking into account the formation of an interdepartmental (related) system of training personnel in military specialties for the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, other troops, military formations and bodies.
Until 2005, the parameters of the military education system must be brought into line with the new tasks, the structure and size of the military organization, and the order in which officers perform military service. On the basis of the reformed universities and research organizations, it is planned to create specialized scientific and educational centers.
In 2006-2010, it is necessary to ensure the organizational, legal and economic conditions for building a new system of military education. It is about including in this system:
* military educational institutions, civilian universities that train officers on a contract basis for contract service;
* military departments at civilian universities that train reserve officers;
* institutions of additional professional education for retraining and advanced training of officers.

Improving the social security system for military personnel
According to the Federal Law "On Military Duty and Military Service", military service is a special type of federal public service. The President of the Russian Federation, the Security Council, the Ministry of Defense are doing everything possible to really increase the prestige of military service.
It must be said frankly that without a methodical and fundamental solution to the social issues of military personnel, a situation of shortage of junior and middle command personnel may develop in the future. Recently, the trend of outflow of junior officers has been reversed, but progress is still insufficient. The officer corps is the backbone of any army. Its degradation and disintegration mean the actual disintegration of the military organization of the state. The improvement of the social security system for military personnel is taking place along the following main lines:
* increase in monetary allowance;
* Improving the system of pensions for those discharged from military service;
* solution of housing problems of servicemen;
* social adaptation of former servicemen;
* Improving the system of medical care and provision.
First question - allowance. With all other moral incentives to serve the Fatherland, there is no doubt that the size of the monetary allowance of military personnel should stimulate military service. Recently, a number of measures have already been taken to increase the monetary content.
Since January 1, 2002, the amount of the monthly allowance paid to servicemen for the complexity, intensity and special regime of service has been increased from 50 to 70 percent of the salary for a military post. The corresponding categories of servicemen were paid a monthly allowance for the command (leadership) of military units and military units in the amount of 300 to 500 rubles.
Since July 1, 2002, salaries for military posts have been set at a rate not lower than the official salaries of the corresponding categories of federal civil servants; the maximum amount of the monthly allowance for length of service, calculated as a percentage of salaries for military positions and military ranks, has been increased from 40 to 70 percent. From January 1, 2003, salaries for military ranks are paid to servicemen in amounts not lower than allowances for the qualification ranks of the corresponding categories of federal civil servants.
A norm has been legislatively fixed that provides for an increase (indexation) of the size of the monetary allowance of federal civil servants, a simultaneous increase in the same proportion of the size of the monetary allowance of military personnel undergoing military service under a contract, as well as annual indexation of the monetary allowance of military personnel depending on the level of inflation. In 2003, for example, such an indexation in the amount of 11% is carried out from October 1.
Measures to introduce new, significantly increased salaries for military personnel and some additional payments are closely interconnected with the unification of the entire system of monetary allowances for military personnel in relation to the remuneration of federal civil servants, as well as with the social policy pursued by the state aimed at converting benefits in kind into monetary allowance military personnel.
The increase in the salaries of servicemen from July 1, 2002 led to the fact that at the time of its introduction, the income of servicemen increased by 1.4-1.5 times. However, it must be admitted that the real incomes of military personnel and their standard of living as a result of inflation, rising prices for electricity, housing and utilities have again decreased to the level of 2002.
Practice has shown that the measures taken and currently being implemented to increase monetary allowances have not been able to fully stop the negative processes taking place in the Armed Forces. As before, ensuring an adequate level of material support for military personnel and improving their quality of life are critical elements in maintaining the backbone of the Armed Forces - the officer corps.
Taking into account the actual level of inflation, the Ministry of Defense considers it necessary to continue the work on finding ways to increase the monetary allowance in such a way as to further and significantly increase the level of monetary allowance of military personnel in the next 3-4 years. By 2010, the level of monetary allowance in absolute terms should increase to the level of January 2002 by no less than 4 times.
It is important that the monetary allowance of the servicemen of all power components of the military organization of the state have the same initial base. The current discrepancies in the establishment of official salaries for military personnel in the Armed Forces, law enforcement agencies and government agencies negatively affect the motivation for military service. A possible difference in the level of salaries of military personnel of different power structures, which stimulates the peculiarities of military service, can only be provided by bonuses to salaries of monetary salaries paid in connection with the peculiarities of the service.
Currently, the old order of calculation is maintained. pensions for citizens discharged from military service. When calculating them, new salaries for military positions and military ranks, the size of the monthly percentage allowance for length of service, as well as the cost of food rations are taken into account. Since July 1, 2002, the size of pensions for citizens from among those dismissed from military service has increased by 1.8-1.9 times compared to the previously existing ones, and taking into account the increase in salaries for the military rank of military personnel since January 1, 2003 - by more than 2 times.
