Equipment for removing the top layer of soil. Initial data. Fig.3. With the movement of the excavator along the backfilled embankment

If it is necessary to remove plant soil with an uneven and insignificant thickness (up to 10 cm) and move it to a distance of up to 50 m, it is advisable to use a motor grader (grader) to cut the soil, and a bulldozer to move it. The plant soil is cut off and placed into the shafts by a motor grader along the grip. After the plant soil is laid into the shafts throughout the grip, the passages of the bulldozer across the grip move it outside the grip.

Almost anything can be done with a bulldozer. technological processes for the removal, movement and registration of plant soil into shafts. It is advisable to use a bulldozer with a distance of soil movement up to 50 m and a thickness of the vegetation layer of more than 10 cm.

In the presence of flat terrain, cutting should be done at the most remote end of the site and the soil should be moved along the surface of the vegetation layer, which will prevent it from mixing with mineral soil.

At uneven surface it is advisable to make the first cut closer to the place of laying the soil so that the subsequent soil can be moved along the leveled surface in the trench formed by the previous cuts.

It is possible to remove vegetable soil with a thickness of more than 10 cm and move it to a distance of 50-500 m using scrapers. In this case, you need to turn Special attention ensure that mineral soil is not cut off with the scraper along with the vegetable soil. With a thickness of plant soil up to 10 cm, it should first be cut with motor graders and placed in rollers, after which the scrapers, moving along the rollers, pick up the soil.

The plant soil removed by scrapers can be laid in layers in prisms. Having dumped the first layer over the entire area of ​​the base of the prism, they start dumping the second and subsequent layers from the edge of the prism to the middle with a retreat from the edge of the lower layer by an amount equal to 1.5-2.0 of the layer thickness.

When backfilling prisms, smooth entry and exit at their ends should be ensured with a slope of no more than 1: 10. Surface planning) of prisms and slopes is carried out by bulldozers.

At a distance of more than 500 m, plant soil is advisable; transported by dump trucks or tractor trailers. Loading of soil into vehicles should be carried out by grader-elevators with a thickness of vegetative soil of more than 20 cm, or by excavators from prisms or heaps created by bulldozers.

Restoration of vegetative soil can only be started after completion of work with mineral soil and careful planning of the excavation or embankment surface according to geodetic marks. When delivering soil by dump trucks or tractor trailers, it is advisable to level the soil with a bulldozer, and plan with a motor grader. In the absence of a bulldozer, the vegetable soil can be distributed from the piles by a motor grader with a knife extended to the side to prevent the front wheels of the graders from colliding with the piles, or by using interchangeable equipment (mounted bulldozer), which some brands of motor graders are equipped with.

For plant soil, light trailed rollers without ballast on pneumatic spikes or with smooth rollers can be used.

a) Dimensions of the pit (along the bottom):

Length: 60 m, Width: 50 m, Depth: 4.5 m.

b) Soil: loam

c) Vegetation layer thickness: 0.2 m.

d) Distance to the dump: 1.5 km.

Determination of the scope of preparatory work

1. Calculation of the scope of work

Preparatory work must be completed before the excavation of the pit. These works are intended to clear the area under the foundation pit.

They include:

removal of the vegetative layer (trees, shrubs) by cutting;

removal of stones;

surface leveling.

1. Calculation of the dimensions of the pit.

   1. Pit volume

To determine the volume of the pit, we use the formula:

V boiler \u003d H / 6 (a * b + a 1 * b 1 + (a + a 1) (b + b 1),

where H is the depth of the pit, m;

a and b - the dimensions of the pit from the bottom - the dimensions of the bottom of the pit, m;

a 1 and b 1 - dimensions of the pit on top, m;

Fig 1. Determining the volume of the pit

m=L/H, then L=mH,

L=0.9*9.5m=8.55m (for clay at a pit depth of 9.5 m. m=0.9).

Dimensions of the pit on top:

where m is the coefficient of laying the slope, for pits dug with a straight shovel in loam, this coefficient is taken equal to 0.9.

a 1 \u003d 60 + 2 * 0.9 * 9.5 \u003d 77.1 m;

b 1 \u003d 50 + 2 * 0.9 * 9.5 \u003d 58.55 m;

The value of the coefficient of laying the slope "m" is taken from Table 1.

The coefficient of laying the slope of the pit in soft non-watered soils. Table 1.

