The course of hostilities. The Great Patriotic War. The course of hostilities The course of the war in 1941

THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR of 1941-1945 - the liberation war of the peoples of the USSR against Nazi Germany and its allies, the most important and decisive part of the Second World War of 1939-1945.

About-hundred-new-ka on-ka-well-do not war-we

In the same way in the world in the spring of 1941, ha-rak-te-ri-zo-va-elk is difficult between-go-su-dar-st-ven-nyh from-but -she-niy, ta-iv-shih danger of races-shi-re-niya of the scale of headquarters on-chav-shey-sya in September 1939 of the Second World War. Aggressive bloc of Germany, Italy and Japan (see) ras-shi-ril-sya, Ru-we-niya joined him , Bol-ga-ria, Slo-va-kiya. Even before the on-cha-la of the Second World War of the USSR, before-la-gal, create a sys-te-mu collective of security in Europe , however, the Western countries don’t support him. In the creation of the conditions of the USSR, you-well-well-den was in 1939 to close, someone called him in those almost 2 more years One-but-time-men-but with do-go-vo-rum there was a sub-pi-san "sec-ret-ny do-pol-no-tel-ny pro-to-kol", someone raz-gra-ni-chil "spheres of both-yud-nyh in-te-re-owls" of the USSR and Germany and fak-ti-ches-ki on-lo-lived on the last obligation-for-tel-st-in not to dis-pro-country your military and political activity on the state-su-dar-st-va and ter-ri-to-rii , some of the USSR considered its “sphere of in-te-re-owls”.

Both sides pursued predatory goals. Germany sought to weaken Great Britain and France, seize new colonies on the African continent, seize Poland and the Baltic States from Russia, Austria-Hungary - to establish itself on the Balkan Peninsula, Great Britain and France - to keep their colonies and weaken Germany as a competitor in the world market, Russia - to seize Galicia and take control of the Black Sea straits.

The reasons

Intending to start a war against Serbia, Austria-Hungary enlisted German support. The latter believed that the war would take on a local character if Russia did not defend Serbia. But if she helps Serbia, then Germany will be ready to fulfill its treaty obligations and support Austria-Hungary. In an ultimatum presented to Serbia on July 23, Austria-Hungary demanded that its military formations be allowed into Serbian territory in order to prevent hostile actions together with Serbian forces. The answer to the ultimatum was given within the agreed 48-hour period, but it did not satisfy Austria-Hungary, and on July 28 it declared war on Serbia. On July 30, Russia announced a general mobilization; Germany used this occasion to declare war on Russia on August 1, and on France on August 3. After the Germans invaded Belgium on August 4, Great Britain declared war on Germany. Now all the great powers of Europe were drawn into the war. Together with them, their dominions and colonies were involved in the war.

The course of the war

1914

The war consisted of five campaigns. During the first campaign in the city, Germany invaded Belgium and the northern regions of France, but was defeated in the battle of the Marne. Russia captured part of East Prussia and Galicia (the East Prussian operation and the Battle of Galicia), but then was defeated as a result of the German and Austro-Hungarian counter-offensive. As a result, there was a transition from maneuverable to positional forms of struggle.

1915

Italy, the disruption of the German plan to withdraw Russia from the war and bloody inconclusive battles on the Western Front.

During this campaign, Germany and Austria-Hungary, concentrating their main efforts on the Russian front, carried out the so-called Gorlitsky breakthrough and ousted Russian troops from Poland and part of the Baltic states, but they were defeated in the Vilna operation and were forced to switch to positional defense.

On the Western Front, both sides conducted a strategic defense. Private operations (at Ypres, in Champagne and Artois) were not successful, despite the use of poison gases.

On the Southern Front, Italian troops launched an unsuccessful operation against Austria-Hungary on the Isonzo River. The German-Austrian troops managed to defeat Serbia. Anglo-French troops successfully carried out the Thessaloniki operation in Greece, but failed to capture the Dardanelles. On the Transcaucasian front, as a result of the Alashkert, Hamadan and Sarykamysh operations, Russia reached the approaches to Erzurum.

1916

The campaign was connected with the entry of Rumania into the war and the waging of an exhausting positional war on all fronts. Germany again shifted efforts against France, but did not succeed in the battle of Verdun. The operations of the Anglo-French troops on the Somna were also unsuccessful, despite the use of tanks.

On the Italian front, the Austro-Hungarian troops undertook the Trentino offensive operation, but were driven back by the counteroffensive of the Italian troops. On the Eastern Front, the troops of the Southwestern Russian Front conducted a successful operation in Galicia on a wide front with a length of up to 550 km (Brusilovsky breakthrough) and advanced 60-120 km, occupied the eastern regions of Austria-Hungary, which forced the enemy to transfer up to 34 divisions to this front from the Western and Italian fronts.

On the Transcaucasian front, the Russian army carried out the Erzurum and then the Trebizond offensive operations, which remained unfinished.

