2.7. concept of testing and control

A test is an experimental determination of quantitative and (or) quality characteristics properties of the test object as a result of impact on it during its operation, as well as modeling the object and (or) impacts (GOST 16504-91). Experimental determination of the characteristics of the properties of an object during testing can be carried out by using measurements, evaluation and control.

The object of testing is the product or the processes of its production and operation. Depending on the type of product and the test program, the object can be either a single product or a batch of them. The object of the test may also be a model or model of the product.

The most important features of any test are:

Based on their results, making certain decisions on the test object, for example, on its suitability or rejection, on the possibility of presenting it for the next test, etc.;

Setting the required real or simulated test conditions. Test conditions are understood as a set of influencing factors and (or) modes of operation of an object during testing. Normative test conditions must be defined in the normative and technical documents for testing specific objects.

Exists big number types of tests. They are classified according to various criteria. According to the purpose, the tests are divided into research, control, comparative and definitive. According to the level of conduct, the following categories of tests are distinguished: state, interdepartmental and departmental. According to the type of stages of development of the tested products, preliminary and acceptance tests are distinguished. Depending on the type of test finished products they are divided into qualification, acceptance periodical and standard. Definitions of these types of tests can be found in GOST 16504-81 "The system of state product testing. Testing and product quality control. Basic terms and definitions."

The purpose of the tests should be considered to be the determination of the true value of the parameter (characteristic), determined not under the actual conditions in which it can actually be during the tests, but under the given nominal test conditions. The actual test conditions almost always differ from the nominal ones, since it is impossible to establish the parameters of the test conditions with absolute accuracy. Consequently, the test result always has an error that arises not only due to the error in determining the desired characteristic, but also due to the inaccurate establishment of the nominal test conditions.

The result of the tests is the assessment of the characteristics of the properties of the object, the establishment of the compliance of the object with the specified requirements, the data of the analysis of the quality of the functioning of the object in the process of testing. The test result is characterized by accuracy - a test property that describes the closeness of their results to the actual values ​​of the object's characteristics under certain test conditions.

There are great similarities between measurement and testing: firstly, the results of both operations are expressed as numbers; secondly, the errors in both cases can be expressed as the difference between the results of measurements (tests) and the true values ​​of the measured quantity (or the determined characteristic under nominal operating conditions). However, from the point of view of metrology, there is a significant difference between these operations: the measurement error is only one of the components of the test error. Therefore, it can be said that testing is a more general operation than measurement. The measurement can be considered as a special case of testing, in which the test conditions are not of interest.

Example 2.4. Let us consider the tests of the magnetic properties of soft magnetic materials, carried out in accordance with GOST 12119-80. Their purpose is to determine the characteristics and parameters of magnetic materials, such as the main magnetization curve, specific magnetic loss curve, coercive force, residual induction, saturation induction, etc.

In order to measure these characteristics and parameters, the sample must be remagnetized. The values ​​of magnetic quantities significantly depend on the mode of magnetization reversal of the test sample, therefore, in order to be able to compare the results of measurements from different laboratories, the standard prescribes:

Use in testing samples of magnetic materials of a standardized form (ring and strips for the Epstein apparatus);

Apply unified primary converters of magnetic properties (see example 11.4 in section 11.5);

Carry out measurements under a regulated law of change in magnetic induction in the process of remagnetization of the sample. The sinusoidal law has received the main distribution, which must be provided with an error (in terms of the harmonic coefficient) of no more than 2%. The difference between the real law of the change in magnetic induction from the sinusoidal one within more acceptable values ​​leads to errors in determining the magnetic parameters.

Control is the process of determining the conformity of the product parameter value established requirements or norms. The essence of any control consists in carrying out two main stages. At the first of them, information is obtained about the actual state of an object, about the signs and indicators of its properties. This information is called primary. On the second - the primary information is compared with pre-established requirements, norms, criteria. At the same time, the correspondence or non-compliance of the actual data with the required ones is revealed. Information about their divergence is called secondary. It is used to develop appropriate decisions about the object of control. In some cases, the boundary between the stages of control is indistinguishable. In this case, the first stage may be expressed indistinctly or practically not be observed. A typical example of this kind is the control of the size of a part with a gauge, which is reduced to the operation of comparing the actual and maximum permissible values ​​of the parameter.

Control consists of a number of elementary actions: measuring transformation of the controlled value; operations for reproducing control settings; comparison operations; determination of the control result.

Measurements and control are closely related to each other, are close in their informational nature and contain a number of common operations (for example, comparison, measurement transformation). At the same time, their procedures differ in many ways:

The result of the measurement is a quantitative characteristic, and the result of control is a qualitative one;

Measurement is carried out in a wide range of values ​​of the measured quantity, and control - usually within a small number of possible states;

Control devices, unlike measuring ones, are used to check the condition of products, the parameters of which are set and vary within narrow limits;

The main characteristic of the quality of the measurement procedure is accuracy, and the quality of control procedures - reliability.

Control can be classified in a number of ways.

Depending on the number of controlled parameters, it is divided into single-parameter, in which the state of the object is determined by the size of one parameter, and multi-parameter, in which the state of the object is determined by the size of many parameters.

According to the form of the compared signals, the control is divided into analog, in which analog signals are compared, and digital, in which digital signals are compared.

Depending on the type of impact on the object, control is divided into passive, in which the impact on the object is not made, and active, in which the impact on the object is carried out by means of a special test signal generator.

In practice, the so-called tolerance control, the essence of which is to determine by measuring or testing the value of the controlled parameter of an object and comparing the result obtained with the given boundary valid values. A special case of tolerance control is the verification of measuring instruments, during which the error of the measuring instrument is examined within the allowable limits.

According to the location of the controlled state zone, tolerance control of states is distinguished:

Below the allowed value X< Хн;

Above the permissible value X > Хв;

Between the upper and lower allowable values ​​Xn< X < Хв. Результатом контроля является не число, а одно из взаимоисключающих утверждений:

"the controlled characteristic (parameter) is within the allowed values", the control result is "good";

"the controlled characteristic (parameter) is outside the allowable values", the result of the control is "not good" or "marriage".

For definiteness, we assume that the decision "suitable" should be made if the condition Хн £ X £ Хв is satisfied, where X, Хв Хн is the true value and the allowable upper and lower values ​​of the controlled parameter. In fact, it is not the true value of X (since it is unknown) that is compared with the allowable values ​​Xb and Xn, but its estimate X0, obtained as a result of measurements. The X0 value differs from X by the value of the measurement error: X = X0 + D. The decision "good" during the control is made if the inequality XH £ X0 £ XB is fulfilled. It follows from this that there are four possible outcomes for tolerance control.

1. The decision "good" is made when the value of the controlled parameter is within the allowable limits, i.e. the events Хн £ X £ Хв and

XH £ X0 £ XB. If the probability densities of the laws of distribution f(X) of the controlled parameter X and the error of its measurement f(D) are known, then with the mutual independence of these laws and the given permissible upper and lower values ​​of the parameter, the probability of the event "good"

2. The decision "marriage" is made when the value of the controlled parameter is outside the limits of permissible values, i.e. X events took place< Хр или X >Xv and X0< Хн или Х0 >X century Under the specified assumptions, the probability of the event "failed" or "marriage"

3. The decision "marriage" is made when the true value of the controlled parameter lies within the allowable values, i.e. X0< ХН или Х0 >Хв and Хн £ X £ Хв and the serviceable object was rejected. In this case, it is customary to say that a type I error occurs. Her probability

4. The decision "good" is made when the true value of the controlled parameter lies outside the allowable values, i.e. X events took place< Хн или Х >Хв и ХН £ Х0 £ ХВ and the defective object is recognized as fit. In this case, we say that a Type II error has occurred, the probability of which is

It is obvious that errors of the I and II kinds have different meaning for manufacturers and consumers (customers) of controlled products. Errors of the first kind lead to direct losses for the manufacturer, since the erroneous recognition of an actually good product as unsuitable leads to additional costs for research, refinement and adjustment of the product. Type II errors directly affect the consumer who receives a low-quality product. With the normal organization of relations between the consumer and the manufacturer, the defect discovered by the first of them leads to claims and damage to the manufacturer.

The considered probabilities Rg, Rng, P1, and P2, in the mass control of a batch of products, characterize the average shares of good, bad, incorrectly rejected and incorrectly skipped products among their entire controlled population. Obviously, Pg + Png + P1 + P2 = 1.

The reliability of the results of tolerance control is described by various indicators, among which the most common are the probabilities of errors of I (P1) and II (P2) types and the risks of the manufacturer and customer (consumer):

One of the most important tasks of control planning is the choice of the optimal measurement accuracy of controlled parameters. If the permissible measurement errors are overestimated, the cost of measuring instruments decreases, but the probabilities of errors during control increase, which ultimately leads to losses. When the permissible errors are underestimated, the cost of measuring instruments increases, the probability of control errors decreases, and the cost of products increases. It is obvious that there is some optimal accuracy corresponding to the minimum of the sum of losses from rejects and the cost of control.

The above formulas make it possible to carry out a purposeful search for such values ​​of the measurement error, which, given the upper and lower values ​​of the Controlled parameter, would provide acceptable values ​​for the probabilities of errors of I and II types (P!d and P2d) or the corresponding risks. This search is made by numerical or graphical integration. Therefore, for a rational choice of the accuracy characteristics of the measuring instruments used in the control, in each specific case, the allowable values ​​of P1d and P2d should be set.

test questions

1. Define physical quantity. Give examples of quantities belonging to different groups of physical processes.

2. What are extensive and intensive physical quantities? What are their similarities and differences? Give examples of PV of each type.

3. Review the definitions of scoring, scoring, and measurement. Highlight their common and distinctive features.

4. What is the scale of a physical quantity? Give examples of different PV scales.

5. Name the main operations of the measurement procedure. Tell us how they are implemented when measuring the size of a part with a caliper.

6. Give examples of measuring transducers, multi-valued measures and comparison devices used in measuring instruments known to you.

7. Which elements of the measurement process belong to the branch of the real, and which ones belong to the branch of the reflection of reality? How do they relate to each other?

8. On what basis are measurement methods classified? What measurement methods do you know?

9. What is a measuring instrument? Give examples of measuring instruments for various PV.

10. What are the measurement conditions? What are they?

11. What is the measurement result and how is it characterized?

12. Formulate the main stages of measurement in relation to the process of measuring the diameter of a part with a micrometer.

