1. To ensure safety during firing, the head of combat artillery firing is OBLIGED:
Apply the most accurate ways to determine installations;
Assign projectiles and charges that provide the least dispersion;
When performing a fire mission, avoid switching from one charge to another and firing different batches of charges;
Start zeroing in on the target with the expectation of getting a flight and bringing gaps closer to the target from the enemy;
Conduct continuous monitoring of the shooting.
2. Shooting to kill without sighting in when determining the settings by the method of full preparation, using the data of the sighting gun and transferring fire from the benchmark (target) is allowed to be carried out at targets located no closer than 1000 m from the CNP (command observation post)
UNLOADING THE ARTILLERY MUST BE PERFORMED ONLY BY A SHOT!
3. When working with the tool, IT IS FORBIDDEN:
Be in the range of recoil units and in front of the loaded gun;
Fasten the wheels of the implement with beams (logs) from the side of the beds.
4. When handling ammunition, IT IS FORBIDDEN:
Store ammunition in ditches for calculations;
Disassemble ammunition;
Hit the fuses and ignition devices, as well as hit the ammunition one against the other;
Transfer shots and their elements stacked one on top of the other;
Carry ammunition in a faulty closure;
Smoking or making fires in the area of the ammunition work area;
Use ammunition that is faulty or not provided for by the firing tables for this system, as well as ammunition:
a) without marking;
b) with traces of rust, bumps, soot,
c) with erased markings that do not allow to establish their belonging to
batches of shots available at the firing position.
Drop shells, hit their head on the breech, gun carriage;
Make combinations of packages and additional beams of gunpowder that are not provided for by the shooting rules;
Gunpowder openly at the guns or use them for other purposes;
Transport loaded guns.
5. In the course of live artillery firing, it is FORBIDDEN to: Fire:
From faulty weapons;
From guns without the installation of limiters for dangerous directions and firing ranges;
From direct fire guns on top of their units and in close proximity to them;
Live projectiles from guns, in the muzzle brake of which devices for firing blank shots are inserted;
After sticking the gun barrel into the ground;
Beyond dangerous firing directions;
At elevation angles, the smallest and greater than the largest, than provided for this system;
Upon receipt of a general signal for a ceasefire;
By dugouts (regardless of whether people are in it or not), towers, trigopoints;
When raising the white flag at the checkpoint (shelters, dugouts);
Through settlements, high voltage lines, railways, highways and dirt roads (not closed to traffic during shooting);
In the absence of officers at the OP (firing position).
1. Touch discovered unexploded ordnance, mines, fuses, tubes, charges, imitations and other explosive items;
Load the gun with live and blank shots without a command;
Burn the remaining bundles of gunpowder;
Leave the gun (with a heated barrel) loaded for more than three minutes. At tactical, tactical drill exercises and tactical exercises it is prohibited:
To transport personnel, equipment on unequipped vehicles, platforms, wagons and ships, and ammunition, explosives and other dangerous items, in addition, in common columns of units and subunits together with personnel;
Move by radio vehicles with high-raised antennas through settlements and under transmission lines;
At halts (stops), personnel should go to the left side of the road, be between cars and rest under them;
Start the engine and move off without a thorough inspection of the surrounding area, smoke near vehicles with ammunition, combustibles and explosives.
2. When carrying out live firing, the requirements of paragraph security measures provided for in the Manual for the Service of Training Centers, Shooting Courses of the Armed Forces should be observed.
In addition, it is PROHIBITED:
Position control points from the average projectile path closer than:
Barrel artillery - 500m,
Rocket artillery - 800-1000m;
Designate movement routes for subunits closer than 300-500m from closed OP firing batteries;
To fire from guns and mortars without setting limits on dangerous directions and firing ranges;
Reinforce blank cartridges, artillery shots, explosives, lighting and signal cartridges, throw them at the location of units, as well as in the direction of flammable objects;
Touch and pick up shells, mines, explosives, fuses, explosive charges (explosive) and disassemble them, pick up items contaminated with educational recipes for simulating enemy poisonous substances;
Deploy radio stations closer than 100m from high-voltage lines;
To simulate a nuclear explosion with service simulators at a distance closer than 250m, from personnel, artillery fire - explosive charges - closer than 100m;
Burn imitation smoke grenades and detonate imitation grenades closer than 50m from personnel and flammable materials;
Use faulty imitation equipment, demolition machines and other devices, explode explosive charges of imitation grenades and other ammunition in populated areas, rivers and reservoirs;
To carry out weeding, cutting of afforestation;
3. In order to prevent fires, IT IS FORBIDDEN:
Shoot near wooden buildings and other flammable objects, as well as place military equipment near them;
Undermine imitation means, make fires in populated areas, in a forest with dried vegetation, smoke near explosive and flammable substances and materials, and also use devices with uninsulated fire for lighting (oil lamps, candles, etc.)
WHEN OPERATING AT NIGHT AND UNDER SPECIAL CONDITIONS IT IS NECESSARY TO:
a) at night and in conditions of limited visibility, mark areas in the dark
(sites) simulations; have on combat vehicles, guns, vehicles and
other equipment, signs of the established sample, visible in the dark,
b) in the forest:
Organize reconnaissance of the area in order to safely overcome forests, wetlands in peat bogs and mark dangerous places with pointers for the advance of troops;
Take measures to prevent forest fires; to take preventive measures to protect personnel from the bites of poisonous insects, to have high-visibility equipment on vehicles.