The decisive Battle of Jutland took place on the Baltic Sea. As a result of the campaign, conditions were created for the Entente to seize the strategic initiative.

1917

The campaign was connected with the US entry into the war, Russia's revolutionary withdrawal from the war, and the conduct of a number of successive offensive operations on the Western Front (Operation Nivelle, operations in the Messines region, on Ypres, near Verdun, near Cambrai). These operations, despite the use in them of large forces of artillery, tanks and aviation, practically did not change the general situation in the Western European theater of operations. In the Atlantic, at this time, Germany launched an unrestricted submarine war, during which both sides suffered heavy losses.

1918

The city's campaign was characterized by a transition from positional defense to a general offensive by the armed forces of the Entente. Initially, Germany undertook the Allied March offensive in Picardy, private operations in Flanders, on the rivers Aisne and Marne. But due to lack of strength, they did not develop.

From the second half of the year, with the entry into the war of the United States, the allies prepared and launched retaliatory offensive operations (Amiens, Saint-Miyel, Marne), during which they liquidated the results of the German offensive, and in September, they launched a general offensive, forcing Germany to surrender ( Compiègne truce).

Results

The final terms of the peace treaty were worked out at the Paris Conference of 1919-1920. ; during the sessions, agreements on five peace treaties were determined. After its completion, the following were signed: 1) the Treaty of Versailles with Germany on June 28; 2) Saint-Germain peace treaty with Austria on September 10, 1919; 3) Neuilly peace treaty with Bulgaria on November 27; 4) Trianon peace treaty with Hungary on June 4; 5) Sevres peace treaty with Turkey on August 20. Subsequently, according to the Treaty of Lausanne on July 24, 1923, amendments were made to the Treaty of Sevres.

As a result of the First World War, the German, Russian, Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman empires were liquidated. Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire were divided, while Russia and Germany, having ceased to be monarchies, were cut down territorially and economically weakened. Revanchist sentiment in Germany led to World War II. The First World War accelerated the development of social processes, was one of the prerequisites that led to revolutions in Russia, Germany, Hungary, Finland. As a result, a new military-political situation was created in the world.

In total, the First World War lasted 51 months and 2 weeks. It covered the territories of Europe, Asia and Africa, the waters of the Atlantic, the North, Baltic, Black and Mediterranean seas. This is the first military conflict on a global scale, in which 38 of the 59 independent states that existed at that time were involved. Two-thirds of the world's population participated in the war. The number of warring armies exceeded 37 million people. The total number of those mobilized into the armed forces amounted to about 70 million people. The length of the fronts was up to 2.5-4 thousand km. The casualties of the parties amounted to about 9.5 million killed and 20 million wounded.

In the war, new types of troops were developed and widely used: aviation, armored troops, anti-aircraft troops, anti-tank weapons, and submarine forces. New forms and methods of armed struggle began to be used: army and front-line operations, breaking through the fortifications of the fronts. New strategic categories arose: operational deployment of the Armed Forces, operational cover, frontier battles, initial and subsequent periods of the war.

Used materials

Dictionary "War and Peace in Terms and Definitions", World War I
Encyclopedia "Circumnavigation"

143,000,000 Soviet citizens killed, 1,800,000 killed in captivity or immigrated - the Great Patriotic War broke into every house on June 22, 1941. For 4 terrible years on the fronts, fathers, sons, brothers, sisters, mothers and wives remained “lying with bones”. The Second World War is called "a terrible lesson of the past", "a political miscalculation", "a bloody massacre". Why did the terrible war begin, what is its course, what are the results?

Background of World War II. Where "legs grow"

The prerequisites are hidden in the Versailles-Washington system established after the First World War. Germany with her ambitions was humiliated and brought to her knees. In the 1920s, the National Socialist German Workers' Party, which promoted ultra-right views, entered the political lease. Supporters of the party proclaimed the ideas of "revenge for the defeat in the First World War", establishing the world domination of the German nation. European politicians looked at a "rising Germany" and thought they could manage it. France and Great Britain "pushed" the country to the borders of the Union, pursuing their own benefits. But they could not think that on September 1, 1939, German troops would invade Poland (the Second World War would begin).

ATTENTION! The Second World War lasted more than 6 years (September 1, 1939 - September 2, 1945). WWII - June 22, 1941 - May 9, 1945.

Why did the Great Patriotic War start? 3 reasons

Historians talk about dozens of factors that influenced the start of the war. To be honest, the war began with the signing of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact in 1939. "Behind Europe's back" Germany and the Soviet Union agree that they will be "on the same side." After the start of World War II, the USSR invaded Poland on September 17, 1939. On September 22, 1939, the parade of the Wehrmacht and the Red Army is solemnly held in Brest.