13. List the signs by which measurements can be classified. Tell us about the classification of measurements for each of these features.

14. Give definitions of direct, indirect, joint and cumulative measurements. Give examples of each type of measurement.

15. What is a test and how does it differ from measurement?

16. What is control and how does it differ from measurement? What types of controls exist?

17. What is the probability of errors of I and II kinds? What do they characterize?

The concept of certification and the history of its development

The term "certification" was first formulated and defined by the Certification Committee (CERTICO) of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO).

Currently, certification of conformity refers to the act of a third party proving that it provides the necessary confidence that a properly identified product, process or service conforms to a particular standard or other normative document.

First, certification is now directly related to the action of a third party, which is a person or body recognized as independent of the parties involved in the matter under consideration.

Secondly, the Conformity Assessment Action is carried out properly, which indicates the existence of a strict certification system with certain rules, procedures and management.

Thirdly, the scope of conformity certification is expanding significantly. Currently, products, processes and services are subject to it, including quality management processes in enterprises (quality systems) and personnel.

Scope of certification

As already noted, certification is divided into mandatory and voluntary. AT recent times mandatory certification is often referred to as certification in the legally regulated area, and voluntary certification in the legally unregulated area. Let's consider the reasons for the division of certification distribution areas.

Mandatory certification applies to products and services related to ensuring the safety of the environment, life, health and property. Legislated requirements for these goods must be met by all manufacturers in the domestic market and importers when imported into Russia. The range of goods and services subject to mandatory certification in Russian Federation, is determined by the State Standard of Russia in accordance with the Law of the Russian Federation "On Protection of Consumer Rights".

Objects of mandatory certification:

Products:

goods of the machine-building complex;

goods of electrical, electronic and instrument-making industries;

· Medical equipment;

Goods of agricultural production and food products;

· products light industry;

goods of primary industries and woodworking;

· funds personal protection respiratory organs;

pyrotechnic products;

veterinary biologicals.

household;

passenger transport;

Tourist and excursion;

trade;

· Catering;

Others.

Voluntary certification is carried out in cases where strict compliance with the requirements of existing standards or other regulatory documentation for products, services or processes is not provided by the state, i.e. when standards or norms do not relate to safety requirements and are voluntary for a commodity producer, for example, a series of standards GOST R ISO 9000 on models of quality systems in enterprises. The need for voluntary certification appears, as a rule, when non-compliance with standards or other regulations for objects of certification affects the economic interests of large financial and industrial groups, industries and services. On fig. groups of objects of voluntary certification are given. Consider the features of certification of these groups.

Objects of voluntary certification:

Products:

· production and technical direction;

social and household direction.

material;

intangible.

Enterprise quality systems:

during design, development, production, installation and maintenance;

during production, installation and maintenance;

· Inspection and testing of finished products.

Personnel in the area:

· non-destructive testing;

valuation of land, real estate, vehicles;

welding, etc.

Voluntary certification is subject to products for which there are no mandatory safety requirements. At the same time, its implementation limits access to the market for low-quality products by checking such indicators as reliability, aesthetics, economy, etc. At the same time, voluntary certification does not replace the mandatory one, and its results are not grounds for banning (supplying) products. It is primarily aimed at fighting for the client. This fully applies to voluntary certification of services.

The standard establishes the basic principles for organizing work on certification of quality systems (industries). Certification must ensure: voluntariness; non-discriminatory access to participation in certification processes; objectivity of assessments; reproducibility of evaluation results; confidentiality; information content; specialization of bodies for certification of quality systems (production); verification of compliance with the requirements for products (services) in the legally regulated area; the credibility of the applicant's evidence of the compliance of the quality system with regulatory requirements. Let's look at these principles in more detail.

Voluntariness. Certification is carried out only at the initiative of the applicant in the presence of a written application from him (unless otherwise provided by law).

Non-discriminatory access to participation in certification processes. All organizations that have submitted an application and recognize the principles, requirements and rules established in it are allowed to be certified in the register. Any discrimination of the applicant and any participant in the certification process is excluded (the price is too high in comparison with other applicants, unjustified delay in terms, unjustified refusal to accept the application, etc.).

Objectivity of assessments. It is ensured by the independence of the certification body and the experts involved by it from the applicant or other parties interested in the results of assessment and certification, as well as the completeness of the composition of the commission of experts (hereinafter referred to as the commission).

In the aggregate, the certification commission must know the standards for the quality system, own the technique of verification, know the features of production and regulatory requirements for it. The commission should include a specialist in the type of economic activity (sector of the economy). If necessary, experts in metrology, economics, etc. may be included in the commission.

Fundamentals of certification testing

Measurement, testing and control are methods of conformity assessment for certification. The features of their application are determined by the tasks that the testing laboratory solves when certifying products (Table 2.1).

Test task- obtaining quantitative or qualitative assessments of product characteristics, i.e. assessment of the ability to perform the required functions in given conditions. This task is solved in testing laboratories; its solution is a prepared test report indicating the product parameters.

Table 2.1. Correlation of concepts

"measurement", "test", "control"

	Target	Quality	Accuracy rate
Measurement	Determining the value of a quantity (parameter)	The degree of closeness of the measurement results to the actual value	Measurement error ∆ meas
Trial	The same for given modes and influencing factors that determine the value of the quantity (parameter)	The same for given test modes and influencing factors	∆ and =∆ r + ∆ f + ∆ meas, where ∆ r is the mode error; ∆ f - error of factors
Control	Establishing the fact that a value (parameter) is within a given tolerance for given test modes and influencing factors	Degree of confidence that the parameter is within acceptable limits	Probability of type I and II errors, taking into account ∆ and

Control task– establishing the conformity of product characteristics with those specified in normative documents requirements, including test results. This task is solved by the experts of the certification body on the basis of the test report. Therefore, the task of control can be called the task of expert evaluation.

When certifying products, both of these operations are associated with parameter measurements. Certification systems for quality systems and services provide for conformity assessment without the use of measuring equipment using visual or organoleptic methods (audits, inspections, surveys, etc.). When certifying personnel, a certification exam is carried out according to established rules.

Control of objects or stages of the production process can be periodical- carried out after a certain period of time (hours, days, months); continuous- ongoing (permanently). Depending on the means of control, control is distinguished: visual when the object of control is subjected to inspection and its compliance with the requirements of the NTD is determined (whether all operations have been completed, the presence of marking, accompanying documentation); organoleptic- subjective method of control, carried out by specialists-experts (assessment in points); instrumental- control through measuring tool, calibers, instruments, stands, testing machines, etc. The latter type of control can be manual, automated and automatic.

Depending on the volume of production, control is distinguished solid, in which the decision on the quality of controlled products is made based on the results of checking each unit of products; selective, in which the quality decision is made based on the results of checking one or more samples (depending on the requirements of the NTD) from a batch or product stream.

By the nature of the impact on the course production process Distinguish between active and passive control. At active control (it is carried out by devices built into technological equipment) the results obtained are used to continuously control the manufacturing process of products. Passive control only fixes the result.

By the nature of the impact on the object, control can be destructive at which the product becomes unsuitable for further use for its intended purpose, and non-destructive.

According to the type of parameters being checked, control is distinguished geometric parameters (linear, angular dimensions, shape and location of surfaces, axes, parts, components and assemblies, etc.), physical properties (electrical, heat engineering, optical, etc.), mechanical properties(strength, hardness, plasticity under various external conditions); micro- and macrostructures(metallographic studies); chemical properties (chemical analysis composition of the substance, chemical resistance in various media), as well as special control(light, gas impermeability, tightness).

Depending on the stage life cycle products are subjected to the following tests:

research - research;

development - finishing, preliminary, acceptance;

production - qualification, bearer, acceptance, periodic, standard, inspection, certification;

operation - controlled operation, operational periodic, inspection

Research tests if necessary, carried out at any stage of the product life cycle. During the production process, purchased materials, components can be subjected to control tests during incoming inspection, and components own production- at the operating room.

Exploratory tests are often carried out as identification and evaluative tests. Target defining tests - finding the values ​​of one or more quantities with a given accuracy and reliability. Sometimes, during testing, it is only necessary to establish the fact of the suitability of the object, i.e. determine whether a given instance of a number of objects of a given type satisfies the established requirements or not. Such tests are called appraisal.

Tests carried out to control the quality of an object are called control. The purpose of control tests is to check for compliance with the technical conditions of certain copies of components or constituent parts during manufacture. As a result of the tests, the data obtained are compared with those established in the technical specifications and a conclusion is made about the compliance of the tested (controlled) object with the regulatory and technical documentation (documentation for the supply of components).

Finishing tests carried out at the R&D stage to assess the impact of technical documentation changes to ensure the achievement of the specified values ​​of product quality indicators. The need for testing is determined by the developer either when drawing up the terms of reference for development, or during the development process; he draws up a program and a test procedure.

Target preliminary tests- determination of the possibility of presenting samples for acceptance tests. Tests are carried out in accordance with the standard or organizational and methodological document of the ministry, department, enterprise.

Acceptance tests are carried out to determine the feasibility and possibility of putting products into production. Acceptance tests of single-piece production products are carried out to resolve the issue of the feasibility of transferring these products into operation. Experimental or prototype samples (batches) of products are subjected to tests.

Acceptance tests are carried out to decide on the suitability of products for delivery or their use. Tests are subjected to each manufactured unit of production or a sample from the batch. Tests are carried out by the service technical control manufacturer, with the participation, in specified cases, of a representative of the customer.

The test procedure is established in the state standard of general technical requirements or technical specifications, and for unit production products - in the terms of reference.

Periodic testing carried out for the purpose of:

Periodic quality control of products;

· monitoring the stability of the technological process in the period between successive tests;

confirmation of the possibility of continuing the manufacture of products according to the current documentation and their acceptance;

confirmation of the quality level of products released during the controlled period;

confirmation of the effectiveness of the test methods used in the acceptance control.

Periodic tests are intended for products of established serial (mass) production. During their implementation, the values ​​of indicators are controlled, which depend on the stability of the technological process, but are not checked during acceptance tests.

Inspection tests carried out selectively in order to control the stability of the quality of samples of finished products and products in operation. They are carried out by specially authorized organizations (bodies of state supervision, departmental control, organizations engaged in foreign trade operations, etc.) in accordance with the NTD for these products according to the program established by the organization that performs them, or agreed with it.