At the same time, work to improve pension provision will continue, taking into account the emergence of new realities in the system of monetary allowances for military personnel.
housing problem without exaggeration, is a key in the system of social security for military personnel.
The current system of providing housing for military personnel requires fundamental changes. First of all, it does not allow the formation of a service housing fund and even leads to its reduction. The fact is that the receipt by military personnel on dismissal of permanent housing instead of official housing in the conditions of limited possibilities of the federal budget is delayed up to 6-7 years instead of the 3 months prescribed by law. This leads to the fact that at present the fund of official housing of the Ministry of Defense is 98 thousand apartments, however, only from closed military camps about 70 thousand families are subject to resettlement to permanent apartments. In total, in order to solve the housing problem as a whole and to ensure that every person, as long as he serves in the army, is guaranteed to have a roof over his head, about 450,000 service apartments are required.
To solve the housing problem, it is necessary not only to develop and take additional measures to increase the allocations allocated to finance housing construction, but also to make a transition to a funded system of providing housing for servicemen.
It must be said frankly that these problems, which have accumulated over decades, cannot be resolved in a year or two. But the accelerated formation of a full-fledged fund of service housing, combined with the continuation of the planned for 2002-2010. the program "State Housing Certificates" and the launch of a fundamentally new accumulative system for providing housing for military personnel will provide an opportunity to get out of the apparent impasse.
By 2012-2015 it is planned to almost completely solve the problem of providing servicemen with service housing, reducing the terms for providing it to 1-3 months. In this regard, in addition to the construction of new residential premises, barracks and other buildings vacated during the planned reduction in the number of troops will be actively rebuilt into official housing.
At present, the Government of the Russian Federation has approved a plan for the preparation of regulatory legal acts and the implementation of necessary measures on the transition, starting in 2004, to a funded system of providing housing for servicemen and members of their families.
The program for the creation of a funded system for providing military housing is being developed by the Ministry of Defense in order to create a mechanism for guaranteed housing for military personnel. The program provides for the accumulation of funds on the account of a serviceman in such a way that upon reaching 20 years of service, a serviceman can purchase his own housing in an amount corresponding to social norms and in any region chosen by him for permanent residence.
If service continues for more than 20 years, the funds on the account of a serviceman will increase, which will allow him to purchase housing that exceeds the social norm in area.
The functioning of the accumulative system will ensure:
* improvement of moral and psychological climate in military collectives and families of servicemen;
* the formation of confidence among military personnel in the housing provision of their families;
* compensation for restrictions associated with military service as a special type of federal public service, associated with a risk to life;
* social justice;
* confirmation of the status of military personnel as citizens under special protection of the state.
The Ministry of Defense plans to implement other measures to social protection of military personnel. The implementation of the State program "Social adaptation of military personnel subject to dismissal from the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, other troops, military formations and bodies, and family members for 2002-2005" is being ensured. In particular, the work of the government commission on social issues of military personnel, citizens discharged from military service, and members of their families, as well as the Federal State Unitary Enterprise All-Russian Center for the Retraining of Officers Dismissed to the Reserve, of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, is aimed at this.
At present, a draft interdepartmental program “Rehabilitation of servicemen, citizens discharged from military service, and law enforcement officers injured while performing tasks in combat conditions and during counter-terrorist operations” has been developed.
Urgent measures should be taken to develop and adopt a federal targeted program for the comprehensive rehabilitation of disabled military servicemen, whose number has increased by more than 230 thousand people over the past 6 years, now reaches 800 thousand and continues to grow. The state and society are in a special debt to these people who sacrificed their health for the sake of the Motherland, peace and well-being of each of us.
Currently, a lot of work is being done to complete the transition to a new model for the construction and functioning of the medical service of the military organization of Russia as an important component of the social security of military development. It is necessary to optimize departmental medical support systems by integrating the forces and means of military medicine in the interests of protecting health and providing timely medical care to all military personnel, military pensioners and members of their families.
The essence of this model is that the medical support system of a military organization should be integrated and combined. Servicemen of the Armed Forces, other troops and military formations must undergo medical examination and treatment in single, and not subordinate hospitals, clinics, sanitary units. The system should be based on the territorial principle, when medical support units serve all military formations located on the territory of the military district.
I would like to note that the solution of social issues of military personnel is a state matter. The Armed Forces alone will not be able to lift this layer. In our opinion, these problems should be discussed without fail at meetings of the State Council in order to involve military personnel (primarily the provision of troops) and regional authorities in solving social issues.