Joseph Stalin did not believe that Hitler would "stab a knife in the back" and attack the USSR. Moreover, when Minsk fell on June 28, 1941, the leader was in a panic (and even thought that he would be arrested for a crime against the people). The first days of the Second World War, the Red Army retreated, and the Germans easily took one city after another.

Let's not forget that repressions were widespread in the USSR: during the last "purge" in June 1941, experienced military leaders were destroyed (shot, expelled).

The causes of WWII lie in:

Hitler's desire for "domination of the whole world" ("Germany from sea to sea"). Resources were needed for the conquests, and the territory of the USSR with its natural wealth seemed to be a "tidbit".
The desire of the Soviet authorities to "crush" Eastern Europe.
Contradictions between the socialist system and capitalism.

What plans did Germany have?

German tacticians and strategists had several plans on the territory of the Soviet Union.

Military plan "Barbarossa". In the summer of 1940, a “blitzkrieg” plan was developed: in 10 weeks (i.e., 2.5 months), German troops were to paralyze the industry of the Urals, crush the European part of the country and reach the Arkhangelsk-Astrakhan line. On June 17, 1941, Hitler signed the very order that launched the offensive.
"Ost". Jews and Gypsies were completely annihilated; Belarusians, Russians and Ukrainians turned into "slaves" who served the German invaders. Up to 140,000,000 people were to be destroyed. Mass genocide, violence, murders, concentration camps, torture, medical "experiments" - all this awaited those who live today in Russia, Belarus, Ukraine.
"Oldenburg" and "Goering's Green Folder". Cultural and historical values were to be taken to Germany. Soviet museums were simply robbed, and gold, precious stones, art and antiques were sent to the West by carriages.

By the summer of 1941, 5,500,000 soldiers trained to kill were stationed near the borders of the USSR against 2,900,000 Soviet soldiers (this is exactly the number of military men who were concentrated in the border districts). It’s not worth talking about weapons: one rifle for three, a limited number of bullets, “rusty iron” - all this “surfaced” more than once in the memoirs of veterans.

The Soviet Union was not ready for war:

Stalin ignored memos about "pulling up" the German armies to the frontiers. It seemed to the leader that Germany would not invade and fight on 2 fronts.
Lack of talented military leaders. The "War of Little Blood" technique proved to be a failure. The opinion that the Red Army would move to the West, and the workers of the whole world would join its ranks, also turned out to be untenable.
Problems with the supply of the army. According to some reports, the Wehrmacht had 16 times more rifles (not to mention tanks and aircraft). The warehouses were close to the borders, so they were quickly captured by the enemy.

Despite all the miscalculations and problems, the Soviet soldiers wrested victory with sweat and blood. In the rear, women, children, the elderly, and the disabled produced weapons day and night; partisans risked their lives trying to collect as much information as possible about enemy groups. The Soviet people rose to the defense of the Motherland with their breasts.

How did events develop?

Historians talk about 3 main stages. Each of them is divided into dozens of small stages, and behind every success of the Red Army are the shadows of dead soldiers.

Strategic defense. June 22, 1941 - November 18, 1942

At this time, the Barbarossa plan collapsed. At the first stages, the enemy troops took Ukraine, the Baltic States and Belarus without any problems. Ahead was Moscow - an important geopolitical and economic goal. The capture of Moscow would automatically mean the fragmentation of the Red Army and the loss of control.

September 30, 1941 - January 7, 1942, i.e. for almost 4 months there were heavy battles with varying success, but the Soviet troops were able to push the enemy back.

The Battle of Moscow was Hitler's first failure. It became clear that the "blitzkrieg" had failed; the Western world saw that the "invincible Adolf" could lose; the morale and fighting spirit of the people rose.

But ahead were Stalingrad and the Caucasus. The victory near Moscow gave a "respite". A partisan struggle gradually unfolds, an anti-Hitler coalition is formed. The USSR is transferring the economy to a military footing, so the supply of the army is improving (KV-1 and T-34 tanks, Katyusha rocket launcher, IL-2 attack aircraft).

Root fracture. November 19, 1942 - end of 1943

Until the autumn of 1942, victories were either on the side of the USSR or on the side of Germany. At this stage, the strategic initiative passes into the hands of the Soviet Union: 26 strategic operations (23 of them offensive), allied assistance and lend-lease, the “first news” of the collapse of the Nazi coalition, strengthening the authority of the USSR.

All results were given in sweat and blood. At this stage, a number of major battles are distinguished, which “turned the tide” of the war.

Battle of Stalingrad and the defeat of the German troops;
the battle for the Dnieper;
Kursk Bulge.

The stage ends at the end of 1943 with the liberation of Kyiv and the “forcing of the Dnieper”.

Europe liberated from Nazism. January 1944 - May 9, 1945

Recall that World War II ended on September 2, 1945. But Europe was freed from the shackles of Nazism in the spring.