According to the conditions and place of conducting, tests are distinguished:

- laboratory carried out in the laboratory;

- bench conducted on test equipment in testing or research departments. Test equipment can be mass-produced, for example, vibration test benches, shock benches, etc., or it can be specially developed (designed and manufactured) in the process of creating a new product for testing it in order to obtain any characteristics (indicators);

- polygon performed at a test site, such as vehicle testing;

- natural– tests under conditions corresponding to the conditions of its intended use. In this case, not the components of the product or its model are tested, but only directly manufactured products. Characteristics of the properties of the product during field tests are determined directly without the use of analytical dependencies that reflect the physical structure of the test object or its parts;

- tests using models are carried out on a physical model (simplified, reduced) of the product or its components; sometimes during these tests it becomes necessary to carry out calculations on mathematical and physical-mathematical models in combination with full-scale tests of the object and its components.

According to the duration, or rather, according to the temporal completeness of the test, there can be:

- normal when the methods and conditions of carrying out ensure the receipt of the necessary amount of information about the characteristics of the properties of the product (object) in the same time interval as in the envisaged operating conditions;

- accelerated when the methods and conditions of conducting provide the necessary information about the characteristics of the properties of the object in more short term than in normal tests. Holding accelerated tests allows you to reduce the cost of funds and time to create products. Acceleration of obtaining test results can be achieved by applying increased loads, increasing temperatures during thermal tests, etc.;

- abbreviated held on a reduced program.

According to the result of exposure, as in control methods, tests are distinguished:

- non-destructive- the test object after testing can function (be operated);

- destructive- the object after testing cannot be used for operation;

Finally, according to the determined characteristics of the object, tests are distinguished:

- functional- are carried out in order to determine the indicators of the purpose of the object;

On the reliability- are carried out to determine the reliability indicators in given conditions;

On the strength- are carried out to establish the values ​​of influencing factors, in which certain characteristics of the object go beyond the established limits;

On the sustainability- are performed to control the ability of the product to implement its functions and maintain the parameter values ​​within the limits established by the technical documentation, during exposure to certain factors (aggressive environments, shock waves, electric field, radiation, etc.);

On the safety- are carried out in order to confirm, establish a safety factor for the service personnel or persons related to the test object;

On the transportability- are carried out in order to determine the possibility of transporting an object in a particular container without violating the ability of the object to perform its functions and maintain parameter values ​​within the limits;

- boundary– are carried out to determine the dependencies between the maximum permissible values ​​of the parameters of the object and the operating mode.

The list of questions submitted for the exam on the course "Metrology, standardization, certification"

1. Measurements. Basic concepts and definitions.

2. Types of measurements. (Examples).

3. Measurement methods. (Examples).

4. Causes of errors. Methodical error.

5. Causes of errors. Instrumental, energy subjective errors. Examples.

6. Measurement errors: static and dynamic, systematic and random. Misses.

7. Measuring instruments (SI). Classification, definitions.

8. Normalized metrological characteristics of SI.

9. Ways of expressing and normalizing the limits of permissible errors of SI. Accuracy class.

10 Indicators of measurement accuracy and forms of presentation of measurement results.

11. Characteristics of random errors

12. Technique of statistical processing of the results of observations.

13. Summation of errors.

14. Certification. Basic concepts and definitions. Objects of obligatory and voluntary certification.

15. Measurements, tests, control. Types and methods of product control.

16. Measurements, tests, control. Types and methods of product testing.

Quality control- This is a systematic test of how the object is able to fulfill the established requirements. Failure to comply with the established requirements is a non-compliance with ISO 8402. The main form of verification is control.

Control this is obtaining information about the actual state of the object (primary information for products - information about qualitative and quantitative characteristics) and comparing the information received with pre-established requirements, that is, norms (secondary information).

Control of qualitative and (or) quantitative characteristics of products is carried out in accordance with GOST 16504-81. State system for ensuring the uniformity of measurements. Testing and quality control of products. Basic concepts. Terms and Definitions.

Operations of the control procedure: measurements (independent procedure, is an object of metrology); product analysis ( analytical methods– chemical, microbiological, microscopic analysis); tests (experimental methods).

Tests- experimental determination of quantitative and (or) qualitative characteristics of the test object (GOST 16504-81). Testing of goods provides for the conditions for their implementation, the use of test equipment and measuring instruments: technical devices, measuring instruments, substances and materials.

The main means of testing is testing equipment, basic and auxiliary substances and materials used in testing.

Basic requirements for the quality of testing: accuracy, reproducibility. Types of tests: laboratory (for goods); polygon; natural.

The functional test is carried out under the influence of certain real or simulated external factors on the goods, and the control is carried out under normal climatic conditions (temperature t ° C, relative humidity W%, atmospheric pressure P mm Hg). During testing, a sample of goods is subjected to testing processes, and during control - 100% of goods. Tests are carried out according to the scheme of program-target planning, and control is carried out at all stages of the life cycle of goods.

5.4. Technological quality assurance

As an example of technological quality assurance, here are methods for standardized evaluation and measurement of various quality characteristics that should be used in the preparation of specific methods for testing the quality of software projects.

For each quality characteristic, it is recommended to form measures and a measurement scale with the allocation of required, acceptable and unsatisfactory values, as shown in the example of a graphic image of quality (For a specific project, its own set of metrics should be developed or supplemented, which reflects the purpose and features of the environment of the software product being developed).

Software quality is the totality of features and characteristics of a software product that relates to its ability to satisfy stated or implied needs. The importance of each quality characteristic varies depending on the class of software. For example, reliability is most important for combat critical systems software, efficiency is most important for time-critical real-time systems software, and usability is most important for end-user dialogue software. The importance of each quality characteristic also varies depending on the points of view adopted.

The following figure (process model) shows the main steps required to evaluate software quality.

The evaluation process consists of three stages: establishment (definition) of quality requirements, preparation for evaluation and evaluation procedure. This process can be applied in any suitable phase of the life cycle for each component of the software product.

The purpose of the initial stage is to establish requirements in terms of quality characteristics. Requirements express the needs of the external environment for the software product under consideration and must be determined before development begins.

The purpose of the second stage is to prepare the basis for assessment.

The result of the third is a conclusion about the quality of software products. The overall quality is then compared with other factors such as time and cost. The final decision of the management is made on the basis of the controllability criterion. The result is a management decision to accept or reject, or to release or not release the software product.

STATE STANDARD OF THE UNION OF THE SSR

SYSTEM OF STATE TESTING OF PRODUCTS

TESTING AND CONTROL
PRODUCT QUALITY

BASIC TERMS AND DEFINITIONS

GOST 16504-81

USSR STATE COMMITTEE ON STANDARDS

DEVELOPED State Committee USSR by standardsPERFORMERSL. M. Zaks, G. K. Martynov(theme leaders), G. V. Anisimova, V. P. Belyavtsev, Yu. S. Veniaminov, G. A. Gukasyan, M. G. Dolinskaya, V. D. Dudko, L. I. Zavalko, A. A. Zenkov, M. G. Iofin, V. V. Kreshchuk, E. N. Leonova, O. G. Lositsky, A. E. Manokhin, M. M. Manzon, V. V. Melentiev, V. P. Nikiforov , V. A. Novikova, E. V. Nikitina, A. G. Osetrov, V. A. Pavlov, O. F. Poslavsky, V. I. Pereponov, V. I. Pronenko, V. N. Smirnov, N K. Sukhov. V. G. Stepanov, E. I. Taver, A. L. Terkel, R. V. Utkina, N. M. Fedotov, I. A. Khalap, S. S. Chernyshev, V. N. Chupyrin, V. I. Churilov, N. G. Sherstyukov, E. P. Schmidt, E. S. Ehrenburg. INTRODUCED by the USSR State Committee for Standards Head of the Department for Attestation and State Product Testing M. A. Ushakov APPROVED AND INTRODUCED BY Decree of the USSR State Committee for Standards of December 8, 1981 No. 5297

STATE STANDARD OF THE UNION OF THE SSR

Decree of the USSR State Committee for Standards dated December 8, 1981 No. 5297 established the deadline for introduction

from 01.01.1982.

This standard establishes the terms and definitions of the basic concepts used in science, technology and production in the field of testing and quality control of products. The terms established by this standard are mandatory for use in all types of documentation, scientific and technical, educational and reference literature. There is one standardized term for each concept. The use of synonymous terms for the standardized term is prohibited. Synonymous terms that are unacceptable for use are given in the standard as reference and are marked with the mark "Ndp". In cases where necessary and sufficient signs concepts are contained in the literal meaning of the term, the definition is not given, and, accordingly, a dash is put in the “Definition” column. For individual standardized terms in the standard are given as reference short forms, which are allowed to be used if the possibility of their various interpretations excluded. Standardized terms are printed in bold, short form in light, invalid terms in italics. The standard provides reference foreign equivalents for a number of standardized terms in English (E) and French (F) languages. The standard contains alphabetical indexes the terms contained in it in Russian and their foreign equivalents. AT help application 1 provides explanations for some terms marked with an asterisk, reference Appendix 2 provides a systematization of the types of tests and controls according to their main features.