In the absence (loss) of radio communication between the crews of firing combat vehicles and the firing leader, it is FORBIDDEN to open and fire; the fire immediately ceases also in the event of a fire on the target field and in the territory of the take-off space, when the crews of the firing combat vehicles lose their bearings and when they lag behind neighboring vehicles by more than 100 meters.
At the ceasefire signals and at the commands “STOP”, “CEASE FIRE”, combat vehicles (shooting) cease fire, stop, the weapon is unloaded and put on the fuse (electric triggers are turned off).
When firing from combat vehicles overcoming ditches, craters and other deep obstacles, the weapon is given the maximum elevation angle.
IT IS FORBIDDEN to open hatches and get out of combat vehicles until they return to their original position (until the command “To the vehicles” is given)
When throwing combat hand grenades, it is allowed to insert a fuse only before throwing them at the command of the leader. Carrying live hand grenades outside of grenade bags is FORBIDDEN.
The score for live firing and tactical live fire exercises is derived from:
squad - for combat shooting as part of a squad;
to a platoon - for live firing as part of a platoon, and if it was not carried out - according to the assessments of live firing by squads;
a company - for a company tactical exercise with live firing, and if it was not carried out - according to the assessments of live firing by platoons;
battalion - for a battalion tactical exercise with live firing, and if it was not carried out - according to the assessments of company tactical exercises with live fire.
The assessment of a company (platoon) for live firing of platoons (squads) is determined by:
“excellent” if more than half of the platoons (squads) received marks “excellent”, and the rest of the platoons (squads) - not lower than “good”;
“good”, if at least half of the platoons (squads) received the marks “good”, and the rest of the platoons (squads) - not less than “satisfactory”;
“satisfactory”, if no more than one third of the platoons (squads) received “unsatisfactory” grades, and the rest - not lower than “satisfactory”.
Purpose, performance characteristics, general arrangement, procedure for incomplete disassembly and assembly after incomplete disassembly of the AK-74 (for commanders of units armed with BTVT-BMP-2 - gun 2A42, BTR-80-KPVT).
Mm KALASHNIKOV AUTOMATIC (AK-74. AKS-74)
|
Rice. 5.3. Kalashnikov assault rifle (a - with a wooden butt; b - with a metal folding butt (AKS-74)
For shooting and observation in natural night lighting conditions, the AK-74N, AKS-74N assault rifles are equipped with a universal night shooting sight (NSPU) (Fig. 5.4).
Rice. 5.4. General view of the Kalashnikov assault rifle with a permanent stock and night sight (AK-74N)
Tactical and technical characteristics of the machine
Caliber, mm ............................................... ................................................. ........... 5.45
The initial speed of the bullet, m / s .......................................... .................... 900
Sighting range ............................................................... ......................... 1000
Direct shot range:
according to the chest figure, m .............................................. ......................................... 440
according to the running figure, m .............................................. ......................................... 625
Bullet flight range, m .............................................. ............................... 3150
Rate of fire, rounds per minute .............................................. ......................... 600
Combat rate of fire:
when firing in bursts, rounds per minute .......................................... up to 100
when firing single shots, rounds per minute .................... up to 40
Magazine capacity, cartridges ............................................... ..................................... thirty
The mass of the machine gun without a bayonet-knife with an equipped magazine, kg ....................... 3.6
The length of the machine with attached bayonet-knife, mm .............................................. .... 1089
For firing from a machine gun, cartridges with ordinary (with a steel core) and tracer bullets are used.
The general device of the machine
The machine consists of the following main parts and mechanisms (Fig. 5.5):
Barrel with receiver, sighting device, stock and pistol grip;
receiver covers;
Bolt frame with gas piston;
shutter;
return mechanism;
Gas tube with handguard;
trigger mechanism;
Shop.
In addition, the machine has a muzzle brake-compensator and a bayonet-knife.
Rice. 5.5. The main parts and mechanisms of the machine, its accessories:
1 - barrel with receiver, trigger mechanism, sighting device, butt and pistol grip; 2 - muzzle brake compensator; 3 - receiver cover; 4 - bolt carrier with a gas piston; 5 - shutter; 6 - return mechanism; 7 - gas tube with a handguard; 8 - handguard; 9 - shop; 10 - bayonet-knife; 11 - ramrod; 12 - pencil case with accessories; 13 - flame arrester.
| Disassembly of the machine: - separate the magazine; - check if there is a cartridge in the chamber; - remove the pencil case with accessories from the butt socket; - separate the ramrod; - separate the cover of the receiver; - separate the return mechanism; - separate the bolt carrier with the bolt; - separate the bolt from the bolt carrier; - separate the gas tube with the handguard. | Assembling the machine: - attach the gas tube with the handguard; - attach the shutter to the shutter frame; - attach the bolt carrier with the bolt to the receiver; - attach the return mechanism; - attach the cover of the receiver; - pull the trigger from the cocking and put on the fuse; - attach a ramrod; - put the pencil case into the butt socket; - connect the store to the machine. |
Ticket number 2
What is a shot?
A shot is the ejection of a bullet (grenade) from the bore of a weapon by the energy of gases formed during the combustion of a powder charge.
The shot occurs in a very short period of time (0.001 - 0.06 seconds). When fired, four consecutive periods are distinguished: preliminary; first, or main; second; the third, or period of aftereffect of gases.