In the autumn of 1944, the Soviet command carried out a number of operations to liberate the country's territory from enemy armies: Korsun-Shevchenkovskaya, Lvov-Sandomierz, Iasi-Kishinevskaya. The besieged Leningrad was liberated, which turned out to be “cut off” from food and security. Thanks to the East Prussian, Vistula-Oder, West Carpathian operations, it was possible to create all the conditions to "go to Berlin."

On May 1, 1945, Adolf Hitler takes poison and leaves the people "to their fate." The provisional government, which "by chance" was headed by K. Doenitz, in "death convulsions" is trying to bargain for a separate peace with Great Britain and France, but fails. Ahead of the tribunals, high-profile scandals, trials and sentences. On May 8, 1945, the Act of Unconditional Surrender is signed in Karlshorst (a suburb of Berlin). Germany is defeated.

May 9, 1945 becomes Victory Day, a symbol of endless courage, unity and ability to repulse the enemy.

The Great Patriotic War is a terrible lesson in history, for which the Soviet Union paid too high a price. The exact number of dead is impossible to calculate (figures vary from source to source). But the Soviet people also faced another task - to raise the ruined economy from its knees.

THE ROI OF THE WAR

The defeat of the German troops near Stalingrad. In the summer of 1942, a catastrophic situation developed in the North Caucasus. After the fall of Rostov-on-Don, the road for the Germans to the south was open, since there were no fortifications on this sector of the front. As a result, despite the fierce resistance of the Soviet troops, in just a few days the enemy troops reached the Caucasus Range. Their goal was the oil of Maykop, Grozny and Baku, as well as the capture of Transcaucasia. Hitler declared that without Caucasian oil he would not be able to continue the war. However, having mobilized all the forces and capabilities, the Red Army managed to stop the enemy.

By the autumn of 1942, the alignment of forces on the Soviet-German front gradually began to change. By this time, the enemy had suffered huge losses in the Stalingrad and North Caucasian directions and was forced to go on the defensive. In this situation, the Soviet command sought to achieve a final turn in the situation in its favor. The Stalingrad Front was chosen as the direction of the main attack. The plan for defeating the enemy near Stalingrad (it was developed by Deputy Supreme Commander-in-Chief G.K. Zhukov and Chief of the General Staff A.M. Vasilevsky) received the code name "Uranus". This plan involved the forces of the South-Western and Stalingrad fronts inflicting a blow on the Germans in converging directions with the aim of encircling them and completely defeating them in the interfluve of the Volga and Don. To carry out this plan, a double superiority over the enemy was ensured.

On November 19, 1942, Soviet artillery dealt a powerful blow to the enemy, after which a tank attack began. On the fifth day of fierce fighting, the troops of the two fronts joined in the area of the city of Kalach. The 6th and 4th tank armies of the Germans were surrounded. The total number of encircled enemy soldiers and officers was 330 thousand people. Attempts by the Germans to get out of the encirclement were unsuccessful. On February 2, 1943, the encircled enemy group capitulated. Its commander himself, Field Marshal F. Paulus, was also captured. In total, the Germans lost 800 thousand people, 2 thousand tanks and assault guns, 3 thousand aircraft.

The victory of the Red Army in the Battle of Stalingrad marked the beginning of a radical turning point in the course of not only the Great Patriotic War, but the entire Second World War. The strategic initiative finally passed into the hands of the Soviet command.

Beginning of liberation. The victory at Stalingrad was the beginning of the mass expulsion of the enemy from Soviet soil. Fearing a new encirclement, the Germans hastily withdrew their troops from the North Caucasus.

On January 18, 1943, the troops of the Leningrad and Volkhov fronts managed to partially break through the blockade of Leningrad. Food aid, medicines, weapons began to flow to the besieged city along the resulting "corridor" with a width of only 8-11 km.

In February 1943, the liberation of the eastern Donbass began. At the same time, as a result of a powerful offensive by the troops of the Voronezh Front on the upper Don, three enemy armies were defeated and the Kursk Bulge was formed, deeply wedged into German positions. It was here that both sides planned to launch the summer campaign.

In total, during the winter offensive, the Red Army managed to defeat more than a hundred enemy divisions.

Battle of Kursk. A series of military defeats greatly bled the German army. Hitler ordered the start of "total" (general) mobilization, during which another 2 million soldiers and officers were called to the front. German units from European countries were also transferred to the eastern front. In total, up to 50 enemy divisions were concentrated near Kursk. Tank armies were armed with new types of equipment - tanks "Tiger" and "Panther", assault guns "Ferdinand". The German plan of the operation ("Citadel") provided for "cutting off" the Kursk salient by strikes from the German troops from the north and south, encircling and destroying the Soviet troops.

At the suggestion of G.K. Zhukov, the command of the Red Army decided to switch to active defense, so that after exhausting the main forces of the enemy, bring down on him the entire strength of the main and reserve troops. To carry out this operation, the Headquarters ensured a significant superiority over the enemy in manpower and equipment.