Improving the system of education and moral and psychological support for military personnel, patriotic education of citizens of the Russian Federation
At all times, success in battle was decided not by the most advanced technology, but by people. They manage powerful equipment, the solution of the assigned tasks depends on their fighting spirit and moral strength. Therefore, the issues of educating personnel, maintaining a high level of military discipline have always been, are and will be one of the main tasks of leaders at all levels.
At the same time, it should be taken into account that Russian military construction is carried out in a complex and contradictory socio-economic, socio-political, national-demographic, criminal and religious environment.
Over the past ten years, the social portrait of the army has changed significantly. Among the young replenishment entering the military service, the educational level has significantly decreased. The state of physical and mental health has deteriorated. Pacifist and anti-army sentiments increased. Religious and national factors, the growth of child neglect and homelessness, the problems of drunkenness and drug addiction among young people are becoming increasingly important.
The criminal situation in the country has a serious impact on the personnel. The dynamics of crime in the Armed Forces is consistent with the general direction of the development of crime in Russia. Attempts to penetrate organized crime into the military environment do not stop.
However, despite the massive impact of the whole complex of objective factors that negatively affect the criminal situation in the troops, the Armed Forces continue to be one of the most law-abiding institutions of the state. The level of crime among servicemen is 2 times lower than in the Russian Federation as a whole.
However, in order to increase the effectiveness of the fight against violations of discipline in all their forms, the issue of returning to the practice of applying administrative arrest should be considered.
All this requires the improvement of the overall system of education and moral and psychological support for military personnel, patriotic education of citizens of the Russian Federation.
High fighting spirit and moral strength of servicemen do not suddenly and immediately arise. They are the result of a conscious, purposeful and systematic impact on the worldview, intellect, morality and psyche of both the whole people and individual citizens.
These qualities are not formed by a group of narrow specialists assigned specifically to educate people. They arise in the family, and then patiently nurtured, encouraged and improved by many institutions of the state, public organizations, and the media. For this cause, states that care about their national security do not spare either material or intellectual resources.
In this regard, it seems necessary at the federal level to develop and implement a program of military-political education of Russian citizens and military-political education of military personnel, which would allow each citizen to clearly understand how wars arise, are waged, what wars lead to and what they cost peoples and states. .
The world and domestic experience of military construction shows that the degree of psychological stability of the personnel, their moral readiness to conduct combat operations are an integral part and a necessary condition for the combat capability of the Armed Forces.
The morale and psychological state of the personnel of the Armed Forces as a whole ensures that the troops fulfill their tasks.
In the course of counter-terrorist operations in the North Caucasus region, officers, sergeants, and soldiers once again proved their loyalty to the Fatherland. The exploits of Russian servicemen are akin to those performed by our fathers and grandfathers during the Great Patriotic War. The Russian army has demonstrated its readiness and ability to implement the decisions taken by the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces and the leadership of the Ministry of Defense.
Sociological studies conducted in 2003 show that over 87% of officers support the measures taken in the field of military development, about 80% show a desire to improve their professional skills, more than 70% are confident in their colleagues.
At present, within the framework of the program approved by the President of the Russian Federation, the transition of the Armed Forces, other troops, military formations and bodies to a unified system of military education is being carried out.
The main attention in improving the system of education of military personnel is given to the implementation of state measures to maintain the moral and psychological state of military personnel at a level that meets modern requirements for ensuring the military security of the Russian Federation. In this regard, on the basis of domestic and foreign developments, it is necessary to develop and implement measures to strengthen the moral and psychological training of personnel for conducting modern armed struggle. To this end, it is necessary to carry out a cycle of scientific research and a number of special projects.
For the purpose of practical implementation of continuous monitoring of social processes in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, analysis of the problems of the socio-economic and legal status of military personnel, civilian personnel and members of their families, assessment of the moral and psychological state of various categories of military personnel, as well as prompt informing the highest bodies of state and military administration on the nature and dynamics of public opinion in the troops (forces) the military-sociological support of the activities of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation is carried out.
The task has been set and is being carried out - by 2005 to optimize and unify the composition and structure of educational work bodies and information structures of federal executive bodies with troops and military units, to strengthen their organizational and methodological strengthening.
The system of education and moral and psychological support of military personnel will make it possible to form in the personnel the necessary moral qualities, moral motivation of behavior in battle, readiness and ability to successfully fulfill the assigned tasks in the course of hostilities, will make it possible to achieve high combat activity of the personnel of formations and units, their ability endure high neuro-psychological stress and maintain combat readiness when performing combat missions.
Ensuring Russia's national security and modernizing its Armed Forces is impossible without purposeful, long-term military-patriotic work among citizens, primarily young people.
It should be noted that the work on the military-patriotic education of young people has been practically curtailed in recent years, the number of conscripts involved in military-applied sports has decreased. According to research conducted by the Russian Academy of Management, the words "patriot", "patriotism" in the public mind began to acquire a negative connotation. If in 1987 93% of the respondents considered themselves patriots of their Fatherland, today only 23% consider themselves patriots. These sentiments are most clearly manifested when citizens are called up for military service. Many young men of draft age try by all means to evade the fulfillment of the constitutional obligation to defend the Motherland.
Omissions and mistakes in the nationwide work of military-patriotic education are paid for not only by the decline in the prestige of military service. The vacuum formed in the upbringing of young people, pre-conscription youth, is being filled by extremist and even fascist organizations with their influence. The reorientation of moral principles, the erosion of the patriotic consciousness of citizens have led to the fact that in recent years more and more conscripts come to serve in the army and navy, who have served their sentences in places of deprivation of liberty, who are registered with the internal affairs bodies for various offenses, who systematically consume alcohol and drugs. If the troops have nuclear missiles and weapons of increased danger, such phenomena can lead to extremely dangerous consequences.
Against the background of a general deterioration in the health of conscripts, the collapse of the system of physical education of young men continues. We have already begun to forget that in the recent past there were such sports complexes as “Ready for Labor and Defense” and “Ready for the Defense of the Motherland”. With all their shortcomings, one cannot but recognize their significant influence on the physical development of young people. If earlier stadiums and sports grounds were filled with young people for sports, now many of them have turned into clothing markets. The sports base of educational institutions is very far from perfection, control checks of the physical fitness of conscripts are not carried out, and in fact there are no criteria for its objective generalized assessment.
Particular attention is drawn to the problem of homeless and neglected children. This is a bitter sign of our times. Solving this problem is the state's top priority, and the Ministry of Defense does not stand aside from it.
Only now, a decade later, when we have practically lost a whole generation, society is beginning to understand to some extent the perniciousness of the actual rejection of the purposeful military-patriotic education of the population, the loss of the system for preparing young people to defend the Fatherland.
There are already positive developments. Thus, over the past few years, high school students have been training under the program of the basics of military service on the basis of military units of the Moscow garrison and the Moscow military district.
Museums of military glory have resumed their activities in educational institutions in many cities of Russia. It has become a good tradition to hold sports contests for pre-conscription youth, the “Sons of the Fatherland” competition. However, this is clearly not enough.
Military-patriotic education of the population should become a priority task of the state and society, an essential component of the preparation of Russian citizens for military service and the defense of the Fatherland. The state program "Patriotic Education of Citizens of the Russian Federation for 2001-2005" is aimed at solving this problem.
The formation of a positive public opinion about the role and place of the military organization in the life of society, ensuring the defense of the country and the security of the state, the revival of Russia, and the strengthening of its international authority should be considered a priority in state policy.
Authorities at all levels can and should provide all possible support to veteran, military-patriotic, military-sports, youth and children's associations and clubs, which, through their daily and not always noticeable work, make an invaluable contribution to the formation of a nation of patriots.
An important role in preparing young people for military service should be played by initial military training in educational institutions.
Until 2005, it is necessary to restore the practice of military-patriotic education of citizens and their preparation for military service in educational institutions, enterprises, organizations and institutions of all forms of ownership.
Further improvement of the system of training citizens in military specialties in the ROSTO system, educational institutions of primary vocational, secondary vocational education and public associations is ahead.
It is necessary to further search for forms and methods of more active involvement in the military-patriotic work of all types of mass media, the revival of the Russian historical tradition of heroic-patriotic education in literature, art and culture. The broad participation of Russia's intellectual elite in this noble work will become a vivid example of service to one's people, a guarantee of success in a matter of national importance.
It will be necessary to optimize and unify the composition and structure of the educational work bodies and information structures of the federal executive bodies that have troops and military formations, to strengthen their organizational and methodological strengthening.