The preliminary period lasts from the beginning of the burning of the powder charge to the complete cutting of the shell of the bullet into the rifling of the barrel.
The first, or main, period lasts from the beginning of the movement of the bullet until the moment of complete combustion of the powder charge.
The second period lasts until the moment of complete combustion of the powder charge until the moment the bullet leaves the bore.
The third period, or the period of the effects of gases, lasts from the moment the powder gases cease to act on the bullet.
The initial speed of the bullet.
The initial velocity (V0) is called the speed of the bullet at the muzzle of the barrel.
The value of the muzzle velocity depends on the length of the barrel; bullet weight; weight, temperature and humidity of the powder charge, the shape and size of the powder grains and loading density.
The greater the weight of the powder charge, the greater the maximum pressure and muzzle velocity of the bullet.
Recalls the topic, objectives of the lesson, analyzes the actions of the platoon, announces an assessment and creates a new tactical environment for actions when returning to the unit. Creates a tactical environment and sets the task for the platoon to pursue. Gives a signal to start moving and monitors the actions of the platoon when it rolls up into the line of squads, the approach of armored personnel carriers to their squads and the landing of personnel in them. During the pursuit, he checks the organization of observation in the platoon and squads of the ground and air enemy, whether the folds of the terrain are skillfully used when moving; how the platoon exits on the enemy's withdrawal route and defeats it with fire and attack on the move, to the flank and rear. Sets the task of the platoon to secure the captured line on high. 181.6 and checks bringing it to the personnel, organization of the fire system, issues of restoring the combat capability of the platoon (providing first aid to the wounded and sending them to the BMP, replenishing ammunition, refueling, restoring damaged equipment, replenishing food and other supplies) Allows to issue ammunition to the personnel and gives a command to move the platoon to the line of transition to the attack and teaches the personnel to maintain a given speed, maintain distances between vehicles, and observe the enemy. With access to the line of transition to the attack - deploy in battle formation, dismount from an armored personnel carrier on the move. During the attack, monitors the control of the platoon commander and squad commanders by fire and their own subunits, the movement of armored personnel carriers and the destruction of enemy fire weapons by fire; for the procedure for overcoming minefields by personnel and armored personnel carriers, for how personnel attack the front line with a shout of “Hurrah” and throw grenades at it smoke cover. With the release of the platoon to an unnamed height, controls the actions of the platoon commander to repel a counterattack from an advantageous line and go on the attack. Upon reaching the ceasefire line, the platoon issues a command to unload the weapon. Checks the correctness of the platoon occupation of the starting position, the organization of observation, the deployment of personnel and armored personnel carriers. Sets a task for the platoon commander and gives instructions on the organization of interaction. Achieves a clear return by the platoon commander of a combat order. Checks the knowledge of the combat mission by the personnel. Rook"The order of work of shooting leaders at training places
The deputy company commander, platoon commanders, during fire training, perform the duties of firing leaders in the areas.
The head of shooting at the site is responsible for the exact fulfillment by the shooters of the safety requirements, the established procedure, as well as the conditions of the exercise being performed. The duty operator of the training facility and all officials assigned to serve the shooting at the site are subordinate to him.
He is obliged:
a) before starting shooting:
Communicate ceasefire signals to all subunit personnel during firing exercises, live firing and tactical exercises with live firing;
Check the compliance of the target environment with the conditions of the exercise being performed and the availability of communication with the senior shooting leader;
When performing an exercise afloat, check the organization of the evacuation service;
Organize communication with the crews of firing combat vehicles;
Check the readiness of training places for classes;
Obtain a map from the head of the training facility (a tablet with a coordinate grid and landmarks) to account for unexploded ordnance, mines, air bombs and other explosive objects;
Organize shooting supervision;
Report to the senior shooting leader about the readiness for shooting, the number of shooters and set a visual red signal at the control point;
Clarify on the ground areas (sections) for firing along the front and in depth.
b) while shooting:
Manage shooting in the area;
Keep records of unexploded ordnance, mines, aerial bombs and other explosive objects;
In case of violation of safety requirements, immediately stop shooting and report to the senior shooting leader.
c) at the end of the shooting:
Report to the senior shooting leader about the end of the shooting;
Organize the collection of spent cartridges, inspect military vehicles and make sure that they do not contain ammunition and cartridges;
Report to the senior firing officer on the results of firing and on the number of unexploded shells (grenades) and unnoticed explosions;
Debrief the shooting with the unit and announce the assessment to each shooter and unit.
During the execution of shooting exercises, the head of shooting on the site must be:
When firing on foot - during the day no closer than 15 m from the shooter, at night no closer than 5 m;
When shooting through the loopholes (over the side) of a combat vehicle, from the cockpit of a car, motorcycle, helicopter in flight - in a combat vehicle, car, motorcycle, helicopter;
When firing from a structure - in the structure and maintain contact with the district control point;
When firing from the armament of military vehicles - at the district control point;
When performing combat firing exercises as part of a subunit - behind the combat formation of subunits in a place that provides observation of the actions of trainees, but not closer than 15 m during the day and not closer than 5 m at night.
When performing firing exercises from short stops and on the move (on the move), the display of targets is carried out after the shooting (combat vehicles) pass the line of opening fire, as well as upon reaching the lines from which the distances to the targets specified in the conditions of the exercises are calculated.
The display (movement) of each next target is carried out, as a rule, after the end of the display (movement) of the previous target and the change (during the change) of the firing position. Options for displaying targets and firing positions (when performing firing exercises from a place) for each change of trainees are determined by the shooting leader on the site or by the inspector.