The Germans were going to use the element of surprise. It was supposed to start the offensive on July 5 at 3 o'clock in the morning with strong artillery preparation. However, Soviet intelligence accurately determined the day and hour of the start of the offensive, after which the commander of the Central Front, K.K. Rokossovsky, decided on a preemptive strike. A few minutes before the start of the German offensive, almost 19 thousand guns struck at the places of concentration of German troops. As a result, the enemy suffered heavy losses and was able to launch an offensive only a few hours later, while he had to bring into action all his reserves. The Germans were able to advance only 30-35 km.

On July 12, Soviet troops launched a counteroffensive. On the same day, the largest tank battle in world history took place near the village of Prokhorovka, in which 1,200 tanks took part. It ended with the victory of the Soviet tankmen. On this day, a turning point occurred in the course of the entire Battle of Kursk. The Germans were forced to go on the defensive. Rushing to the offensive, the Red Army on August 5 liberated Belgorod and Orel. On that day, the first victorious salute in the history of the Great Patriotic War was fired in Moscow.

In the Battle of Kursk, the Germans lost 500 thousand soldiers and officers, 1.5 thousand tanks, 3.7 thousand aircraft. The blow of the advancing Soviet troops was so strong that in a short time they managed to liberate Kharkov, Donbass, the Taman Peninsula, Bryansk, Smolensk from the enemy.

From mid-September, the battle for the Dnieper began. On the steep right bank of the river, the Germans erected a powerful system of fortifications ("Eastern Wall"), which, in their opinion, made it impregnable. Hitler said with pathos that the Dnieper would rather flow back than the Russians would overcome it. However, the Eastern Wall could not stop the Soviet soldier either - on November 6, Kyiv was liberated, and the Dnieper was forced in most directions. For the heroism shown in overcoming this barrier, 2438 soldiers who were the first to set foot on the right bank of the Dnieper were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. At the same time, a significant grouping of German troops was "locked" in the Crimea.

The radical change in the course of the war was fixed.

Results of the second period of the war. The success of the Red Army in defeating the common enemy was complemented by the landing of allied Anglo-American troops in Italy at the end of July 1943. However, the Soviet leadership was waiting for the fulfillment of the main promise of the allies - the landing of their troops in France, which would significantly speed up the victory over Germany.

In November-December 1943, a meeting of the leaders of the USSR, the USA and England ("Big Three") took place in Tehran. Stalin, Roosevelt and Churchill agreed on the opening of a second front in Europe in May-June 1944, on the creation of the United Nations after the war, on the basic principles of the post-war world order, on the fate of Germany after its final defeat, etc. The Soviet Union undertook to oppose Japan after the end of hostilities in Europe.

From the start of the Red Army's counter-offensive near Stalingrad until the end of 1943, Germany lost more than 2.2 million people, 3.5 thousand tanks, and about 7 thousand aircraft. Only in the summer-autumn of 1943, the Germans lost more than half of all their troops on the eastern front. The overthrow of Mussolini in Italy brought one of Hitler's most trusted allies out of the war.

The German army was on the verge of a military disaster.

By the end of 1943, Soviet troops had liberated almost half of all territories occupied by the enemy. There was still a serious and long struggle ahead. But its outcome was already largely predetermined.

What you need to know about this topic:

Socio-economic and political development of Russia at the beginning of the 20th century. Nicholas II.

Domestic policy of tsarism. Nicholas II. Strengthening repression. "Police socialism".

Russo-Japanese War. Reasons, course, results.

Revolution of 1905 - 1907 The nature, driving forces and features of the Russian revolution of 1905-1907. stages of the revolution. The reasons for the defeat and the significance of the revolution.

Elections to the State Duma. I State Duma. The agrarian question in the Duma. Dispersal of the Duma. II State Duma. Coup d'état June 3, 1907

Third June political system. Electoral law June 3, 1907 III State Duma. The alignment of political forces in the Duma. Duma activities. government terror. The decline of the labor movement in 1907-1910

Stolypin agrarian reform.

IV State Duma. Party composition and Duma factions. Duma activities.

The political crisis in Russia on the eve of the war. The labor movement in the summer of 1914 Crisis of the top.

The international position of Russia at the beginning of the 20th century.

Beginning of the First World War. Origin and nature of war. Russia's entry into the war. Attitude towards the war of parties and classes.

The course of hostilities. Strategic forces and plans of the parties. Results of the war. The role of the Eastern Front in the First World War.

The Russian economy during the First World War.

Workers' and peasants' movement in 1915-1916. Revolutionary movement in the army and navy. Growing anti-war sentiment. Formation of the bourgeois opposition.

Russian culture of the 19th - early 20th centuries.

Aggravation of socio-political contradictions in the country in January-February 1917. The beginning, prerequisites and nature of the revolution. Uprising in Petrograd. Formation of the Petrograd Soviet. Provisional Committee of the State Duma. Order N I. Formation of the Provisional Government. Abdication of Nicholas II. Causes of dual power and its essence. February coup in Moscow, at the front, in the provinces.