TOPICAL ISSUES OF EDUCATION OF THE PERSONNEL OF THE ARMED FORCES OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

Introduction.

1. Information and educational work.

2. Military discipline and ways to strengthen it.

3. Legal and social protection of subordinates is the basis for the education of military personnel.

4. Military etiquette and culture of communication among servicemen.

Conclusion.

Literature.

INTRODUCTION

In the traditions of the Russian armed forces, the commander for his subordinates has always been not only a boss, but also a senior comrade, mentor and educator. A special role was assigned to education, because with all the understanding of the importance of the professionalism of a soldier, his special and physical training, the spiritual component of the personality of a soldier and sailor, the state of mind of military teams was of paramount importance to Russian military leaders.

In accordance with the guiding documents, the system of educational work with all categories of servicemen and civilian personnel, and members of their families is the most important means of building a healthy morale of the troops (forces), a component of the development, training and use of the Armed Forces. Therefore, the Minister of Defense demands to ensure the unity and consistency of participation in the educational work of all military command and control bodies, and from commanders (chiefs) of all levels - to consider the education of personnel one of the priority areas of official activity. At the same time, each officer, ensign and midshipman is responsible for the results of educational work with subordinates.

1. INFORMATION AND EDUCATIONAL WORK

The events taking place in the world and the country convincingly testify to the growing role of information in the life and activities of every person and society as a whole. In the National Security Concept of the Russian Federation, the national interests of Russia in the information sphere are singled out in a separate direction and include such issues as the protection of national spiritual values, the promotion of the national cultural heritage, morality and public morality, ensuring the right of citizens to receive reliable information, etc. The stability of our society, the present and future of the Russian Federation most directly depend on the quality of the solution of these issues.

The Armed Forces of the Russian Federation today face the same problems as society as a whole. Therefore, the most important role in modern military construction, along with the solution of conceptual scientific-theoretical, operational, economic, personnel and other “surveys, is given to information work. This area of ​​activity of military administration bodies, educational work, commanders and chiefs of all levels in modern conditions is the most important component of educational work with the personnel of the army and navy.

Information and educational work as a factor in the combat readiness of troops

Information and educational work has always been one of the most significant areas in the training of troops, since it is precisely this that has largely determined and continues to determine the morale of formations and units.

At present, information work is becoming an increasingly powerful factor in ensuring the combat readiness of troops, increasing the moral and psychological stability of personnel, a proven means of forming a state-patriotic position among military personnel, a sense of duty, professionalism and strict adherence to the best traditions of the Russian army and navy.

For an experienced commander, it is quite obvious that the quality of the tasks performed by his subordinates largely depends on their attitude, conviction in the need to defend the Motherland, readiness for self-sacrifice in the name of the Fatherland. This is due to the assimilation by each serviceman of the values ​​and interests of the state and society, the formation of their views in the field of state development and military construction, awareness of a potential enemy, and many others.

That is why, when organizing information work, one must be fully aware of its versatility and ever-increasing importance both in all spheres of the daily life of army and navy teams, and in the course of combat operations.

Goals and objectives of information work

Information work is understood as the purposeful integrated use by military command and control bodies, military media, officers and ensigns of means and methods of information impact on personnel in order to successfully solve the tasks facing the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

The main goal is to help strengthen the conviction of soldiers in the need and importance of armed defense of the Fatherland, to form in each soldier a sense of responsibility for the fate of the army and navy, to maintain high combat readiness, military discipline and law and order.

Information work during combat training

Combat training is an essential component of the life of the Armed Forces. The study by personnel of weapons and military equipment, methods of conducting armed struggle, the formation of military professionalism among soldiers, the transfer of military-special knowledge and skills of practical actions to them in accordance with the specifics of a given unit and unit are inextricably linked with the development of their worldview, their mastering of historical experience and military traditions of the Russian army and navy, the formation of moral, psychological and combat qualities. That is, with the education of the personality of a serviceman, an armed defender of the Fatherland.

In the course of the classes, all educational material should be considered through the prism of military development problems, explain to the personnel the goals and expected results of the steps taken by the state in order to strengthen the country's defense, develop the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, and, if necessary, connect it with the foreign policy tasks of Russia, its national goals and interests. The whole complex of tasks solved in the course of combat training must be closely linked to the problems facing the given formation, unit and subunit, correlated with their specifics and the tasks being performed.

It should be constantly remembered that in such classes there cannot and should not be secondary information. All the information work of officers and ensigns should help to increase the professionalism of each soldier, his confidence in his capabilities, in his comrades, in weapons and military equipment. It should have a positive effect on improving the coherence and combat skills of crews, crews and subunits and, ultimately, on the combat readiness of units and formations.

Public-state training is the most important form of information and educational work

Public-state training (OPT) plays a key role in information and educational work. It has a clear structure, has a substantial depth and great potential for influencing the consciousness of personnel. The goal of public and state training is to develop readiness for the defense of the Fatherland, fidelity to military duty, discipline, responsibility and pride in belonging to the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, as well as improving the psychological, pedagogical and legal knowledge of military personnel.

In comparison with other types of information impact, public-state training has the most developed educational and methodological base, it allows convincingly and thoroughly to bring to the attention of military personnel issues of state policy, national history, law, etc.