Knowing all the data, we find the volume of the pit:

V boiler \u003d 9.5 / 6 \u003d 35444 m 3

1. Vegetation layer volume

V rast \u003d a 1 * b 1 * h rast,

where h rast is the thickness of the vegetation layer, m;

h rast = 0.2 m;

Then: V growth \u003d 77.1 * 58.5 * 0.2 \u003d 902 m 3

1. Volume of soil to be developed

Volume of soil to be developed:

V gr \u003d V boiler - V rast;

We get the volume of soil exported to the dump, equal to:

V gr \u003d 35444-902 \u003d 34542m 3.

1. Removing the vegetation layer

When using excavators to develop the soil of the pit, the removal of the vegetation layer is usually carried out:

Bulldozers up to 10 tons of thrust (with a length of work area up to 100 m);

Scrappers (with a length of work area of ​​more than 100 m).

The total length of the working area is:

, (7)

where - distance from the edge of the pit to the axis of the cavalier (
).

So, to remove the vegetation layer, we take a bulldozer (from table 4). The DZ-18 bulldozer was selected, its characteristics:

Blade length - 3.97 m,

Blade height - 0.815 m,

Cutting angle - 47 0 -57 0,

Skew angle -5 0 ,

Rotation angle in plan - 63 0 and 90 0,

Lifting height - 1 m,

The way to change the skew angle is manually,

Blade control - hydraulic,

Power - 79 kW / h,

Thrust - 10 t,

The removal of the vegetation layer can be carried out according to the following schemes:

In this project:

therefore, we use a two-sided scheme for removing the vegetative soil layer shown in the drawing (see drawing 5, Appendix P). The bulldozer develops the soil, moving by shuttle from the longitudinal axis of the pit to the axis of the cavalier. Ground movement distance varies from
when cutting and setting up a soil prism at the longitudinal axis of the pit up to when cutting soil at the edge of the site; therefore, on average it is
.The distance c, including the temporary berm and half the width of the cavalier, can be taken equal to 5 + 5 = 10 m.

The operational performance of the bulldozer is determined by the formula:

P e h \u003d q c * n c * K in,

where P e h is the operational performance of the bulldozer, m 3 / h,

K in - the coefficient of use of working time, for a bulldozer we will accept it: K in \u003d 0.8.

n c - the number of cycles per hour of bulldozer operation

Estimated volume of soil in front of the dump at the end of the transportation section q c:

q c \u003d q ’ c * K e,

where q ' c - the volume of the soil prism after the completion of the digging operation (setting the soil into the prism), m 3,

K z - load factor of the working body,

K s \u003d K p * 1 / K r * K uk,

where K p is the coefficient of soil losses in the side rollers during the transportation of the soil prism to the place of unloading. It takes into account the loss of soil from the prism by drawing into the side rollers during transportation.

The value depends on the distance of movement, connectivity and soil moisture, the design of the dump and the method of moving the soil.

K p \u003d 1 - 0.005 * l tr,

where l tr is the average transportation length, m,

l tr \u003d a 1 / 4 + c,

l tr \u003d 77.1 / 4 + 10 \u003d 29.28 m.

K p \u003d 1 - 0.005 * 29.28 \u003d 0.85,

K p - soil loosening coefficient;

Let's take K p \u003d 1.2

- coefficient of use of working time

Accept
.

K uk - slope coefficient of the terrain;

Let's take K uk = 1

With the number of cycles per hour of operation of the bulldozer n c = 3600/t c.

Then the formula for determining the estimated average hourly operating productivity is

P h e \u003d q ’ c * 3600 / t c * K p * 1 / K r * K uk * K in;

The volume of the soil prism depends on the size of the dump and the properties of the soil:

q ' c \u003d B * H 2 / 2 * 1 / K pr,

where B is the blade length, m;

H is the dump height, m;

K pr - the filling factor of the geometric volume, is determined according to table 22:

According to the initial data, the soil is connected.

q "c \u003d 2.64 / 2 * 1 * 1 / 0.55 \u003d 2.4m 3.