From February to October. The policy of the Provisional Government regarding war and peace, on agrarian, national, labor issues. Relations between the Provisional Government and the Soviets. The arrival of V.I. Lenin in Petrograd.

Political parties (Kadets, Social Revolutionaries, Mensheviks, Bolsheviks): political programs, influence among the masses.

Crises of the Provisional Government. An attempted military coup in the country. Growth of revolutionary sentiment among the masses. Bolshevization of the capital Soviets.

Preparation and conduct of an armed uprising in Petrograd.

II All-Russian Congress of Soviets. Decisions about power, peace, land. Formation of public authorities and management. Composition of the first Soviet government.

The victory of the armed uprising in Moscow. Government agreement with the Left SRs. Elections to the Constituent Assembly, its convocation and dissolution.

The first socio-economic transformations in the field of industry, agriculture, finance, labor and women's issues. Church and State.

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, its terms and significance.

Economic tasks of the Soviet government in the spring of 1918. Aggravation of the food issue. The introduction of food dictatorship. Working squads. Comedy.

The revolt of the left SRs and the collapse of the two-party system in Russia.

First Soviet Constitution.

Causes of intervention and civil war. The course of hostilities. Human and material losses of the period of the civil war and military intervention.

The internal policy of the Soviet leadership during the war. "War Communism". GOELRO plan.

The policy of the new government in relation to culture.

Foreign policy. Treaties with border countries. Participation of Russia in the Genoa, Hague, Moscow and Lausanne conferences. Diplomatic recognition of the USSR by the main capitalist countries.

Domestic policy. Socio-economic and political crisis of the early 20s. Famine of 1921-1922 Transition to a new economic policy. The essence of the NEP. NEP in the field of agriculture, trade, industry. financial reform. Economic recovery. Crises during the NEP and its curtailment.

Projects for the creation of the USSR. I Congress of Soviets of the USSR. The first government and the Constitution of the USSR.

Illness and death of V.I. Lenin. Intraparty struggle. The beginning of the formation of Stalin's regime of power.

Industrialization and collectivization. Development and implementation of the first five-year plans. Socialist competition - purpose, forms, leaders.

Formation and strengthening of the state system of economic management.

The course towards complete collectivization. Dispossession.

Results of industrialization and collectivization.

Political, national-state development in the 30s. Intraparty struggle. political repression. Formation of the nomenklatura as a layer of managers. Stalinist regime and the constitution of the USSR in 1936

Soviet culture in the 20-30s.

Foreign policy of the second half of the 20s - mid-30s.

Domestic policy. The growth of military production. Extraordinary measures in the field of labor legislation. Measures to solve the grain problem. Armed forces. Growth of the Red Army. military reform. Repressions against the command personnel of the Red Army and the Red Army.

Foreign policy. Non-aggression pact and treaty of friendship and borders between the USSR and Germany. The entry of Western Ukraine and Western Belarus into the USSR. Soviet-Finnish war. The inclusion of the Baltic republics and other territories in the USSR.

Periodization of the Great Patriotic War. The initial stage of the war. Turning the country into a military camp. Military defeats 1941-1942 and their reasons. Major military events Capitulation of Nazi Germany. Participation of the USSR in the war with Japan.

Soviet rear during the war.

Deportation of peoples.

Partisan struggle.

Human and material losses during the war.

Creation of the anti-Hitler coalition. Declaration of the United Nations. The problem of the second front. Conferences of the "Big Three". Problems of post-war peace settlement and all-round cooperation. USSR and UN.

Beginning of the Cold War. The contribution of the USSR to the creation of the "socialist camp". CMEA formation.

Domestic policy of the USSR in the mid-1940s - early 1950s. Restoration of the national economy.

Socio-political life. Politics in the field of science and culture. Continued repression. "Leningrad business". Campaign against cosmopolitanism. "Doctors' Case".

Socio-economic development of Soviet society in the mid-50s - the first half of the 60s.

Socio-political development: XX Congress of the CPSU and the condemnation of Stalin's personality cult. Rehabilitation of victims of repressions and deportations. Intra-party struggle in the second half of the 1950s.

Foreign policy: the creation of the ATS. The entry of Soviet troops into Hungary. Exacerbation of Soviet-Chinese relations. The split of the "socialist camp". Soviet-American Relations and the Caribbean Crisis. USSR and third world countries. Reducing the strength of the armed forces of the USSR. Moscow Treaty on the Limitation of Nuclear Tests.

USSR in the mid-60s - the first half of the 80s.

Socio-economic development: economic reform 1965

Growing difficulties of economic development. Decline in the rate of socio-economic growth.

USSR Constitution 1977

Socio-political life of the USSR in the 1970s - early 1980s.