With the occupation of the specified shooting area by the unit, the head of the shooting at the area:
Informs the topic, objectives (if necessary) and the procedure for conducting the lesson;
Indicates on the terrain the starting position, firing positions for combat vehicles and trainees (when firing from small arms and grenade launchers), lines for opening and ceasing fire, the main and dangerous directions of firing, the direction and speed of movement of combat vehicles, the procedure for occupying and changing firing positions, turning at the line of ceasefire and return to the starting position;
Determines the procedure for interaction with leaders at training sites where shooting will be carried out;
Checks the trainees' knowledge of the basic provisions of the Shooting Course, the conditions of the exercise being performed and the safety requirements for shooting;
Sets the commanders of platoons (squads) firing a combat mission in relation to actions in the offensive or in defense, depending on the conditions of the exercise being performed.
Platoon commanders set a combat mission for squad commanders (commanders of combat vehicles) before performing an exercise with their platoon and each change of shooters, and combat vehicle commanders set combat missions for crew members in combat vehicles while loading ammunition (squad commanders set a combat mission for squads after receiving ammunition) .
It is forbidden to indicate to trainees the location of targets and the order in which they are displayed.
When firing at one section of the military shooting range (headmistress), the same order is observed as in several.
In the course of the exercise, the shooting leader on the site observes the actions of the shooters, directs the display of targets and evaluates the actions of the trainees, reflecting the results of the shooting in the record of the results of the shooting exercise (Appendix 9). He is forbidden to interfere with the actions of the shooters, if they do not violate safety requirements.
After the firing of the unit (shift) is completed, the head of firing at the site orders to collect cartridge cases, check weapons, cartridge belts and boxes, magazines and bags for magazines and grenades; if necessary, inspects the targets, then debriefs with all personnel and announces the assessment of the shooting.
When firing using information about hitting targets, the targets may not be inspected, the “Hang up” signal after the end of firing by each shift (subunit) of shooters may not be given, and the red flag (red semicircle of the Armed Forces of Ukraine) is not replaced. The next shift (subdivision) of shooters in this case performs a firing exercise according to the commands of the senior leader of the shooting (the leader of the shooting on the site).
Control over the results of shooting is carried out in the same way as during training in shooting.
Starting the lesson, the leader introduces the trainees into a tactical environment, indicates landmarks and sets a combat mission (gives an order). In fire control training, the leader gives the order in the role of platoon leader, in platoon fire control training, in the role of company commander, and in company fire control training, in the role of battalion commander.
Trainees take places, establish communication, report on readiness by radio and conduct observation.
Having accepted the readiness reports, the leader starts showing the first group of goals in accordance with the conditions of the exercise. At the same time, emerging and moving targets are raised by the operator, and the leader indicates the stationary targets to the trainees by radio.
Targets for destruction are selected depending on their importance (danger), nature of actions and vulnerability.
Therefore, all goals are shown in groups, while the groups are made up so that in each of them one of the goals is more important (dangerous).
Having found the targets, the crews report to the unit commanders, who make decisions on their destruction, set radio tasks for firing. According to these tasks, tank commanders give commands to open fire to crews that fire from tanks. The shooting time is limited by the target display time. The commanders of the armored personnel carriers keep a record of the commands and targets on which the fire was fired, indicating the results of the firing. The head listens to the commands given by the company or platoon commanders by radio (in this case, a tape recording can be made), and selectively orders one or another armored personnel carrier commander to report on the radio the task assigned to the crew. In case of incorrect actions, the leader demands to re-set tasks or give commands for firing.
A fire mission is considered set and completed correctly if the trained commander correctly assessed the importance of the targets, determined the type of weapon, ammunition, method of firing to hit the target, and gave the command to open fire, and the subunit quickly and clearly indicated firing at the specified target in accordance with the command of the commander.
When the target display time expires, the leader orders the first group to be lowered and the next group of targets to be displayed.
After the end of the exercise, the command "END" is given, according to which the military personnel stop the combat mission; if live ammunition was fired, the weapon is unloaded and the case catchers are released, the commanders report this to the leader. Having received the reports on the unloading of weapons, the leader gives the command No. To the machine, "collects the records of the tank commanders, looks through them and, based on his personal observations, the results of firing and the records of the tank commanders, analyzes them. Analysis of the exercises is carried out with all trainees and separately with unit commanders ( divisions)
Recommendations of the company commander on the preparation and conduct of fire training classes
1. An analysis of the activities of the company commander in the preparation of fire training was carried out. The company commander is the direct organizer of combat training in the company. He must have a system for conducting fire drills, plan his personal training, the training of officials who provide and maintain fire, as well as the training of platoon personnel, equipment and weapons based on the recruitment, level of training of officers, sergeants and soldiers in accordance with the requirements of the governing documents.
2. The place and role of fire training in the system of combat training of motorized rifle units have been clarified. Fire training is the initial form of field training for platoon personnel. It is the next stage in the preparation of personnel for the performance of control firing exercises. Fire training is carried out with the aim of improving the skills and abilities in action with weapons (armament of a combat vehicle), shooting, interaction, fire cover and fire control during a firefight.
3. When formulating training goals, it is necessary to take into account the performance of fire missions with real live fire and its influence on the education of morale, combat and psychological qualities among personnel. Before performing fire drills, it is necessary to conduct tactical drills, drills in fire control and in throwing hand grenades. Take tests on knowledge of combat regulations, organization, weapons and tactics of a potential enemy, security requirements. Conduct instructor-methodical (show) classes with unit commanders.