The duration of the working cycle of the bulldozer t c is determined by the formula:

t c \u003d t to + t tr + t p + t p + t add,

where t to - the duration of digging, s,

t to = l to / v to;

Also t to can be determined from table 24.

t tr is the duration of transportation of the soil prism, s,

t tr \u003d l tr / v tr,

where l tr \u003d 29.28 m,

v tr - transportation speed, m / s, determined according to table 24;

According to the initial data, the traction force is 100 kN, soil type III.

v tr \u003d 0.7 m / s;

t tr \u003d 29.28 / 0.7 \u003d 42 s.

t p is the duration of the soil layout, s. With concentrated unloading of the prism, it is taken equal to t p \u003d 0 s,

t p - the duration of the empty stroke, s,

t p \u003d (l k + l tr + l p) / 2 * v p,

where l k - the length of the digging path, m, is taken equal to l k \u003d 5 m;

l tr \u003d 29.28 m;

v p - empty speed, m / s, determined according to table 24;

According to the initial data, the traction force is 100 kN, soil type III.

v p \u003d 1.23 m / s;

t p \u003d (5 + 28.29 + 0) / 2 * 1.23 \u003d 21s,

t add - additional time for shifting gears, installing the blade and turning the bulldozer, s,

Let's take t add \u003d 20 s

t c \u003d 14.4 + 42 + 0 + 21 + 20 \u003d 97 s

P h e \u003d 2.4 * (3600/97) * 0.85 * 0.7 \u003d 53 m 3 / h

The fertile soil layer is removed from the entire area allocated for the construction of the road, and placed in dumps for further use. The thickness of the removed fertile soil layer is set by the project on the basis of prior agreement with land users. The thickness of the vegetation layer in soddy areas is noticeably 8...12 cm, arable - 15...18 cm and forested - 15...25 cm. Vegetative soil is used to strengthen slopes subgrade, reclamation of restored or unproductive agricultural lands.

There are the following schemes for removing the vegetative soil layer: a) transverse with soil rollers arranged in a checkerboard pattern with a strip width of less than 20 ... 25 m; b) transverse with rollers on both sides of the subgrade with a strip width of more than 20 ... 25 m; c) longitudinal-transverse with a cutting strip width of more than 35 m and a significant thickness of the vegetative soil layer (Fig. 3.4.1).

Rice. 3.4.1. Scheme of cutting and moving plant soil:
a - in a transverse way on a strip 20 ... 25 m wide; b - the same, on a strip with a width of more than 20 ... 25 m; c - in a longitudinal-transverse way; I - shaft of vegetable soil; 1, 2, 3...n - bulldozer passes

Bulldozers or motor graders are used to cut and move the vegetation layer of the soil. The method of performing this work is chosen depending on the width of the strip from which it is necessary to cut the soil and the thickness of the cut layer. If the width of the strip is less than 20 ... 25 m, which happens during the construction of a subgrade from imported soil, the vegetable soil is cut off and moved by a bulldozer immediately to the full width (Fig. 3.4.1, a). Each cycle of cutting and moving the soil is carried out with the overlap of the previous layer by 20 ... each time cutting from the axis (Fig. 3.4.1, b).

At large volume works, a longitudinal-transverse scheme of cutting and moving the soil is used: the soil is cut with longitudinal passages of the bulldozer and collected into shafts, then it is moved outside the cutting strip with transverse passages. It is rational to carry out this work by using a motor grader and a bulldozer at the same time: the first one is for cutting the soil and laying it in longitudinal shafts, the second one is for transverse movement of the vegetable soil outside the strip of vegetation layer removal. It is also possible to cut the soil with a scraper, moving it over a distance of more than 50 m. The scraper removes the vegetation layer with longitudinal passages, parallel to the axis of the road, on a cutting strip equal to the grip, but not less than 200 ... 250 m. The way to fill the bucket with a capacity of 6.. .8 m 3 is 20 ... 25 m with a chip thickness of about 10 cm, after which the scraper is transferred to the unloading position and the soil is unloaded into the transverse roller. Continuing to move, the scraper cuts the soil again until the bucket is full and unloads it again in the neighboring area. Similar operations are repeated until the end of the grip, where the scraper, having turned by 180°, continues to cut the vegetation layer during the reverse movement. Then the transverse soil rollers are moved by a bulldozer outside the cutting strip.

Bulldozer Performance P, m 3 / shift, when cutting and moving the vegetative layer of soil is

(3.4.1)

where T- shift duration, h;

Q- the volume of soil moved in one cycle, m 3;

K in- coefficient of use of time;

K i- coefficient taking into account the presence of a slope;

K p- coefficient taking into account the loss of soil during its movement;

t- time spent on one cycle, h;

K r- coefficient of soil loosening.

Plant soil is placed in temporary dumps or taken immediately to the place of use as a fertile soil layer. Temporary dumps are located along the edges of the ROW or on special sites allocated for this purpose.

Land reclamation or restoration of the fertile soil layer is carried out where it was damaged or completely destroyed during the construction process. Such places include territories occupied by temporary roads, parking lots of road cars, soil, sand or gravel pits, side reserves.

Removal of plant soil. fertile layer soil, including the sod-vegetation layer, must be removed over the entire area occupied by embankments, excavations, reserves, quarries and other structures of the road complex. The boundaries in the plan, the thickness of the removal and the places of storage of soils of the fertile soil layer are determined by the project. Qualitative indicators and norms for removing the fertile soil layer are established by GOST 17.5.3.06-85.

The breakdown of soil removal works consists in setting out the boundaries of cutting and the contours of storage stacks. To break down the boundaries of the cut, poles 1.0-1.5 m high are used, installed every 20-25 m. The contours of the storage shafts are marked with stakes; cutting border before the start of work - a furrow (plow or ripper).

In order to prevent breakage or backfilling, the previously installed signs of project removal to the area should be protected with fences of three rails, fastened with the upper ends “into a tent”, or marked with special poles. After the completion of the removal of the fertile soil layer, the breakdown established for this work is removed.

If the layer to be removed has high density or the roots remained in it after the removal of the forest, before the start of cutting, the layer is loosened or plowed with multi-body plows.

The fertile soil layer is removed, as a rule, in a thawed state. In case of difficult terrain of machines, it is allowed to remove the soil in the spring when the soil thaws to the appropriate depth.

The fertile soil layer is cut off and moved to storage sites by bulldozers or motor graders, using the following work schemes:

when erecting embankments from imported soil, when the width of the strip from which the soil layer is to be cut does not exceed 25 m, use shuttlescheme transverse movement of soil in relation to the axis of the road;

when erecting embankments from lateral reserves or high embankments, as well as when developing deep cuts, when the road lane has a width of 30-40 m or more, cutting and moving the soil should be done first from one half of the lane, starting cutting from the axis, and then from it the other half, according to the so-called transverse or cross-sectional traffic pattern;

with large volumes of work to remove the soil layer (thick layer, large width of the road strip), the soil is first cut with a motor grader or bulldozer with a rotary blade into longitudinal shafts, from which the soil is later moved by bulldozers outside the road strip. At the same time, the transverse movement of the soil at half the width of the road strip is carried out by oblique passages of the bulldozer (at an angle to the longitudinal axis of the road), so that at each pass the bulldozer is fully loaded, corresponding to its power. Such a scheme is called longitudinal-transverse.

When removing soil from areas of large width, a scheme is used with the formation of shaft-stacks in the contour of the structure. Prior to the start of the next type of work, the soil soil must be taken out to the places of storage established by the project by trucks with loading by loaders.

In the case of vertical planning of areas and strips with a grass cover wider than 50 m, it is allowed to collect soil into transverse shafts within the contour, followed by distribution over a planned area.

Soil stacks are placed taking into account the terrain and other local conditions with a strip width of up to 25 m, as a rule, on one side; with a larger width - on both sides with gaps for travel construction machines, runoff surface water. In forest areas, on arable lands and other valuable lands, soil storage is carried out on areas specially allocated for these purposes.

When removing, storing the fertile soil layer, measures must be taken to prevent its loss (washout, swelling), as well as a decrease in its quality (mixing with underlying layers, roots, forest waste, pollution, etc.). With a storage period of more than a year, the surface of the soil shafts is strengthened by sowing grasses or by other methods provided for by the project.

The main activities for the preparation of the base of the subgrade. Prior to embankment construction, the prepared base surface must be leveled by a bulldozer. Pits, trenches, pits and other local recesses in which water can stagnate are filled in layers with compaction to the required density for the base (SNiP 2.05.02-85, table. 22). To ensure drainage in horizontal sections, a transverse slope from the axis is given not less than the coating established for the surface.

When using highly compressible non-draining soils (peat, silt, clays of low density, etc.) as a base, and draining soils in an embankment, when leveling, a construction rise should be created in the middle part, the value of which should be greater than the calculated settlement of the base provided for by the project .

Seal ground base low embankments and soil layers under the bottom of the working layer of pavement in recesses and zero places is carried out in cases provided for by SNiP 2.05.02-85 and SNiP 3.06.03-85. The base soils are compacted immediately before the filling of the overlying layers of soil or layers of pavement (airfield pavement).

If the required compaction depth exceeds the thickness of the layer effectively compacted by the means used, the excess soil layer should be removed with a bulldozer and compaction of the underlying layer should be carried out. After compaction and leveling of the lower layer, the removed soil is returned and compacted to the required density.

During the reconstruction of roads using the existing embankment, the vegetative soil from the roadsides and slopes of the reconstructed embankment is removed and moved to the edge of the right of way for subsequent reclamation. If it is impossible to use its biological properties, it is distributed at the base of the additional part. Before filling additional layers, the surface of the old embankment should be loosened to a depth of 10-15 cm with compaction together with the next layer. The need for disassembly and removal of layers of old pavement is established by the project.

Before the embankment is erected, culverts and communication pipes, as a rule, must be completely completed and backfilled on both sides to a width of at least 4 m on each side, from above - with a layer of a thickness not less than specified in the project, with layer-by-layer compaction to the required density . In this case, the movement and leveling of the soil, as well as compaction with rollers, is carried out by machine passages longitudinal in relation to the pipe, while building up the embankment on both sides. It is necessary to constantly monitor the approach of the machine to the pipe wall in order to avoid its displacement or possible destruction. The thickness of the soil layer on top of the pipe, at which it is possible to compact the backfill soil and let machines and vehicles through, must be indicated in the pipe design, but not less than that provided for by current standards.

When conducting any construction, a need necessarily arises. At the same time, the price of soil development has a significant impact on general level developer's costs. In this regard, it is very important to properly organize and carry out these types of work, which may include preparation for laying communications, digging wells, etc. The soil in the process of work finds a new use or is disposed of.

The cost of excavation work depends on a number of factors. Including its size is influenced by the amount of work performed, the complexity of the relief. Also, the price of soil development with slopes largely depends on the technology of work.

Prices for the development of soil for 1m3 in a mechanized way

Soil development - we will choose the best method

The choice of technology depends on the individual characteristics of the soil on the site and other features. Also, the method used is selected based on considerations of economic feasibility, since the cost of developing 1 m3 of soil is different for each of the methods.

There are the following main ways of working in construction and road construction:

• - using earthmoving equipment. Most often used for this purpose different kinds excavators.
• hydromechanical method. Provides for the development of soil with a jet of water with its transformation into pulp. Used in device artificial reservoirs, installation of hydraulic structures, construction of road and other embankments and excavations.
• explosive method. The development is carried out by performing drilling and blasting of the soil. It is used when it is necessary to work on rocks or frozen ground. The prices for the development of soil by this method are quite high.
• Drilling - development using special drilling machines.
• Combined method. Provides for the joint use of two or more of the listed methods. The most common work is carried out jointly by explosive and mechanical methods.

Prices for soil development for 1m3 manually

The most common is . It is used in more than 80% of cases. This method is generic. It is well suited for various types soil, can be used with enough difficult terrain area, including in rather cramped conditions.

It allows you to excavate the soil with its simultaneous loading into the body vehicle. Also, the excavator can form a dump or embankment. If necessary, the development of trenches of considerable length is carried out with the involvement of chain (depth up to 3.5 meters) or rotary excavators (depth up to 1.5 meters).

Also, when performing earthworks, graders and are often used, with the help of which the site is leveled, and the previously withdrawn soil is moved a certain distance. The composition of the special equipment used and its functionality affect how much the development of soil costs for the owners of the facility.

Favorable cost of soil development per 1 cubic meter. from professionals

Earth-moving machines are expensive special equipment, the purchase and maintenance of which is impractical for private developers and small construction companies.

With a one-time or episodic performance of work, the cost using our own equipment will be unreasonably high. So optimal solution in such cases, there will be a rental of special equipment under the control of qualified operators. This will ensure high-quality performance of work with an acceptable price for the development of m3 of soil.

Our company also offers other special equipment for earthworks of any level of complexity. We have favorable prices– soil development in Moscow is available to individuals and organizations. At the same time, an extensive fleet of vehicles allows us to ensure high efficiency in the execution of each order.

In addition, we can provide our own vehicles with the necessary approvals. Thus, complete solution tasks to prepare the site for construction or installation work. The price of soil development with loading and removal is optimal for our customers.