Foreign Policy: Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons. Consolidation of post-war borders in Europe. Moscow treaty with Germany. Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE). Soviet-American treaties of the 70s. Soviet-Chinese relations. The entry of Soviet troops into Czechoslovakia and Afghanistan. Exacerbation of international tension and the USSR. Strengthening of the Soviet-American confrontation in the early 80s.

USSR in 1985-1991

Domestic policy: an attempt to accelerate the socio-economic development of the country. An attempt to reform the political system of Soviet society. Congresses of People's Deputies. Election of the President of the USSR. Multi-party system. Exacerbation of the political crisis.

Exacerbation of the national question. Attempts to reform the national-state structure of the USSR. Declaration on State Sovereignty of the RSFSR. "Novogarevsky process". The collapse of the USSR.

Foreign policy: Soviet-American relations and the problem of disarmament. Treaties with leading capitalist countries. The withdrawal of Soviet troops from Afghanistan. Changing relations with the countries of the socialist community. Disintegration of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance and the Warsaw Pact.

Russian Federation in 1992-2000

Domestic policy: "Shock therapy" in the economy: price liberalization, stages of privatization of commercial and industrial enterprises. Fall in production. Increased social tension. Growth and slowdown in financial inflation. The aggravation of the struggle between the executive and legislative branches. The dissolution of the Supreme Soviet and the Congress of People's Deputies. October events of 1993. Abolition of local bodies of Soviet power. Elections to the Federal Assembly. The Constitution of the Russian Federation of 1993 Formation of the presidential republic. Aggravation and overcoming of national conflicts in the North Caucasus.

Parliamentary elections 1995 Presidential elections 1996 Power and opposition. An attempt to return to the course of liberal reforms (spring 1997) and its failure. The financial crisis of August 1998: causes, economic and political consequences. "Second Chechen War". Parliamentary elections in 1999 and early presidential elections in 2000 Foreign policy: Russia in the CIS. The participation of Russian troops in the "hot spots" of the near abroad: Moldova, Georgia, Tajikistan. Russia's relations with foreign countries. The withdrawal of Russian troops from Europe and neighboring countries. Russian-American agreements. Russia and NATO. Russia and the Council of Europe. Yugoslav crises (1999-2000) and Russia's position.

Danilov A.A., Kosulina L.G. History of the state and peoples of Russia. XX century.

The war consisted of five campaigns. During the first campaign in 1914, Germany invaded Belgium and northern France, but was defeated in the Battle of the Marne. Russia captured part of East Prussia and Galicia (the East Prussian operation and the Battle of Galicia), but then was defeated as a result of the German and Austro-Hungarian counter-offensive. As a result, there was a transition from maneuverable to positional forms of struggle.

World War I. Europe in 1914-1915.

The 1915 campaign was associated with Italy's entry into the war, the disruption of the German plan to withdraw Russia from the war, and the bloody inconclusive battles on the Western Front.

On the Western Front, both sides conducted a strategic defense. Private operations (at Ypres, in Champagne and Artois) were not successful, despite the use of poison gases.

On the Southern Front, Italian troops launched an unsuccessful operation against Austria-Hungary on the Isonzo River. German-Austrian troops managed to defeat Serbia. Anglo-French troops successfully carried out the Thessaloniki operation in Greece, but failed to capture the Dardanelles. On the Transcaucasian front, as a result of the Alashkert, Hamadan and Sarykamysh operations, Russia reached the approaches to Erzurum.

The 1916 campaign was associated with Romania's entry into the war and the waging of an exhausting positional war on all fronts. Germany again shifted efforts against France, but did not succeed in the battle of Verdun. The operations of the Anglo-French troops on the Somna were also unsuccessful, despite the use of tanks.

World War I. Europe in 1916-1918.

On the Transcaucasian front, the Russian army carried out the Erzurum and then the Trebizond offensive operations, which remained unfinished.

The decisive Battle of Jutland took place on the Baltic Sea. As a result of the campaign, conditions were created for the Entente to seize the strategic initiative.

The 1917 campaign was associated with the US entry into the war, Russia's revolutionary withdrawal from the war, and the conduct of a number of successive offensive operations on the Western Front (Operation Nivelle, operations in the Messines region, on Ypres, near Verdun, near Cambrai). These operations, despite the use in them of large forces of artillery, tanks and aviation, practically did not change the general situation in the Western European theater of operations. In the Atlantic, at this time, Germany launched an unrestricted submarine war, during which both sides suffered heavy losses.

The campaign of 1918 was characterized by a transition from positional defense to a general offensive by the armed forces of the Entente. Initially, Germany undertook the Allied March offensive in Picardy, private operations in Flanders, on the rivers Aisne and Marne. But due to lack of strength, they did not develop.

From the second half of 1918, with the entry into the war of the United States, the Allies prepared and launched retaliatory offensive operations (Amiens, Saint-Miyel, Marne), during which they liquidated the results of the German offensive, and in September 1918 they launched a general offensive, forcing Germany to surrender (Truce of Compiegne).