It is the most effective channel for military personnel to obtain a system of knowledge that contributes to the formation in soldiers of a sense of honor and dignity, national pride, responsibility for the fate of their people, conviction in the need to firmly defend the interests of the Russian Federation, that is, everything that underlies the worldview of the defender Fatherland.

Informing

Another effective form of information support for tasks performed by the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation is informing personnel.

Informing soldiers, sailors, sergeants and foremen serving on conscription is organized 2 times a week for 30 minutes; warrant officers (midshipmen), cadets (listeners) of military educational institutions - once a week for 1 hour; officers - 2 times a month for 1 hour; civilian personnel, family members of military personnel - At least 1 time per month.

Thus, informing, being an operational form, makes it possible to timely explain the measures taken by state bodies for military construction, strengthening the country's defense capability, ensuring the security of Russian society, etc.; the facts of the successful fulfillment of the tasks facing the army and navy, specific formations and units; orders and directives of the Minister of Defense, commanders and chiefs.

Information work is the constant concern of the commander

Along with the above forms, in the interests of information support for increasing the combat readiness of formations and units, the constant concern for strengthening military discipline and the law of order in military collectives, cultural and leisure work with personnel should be used. First of all, we mean themed evenings, oral magazines, quizzes, amateur performances and much more. We are talking about those measures in which the troops have accumulated considerable experience. Their creative use makes it possible to make information and educational work not only more diverse, but also increases its effectiveness, makes the information offered to soldiers more convincing, and helps to comprehend it more deeply.

In addition to the listed forms of information and educational work aimed at solving the problems of combat training and combat duty, other methods of informational influence on personnel should be used. Thus, wall printing can play an important role in the life of a military team. Various forms of its use make it possible to influence the mood of military personnel, contribute to the formation of a certain attitude of soldiers to the successes and misconduct of colleagues, provide an opportunity for informational influence on the consciousness and feelings of subordinates in the interests of increasing the combat readiness of units, strengthening law and order and military discipline. However, in some divisions, the importance of wall printing is sometimes underestimated. Under these conditions, the task of officers and ensigns is to turn this work from a necessary formality into a significant help in information and educational work. This requires a creative approach to it, a correct assessment and awareness by the commander of all the possibilities of means of visual operational information.

2. MILITARY DISCIPLINE AND WAYS TO STRENGTHEN IT

Strengthening military discipline is a task that the commander solves every day. It consists in ensuring compliance with the statutory norms of behavior by subordinates; organization of service and combat training of personnel in full compliance with the requirements of charters and other governing documents; creating conditions stimulating the manifestation of discipline by each soldier and military team.

By implementing the statutory norms of behavior for military personnel, the commander gets the opportunity to efficiently and effectively solve the tasks of training and educating personnel and successfully conduct combat operations in wartime.

The essence and functions of military discipline

The maintenance and improvement of military discipline is based on a number of statutory provisions that determine what military order should be in a military unit and how it is ensured.

In the Disciplinary Charter of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, discipline is defined as "strict and precise observance by all military personnel of the order and rules established by laws, military regulations and orders of commanders (chiefs)". This means that the starting point both in understanding discipline and in ensuring it are the rules of conduct for servicemen. Discipline starts with rules. Without them, there is no discipline. Their necessity, inviolability and obligatory fulfillment must be realized by every serviceman. At the same time, thanks to the activities of the commanders, the specific situation of the military collective, practical experience is acquired and the habit of order is formed, which is determined by these rules. Discipline exists only where clear rules of action and relationships are in place and properly enforced. There are virtually no rules; if they are not clearly defined, if the servicemen do not know them, misinterpret or ignore them, taking advantage of the lack of control connivance.

Military discipline performs important functions in the life and work of the unit and each soldier. Firstly, it guarantees "respect for the individual, national dignity, social and legal protection of a serviceman." Discipline allows a warrior "to be confident in the inviolability of his person, respect for his honor." It creates a healthy psychological climate in the unit, in which each soldier feels comfortable, can fully concentrate on improving combat skills and solving official tasks. Secondly, discipline provides (high controllability of the unit and thereby determines its combat capabilities. Thirdly, discipline makes it possible to use time, weapons, material resources and human resources with the greatest efficiency to solve problems in peacetime and in battle.

Work to strengthen military discipline

The required state of military discipline in the unit is achieved by the efforts of the commander, aimed at solving the following specific tasks:

the formation of moral and combat qualities in military personnel necessary for the successful fulfillment of the tasks facing the Armed Forces, including self-esteem, a sense of personal responsibility for the fulfillment of their duties and the requirements of military regulations and readiness to unquestioningly carry out orders and orders of commanders (chiefs);

clear organization of combat training and maintenance of the statutory internal order and daily routine in the subunit;

constant concern for subordinates, the creation and improvement in the unit of material and living conditions conducive to the disciplined behavior of personnel.

Solving these tasks, the commander must be demanding of his subordinates, monitor their observance of the statutory rules and the implementation of the orders received, applying, if necessary, measures of persuasion, coercion and public influence, fairly encouraging the worthy and exacting from the negligent.

Reliable discipline and order in a subunit are the result of the joint efforts of each serviceman individually and of the team as a whole. They depend on the command of the unit, as well as on the preparedness and responsibility of junior commanders, the quality of service as a daily duty, and the work of public organizations. And the more effective the activity of all the listed subjects, the higher the mutual understanding between them and the closer their interaction, the stronger the military discipline and the statutory order in this unit, the higher the organization.

Conditions for maintaining the statutory order

The commander effectively copes with the task entrusted to him of maintaining a firm statutory order among his subordinates, if he manages to comply with a number of necessary conditions.

One of the most important conditions is his personal discipline. The discipline of the unit begins with the discipline of the commander, so it is reasonable to start any disciplinary measure with yourself. First of all, a young soldier needs to form in his mind the image of a disciplined soldier, and this is difficult to do without an authoritative, respected person in front of him, who exemplarily observes laws, regulations, military traditions and orders from superiors.