4. A methodology has been developed for the work of officials in preparation for fire drills and in the course of it.
5. A plan for conducting fire training was developed taking into account the recommendations of the Firing Course - 2006.
7. The schedule is drawn up for a long time, and if it is written by hand, then it takes a very long time. I'm talking about the fact that in modern conditions you need to use a computer to write a schedule. In the form of the schedule in the computer version there is:
Sample week;
Elements of the daily routine;
Dress preparation, etc.
It remains only to make changes to the subjects of study, the topics of classes and the schedule is ready. If the schedule is written by hand, then it takes 3-4 hours, and so the time is reduced to 1 hour.
Our lives are getting more and more difficult. Many people now have to study computer technology, without which most of the tasks performed are indispensable.
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1 FIRE PREPARATION SUPPORT SUMMARY TOPIC: FUNDAMENTALS AND RULES OF SHOOTING LESSON QUESTIONS: 1. The phenomenon of a shot. 2. Shot and its periods. 3. The initial velocity of the bullet, the formation of the trajectory. 4. Normal (table) firing conditions. 5. The influence of external factors on the flight of a bullet. 6. Penetrating (lethal) action of a bullet. 7. The thousandth formula and its application.
2 I. Methodology for preparing the leader for the lesson: 1. Clarification of the topic, lesson and their goals. 2. Studying the content of this lesson. 3. Studying instructions, instructions and manuals. 4. Determination of the sequence of the lesson and the use of material support. 5. Determination of teaching methods for conducting classes. 6. Drawing up a plan-outline (plan, basic outline). 7. Preparation of material support for the lesson and the venue for the lesson. 8. Determination of safety requirements during the lesson. 9. Approval of the outline plan (plan) from the immediate supervisor. 10. Conducting IMZ (instructing) with assistants to the head of the lesson. 11. Organization of self-training of assistants to the leader of the lesson. II. Methodical instructions for the lesson. Firearms training, as a rule, is organized and conducted on a company (group) scale. The division is brought to the lesson in full force. The lesson is held at the firing camp of the orderly army training and material base (military shooting range) in a complex, rapidly changing tactical environment. The personnel go to class with weapons, personal protective equipment and trench tools. The lesson is conducted, as a rule, under the guidance of the commander of the unit being trained. Exit of trainees to the training area, movement during the training and their return to the location can be carried out in a tactical situation with working out the actions of the unit on the march, during a nuclear, chemical, air attack by the enemy, overcoming contaminated and destroyed areas of the terrain. The educational and material base on which the lesson is conducted should ensure the instructiveness of the lesson to the greatest extent, contribute to the qualitative development of educational issues (standards) and the achievement of the set educational goals. The facilitator should be familiar with the venue and use it skillfully to make the session instructive. IN THE INTRODUCTION PART OF THE LESSON, the head of the lesson organizes the receipt of weapons, personal protective equipment, equipment and trench tools by military personnel. Then he leads the unit to the place of the lesson. When checking the appearance, he pays special attention to the correct fit of uniforms and equipment of subordinates, checks the weapon for its presence and completeness. The control survey of military personnel should consist of questions on previous topics and cover: theoretical at least 3-4 people, practical 100% of the personnel. Based on the results of the control survey, the manager gives grades. The leader of the lesson announces to the trainees the topic, lesson and purpose of the upcoming lesson, while highlighting what knowledge and skills acquired earlier can be useful when studying the issues of the upcoming lesson. He brings to the military personnel the safety requirements for handling weapons and trench tools, indicates the procedure for the safe implementation of the elements of the lesson. Announces signals of interaction, control and alarm for the duration of the upcoming lesson. The leader begins the MAIN PART of the lesson with the formation of personnel on the firing camp of the orderly army training and material base (military shooting range) in a deployed, two-tier formation. WHEN STUDYING THE BASICS AND RULES OF SHOOTING, the head of the lesson brings the material by the method of a story, followed by a survey of the trainees. The lesson uses posters, diagrams, educational films, dia- and video films. After working out each educational question, the head of the lesson conducts a private analysis, then announces to the trainees the next educational question and its content, brings the main requirements for its implementation and proceeds to its development. After working out all the training questions, the leader conducts the FINAL PART 2
3 LESSONS. First of all, he checks the weapon for its availability and completeness, the condition of personal protective equipment, equipment and entrenching tools. When summing up the results of the lesson, the leader reminds the trainees of the topic, learning goals and main issues that were reflected in the lesson. He notes the positive in the actions of the personnel, analyzes in detail the characteristic mistakes. Then he announces to the servicemen the marks received for the control questions in the introductory part of the lesson and notes the best servicemen based on the results of the survey and working out the questions of the current lesson. At the end of the lesson, the leader announces the topic of the next lesson, issues a task for self-training and organizes the dispatch of personnel to the unit to hand over weapons, personal protective equipment, equipment and trench tools. 3