Results

The final terms of the peace treaty were worked out at the Paris Conference of 1919-1920; during the sessions, agreements on five peace treaties were determined. After its completion, the following were signed: 1) the Treaty of Versailles with Germany on June 28, 1919; 2) Saint-Germain peace treaty with Austria on September 10, 1919; 3) Neuilly peace treaty with Bulgaria November 27, 1919; 4) Trianon peace treaty with Hungary on June 4, 1920; 5) Sevres Peace Treaty with Turkey on August 20, 1920. Subsequently, according to the Lausanne Treaty on July 24, 1923, amendments were made to the Sevres Treaty.

As a result of the First World War, the German, Russian, Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman empires were liquidated. Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire were divided, while Russia and Germany, having ceased to be monarchies, were cut down territorially and economically weakened. Revanchist sentiment in Germany led to World War II. The First World War accelerated the development of social processes and was one of the preconditions for revolutions in Russia, Germany, Hungary, and Finland. As a result, a new military-political situation was created in the world.

53Foreign policy of the USSR in 1964-1985 The USSR continued its policy of expanding its sphere of influence, supporting the enemies of the United States (the "cold war"). However, the imposition of socialist orders on many countries in Asia and Africa interfered with foreign policy, because these orders led to a deterioration in the economy and caused discontent among the population. In 1968, the USSR, under pressure from the leaders of the socialist countries, sent troops into Czechoslovakia, whose authorities began to carry out liberal reforms that objectively contributed to the curtailment of socialism. The introduction of troops caused sharp discontent in the West. In 1969, border conflicts between the USSR and China took place. In 1965-1975. The USSR supported North Vietnam in the struggle against the regime of South Vietnam and the USA. The victory of North Vietnam was also a victory for the USSR. In 1967, the USSR took the side of the Arab countries in their unsuccessful war against Israel, which was backed by the United States. He later supported the Palestine Liberation Organization against Israel. At the end of the 60s. a new détente began in relations with the West. In 1972 US President R. Nixon came to Moscow. In 1971, the USSR signed a cooperation agreement with France, in 1972 - a peace treaty with the Federal Republic of Germany and an agreement on the limitation of strategic arms (SALT-1), in 1975 - the final act of the meeting in Helsinki, which declared the post-war borders in Europe inviolable ; The USSR promised to abide by the UN Declaration of Human Rights. As a sign of the emerging détente, in 1975 a Soviet-American crew flew into space (the Soyuz-Apollo program). In 1979, the SALT-2 agreement was signed. In 1979, the USSR sent troops to Afghanistan to support its henchmen, after which the West accused the USSR of aggression. The SALT-2 treaty was not ratified. Discharge is over. In 1980, many Western teams did not come to the Olympiad in Moscow, in 1984. Soviet athletes - to the Olympics in Los Angeles.

58 The disintegration of the USSR With the beginning of perestroika, opposition movements in the union republics, especially active in the Baltic states and the Caucasus, revived. Already in 1986 there were riots in Alma-Ata due to the removal of the local leader D. A. Kunaev and his replacement by a Russian. Oppositionists in Lithuania, Estonia, Latvia sought to expand the rights of their republics, but in fact they were striving for independence. Representatives of the Russian population in the Supreme Soviet of the USSR created the Soyuz faction, defending the rights of the Russian population in the Union republics, which would certainly have suffered (and suffered) in the event of the collapse of the USSR. In 1988, an armed conflict broke out between Armenia and Azerbaijan over Nagorno-Karabakh. In 1989, ethnic clashes began in Central Asia, and there were also casualties during an anti-government demonstration in Tbilisi. In January 1991, several people died during riots in Vilnius (Lithuania) and Riga (Latvia). There was an ethnic war in Ossetia. The thaw in relations with the West that began was only due to concessions from the USSR (in 1989, troops were withdrawn from Afghanistan, missile weapons were reduced, and the withdrawal of troops from Eastern Europe, where anti-communist coups took place, was announced). The USSR was losing the status of a great power. In 1990, Lithuania announced its withdrawal from the USSR. The leaders of the RSFSR (and after them the authorities of other republics) declared that they would not obey the laws of the USSR if they contradicted Russian ones. In 1991, the leaders of a number of union republics obtained from Gorbachev consent to a new union treaty that expanded their power and made the Union almost a fiction. The negotiations were interrupted by the August putsch of 1991, which set one of its tasks to prevent the adoption of a new union treaty that would undermine the foundations of the USSR. Ukraine announced its withdrawal from the USSR. In December 1991, the leaders of the RSFSR (B. Yeltsin), Ukraine (L. Kravchuk) and Belarus (S. Shushkevich), desiring to increase their personal power, concluded the Belovezhskaya Accords, which ended the existence of the USSR.