Definition

1. TESTING

1. Tests * E. Test F. Essai

Experimental determination of quantitative and (or) qualitative characteristics of the properties of the test object as a result of the impact on it, during its operation, when modeling the object and (or) impacts. Note. Definition includes assessment and/or control

2. Terms tests * E. Test conditions F. Conditions d'essais

The set of influencing factors and (or) modes of operation of the object during testing

3. Normal test conditions * E. Normal test conditions F. Conditions d'essais normales

Test conditions established by the regulatory and technical documentation (NTD) for this species products

4. View tests E. Mode of test F. Type d'essai

Classification grouping of tests according to a certain attribute

5. Category tests E. Category of test F. Category d'essai

Type of tests, characterized by an organizational sign of their implementation and decision-making based on the results of the assessment of the object as a whole

6. An object tests * E. Item under test F. Objet a essayer

Products under test

7. Sample for testing E. Test specimen F. Echantillon pour essai

Product or part thereof or sample directly subjected to experiment during testing

8. Prototype E. Pilot sample F. prototype

A product sample manufactured according to a newly developed working documentation for verification by testing compliance with its specified technical requirements in order to make a decision on the possibility of putting into production and (or) use for its intended purpose

9. Test model E. Test model F. Modele pour essai

A product, process, phenomenon, mathematical model that is in a certain correspondence with the test object and (or) influences on it and is capable of replacing them in the test process

10. Layout for testing E. Test mock - up F. Maquette pour essais

A product representing a simplified reproduction of the test object or part thereof and intended for testing

11. Method tests E. Test method F. Methode d'essais

Rules for the application of certain principles and means of testing

12. Volume tests E. Extent of test F. Taille des essais

Test characteristics, determined by the number of objects and types of tests, as well as the total duration of tests

13. Test program * E. Test program F. Program d'essais

Organizational and methodological document, mandatory for implementation, establishing the object and objectives of the tests, the types, sequence and scope of the experiments, the procedure, conditions, place and timing of the tests, provision and reporting on them, as well as responsibility for the provision and conduct of tests

14. Methodology tests * E. Test procedure F. Procedure d'essais

An organizational and methodological document that is mandatory for implementation, including a test method, test tools and conditions, sampling, algorithms for performing operations to determine one or more interrelated characteristics of object properties, data presentation forms and assessment of accuracy, reliability of results, safety and environmental protection requirements environments

15. Certification methods tests E. Approval of test procedure F. Certification de la procedure d'essais

Determination of the values ​​of indicators of accuracy, reliability and (or) reproducibility of test results provided by the method and their compliance with specified requirements

16. test tool * E. Test means F. Moyen d'essais

Technical device, substance and (or) material for testing

17. Test equipment E. Test equipment F. Equipement d'essais

Test tool, which is a technical device for reproducing test conditions

18. Certification trial equipment E. Certification of test equipment F. Certification de l'equipement d'essais

Determination of the normalized accuracy characteristics of the test equipment, their compliance with the requirements of regulatory and technical documentation and the establishment of the suitability of this equipment for operation

19. Test system * E. Test system F. Systeme d'essais

A set of test tools, performers and certain test objects interacting according to the rules established by the relevant regulatory documentation

20. Accuracy of test results E. Accuracy of test results F. Precision des resultats d'essais

A test property characterized by the closeness of test results to the actual values ​​of the characteristics of an object under certain test conditions

21. Reproducibility of test methods and results * E. Reproducibility of test methods and results F. Reproducibility des methodes et resultats d "essais

A characteristic determined by the similarity of test results of identical samples of the same object using the same method in different laboratories, by different operators using different equipment

22. Test data E. Test data F. Donnees d'essais

The values ​​of the characteristics of the properties of the object and (or) test conditions, operating time, as well as other parameters that are initial for further processing

23. Test result E. Test result F. Resultat d'essais

Evaluation of the characteristics of the properties of the object, establishing the compliance of the object with the specified requirements according to the test data, the results of the analysis of the quality of the functioning of the object during the test

24. Test report E. Test report F. Proces-verbal d'essais

A document containing the necessary information about the test object, the methods used, means and test conditions, test results, as well as a conclusion on the test results, drawn up in the prescribed manner

25. Test polygon E. Testing (proving) ground F. Terrain d'essais

Territory and test facilities on it, equipped with test equipment and providing testing of the object in conditions close to the operating conditions of the object

26. Test organization E. Test organization F. Organisme d'essais

Organization responsible for conducting tests in accordance with the established procedure certain types products or certain types of tests

27. Parent organization for state product testing

An organization that has been approved in accordance with the accepted procedure for conducting tests at the state level of established critical types of products for industrial, technical and cultural purposes

28. State testing center E. State testing center F. Center national d'essais

A specialized subdivision of the head organization for state testing, designed to conduct state tests of established critical types of products for industrial, technical, cultural and community purposes

29. Republican (regional) testing center E. Republican (regional) testing center F. Center republicain (regional) d'essais

An organization approved in accordance with the accepted procedure for conducting certain categories of tests of fixed types of products manufactured and (or) developed by enterprises and organizations of the republic (region), regardless of their departmental subordination

30. Departmental test center E. Departmental testing center F. Center sectoriel d'essais

An organization entrusted by a ministry or department with carrying out certain categories of testing of fixed types of products manufactured and (or) developed by enterprises and organizations of this ministry or department

31. Test unit E. Testing division F. Unite d'essais

A subdivision of an organization to which the management of the latter is entrusted with conducting tests for its own needs

32. Basic test unit of the parent organization Base unit

A subdivision appointed in accordance with the accepted procedure for testing certain types of products or types of tests from among those assigned to the head organization for state testing

33. Stronghold of the parent organization for state product testing strong point

An organization that is a consumer of products subject to testing, appointed in the accepted manner to test these products in operational conditions

34. E. Certification of testing organizations and divisions F. Agrement des organismes et des unites d'essais

Certification of the competence of testing organizations and divisions and their equipment, ensuring that all tests of fixed types of products and (or) types of tests provided for by the regulatory and technical documentation are carried out at the proper technical level

Test types

35. Research tests * E. Investigation test F. Essais de recherche

Tests carried out to study certain characteristics of the properties of an object

36. Control tests E. Check test F. Essais de controle

Tests carried out to control the quality of the object

37. Comparative tests E. Comparative test F. Essais comparatifs

Tests of similar or identical objects carried out under identical conditions to compare the characteristics of their properties

38. Definitive tests E. Determinative test F. Essais de determination

Tests carried out to determine the values ​​of the characteristics of the object with the given values ​​​​of the indicators of accuracy and (or) reliability

39. State tests * E. State test F. Essais officiels

Testing of identified critical products by a parent government testing organization or acceptance testing by a government commission or testing organization that has been granted the right to conduct them

40. Interdepartmental tests * E. Interdepartmental test F. Essais intersectoriels

Product testing conducted by a commission of representatives of several interested ministries and (or) departments, or acceptance tests established species products for the acceptance of the components of an object developed jointly by several departments

41. Departmental tests E. Departmental test F. Essais sectoriels

Tests conducted by a commission of representatives of the interested ministry or department

42. Finishing tests Ndp. Structural tests E. Developmental test F. Essais de finition

Research tests carried out during the development of products in order to assess the impact of changes made to it to achieve the specified values ​​​​of its quality indicators

43. Preliminary tests E. Preliminary test F. Essais preliminaires

Control tests prototypes and (or) pilot batches of products in order to determine the possibility of their presentation for acceptance testing

44. Acceptance tests * E. Acceptance test F. Essais d'acceptation

Control tests of prototypes, pilot batches of products or unit-production products, carried out respectively in order to resolve the issue of the advisability of putting these products into production and (or) using them for their intended purpose

45. Qualification tests E. Qualification test F. Essais de qualification

Control tests of the installation series or the first industrial batch, carried out in order to assess the readiness of the enterprise for the production of products of this type in a given volume

46. ​​Bearer trials E. Predelivery test F. Essais de presentation

Control tests of products carried out by the technical control service of the manufacturer before presenting it for acceptance by a representative of the customer, consumer or other acceptance bodies

47. Acceptance tests * E. Approval test F. Essais de reception

Control tests of products during acceptance control

48. Periodic tests E. Periodical test F. Essais periodiques

Control tests of manufactured products, carried out in the volumes and within the time limits established by the regulatory and technical documentation, in order to control the stability of product quality and the possibility of continuing its production

49. Inspection tests E. Inspection test F. Essais d'inspection

Control tests of established types of manufactured products, carried out on a selective basis in order to control the stability of product quality by specially authorized organizations

50. Type tests Ndp. Verification tests E. Type test F. Essais type

Control tests of manufactured products, carried out in order to assess the effectiveness and feasibility of changes to the design, formulation or technological process

51. Qualification tests E. Evaluation test F. Essais d'attestation

Tests carried out to assess the level of product quality during its certification by quality categories

52. Certification tests * E. Certification test F. Essais de certification

Control tests of products carried out in order to establish the conformity of the characteristics and properties of national and (or) international regulatory and technical documents

53. Laboratory testing E. Laboratory test F. Essais de laboratoire

Object tests carried out in laboratory conditions

54. Bench tests * E. Bench test F. Essais au banc

Object tests carried out on test equipment

55. Field tests E. Ground test F. Essais au terrain

Object tests carried out at the test site

56. Natural tests * E. Verification test in situ F. Essais in situ

Testing of an object under conditions corresponding to the conditions of its use for its intended purpose with direct evaluation or control of the determined characteristics of the object's properties

57. Model tests * E. Test with modeling F. Essais avec utilisation des modeles

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58. Performance test * E. Field test F. Essais pratiques

Object tests carried out during operation

59. Normal tests E. Normal test F. Essais normaux

Tests, methods and conditions of which provide obtaining the necessary amount of information about the characteristics of the properties of the object in the same time interval as in the envisaged operating conditions.

60. Accelerated Trials E. Accelerated test F. Essais acceleres

Tests, the methods and conditions of which provide the necessary information about the characteristics of the properties of the object in a shorter period than during normal tests

61. Reduced Trials E. Reduced test F. Essais tronques

Tests carried out according to an abbreviated program

62. Mechanical tests * E. Mechanical test F. Essais mecaniques

Tests for the impact of mechanical factors

63. Climate test * E. Environmental test F. Essais climatiques

Tests for the impact of climatic factors

64. Thermal testing * E. Thermal test F. Essais thermiques

Thermal Factor Testing

65. Radiation testing E. Radiation test F. Essais de radiation

Tests for the influence of radiation factors

66. Electromagnetic testing * E. Electromagnetic test F. Essais electromagnetiques

Electromagnetic Field Tests

67. Electrical tests * E. Electric test F. Essais electriques

Impact Tests electrical voltage, current or zero

68. Magnetic testing * E. Magnetic test F. Essais magnetiques

Impact Tests magnetic field

69. Chemical testing * E. Chemical test F. Essais de resistance chimique

Tests for the impact of special environments

70. Biological tests * E. Biological F. Essais biologists

Impact Tests biological factors

71. non-destructive tests E. Non-destructive test F. Essais non-destructifs

Tests with non-destructive methods control

72. Destructive tests E. Destructive test F. Essais destructifs

Tests using destructive control methods

73. Strength tests E. Strength test F. Essais d'endurance

Tests carried out to determine the values ​​of influencing factors that cause the values ​​of the characteristics of the properties of the object to go beyond the established limits or its destruction

74. Stability tests E. Stability test F. Essais de stabilite

Tests carried out to verify the ability of a product to perform its functions and maintain parameter values ​​within established norms during the action of certain factors

75. Functional tests E. Functional test F. Essais functionnels

Tests conducted to determine the values ​​of the indicators of the purpose of the object

76. Reliability testing E. Reliability test F. Essais de fiabilite

Tests carried out to determine the reliability performance under specified conditions

77. Safety tests E. Safety test F. Essais de securite

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78. Tests for transportability E. Transportability test F. Essais d'aptitude au transport