4 4 I APPROVE Commander of the military unit (military rank) (surname) 200 year. PLAN for conducting a lesson on fire training for 200 year. Subject: FUNDAMENTALS AND RULES OF SHOOTING. Lesson: SHOT PHENOMENON. SHOT AND ITS PERIODS. INITIAL BULLET VELOCITY, FORMATION OF A TRAJECTORY. NORMAL (TABLE) SHOOTING CONDITIONS. INFLUENCE OF EXTERNAL FACTORS ON THE FLIGHT OF A BULLET. PUNCHING (KILLING) ACTION OF A BULLET. THE FORMULA OF A THOUSANDTH AND ITS APPLICATION. The purpose of the lesson: 1. To study the basic concepts of the basics and rules of shooting: the phenomenon of a shot; shot and its periods; the muzzle velocity of the bullet, the formation of the trajectory; normal (table) firing conditions; influence of external factors on bullet flight; penetrating (lethal) action of a bullet; thousandth formula and its application. Time: In accordance with the unit's training program. Place of occupation: Firing town of the orderly UMB (military shooting range). Method of conducting the lesson: Practical. Material support for the lesson: 1. Small arms, personal protective equipment, an infantry shovel for each student; 2. Equipment for the firing camp of the orderly UMB (stands, posters and diagrams). I. INTRODUCTION OF THE LESSON 1. Determining the readiness of the training unit for the lesson I organize the receipt by the military of weapons, personal protective equipment, equipment, trench tools. I bring the unit to the place of the lesson. I check the correct fitting of uniforms and equipment of subordinates, and weapons and trenching tools - for their presence and completeness. 2. Reminder of the material of the previous lesson I note what knowledge and skills gained earlier can be useful when studying the issues of the upcoming lesson. 3. Survey of trainees: MAIN ISSUES OF CONTROL 4 Bringing security measures I bring the order of safe handling of weapons. I indicate the order of safe execution of the elements of the upcoming lesson. I announce the signals of interaction, control and alarm for the duration of the lesson.
5 II. MAIN PART OF THE LESSON 5 Training questions, Time p.p. tasks, standards 1. The phenomenon of a shot. 3. The initial velocity of the bullet, the formation of the trajectory. 5. The influence of external factors on the flight of a bullet. 6. Penetrating (lethal) action of a bullet. 7. The thousandth formula and its application. Actions of the leader and his assistant Actions of trainees 2. Shot and its periods. 4. Normal (table) firing conditions. III. FINAL PART OF THE LESSON 1. Questioning based on the presented material Assignment for self-study Leader of the lesson (military rank, signature)
6 1. Shot Phenomenon When fired from small arms, the following phenomena occur. From the impact of the striker on the primer of a live cartridge sent into the chamber, the percussion composition of the primer explodes and a flame forms, which through the seed holes in the bottom of the cartridge case penetrates to the powder charge and ignites it. When a powder charge is burned, a large amount of highly heated gases are formed, which create high pressure in the bore on the bottom of the bullet, the bottom and walls of the sleeve, as well as on the walls of the barrel and the bolt. As a result of the pressure of gases on the bottom of the bullet, it moves from its place and crashes into the rifling; rotating along them, it moves along the bore with a continuously increasing speed and is thrown outward in the direction of the axis of the bore. The pressure of gases on the bottom of the sleeve causes the weapon to move backward. From the pressure of gases on the walls of the sleeve and the barrel, they are stretched (elastic deformation), and the sleeve, tightly pressed against the chamber, prevents the breakthrough of powder gases towards the bolt. At the same time, when fired, an oscillatory movement (vibration) of the barrel occurs and it heats up. Hot gases and particles of unburned powder, flowing from the bore after the bullet, when they meet with air, generate a flame and a shock wave, the latter is the source of sound when fired. When fired from an automatic weapon, the device of which is based on the principle of using the energy of powder gases vented through a hole in the barrel wall (Kalashnikov assault rifles and machine guns), some of the powder gases, in addition, after the bullet passes through the gas outlet, rushes through it into the gas chamber, strikes piston and throws the piston with the bolt carrier back. Until the bolt carrier has traveled a certain distance to allow the bullet to exit the bore, the bolt continues to lock the bore. After the bullet leaves the barrel, it is unlocked; the bolt frame and bolt, moving backward, compress the return spring; the shutter at the same time removes the sleeve from the chamber. When moving forward under the action of a compressed spring, the bolt sends the next cartridge into the chamber and again locks the bore. Sometimes, after the striker hits the primer, the shot will not follow, or it will happen with some delay. In the first case, there is a misfire, and in the second, a protracted shot. The cause of a misfire is most often dampness of the percussion composition of the primer or powder charge, as well as a weak impact of the striker on the primer. A protracted shot is a consequence of the slow development of the process of ignition or ignition of a powder charge. 2. Shot and its periods A shot is the ejection of a bullet from the bore of a weapon by the energy of gases formed during the combustion of a powder charge. During the combustion of a powder charge, approximately 25-35% of the energy released is spent on communicating the progressive motion of the pool (the main work); 15-25% of energy - for minor work (cutting and overcoming the friction of a bullet when moving along the bore, heating the walls of the barrel, cartridge case and bullet, moving the moving parts of the weapon, gaseous and unburned parts of gunpowder); about 40% of the energy is not used and is lost after the bullet leaves the barrel. The shot occurs in a very short period of time (0.001-0.06 sec). 6