The commander's personal discipline is a kind of launching pad for the effective performance of disciplinary functions. A commander who has allowed personal indiscipline, who has lost the authority of a fair and demanding boss in the eyes of his subordinates, actually loses his disciplinary power over them. To inspire the thought “do what I say, not what I do” is a waste of time.

The personal discipline of a commander has two components. The first is the impeccable observance of the general duties of military personnel, that is, those disciplinary norms that equally apply to everyone - both superiors and subordinates. The second is the discipline of power, which means the prevention of any abuse of the granted power, the legitimacy and fairness of the demands made by subordinates.

If the demands of the boss are arbitrary, capricious, self-serving, do not agree with the provisions of laws and regulations, they cannot form the basis of work to strengthen discipline, since they are contrary to its spirit. The boss who makes such demands is himself a violator of discipline and may be subject to disciplinary and even criminal liability.

Another condition is the commander's managerial art: the ability to manage, order, set tasks. Reasonable and correct decisions can be made by the commander who has studied military affairs well, has deep theoretical knowledge and practical experience in solving the tasks facing the subunit and unit. At the same time, it is necessary to firmly know the functional duties of subordinates and the moral and psychological capabilities of their unit. Commanding art also includes the ability to specify the task of each officer of the unit. The correct setting of tasks for subordinates implies the ability of the commander to take the point of view of the performer. The art of a commander is unthinkable without the ability to achieve rigorous and precise execution of one's orders, the orders of the higher command.

An important condition in the work to strengthen military discipline is reliance on the positive. A sensitive attitude, timely and adequate response to manifestations of high discipline by subordinates is necessary. So; for example, the actions of an ordinary soldier, aimed at preventing misconduct on the part of his colleagues, deserve approval and encouragement. The personal contribution of warriors to maintaining and restoring order is a very valuable manifestation of discipline. The requirements of military regulations are also aimed at this; all military personnel are required to “assist commanders (chiefs) in maintaining order and discipline” (Article 16 of the Internal Service Regulations; Article 8 of the Disciplinary Regulations).

Self-study and a deep knowledge of the statutes, a caring attitude towards one's appearance, and the maintenance of weapons, equipment, and property in exemplary order should also be encouraged. The attentive attitude of the commander to such facts makes it possible to achieve great results in the education of subordinates. Also important is the active public reaction to individual manifestations of discipline, and even more so to the facts of violation of the statutory norms.

One of the most difficult areas in strengthening discipline is the fight against hazing in all its manifestations. Military discipline, while "hazing" has not yet been eliminated, is actually being built in a competitive environment. “Hazing” is also a kind of “order” that can be characterized as “anti-discipline”, since it also has its own “rules” and “traditions”. The negative potential of these “rules” and “traditions” is directed primarily against personal dignity military personnel, against military partnership. This creates serious problems in solving the tasks facing the subunit and unit, as it destroys the military team, undermines the very foundations of military discipline. "and other violations of discipline for rooting in the military team.

Military traditions are an important disciplinary mechanism in the team. They reflect experience, examples of exemplary discipline that have taken place in military history. In everyday conditions, people behave most often as prescribed by tradition. However, not all traditions are morally healthy and useful for the cause of discipline. Therefore, it is necessary to maintain and develop positive traditions and create the preconditions for the rejection of negative traditions.

3. LEGAL AND SOCIAL PROTECTION OF SUBJECTS - THE BASIS OF EDUCATION OF MILITARY SERVICEMEN

A person's attitude to the performance of his official duties is largely determined by material and living conditions, the level of social and legal protection. In the army, due to the specifics of military service, the consequences of an insufficiently effective solution of these issues are especially acute, they are perceived by people most painfully. Insufficient social and legal protection has an extremely negative impact on the moral and psychological mood of military personnel, their attitude to the performance of official duties. This circumstance imposes increased demands on the activities of commanders (chiefs), all officers and warrant officers who have subordinates, to ensure and protect the rights of the personnel entrusted to them. The famous Russian general A.A. Brusilov noted: "I make the care of the soldier the first duty of all commanding persons."

Ensuring the social and legal protection of military personnel is one of the most important duties of commanders (chiefs) of all ranks. This is determined by laws, military regulations and is a necessary and essential factor in the education of personnel, strengthening the moral and psychological state of military personnel, and increasing the combat readiness and combat capability of troops.

The activity of military command and control bodies, officials to ensure the legal and social protection of military personnel was called "military social work."

Regulatory framework for legal and social protection of military personnel

The fundamental document of military social work is the Constitution of the Russian Federation. Article 7 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation contains one of the most important principles of a modern democratic state, according to which the creation of conditions that ensure a decent life and free development of a person is not a purely personal matter of the citizen himself, it is elevated to the rank of a nationwide policy.

In accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation, in order to ensure the social protection of military personnel in our country, a significant number of legal acts on social security, rights and benefits of military personnel have been developed and adopted in recent years. The main among them are the laws “On the status of military personnel”, “On military duty and military service”, “On pension provision for persons who have served in the military, served in internal affairs bodies, and their families”, “On additional guarantees and compensations for military personnel undergoing military service in the territories of the states of the Transcaucasus, the Baltic states and in the Republic of Tajikistan, as well as performing tasks in a state of emergency and armed conflicts”, “On Veterans”, “On Compulsory State Insurance of Life and Health of Military Personnel, Citizens Called for Military Training, Individuals and the commanding staff of the internal affairs bodies of the Russian Federation and employees of federal tax police bodies.

In pursuance of these legislative acts, more than 50 Decrees of the President of the Russian Federation, resolutions of the Government of the Russian Federation and other documents specifying and concretizing the rights and benefits of military personnel and establishing the procedure for their provision have been adopted.