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79. Boundary tests E. Marginal test F. Essais limits

Tests carried out to determine the dependencies between the maximum permissible values ​​of the parameters of the object and the operating mode

80. Technological tests E. In-process test F. Essais de technicite

Tests carried out during the manufacture of products in order to assess their manufacturability

2. CONTROL

General concepts

81. Technical control * E control. Inspection F. Control technique

Checking the compliance of the object with the established technical requirements

82. Control quality products E. Product quality inspection F. Controle de la qualite des produits

Control of quantitative and (or) qualitative characteristics of product properties

83. Evaluation quality products E. Assessment of product quality F. Estimation de la qualite des produits

Determination of values ​​of product characteristics with indication of accuracy and (or) reliability

84. Object of technical control * E. Item under inspection F. Objet a controler

Products subject to control, processes of its creation, application, transportation, storage, Maintenance and repair, as well as the relevant technical documentation

85. View control E. Mode of inspection F. Type de controle

Classification grouping of control according to a certain attribute

86. Volume control E. Amount of inspection F. Taille du controle

The number of objects and the totality of controlled features established for control

87. Method control E. Inspection method F. Methode de controle

Rules for the application of certain principles and controls

88. Method destructive control E. Method of destructive inspection F. Methode destructive

Method of control, which may violate the suitability of the object for use

89. Method non-destructive control E. Method of non-destructive inspection F. Methode of non-destructive

Method of control, in which the suitability of the object for use should not be violated

90. Means control E. Inspection means F. Moyens de controle

Technical device, substance and (or) material for control

91. Controlled sign E. Characteristic under control F. Caractere a controler

Characteristic of the object subjected to control

92. Control dot * E. Point of inspection F. Point de controle

Location of the primary source of information about the controlled parameter of the control object

93. Control sample * E. Reference specimen F. Specimen temoin

A product unit or part thereof, or a duly approved sample, the characteristics of which are taken as the basis for the manufacture and control of the same product

94. System control E. Inspection system F. Systeme du controle

A set of controls, performers and certain objects of control interacting according to the rules established by the relevant regulatory documentation

95. System departmental control E. Departmental management system F. Systeme du controle sectoriel

Control system carried out by bodies of the ministry or department

96. Automated system control * E. Automated control system F. Systeme de controle automatise

Control system that provides control with partial direct participation of a person

97. Automatic system control * E. Automatic control system F. Systeme de controle automatique

Control system that provides control without direct human participation

Types of control

98. Production control * E. Manufacturing supervision F. Controle de fabrication

Control carried out at the production stage

99. Operational control * E. Field inspection F. Controle en utilization

Control carried out at the stage of product operation

100. Input control E. incoming inspection F. Controle a l'entree

Control of the supplier's products received by the consumer or customer and intended for use in the manufacture, repair or operation of products

101. Operating control E. Operational inspection F. Controle des operations

Product or process control during execution or after completion technological operation

102. Acceptance control E. Acceptance inspection F. Controle de reception

Control of products, based on the results of which a decision is made on its suitability for supply and (or) use

103. Inspection control E. Inspection check-up F. Audit

Control carried out by specially authorized persons in order to verify the effectiveness of previously performed control

104. Total control E. 100% inspection F. Controle a 100%

Control of each unit of production in a batch

105. Selective control E. Sampling inspection F. Controle par echantillonnage

According to GOST 15895-77 * _________ * GOST R 50779.10-2000, GOST R 50779.11-2000 apply on the territory of the Russian Federation

106. Volatile control * E. Casual inspection F. Controle volant

Random Time Control

107. Continuous control E. Continuous inspection F. Controle continu

Control, in which the flow of information about the controlled parameters occurs continuously

108. Periodic control E. Periodical inspection F. Controle periodique

Control, in which the receipt of information about the controlled parameters occurs at set intervals

109. destructive control E. Destructive inspection F. Controle destructif

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110. non-destructive control E. Non-destructive inspection F. Controle non-destructif

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111. Measuring control E. Control by measurement F. Controle par mesures

Control carried out using measuring instruments

112. Registration control E. Registration control F. Controle par enregistrement

Control carried out by recording the values ​​of controlled parameters of products or processes

113. Organoleptic control * E. Organoleptic inspection F. Controle organoleptique

Control, in which the primary information is perceived by the senses

114. Visual control E. Visual inspection F. Controle visuel

Organoleptic control exercised by the organs of vision

115. Technical inspection E. Technical check-up F. Visite technique

Control carried out mainly with the help of the sense organs and, if necessary, means of control, the nomenclature of which is established by the relevant documentation

(Changed edition. Rev. No. 1).

INDEX

Test Equipment Qualification 18

Certification of testing organizations and divisions 34

Test method certification 15

Test type 4

Type of control 85

Reproducibility of methods and test results 21

Test data 22

Trials 1

Attestation tests 51

Biological tests 70

Departmental tests 41

State tests 39

Boundary tests 79

Finishing tests 42

Research tests 35

Inspection tests 49

Qualification tests 45

Climatic tests 63

Structural tests 42

Control tests 36

Laboratory tests 53

Magnetic tests 68

Interdepartmental tests 40

Mechanical tests 62

Testing with Models 57

Safety tests 77

Reliability testing 76

Identification tests 38

Strength tests 73

Transportability tests 78

Stability tests 74

Field tests 56

Non-destructive tests 71

Tests normal 59

Periodic tests 48

Field tests 55

Preliminary tests 43

Bearer tests 46

Acceptance tests 47

Acceptance tests 44

Verification tests 50

Radiation tests 65

Destructive tests 72

Certification tests 52

Reduced tests 61

Comparative tests 37

Bench tests 54

Thermal tests 64

Technological tests 80

Type tests 50

Tests accelerated 60

Functional tests 75

Chemical tests 69

Operational tests 58

Electrical tests 107

Electromagnetic tests 66

Visual control 114

Selective control 105

Input control 100

Measuring control 111

Inspection control 103

Product quality control 82

Volatile control 106

Continuous monitoring 107

Non-destructive testing 110

Operational control 101

Organoleptic control 113

Periodic control 108

Acceptance control 102

Production control 98

Destructive control 109

Registration control 112

Continuous control 104

Technical control 81

Operational control 99

Test layout 10

Test method 11

Test model 9

Control method 87

Destructive control method 88

Non-destructive control method 89

Test Method 14

Test equipment 17

Control sample 93

Scope of control 86

Test scope 12

Test object 6

Object of technical control 84

Experimental sample 8

Stronghold of the parent organization for state testing 33

Test organization 26

Lead organization for state testing of products 27

Technical inspection 115

Product quality assessment 83

Probation Unit 31

Subdivision test basic 32

Test site 25

Feature controlled 91

Test program 13

Test report 24

Test result 23

Test System 19

Control system 94

Automated control system 96

Automatic control system 97

Departmental control system 95

Test tools 16

Control 90

Test conditions 2

Test conditions normal 3

Control point 92

Accuracy of test results 20

Departmental testing center 30

State testing center 28

Republican testing center (regional) 29

(Changed edition. Rev. No. 1).

ENGLISH INDEX OF TERMS 1

Accelerated test 60

Acceptance inspection 102

Acceptance test 44

Accuracy of test results 20

Amount of inspection 86

Approval of test procedure * 15

Approval test 47

Assessment of product quality 83

Automated control system 96

Automatic control system 97

Base testing division of head organization 32

Biological test 70

Casual inspection** 106

Category test 5

Certification of test equipment * 18

Certification of testing organizations and divisions * 34

Certification test 52

Characteristic under control 91

Comparative test 37

Continuous inspection 107

Control by measurement 111

Departmental management system 95

Departmental test 11

Departmental testing center 30

Destructive inspection 110

Destructive inspection method 88

Destructive test 72

Development test 42

Durability test 76

electric test 67

Electromagnetic test 66

environmental test 63

Evaluation test * 51

Extent of test 12

Field inspection 99

Functional test 75

Head organization for state product test 27

Incoming inspection 100

In-process test * 80

100% inspection 104

Inspection check-up 103

inspection means 90

Inspection method 87

Inspection system 94

Inspection test 49

Interdepartmental test 40

Investigation test 35

Item under inspection 84

item under test 6

Laboratory test 53

Magnetic test 68

Manufacturing Supervision 98

marginal test 79

mechanical test 62

Mode of inspection 85

Non-destructive inspection 110

Non-destructive inspection method 89

Non-destructive test 71

Normal test conditions 3

Operational inspection 101

Organoleptic inspection 113

Periodical inspection 108

Periodical test 48

Point of inspection 92

Predelivery test*46

Preliminary test 43

Product quality assessment 83

Product quality inspection 82

Qualification test 45

Radiation test 65

Reference specimen 93

Registration control ** 112

Reliability test 76

Reproducibility of test methods and results 21

Republican (regional) testing center** 29

Sampling inspection 105

Stability test 74

Stale testing center 28

strength test 73

Technical check-up 115

test conditions 2

test equipment 17

Test procedure 14

Test with modeling 57

Test division 31

Testing (proving) ground 25

Testing organization 26

Testing station accredited by head organization 33

Transportability test 75

Verification test in situ * 55

Visual inspection 114

ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF TERMS IN FRENCH 1

Agrement des organismes et des unites d'essais 34

Caractere a controller 91

Category d'essais 5

Center national d'essais 28

Center republicain (regional) d'essais 29

Center sectoriel d'essais 30

Certification de la procedure d'essais 15

Certification de 1'equipment d'essais 14

Conditions d'essais 2

Conditions d'essais normales 3

Controle a 100% 101

Controle a 1’entree 100

Controle continu 107

Controle de fabrication 98

Controle de la qualite des produits 82

Controle de reception 102

Controle des operations* 101

Controle destructif 109

Controle en utilization 99

Controle non-destructif 110

Controle organoleptique 113

Controle par echantillonnage 105

Controle par enregistrement 112

Controle par mesures 111

Controle periodique 108

Controle sectoriel 93

Control technique 81

Control visual 114

Controle volant 106

Donnees d'essais 22

Echantillon pour essai 7

Equipement d'essais 17

Essais acceleres 60

Essais au bank 54

Essais au terrain 55

Essais avec utilization des modeles * 57

Essais biologists 70

Essais climatiques 63

Essais comparatifs 37

Essais d'acceptance 44

Essais d'aptitude au transport 78

Essais d'attestation * 51

Essay decertification 52

Essais de controle 36

Essais de determination 38

Essais d'endurance * 73

Essais de fiabilite 76

Essais de finition 42

Essais de labouratoire 53

Essay de presentation 46

Essais de radiation 65

Essais de recherches 35

Essais de resistance chimique 69

Essais de stabilite * 74

Essais destructits 72

Essais de qualification 45

Essais de reception 47

Essais de securite 77

Essais de technicite** 80

Essais inspection*49

Essais electriqucs 67

Essais electromagnetiques 6

Essais functionnels 75

Essais in situ 56

Essais intersectoriels 40

Essais limits 79

Essais magneliques 68

Essais mecaniques 62

Essais non-destructifs 71

Essais normaux 59

Essais ofticiels 39

Essais periodiques 48

Essais pratiques 58

Essais preliminaires 43

Essais secloriels 41

Essais thermiques 64

Essais tronques 61

Estimation de la qualite des produits 83

Maquelle pour essais 10

Methode de controle 87

Methode d'essais 11

Methode destructive 88

Methode non-destructive 89

Modele pour essais 9

Moyen de controle 90

Moyen d'essais 16

Objet a essayer 6

Objet a controller 84

Organisme d'essais 26

Organisme pilote pour les essais officiels des produits 27

Point de controle 92

Precision des resultats d'essais 20

Procedure d'essais 14

Proces verbal d'essais 24

Program d'essais 13

Reproducibility des methodes et resultsats d "essais 21

Resultats d'essais 23

Specimen temoin 93

Systeme de controle automatique 97

Systeme de controle automatise 96

Systeme d'essais 19

Systeme du controle 94

Systeme du controle sectoriel 95

Taille des essays * 12

Taille du controle*86

Terrain d'essais 25

Type de controle 85

Type d'essais 4

Unite d'essais 31

Unite d'essais de base d'un organisme pilote ** 32

Visit technique 115

1 Terms marked with a single asterisk (*) are approximate equivalents; terms marked with two asterisks (**) should be considered translations; terms without designations are full equivalents. (Changed edition. Rev. No. 1).

ATTACHMENT 1

Reference

EXPLANATION TO SOME TERMS

To the term "Tests" (clause 1)

Experimental determination of the characteristics of the properties of an object during testing can be carried out by using measurements, analyses, diagnostics, organoleptic methods, by registering certain events during testing (failures, damages), etc. Characteristics of the properties of an object during testing can be evaluated if the task of testing is to obtain quantitative or qualitative assessments, but can be controlled if the task of testing is only to establish that the characteristics of the object comply with the specified requirements. In this case, the tests are reduced to control. Therefore, a number of types of tests are control tests, during which the task of control is solved. The most important feature of any test is the adoption of certain decisions based on their results. of the object functioning. Determination of the characteristics of the object during testing can be carried out both during the functioning of the object and in the absence of functioning, in the presence of impacts, before or after their application.

To the term "Test conditions" (clause 2)

The test conditions include external influencing factors, both natural and artificially created, as well as internal influences caused by the operation of the object (for example, heating caused by friction or the passage of electric current) and the modes of operation of the object, methods and place of its installation, mounting, fastening, travel speed, etc. (Changed edition. Rev. No. 1).

To the term "Normal test conditions" (clause 3)

Normal test conditions (values ​​of influencing factors, modes of operation) must be specified in the NTD for test methods for specific types of products. So, for example, normal climatic conditions tests for various kinds of other technical products. Normal conditions for performing linear and angular measurements, etc.

A wide range of types of tests combined in the category of tests is characterized by organizational features of their implementation, namely, the level (state, interdepartmental, departmental tests), development stages (preliminary, acceptance), various types of tests of finished products (qualification, acceptance, periodic , typical, etc.). Based on the results of all these tests, an assessment of the object as a whole is made and an appropriate decision is made - on the possibility of presenting the product for acceptance tests, on putting the product into production, on the completion of mastering mass production, on the possibility of its continuation, on assigning a product to one or another quality category, etc.

To the term "Test Object" (clause 6)

The main feature of the test object is that, based on the results of its tests, one or another decision is made on this object - on its suitability or rejection, on the possibility of presenting it for the next test, on the possibility of serial production, and others. Depending on the type of product and the test program, the object tests can be a single product or a batch of products subjected to complete or selective control, a separate sample or a batch of products from which a sample specified in the RTD is taken. The object of testing can be a mock-up or model of the product and the decision based on the test results can relate directly to the mock-up or model. However, if, when testing a product, some of its elements have to be replaced by models for testing or certain characteristics of the product are determined on models, then the object of testing remains the product itself, the assessment of the characteristics of which is obtained on the basis of model testing. Examples: 1. A computer is being tested as part of input and output devices, a memory device, an arithmetic device, etc. The computer as a whole is considered to be the test object.2. One of several channels of the communication system is presented for testing. In this case, the test object is the given channel of the communication system.3. A batch of TVs with a volume of N. From N products are sampled in n products for which the characteristics of their properties are determined. Based on the use of selective evaluation and control methods, the test results apply to the entire batch of N TVs. In this case, the test object is the entire batch of N TVs.

To the term "Test Program" (clause 13)

The test program must contain test methods or references to them, if these methods are designed as independent documents.

To the term "Test Method" (clause 14)

The test procedure, which essentially determines the technological process of their implementation, can be drawn up in an independent document or in a test program, or in a regulatory and technical document for products (standards, specifications). The test procedure must be certified.

To the term "Means of testing" (clause 16)

The term test means covers any technical means used in testing. This includes, first of all, test equipment (clause 17), which refers to the means of reproducing test conditions (clause 2). Test tools include measuring instruments, both built into the test equipment and used in tests to measure certain characteristics of an object or control test conditions. Test tools should also include auxiliary technical devices for fixing the test object, recording and processing results. Test tools also include basic and auxiliary substances and materials (reagents, etc.) used in testing.

To the term "Test system" (clause 19)

The main characteristic feature of any testing system is the presence of some organized set of performers (organizations or individuals) who have the necessary testing tools and interact with certain test objects according to established rules. In this sense, they speak, for example, of a system for testing agricultural machines, based on the machine-testing stations of the State Committee for Agricultural Engineering; on the system of state testing of measuring instruments, based on metrological institutes and regulated by the relevant state standards; on the system of state testing of the most important types of products, based on the parent organizations for state testing and regulated by the relevant set of regulatory documents.

to the term "Reproducibility of test methods and results” (p. 21)

The reproducibility of test methods and results, except for the test procedure (including the method, means, algorithm, etc.) may largely depend on the properties of the test object. If the object is, for example, a batch of products subjected to random tests, then such tests supplier and consumer tests may be carried out on identical samples taken from a given lot, in which case the heterogeneity of the products can significantly, sometimes decisively, affect the reproducibility of the test results. (Changed edition. Rev. No. 1).

To the term "Research tests" (p. 35)

Research tests are carried out with the aim of: determining or evaluating the quality indicators of the functioning of the tested object in certain conditions of its use; choosing the best modes of using the object or best performance properties of the object; comparison of many options for the implementation of the object in the design and certification; construction of a mathematical model of the functioning of the object (estimation of the parameters of the mathematical model); selection of significant factors affecting the quality indicators of the functioning of the object; selection of the type of mathematical model of the object (among a given set of options).

To the term "State tests" (p. 39)

Decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR No. 695 of July 12, 1979 extended the concept of "state tests" to the most important types of products for industrial, technical and cultural purposes. The head organizations for state testing of these types of products, approved in accordance with the decree, are entrusted with conducting a wide range of state tests, including, along with acceptance tests, also tests of serial products, imported products, attestation and other types of tests. Accordingly, the content of the concept of "state tests" for these critical types of products has been changed. At the same time, for other major types of products that are not covered by the activities of the parent organizations, the previous content of the concept of "state tests" has been retained as acceptance tests conducted by the state commission with the addition of the possibility of their carried out by organizations to which such a right has been granted.

To the term "Interdepartmental tests" (p. 40)

For certain types of products, the concept of “interdepartmental testing”, by decision of the ministries concerned, may refer only to certain categories of tests (for example, only to acceptance tests), regardless of the fact that representatives of different ministries may also participate in commissions for testing other categories.

To the term "Acceptance tests" (clause 44)

Acceptance tests of prototypes or batches of products are carried out to resolve the issue of the advisability of putting these products into production, and acceptance tests of single-piece production products are carried out to resolve the issue of the advisability of transferring these products to operation (GOST 15.001-88 *). * On the territory of the Russian Federation, GOST R 15.201-2000 applies. (Changed edition. Rev. No. 1).

To the term "Acceptance tests" (clause 47)

Acceptance tests are usually carried out by the product manufacturer. If the manufacturer has a representative of the customer, acceptance tests are carried out by him in the presence of the representative of the manufacturer.

To the term "Certification tests" (p. 52)

The procedure and conditions for conducting certification tests are established in the certification documentation. Based on the results of these tests, the compliance of product quality with the requirements of national or international standards is checked.

To the term "Bench tests" (p. 54)

The concept of "test bench" in various industries is interpreted in different ways. So, for example, in the vibration testing technique, a vibration stand is understood to be a vibrating table on which the tested product is installed, and the whole complex of control and measurement tools together with the table is called a vibration installation. An engine test stand, on the contrary, includes the whole complex of tools necessary to carry out these tests. There are big discrepancies in the interpretation of this term and in foreign terminology. Since the term “test equipment” (clause 17) as a test tool for reproducing test conditions fully covers all interpretations of the concept of “test stand”, then, accordingly, the common term “bench tests” is defined as tests carried out on test equipment.

To the term "Field tests" (p. 56)

Full-scale tests are implemented if three main conditions are met: 1. The directly manufactured products (i.e., the test object) are subjected to tests without the use of models of the product or its components.2. Tests are carried out under conditions and under impacts on products that correspond to the conditions and impacts of use for the intended purpose.3. The determined characteristics of the properties of the test object are measured directly without using analytical dependencies that reflect the physical structure of the test object and its components. It is allowed to use the mathematical apparatus for statistical processing of experimental data. Examples: 1. An all-round radar station is presented for testing. The purpose of the tests is to determine the range of detection by this station of an aircraft (LA) of a given type with a given reflective surface. During the tests, aircraft flights with a given reflective surface are carried out along pre-selected routes, the radar detection range is determined directly (radar coordinates are known in advance, aircraft coordinates are known for any moment of time), the detection time is determined during testing. In this case, all three of the above conditions are met. Consequently, the radar is subjected to full-scale tests. Tests will remain full-scale if, instead of an aircraft, some physical body with characteristic movements close to the characteristics of an aircraft of a given type with a given reflective surface is used.2. Under the conditions of example 1, the tests are carried out without the use of an aircraft. During the tests, the sensitivity of the radar receiving path, the transmitter power, the frequency of the radiated energy, etc. are directly measured. The measurement results are substituted into the radar formula and the detection range of the radar is determined. In this case, the third of the above conditions is not met (in fact, a mathematical model is used - the radar formula) and the radar tests are not full-scale.

To the term "Tests using models" (paragraph 57)

Tests using models include calculations on mathematical or physical and mathematical models of the test object and (or) impacts on it in combination with full-scale tests of the object and its components (experimental-theoretical test method), as well as the use of a physical model of the test object or its constituent parts. Field test data are required as initial data for modeling, and are also used to verify the correct functioning of the test object (correct docking of the component parts of the object, the ability of the object to perform the tasks for which it is intended, etc.).

To the term "Performance tests" (clause 58)

One of the main types of performance tests is trial operation. In addition, controlled operation can be carried out, which to some extent can also be conventionally referred to as operational tests. Controlled operation is natural exploitation, the course and results of which are observed by personnel specially designed and trained for this purpose (additional or full-time) and guided by documentation also developed specifically for the collection, accounting and primary processing of information, the source of which is controlled operation.

To terms
"Mechanical tests" (p. 62),
"Climatic tests" (p. 63),
"Thermal tests" (p. 64),
"Radiation testing" (p. 65),
"Electrical tests" (p. 67)
"Electromagnetic testing" (p. 66)
"Magnetic tests" (p. 68),
"Chemical testing" (p. 69),
"Biological tests" (p. 70)

The listed types of tests are carried out to check the performance and (or) maintain the appearance of products within the limits established by the NTD, under conditions and (or) after exposure to these factors. (Changed edition. Rev. No. 1).

To the term "Technical control" (p. 81)

The essence of any control is reduced to the implementation of two main stages: 1. Obtaining information about the actual state of some object, about the signs and indicators of its properties. This information can be called primary.2. Comparison of primary information with pre-established requirements, norms, criteria, i.e. detection of compliance or non-compliance of actual data with the required (expected). Information about the discrepancy (discrepancy) between the actual and required data can be called secondary. The object, the data on the state and (or) properties of which are subject to comparison with the established requirements during control, can be a product or process (see explanations and examples for the term "Object of control") .In some cases, the time limit between the first and second stages of control is indistinguishable. In such cases, the first stage may not be clearly expressed or may be practically not observed. A typical example is the control of the size with a caliber, which is reduced to the operation of comparing the actual and maximum allowable size values. Further, the secondary information is used to develop appropriate control actions on the object subjected to control. In this sense, any control is always active. It should be noted in this regard that any control, in addition, should always be preventive to one degree or another, since secondary information can be used to improve the development, production and operation of products, to improve its quality, etc. However, the adoption decisions based on the analysis of secondary information, the development of appropriate control actions is no longer a part of control. This is the next stage of management, based on the results of control - an integral and essential part of any management. During technical control, primary information is compared with the technical requirements recorded in the regulatory documentation, with the signs of a control sample, with data recorded using a caliber, etc. At the product development stage, technical control consists, for example, in checking the conformity of a prototype and (or ) the developed technical documentation, the rules of registration and the terms of reference. At the manufacturing stage, technical control covers the quality, completeness, packaging, labeling and quantity of products presented, the course (state) of production processes. At the stage of product operation, technical control consists, for example, in checking compliance with the requirements of operational and repair documentation.

To the term "Object of technical control" (p. 84)

The objects of technical control are objects of labor (for example, products of the main and auxiliary production in the form of products, materials, technical documentation, etc.) means of labor (for example, equipment industrial enterprises) and technological processes.

To the term "Checkpoint" (p. 92)

The control point of the control object can be a part (element) of the controlled object or be located at some distance from it (for example, monitoring the content of carbon monoxide in exhaust gases by its content in the atmosphere outside the pipe). A sensor is usually placed at the control point, the beginning of the output from the electrical circuit to measuring instrument etc. A control point is a designated sampling site for a substance.

to the term " Control sample"(p. 93)

The control sample can be used to normalize quality indicators. When controlling the quality of products, it is allowed to use duplicates of control samples. A control sample of products should be distinguished from the basic sample of products used in its certification (establishing a quality category). its reproduction in products during the production process.

To the terms "Automatic control system" (p. 97), "Automated control system" (p. 96)

The automatic control system consists of controls that perform all the functions of controllers. In an automated control system, control tools perform only part of the functions of controllers.

To the term "Industrial control" (p. 98)

Production control, as a rule, covers all auxiliary, preparatory and technological operations.

To the term "Operational control" (p. 99)

The objects of operational control can be operated products and the operation process.

To the term "Flying control" (p. 106)

The effectiveness of flying control is determined by its suddenness, the rules for ensuring which must be specially developed. Volatile control, as a rule, is carried out directly at the place of manufacture, repair, storage, etc.

To the term "Organoleptic control" (p. 113)

Organoleptic control is based on the perceptions of the senses (sight, hearing, smell, taste and touch) of such information that is not presented in numerical terms. color shades, odor assessment, etc.). In organoleptic control, control means that are not measuring, but increase the resolution or susceptibility of the senses, can be used.

APPENDIX 2

Reference

Systematization of types of tests according to the main features

Sign of the type of tests	Type of tests
Assignment of tests	Research
	Control
	Comparative
	Determinants
Level of testing	State
	Interdepartmental
	Departmental
Product Development Stages	Finishing
	preliminary
	Acceptance
Finished product testing	Qualifying
	bearer
	Acceptance
	Periodic
	Inspection
	Typical
	Attestation
	Certification
Conditions and place of testing	Laboratory
	Poster
	Polygon
	Natural
	Model tests
	Operational
Test duration	Normal
	Accelerated
	Abbreviated
Type of impact	Mechanical
	climatic
	Thermal
	Radiation
	Electrical
	electromagnetic
	Magnetic
	Chemical
	Biological
Impact result	non-destructive
	Destructive
	Durability Tests
	Strength tests
	Stability tests
Defined characteristics of the object	Functional
	Reliability Tests
	Safety Tests
	Transportability Tests
	Boundary tests
	Technological tests

Notes: 1. Tests may have two or more features listed. If necessary, the name of the tests includes a listing of these features of the types of tests, for example, interdepartmental periodic bench tests for reliability, etc. implementation, development stages, as well as all testing of finished products.

Systematization of types of control according to the main features

Sign of the type of control	Type of control
Stage of creation and existence of products	Industrial
	Operational
Stage of the production process	Input
	Operating
	Acceptance
	Inspection
Completeness of control coverage	Solid
	Selective
	Volatile
	Continuous
	Periodic
Influence on the object of control	destructive
	non-destructive
Application of controls	Measuring
	Registration
	Organoleptic
	Visual
	Technical inspection

INTRODUCTION

AT last years Increasing attention is being paid to conformity assessment of products, both nationally and internationally. To do this, products are tested for compliance with international or national standards in accredited testing laboratories. Such tests are carried out primarily in the part safe use and environmental protection. At the same time, for the purposes of certification, testing centers conduct not only testing of samples, but also periodic inspection tests of certified products to control the stability of their quality at enterprises.

The complexity of tests increases, the number of repeated tests increases. This is of particular interest in guaranteeing the reliability of the results.

There is a problem of mutual recognition of test results. Mutual recognition is the basis for reducing the need for retesting and the associated costs of material, labor and financial resources, as well as the time on the way from the supplier to the consumer.

The task of establishing trust in testing laboratories through their accreditation has become important - certifying their competence and equipment, ensuring the possibility of conducting tests at the proper level of testing fixed types of products or conducting fixed types of tests.

A special international organization has been created - the International Conference on Accreditation of Testing Laboratories - IPAC, in which all developed countries participate. IPAC collects and summarizes information on the state of this matter in various countries and prepares appropriate recommendations for ISO and other international organizations. A number of ISO, IEC, OIML, EOCC recommendations have been developed on the issues of mutual recognition of test results and requirements for the competence of testing laboratories claiming to recognize the results of their tests on a national and international scale.

Tests in modern world received an extremely wide scope. Without them, production is unthinkable. Tens of thousands of enterprise laboratories conduct hundreds of thousands, if not millions, of product tests every day during the manufacturing process. Test or research laboratories, centers, polygons, together with production units form the quality industry. The problem of ensuring the quality of products today has taken on an all-Russian character, has become a paramount task of the state. The correct state policy in the field of quality can be the foundation of a system of measures to protect the consumer market from low-quality products.

Requirements for product quality are constantly increasing. Therefore, special attention has been paid to the following issues:

– rational organization and rational conduct of tests;

– ensuring the reliability and unity of their results;

– the need for a significant expansion of the types of tests;

- increasing their complexity and labor intensity.

1. Goals and objectives of testing and control

Tests are an integral part of the relationship between the customer and the manufacturer of products, the manufacturer of the final product and enterprises - subcontractors, supplier and consumer in domestic and international trade.

Tests can be considered the source of almost all reliable information about the properties and quality of products at all stages of their life cycle. Tests are the basis for improving the design, manufacturing technology, maintenance during operation. A synonym for the concept of "test" is an experiment. The Federal Law “On Technical Regulation” defines “research” and “measurement” as such synonyms. Measurement is much broader than the concept of “testing”, although under certain conditions it may coincide.

The set of tests for different stages product life cycle - development, production, operation (consumption) - constitutes a test system.

Tests begin when the terms of reference are formed, when the customer and the designer carefully study the properties of the best analogues, their individual elements.

At the stage of designing a prototype, individual samples are studied with the help of tests, and the correctness of engineering solutions is checked.

After acceptance testing and the start of mass production, the products are accompanied by other types of tests. When accepting products, the quality control department conducts acceptance tests, and after certain time periodic tests.

Thus, a certain system of tests is formed throughout the life cycle of products. A similar cycle can be traced for any other product. For example, construction materials, Rubber products, building construction, light products, Food Industry, agricultural raw materials. For each type of product, tests have their own specifics, however, and here they accompany it from creation to consumption. The test system has a multi-level character. It is an integral part of the organization of society, an important element of the technological process of creation, production and use of products and begins with the laboratories of the enterprise.

The main purpose of testing is an objective assessment of product quality at all stages of its life cycle. At the same time, quality is understood as a set of product properties that determine its suitability to satisfy needs in accordance with its purpose. According to GOST R ISO 9000-2008, quality is the degree of compliance of inherent characteristics with requirements.

The task of the test is to obtain quantitative and qualitative estimates of the characteristics of the object, i.e. evaluating the ability of products to perform the required functions.

The task of control is to establish the compliance of the characteristics of an object with the requirements specified in the regulatory documentation. This problem is solved according to the test results.

The goals and objectives of the tests are set depending on their type. So, during research tests, the characteristics and properties of the product intended for development are determined. Such tests are carried out at the stage of research development on a specially created layout.

Preliminary tests are carried out at the stage of completion of experimental design in order to determine the possibility of presenting the product for acceptance testing.

The purpose of acceptance testing is to establish the conformity of products with the requirements and to resolve the issue of the advisability of putting the tested products into production.

A prerequisite for conducting tests of all types is to obtain reliable, objective information about metrological, technical, performance characteristics, product properties, ensuring the unity and reliability of test results.

Unity and reliability of test results

– create conditions for mutual recognition of test results by the supplier and the consumer,

– are the basis for an objective assessment of the characteristics of the tested products,

– allow to exclude or significantly reduce the number and scope of tests.

Reliability and reproducibility of test results are ensured by:

- the use of certified exemplary measuring instruments (OSI), test equipment, programs and test methods;

– the stability of the characteristics of the product under test,

- the absence or minimal influence on the characteristics of the product of external influencing factors during transportation, storage, operation.

To obtain information about the quality of products at all stages of the life cycle, tests and technical control are used.

The criterion for assessing quality is the degree of compliance actual values parameters and quality indicators to the requirements of regulatory documentation.

According to GOST R ISO 9000-2008:

trial is the determination of one or more characteristics according to an established procedure;

control – a procedure for evaluating conformity by observation and judgment, followed by appropriate measurements, tests or calibrations.

Characteristic is a distinctive feature.

Procedure – established way carrying out an activity or process.

Process - a set of interrelated and interacting activities that transforms inputs and outputs.

According to GOST 16504 trials called experimental determination of the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the properties of the test object as a result of the impact on it, during its operation, when modeling the object and impacts.

technical control called verification of compliance of the product with the established technical requirements.

Differences between testing and technical control

1. Tests are carried out when the product is exposed to certain external factors, and technical control is carried out under normal climatic conditions.

2. A sample of products is subjected to tests, and usually 100% of products are subject to technical control.

3. Tests are carried out in strict accordance with the program and methodology established by the technical documentation, and control can be carried out suddenly (volatile).

Technical control is performed not only to determine the values ​​of the parameters of finished products, but also to assess the state of technical documentation at the development and production stages.

4. Based on the test results, certain decisions are made about the condition of the tested products and their further use.

Test results cannot be used to implement automatic regulation technological processes in contrast to the results of technical control.

2. Classification of types of tests

Type of tests - this is a classification grouping of tests according to a certain attribute(GOST 16504-81).

Classification of types of tests can be carried out according to various criteria:

- depending on the objectives of the tests (control, research);

- depending on the stage of the product life cycle;

- by the level of implementation;

- by duration;

- according to the place and conditions of the event, etc.

Depending on the stages of the product life cycle (Fig. 1), the following tests are carried out: at the research stage - research; at the development stage - finishing, preliminary, acceptance; at the production stage - qualification, bearer, acceptance, periodic, standard, certification, inspection; at the stage of operation - controlled operation, operational periodic, inspection.

Research tests are carried out to study the behavior of an object with a particular external influencing factor (WWF) or if not required volume information. Most often this happens when the object is not sufficiently studied, for example, when research work, design, selection best ways storage, transportation, repair and maintenance.

Exploratory tests are often carried out as identification and evaluative tests. Target defining tests – finding the values ​​of one or more quantities with a given accuracy and reliability. At assessment tests establish the fact of the suitability of the object, that is, determine whether a given instance from a number of objects of a given type satisfies the established requirements or not.

Tests carried out to control the quality of an object are called control . The purpose of control tests is to check for compliance with the technical conditions of certain copies of components or components during manufacture.

Finishing tests are carried out at the R&D stage to assess the impact of changes made to the technical documentation in order to ensure that the specified values ​​​​of product quality indicators are achieved.

Target preliminary tests - determination of the possibility of presenting samples for acceptance tests. Tests are carried out in accordance with the standard or specifications. The need for testing is determined by the developer. The program of preliminary tests is as close as possible to the operating conditions of the product. The organization of the tests is the same as in the finishing tests.

Acceptance tests are carried out to determine the feasibility and possibility of putting products into production. Acceptance tests of single-piece production products are carried out to resolve the issue of the feasibility of transferring these products into operation. Experimental and prototype samples (batches) of products are subjected to tests.

Qualification tests carried out in the following cases: when assessing the readiness of an enterprise for the production of serial products, if the manufacturers of prototypes and serial products are different, as well as when putting into production products under licenses and products mastered at another enterprise.

Acceptance tests carried out to decide on the suitability of products for delivery or use. Tests are subjected to each manufactured unit of production or a sample from the batch.

Tests are carried out by the manufacturer's technical control service. A customer representative may be involved. During testing, the values ​​of the main parameters and the performance of the product are monitored.

Periodic testing carried out for the purpose of:

– periodic quality control of products;

- control of the stability of the technological process in the period between the next tests;

– confirmation of the possibility of continuing the manufacture of products according to the current documentation and their acceptance;

– confirmation of the effectiveness of the test methods used in the acceptance inspection.

Periodic tests are intended for products of established serial (mass) production. During their implementation, the values ​​of indicators are controlled, which depend on the stability of the technological process, but are not checked during acceptance tests.

Type tests - control of products of the same standard size, according to a single methodology, which is carried out to assess the feasibility of changes made to the design or technological process.

Tests are subjected to product samples, in the design or technological process of which changes have been made. These tests are carried out by a testing organization. The test program is set depending on the nature of the changes made.

Inspection tests carried out selectively in order to control the stability of the quality of samples of finished products in operation. They are carried out by specially authorized organizations (state supervision bodies, organizations engaged in foreign trade operations) in accordance with the regulatory documentation for these products according to the program established by the inspection organization.

Certification tests carried out to determine the conformity of products with safety and environmental protection requirements, and in some cases key indicators product quality: reliability, economy, etc.

Certification tests are an element of a system of measures aimed at confirming the compliance of the actual characteristics of products with the requirements of normative documents in order to obtain reliable information in the relationship between manufacturers and consumers of products. Certification tests are usually carried out by test centers independent of the manufacturer. Based on the test results, a certificate or mark of conformity of products to the requirements of ND is issued. Certification implies mutual recognition of test results by the supplier and consumer of products, which is especially important in foreign trade operations.

Controlled operation are carried out to confirm the compliance of products with the requirements of normative documents in the conditions of its use, to obtain additional information on reliability, recommendations for eliminating shortcomings, and increasing the efficiency of use. For controlled operation, samples are isolated, which create conditions close to operational ones. The results of controlled operation are included in the notifications sent by the consumer to the manufacturer.

Operational Periodic tests are carried out to determine the possibility of further operation of the product in the event that a change in its quality indicator can create a threat to safety, health, environment. Each unit of operated products is subjected to tests at established intervals of operating time or calendar time. Tests are carried out by state supervision bodies or the consumer. They control the compliance of products with safety and environmental standards and requirements, as well as standards that determine the effectiveness of its use.

It is allowed to combine the following categories of tests:

- preliminary with finishing;

- acceptance rooms with acceptance and delivery rooms - for single-piece production;

- acceptance with qualification;

- periodic with standard - with the consent of the customer (main consumer);

- certification with acceptance and periodic.

Tests are carried out at the following levels:

- state - for acceptance, qualification, inspection, certification and periodic;

- interdepartmental - for acceptance, qualification and inspection tests;

- departmental - acceptance, qualification and inspection tests.

Tests of the most important types of products for industrial, technical and cultural purposes, carried out in the head organizations for testing these types of products, are called state . Thus, along with acceptance tests, that is, tests for issuing a permit for mass production, state tests may include qualification, periodic, inspection and certification tests. Representatives of all interested ministries (departments) take part in state tests.

Interdepartmental testing are carried out, as a rule, during acceptance tests, when representatives of several ministries (departments) take part in the commission.

Departmental tests - these are tests conducted by a commission of representatives of the interested ministry (department).

According to the conditions and place of the test, there can be:

laboratory conducted in laboratory conditions;

bench conducted on test equipment in testing or research departments;

polygon conducted at the test site, such as vehicle tests;

natural – tests under conditions corresponding to the conditions of its intended use;

model testing are carried out on a physical model (simplified, reduced) of the product or its components.

According to the duration or temporal completeness of the test, there can be:

normal when the methods and conditions of carrying out ensure the receipt of the necessary amount of information about the characteristics of the properties of the product (object) in the same time interval as in the envisaged operating conditions;

accelerated when the methods and conditions of carrying out provide obtaining the necessary information about the characteristics of the properties of the object in a shorter period than during normal tests. Accelerated testing allows you to reduce the cost and time spent on product development. Acceleration of obtaining test results can be achieved by applying increased loads, increasing temperatures during thermal tests, etc.;

abbreviated when tests are carried out according to an abbreviated program.

According to the result of exposure, as in control methods, tests can be:

non-destructive - the test object after testing can function (be operated);

destructive - the object after testing cannot be used for operation.

And, finally, tests according to the determined characteristics of the object are classified into:

functional conducted in order to determine the values ​​of the indicators of the purpose of the object;

reliability conducted to determine the reliability indicators under given conditions;

strength conducted to determine the values ​​of influencing factors in order to exceed the value of certain characteristics of the object beyond the established limits or its destruction;

sustainability conducted to control the ability of the product to perform its functions and maintain the parameter values ​​within the limits established by the regulatory documents during exposure to certain factors (aggressive media, shock wave, electric field, radiation, etc.);

safety conducted in order to establish a safety factor for the service personnel or persons related to the test object;

transportability carried out in order to determine the possibility of transporting an object in a particular container, without violating the ability of the object to perform its functions and maintain parameter values ​​within the limits;

boundary conducted to determine the dependencies between the maximum permissible values ​​of the object's parameters and the operating mode;

technological conducted during the manufacture of products in order to assess (ensure) its manufacturability.