7 When firing, four consecutive periods are distinguished: preliminary; first (main); second; the third (the aftereffect period of gases). The preliminary period lasts from the beginning of the burning of the powder charge to the complete cutting of the shell of the bullet into the rifling of the barrel. During this period, the gas pressure is created in the barrel bore, which is necessary in order to move the bullet from its place and overcome the resistance of its shell to cutting into the rifling of the barrel. This pressure is called boost pressure; it reaches kg / cm 2, depending on the rifling device, the weight of the bullet and the hardness of its shell. The first, or main period, lasts from the beginning of the movement of the bullet until the moment of complete combustion of the powder charge. During this period, the combustion of the powder charge occurs in a rapidly changing volume. At the beginning of the period, when the speed of the bullet along the bore is still low, the amount of gases grows faster than the volume of the bullet space (the space between the bottom of the bullet and the bottom of the cartridge case), the gas pressure rises rapidly and reaches its maximum value. This pressure is called maximum pressure. It is created in small arms when a bullet travels 4-6 cm of the path. Then, due to the rapid increase in the speed of the bullet, the volume of the bullet space increases faster than the influx of new gases, and the pressure begins to fall, by the end of the period it is equal to about 2/3 of the maximum pressure. The speed of the bullet is constantly increasing and by the end of the period reaches approximately 314 of the initial speed. The powder charge completely burns out shortly before the bullet leaves the bore. The second period lasts from the moment of complete combustion of the powder charge until the moment the bullet leaves the bore. With the beginning of this period, the influx of powder gases stops, however, highly compressed and heated gases expand and, putting pressure on the bullet, increase its speed. The pressure drop in the second period occurs quite quickly and at the muzzle - the muzzle pressure - is kg / cm 2 for various types of weapons. The speed of the bullet at the moment it leaves the bore (muzzle velocity) is somewhat less than the initial velocity. The third period, or the period of aftereffect of gases, lasts from the moment the bullet leaves the bore until the moment the action of powder gases on the bullet ceases. During this period, powder gases flowing out of the barrel at a speed of m / s continue to act on the bullet and give it additional speed. The bullet reaches its greatest (maximum) speed at the end of the third period at a distance of several tens of centimeters from the muzzle of the barrel. This period ends at the moment when the pressure of the powder gases at the bottom of the bullet is balanced by air resistance. 3. The initial speed of the bullet, the formation of the trajectory 3.1. Muzzle Velocity Muzzle Velocity is the speed of the bullet at the muzzle. For the initial speed, the conditional speed is taken, which is slightly more than the muzzle and less than the maximum. It is determined empirically with subsequent calculations. The value of the initial velocity of the bullet is indicated in the firing tables and in the combat characteristics of the weapon. The initial speed is one of the most important characteristics of the combat properties of weapons. With an increase in the initial speed, the range of the bullet, the range of a direct shot, the lethal and penetrating effect of the bullet increases, and the influence of external conditions on its flight also decreases. The value of the muzzle velocity depends on the length of the barrel; bullet weight; weight, temperature and humidity of the powder charge, the shape and size of the powder grains and loading density. The longer the barrel, the longer the powder gases act on the bullet and the greater the initial velocity. With a constant barrel length and a constant weight of the powder charge, the initial velocity is greater, the lower the weight of the bullet. A change in the weight of the powder charge leads to a change in the amount of powder gases, and, consequently, to a change in the maximum pressure in the bore and the initial speed 7
8 bullets. The greater the weight of the powder charge, the greater the maximum pressure and muzzle velocity of the bullet. The length of the barrel and the weight of the powder charge increase when designing weapons to the most rational sizes. With an increase in the temperature of the powder charge, the burning rate of the powder increases, and therefore the maximum pressure and initial speed increase. As the charge temperature decreases, the initial speed decreases. An increase (decrease) in initial velocity causes an increase (decrease) in the range of the bullet. In this regard, it is necessary to take into account range corrections for air and charge temperature (charge temperature is approximately equal to air temperature). With an increase in the humidity of the powder charge, its burning rate and the initial speed of the bullet decrease. The shape and size of the powder have a significant impact on the burning rate of the powder charge, and, consequently, on the muzzle velocity of the bullet. They are selected accordingly when designing weapons. Loading density is the ratio of the weight of the charge to the volume of the sleeve with the inserted pool (charge combustion chambers). With a deep landing, the bullet significantly increases the density of loading, which can lead to a sharp jump in pressure when fired and, as a result, to a rupture of the barrel, therefore, such cartridges cannot be used for shooting. With a decrease (increase) in the loading density, the initial velocity of the bullet, the recoil of the weapon and the angle of departure increase (decrease) Formation of a trajectory A trajectory is a curved line described by the center of gravity of a bullet in flight. A bullet flying through the air is subjected to two forces: gravity and air resistance. The force of gravity causes the bullet to gradually descend, and the force of air resistance continuously slows down the movement of the bullet and tends to knock it over. As a result of the action of these forces, the bullet's flight speed gradually decreases, and its trajectory is an unevenly curved curved line in shape. 4. Normal (table) firing conditions Tabular trajectory data correspond to normal firing conditions. The following are accepted as normal (table) conditions: Meteorological conditions: atmospheric (barometric) pressure on the weapon horizon 750 mm Hg. Art.; air temperature on the horizon of the weapon +15 C; relative humidity of air 50% (relative humidity is the ratio of the amount of water vapor contained in the air to the largest amount of water vapor that can be contained in the air at a given temperature); there is no wind (the atmosphere is still). Ballistic conditions: bullet weight, muzzle velocity and departure angle are equal to the values indicated in the firing tables; charge temperature +15 C; the shape of the bullet corresponds to the established drawing; the height of the front sight is set according to the data of bringing the weapon to normal combat; heights (divisions) of the sight correspond to the tabular aiming angles. Topographic conditions: 8
9 the target is on the weapon's horizon; there is no side slope of the weapon. If the firing conditions deviate from normal, it may be necessary to determine and take into account corrections for the range and direction of fire. 5. Influence of external factors on the flight of a bullet With an increase in atmospheric pressure, the air density increases, and as a result, the air resistance force increases and the flight range of the bullet decreases. On the contrary, with a decrease in atmospheric pressure, the density and force of air resistance decrease, and the range of the bullet increases. As the temperature rises, the air density decreases, and as a result, the air resistance force decreases and the range of the bullet increases. Conversely, as the temperature decreases, the density and air resistance force increase, and the range of the bullet decreases. With a tailwind, the speed of the bullet relative to the air decreases. As the speed of the bullet relative to the air decreases, the force of air resistance decreases. Therefore, with a fair wind, the bullet will fly further than with no wind. With a headwind, the speed of the bullet relative to the air will be greater than with no wind, therefore, the air resistance force will increase, and the range of the bullet will decrease. The longitudinal (tailwind, headwind) wind has little effect on the flight of a bullet, and in the practice of shooting from small arms, no corrections for such a wind are introduced. The side wind exerts pressure on the side surface of the bullet and deflects it away from the plane of fire, depending on its direction: wind on the right deflects the bullet to the left side, the wind on the left - to the right side. Changes in air humidity have little effect on air density and therefore bullet range, so it is not taken into account when shooting. 6. Penetrating (lethal) action of a bullet Cartridges with ordinary (with a steel core) and tracer bullets are used for firing from a machine gun. The lethality of a bullet and its penetrating effect mainly depends on the distance to the target and the speed that the bullet will have at the moment of meeting the target. p.p. Name of barrier (protective equipment) Firing range, m. 9% through penetration or bullet penetration depth 1 Steel sheets (at an angle of 90) thickness: 2 mm % 3 mm % 5 mm % 2 Steel helmet (helmet) % 3 Body armor % 4 Parapet made of compacted snow, see 5 Earth barrier made of compacted loamy soil, see 6 Wall made of dry pine beams 20 cm thick % 7 Brickwork, see 7. Thousandth formula and its application For the unit of measurement of angles (a measure of angles) in shooting practice, they take a central angle, the arc length of which is equal to 1/6000 of the circumference. This angular unit is called the division of the goniometer. As is known from geometry, the circumference is 2nR, or 6.28 R (R is the radius of the circle).
10 If the circle is divided into 6000 equal parts, then each such part will be equal to 6.28R 1 1 = R The length of the arc corresponding to this angle is 1/955 (rounded 1/1000) of the length of the radius of this circle. Therefore, the division of the goniometer is usually called a thousandth. The relative error that results from this rounding is 4.5%, or rounded 5%, that is, the thousandth is 5% less than the goniometer division. In practice, this error is neglected. The division of the goniometer (thousandth) makes it easy to switch from angular to linear units and vice versa, since the length of the arc corresponding to the division of the goniometer at all distances is equal to one thousandth of the length of the radius equal to the firing range. An angle of one thousandth corresponds to an arc equal at a distance of 1000 m - 1 m (1000 m: 1000), at a distance of 500 m - 0.5 m (500: 1000), etc. An angle in a few thousandths corresponds to the length of the arc B, equal to one thousandth of the distance D, multiplied by the angle containing Y thousandths, i.e. D U B 1000 V 1000 V =, whence D = or Y = 1000 U D The resulting formulas are called the thousandth and are widely used in shooting practice. In these formulas, D is the distance to the object in meters. Y is the angle at which the object is seen in thousandths. B - the height (width) of the object in meters, i.e. the length of the chord, not the arc. At small angles (up to 15), the difference between the length of the arc and the chord does not exceed one thousandth, therefore, in practical work, they are considered equal. Measurement of angles in divisions of the goniometer (thousandths) can be carried out: by the goniometer circle of the compass, the binocular and periscope reticle, the artillery circle (on the map), the entire scope, the sniper scope side correction mechanism and improvised items. The accuracy of angular measurement with a particular instrument depends on the accuracy of the scale on it. When using improvised objects to measure angles, it is necessary to determine their angular value in advance. To do this, you need to stretch your hand with an improvised object at eye level and notice any points on the ground near the edges of the object, then use a goniometer (binoculars, compass, etc.) to accurately measure the angular value between these points. The angular value of an improvised object can also be determined using a millimeter ruler. To do this, the width (thickness) of the object in millimeters must be multiplied by 2 thousandths, since one millimeter of the ruler, when it is 50 cm away from the eye, corresponds to an angular value of 2 thousandths according to the thousandth formula. Angles expressed in thousandths are written through a dash and read separately: first hundreds, then tens and ones; in the absence of hundreds or tens, zero is written and read. For example: 1705 thousandths are written 17-05, read - seventeen zero five; 130 thousandths are written 1-30, read - one thirty; 100 thousandths are written 1-00, read - one zero; one thousandth is written 0-01, read - zero zero one. When solving fire missions, it may be necessary to switch from a degree measurement of angles to a thousandth and vice versa. Since the circle has 360, or 6000 divisions of the goniometer (thousandths), then one division of the goniometer (thousandth) will correspond to 3, "21600" = = 3.6, i.e. 0-01=3 Applying similar solutions, it is determined that, 1-00=6 etc. 10
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