The created legislative base is the basis for carrying out work on the social protection of a person in military uniform.

An important moment in the legislative practice of our state was the legislative definition of the status of military personnel. This concept includes the totality of the rights, freedoms and obligations of citizens in military service, as well as those transferred to the reserve, determined by law. An integral part of this legislative package are benefits that compensate military personnel for restrictions on certain general civil rights and freedoms due to the peculiarities of military service. Benefits for military personnel are understood to mean the rights and benefits of a different nature provided for by federal legislation, as well as exemption (full or partial) from duties established by the state for other categories of citizens of the Russian Federation.

A system of judicial protection of the rights of servicemen has been created. Prior to the adoption of the Law of the Russian Federation “On Appeal to the Court of Actions and Decisions Violating the Rights and Freedoms of Citizens” of April 27, 1993, and the subsequent clarifications of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of December 21, 1993, military personnel were the least protected category of citizens in legal terms. They could file complaints against the actions of military officials that infringe on their rights, only on command in the order of subordination. The elimination of this provision has significantly expanded the possibilities for legal protection of servicemen.

Thus, the legislation of the Russian Federation is primarily aimed at improving the social security of military personnel, increasing the stability of their social status, and maintaining a significant part of the rights and benefits after dismissal from military service.

On the one hand, knowing their rights well, servicemen feel more confident in defending their interests, they have the opportunity to demand that their rights and benefits be respected from the relevant bodies and officials. On the other hand, knowledge of the law by officials who are charged with the implementation of this legislation also significantly increases the guarantees of social security for servicemen. Very often, it is in the insufficient legal training of both commanders and superiors, and subordinates that the causes of many social problems of military personnel are rooted. The commander (chief), no matter what position he holds, must act as a professional executor of the legislation on the social protection of military personnel, a specialist who knows the methods and rules for exercising the legal rights of subordinates, and has the appropriate skills to implement regulations on these issues.

4. MILITARY ETIQUET AND CULTURE OF COMMUNICATION OF THE MILITARY

The appeal to the problems of etiquette is far from accidental. The culture of relationships with people, the ability to instill in subordinates the rules of conduct determine the face of a modern commander. Experience shows that success in both business and professional activities of any person depends on this.

Knowledge of the rules of etiquette helps the commander to conduct educational work competently and actively, interestingly and skillfully manage heated discussions, quickly resolve conflict situations in military teams, and be an example of behavior for subordinates in the service and at home. A high culture of human relationships is an inalienable quality of a Russian officer.

Compliance with the requirements of etiquette does not negate fair exactingness and adherence to principles. Etiquette is organically combined with the high professionalism of an officer, the unity of word and deed, military bearing, accuracy and accuracy. It contributes to the approval of the statutory, i.e. imbued with respect for the personal dignity of subordinates, relations. At the same time, etiquette resolutely rejects rudeness, tactlessness, foul language, arrogance, carelessness, undemanding, indifference to the needs and concerns of people, and therefore eliminates the breeding ground for disorder and disorganization.

The concept and structure of military etiquette

Military etiquette is a set of rules, norms and manners of behavior of military personnel generally accepted and established in the army in all areas of their activity. The basic requirements of military etiquette are set out in the general military regulations of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. In accordance with other areas of human communication (family, everyday life, intimate relationships, etc.), the corresponding types of etiquette can also be distinguished. The above classification is very conditional, since a serviceman is the bearer of various types of etiquette at the same time and must know the basic requirements of those that he encounters in military activities and everyday life.

Thus, military etiquette is part of the spiritual culture of military personnel. It is a system of rules of conduct and communication in various areas of service and non-service activities, historically established and legally enshrined in general military regulations and other documents.

The study of the requirements of military etiquette should begin with an understanding of its structure. In textbooks, you can find the concepts of "speech" and "non-speech" etiquette. Indeed, a soldier is largely judged by the way he expresses his thoughts. Moreover, speech can be either oral or written. There are etiquette requirements for reporting to the boss and speaking at a meeting, public lecture or conversation with friends, talking in person or on the phone. It is equally important to properly prepare a memo or report, draw up a report, write a personal letter. It also has its own characteristics. All of them are included in the concept of "speech etiquette". He, in turn, defines one of the facets of the culture of communication. The volume of voice, tonality, selection of vocabulary in a given situation clearly demonstrate the level of communication culture.

Non-speech etiquette also plays a very important role for a soldier. Correct and beautiful movements, gestures, facial expressions, even a look - all this is also taken into account when assessing the culture of communication of a serviceman. With regard to the military greeting, the Military Regulations formulate the requirements of non-speech etiquette as follows: “The military greeting is performed clearly and valiantly, with strict observance of the rules of combat stance and movement” (Article 60). These rules further instruct the soldier on how to proceed in performing the military salute in various situations. This division clearly shows that for etiquette it is equally important how a person speaks (writes) and how he moves.

Military etiquette is a set of rules of conduct based on the principles of army morality, regulations and traditions of the Armed Forces. These rules cover official and off-duty relationships of soldiers, forms of their address to each other, rituals, attitude towards the civilian population. Such concepts as politeness, tact, modesty, good breeding are close to etiquette. Politeness is, in fact, the basis of etiquette, representing the observance of the basic rules of decency. Tact (or tact) is the ability to choose the manner of behavior that best suits the situation. Modesty is a style of polite behavior in which a person does not seek to draw attention to his personality. Good manners is understood as the presence of stable skills of tactful behavior. All this taken together determines the culture of communication of a serviceman.

The requirements of military regulations are inextricably linked with the morality of a warrior and the requirements of military etiquette. The charter requires a serviceman to be brave, disciplined, honest, diligent, vigilant soldier, to value military camaraderie, etc. (Charter of the internal service, article 13). Etiquette shows in what forms these qualities should be manifested in various situations.

The behavior of a person in military uniform is the external side by which those around him to a large extent judge the reliability, inner strength and moral qualities of the army. The mother looks at the military man, thinking that soon her son will become like that. The veteran, looking at the young man in uniform, recalls the years of his service in the Armed Forces, compares and draws conclusions. Foreign guests meticulously assess the appearance and behavior of the representatives of the army that won so many glorious victories. Etiquette is important for a soldier in all areas of human communication: in official activities, in public places and in the family.

Nowadays, the basic etiquette norms for military personnel are laid down in the general military charters of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. The general rule is formulated in Article 64 of the Charter of the Internal Service: “Servicemen must constantly serve as an example of high culture, modesty and restraint, sacredly observe military honor, protect their dignity and respect the dignity of others ... Relationships between servicemen are built on the basis of mutual respect.” Concerned about the high culture of relations between servicemen, the commander must always proceed from the fact that it is based on a solid legal basis. The statutes prescribe to us models of relationships that correspond to the modern principles of communication between people in the conditions of a military organization.

The commander must first of all act as an example for his subordinates. This is especially true of the culture of communication in all its manifestations: demeanor, dress code, style of giving orders, and so on. The desire to be close to people is commendable, but flirting with them is unacceptable. The commander's trust in his subordinates is highly valued, but the shifting of functional duties onto the shoulders of subordinates is sharply condemned. The benevolence of the commander should not develop into familiarity and inappropriate “poking”.

Compliance with the requirements of etiquette allows each soldier to feel like a member of a single team, to feel pride in belonging to it, to better realize their capabilities. The Charter prescribes that all military personnel address each other with “you” on matters of service, prefixing the appeal with the word “comrade”. In other situations, military personnel who know each other well and, as a rule, are equal in military ranks and positions, may address each other as “you”.

The most valuable quality of a commander is to be able to organize people, to arouse their enthusiasm for the fulfillment of the assigned task. And this can only be achieved by developing all the best that is in people, recognizing their merits and encouraging them for diligence.

Behavior at home

Etiquette dictates that a soldier be precise. Therefore, the technical attribute of his etiquette must be a watch. It is important that they are sufficiently discreet, with good visibility in various conditions.

Compliance with the requirements of household etiquette is often directly related to maintaining the health of a soldier. It is unacceptable to share dangerous and safety razors, sewing needles, etc. This kind of "mutual assistance" can be fraught with the most sad consequences for health.

Often violation of etiquette requirements is associated with smoking. The general rule here is this: smoking should not cause even hidden irritation of colleagues. This means: do not smoke in office premises, on the go (smoking next to a non-smoking woman is especially unacceptable), choose for smoking only those places where smoking is allowed. When smoking, you need to monitor your behavior. It is unacceptable to greet not only bosses, but also just acquaintances, holding a cigarette in your mouth. By the way, the Charter of the internal service states (Article 17) that a serviceman "must ... refrain from bad habits (smoking and drinking)".

Culture of speech and appearance

An important element of culture is the culture of speech of a serviceman. It is unacceptable for the army team to turn into a kind of "school of slander". Meanwhile, foul language is often a scourge in military units.

Another important component of office etiquette, and not only office etiquette, is taking care of your appearance. An elegant appearance is evidence of a person's respect for himself and those around him. And, on the contrary, slovenliness in clothes, hair, etc. is an indicator of the lack of business and moral qualities necessary in the modern world. Those who believe that only a beautiful military uniform will make others respect them are deeply mistaken. The ability to behave is essential. And it is very difficult to rely here on only one separate element: clothes, the ability to speak or move gracefully.

Life is diverse in its manifestations. A soldier is faced with situations that are difficult to foresee in advance. Therefore, it is impossible to prescribe rules of conduct for every case. There is one general principle that almost always helps: remember your own honor and give credit to the dignity of others.

CONCLUSION

The systemic nature of education in a subunit and unit (on a ship) is manifested in the purposeful, organizationally formalized interaction of all members of the military team, regulated by the current legislation, pedagogical principles and aimed at ensuring the successful solution of the tasks of military service. In a narrow sense, education is seen as a process of systematic influence of a commander on a subordinate in the interests of instilling in him qualities that correspond to educational goals and objectives. This definition covers the very essence of the process of education as a unity of activity, on the one hand, commanders who carry out a system of pedagogical influences on the consciousness, feelings, will of a warrior, and on the other hand, subordinates who actively respond to these influences.

For a qualitative solution of the problems of educating subordinates to the commander, who is a key figure in this process, knowledge is needed in various fields of science, and above all in pedagogy and psychology, as well as life and service experience.

At the same time, the commander should concentrate his main efforts on such areas of educational work as information, social and legal, strengthening military discipline, law and order, and some others.

Success in solving these problems largely depends on the ability of officers and ensigns to work with people, on their ability to rally their subordinates into a friendly team of like-minded people, to educate patriots who fulfill their military duty to the end.

Only purposeful systematic educational work gives commanders the opportunity to maintain a high level of morale and psychological state of military collectives, and allows them to successfully solve the tasks facing subunits, units and ships.

Literature

1. Arzamaskin Yu.N., Bublik L.A. "Moral and psychological support in the armed forces of Russia" - M.: VU, 2002.

2. "On the organization of public-state training of personnel of the Armed Forces": Order of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation N 250 of May 8, 1993, M., 1993.

3. Thistle A. A. "Information support of educational work in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation." – M.: VU, 1999.

4. Military psychology and pedagogy: Textbook / Ed. P.A. Korchemny, L.G. Lapteva, V.G. Mikhailovsky. – M.: Perfection, 1998.

5. "Method of organizing information and educational work in the regiment (on the ship)". – M.: GUVR, 2000.

6. Order No. 235 of June 17, 1997 “On improving the system of educational work in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation”