Construction waste and environmental protection. Environmental protection in construction: types of construction, harmful factors, environmental pollution, measures to protect nature and eliminate negative consequences. Pollution Prevention Measures

Security environment when erecting buildings and structures, it is provided for at the stage of development of a construction organization project (POS), then according to the working drawings - at the stage of a project for the production of works (PPR) in accordance with SNiP 3.01.01-85 "Organization construction industry". The main requirements laid down in these projects are to ensure the preservation of nature, landscape, soil cover, trees and shrubs at the sites where facilities will be erected and communications and roads will be laid to them.

Environmental protection during construction and at the stage preparatory work regulated by a number of environmental acts, in particular:

Forest Code of the Russian Federation, Land Code of the Russian Federation, Water Code of the Russian Federation, Code of the Russian Federation "On Administrative Offenses", SNiP 3.01.01-85 "Organization of Construction Production".

Article 37

1. Construction and reconstruction of buildings, structures, structures and other facilities must be carried out according to approved projects in compliance with the requirements of technical regulations in the field of environmental protection.

2. Construction and reconstruction of buildings, structures, structures and other objects is prohibited before the approval of projects and before the establishment of the boundaries of land plots on the ground, as well as changes in approved projects to the detriment of requirements in the field of environmental protection.

3. During the construction and reconstruction of buildings, structures, structures and other objects, measures are taken to protect the environment, restore natural environment, land reclamation, landscaping in accordance with the law Russian Federation.

Article 38

1. Commissioning of buildings, structures, structures and other facilities is carried out subject to the full implementation of the environmental protection measures provided for by the project documentation.

2. It is prohibited to put into operation buildings, structures, structures and other facilities that are not equipped with technical means and technologies for the neutralization and safe disposal of production and consumption waste, neutralization of emissions and discharges of pollutants, ensuring the implementation established requirements in the field of environmental protection. It is also prohibited to put into operation facilities that are not equipped with environmental pollution control devices, without completing the work provided for by the projects on environmental protection, restoration of the natural environment, land reclamation, and landscaping in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.

Article 39

1. Legal and individuals operating buildings, structures, structures and other facilities are required to comply with approved technologies and requirements in the field of environmental protection, restoration of the natural environment, rational use and reproduction natural resources.

2. Legal entities and individuals operating buildings, structures, structures and other facilities ensure compliance with environmental quality standards through the use of technical means and technologies for the neutralization and safe disposal of production and consumption waste, neutralization of emissions and discharges of pollutants, as well as other the best existing technologies that ensure compliance with the requirements in the field of environmental protection, carry out activities to restore the natural environment, recultivate land, and improve territories in accordance with the law.

3. Decommissioning of buildings, structures, structures and other facilities is carried out in accordance with the legislation in the field of environmental protection and in the presence of a duly approved project documentation.

4. When decommissioning buildings, structures, structures and other facilities, measures must be developed and implemented to restore the natural environment, including the reproduction of components of the natural environment, in order to ensure a favorable environment.

5. The reprofiling of the functions of buildings, structures, structures and other objects is carried out in accordance with the legislation on urban planning, housing legislation.

29. Responsibility for violation of environmental legislation.

In accordance with the Federal Law “On Environmental Protection”, state objects, such as nature reserves, National parks, natural monuments, nature reserves and rare, endangered species of animals and plants. In addition, protection is carried out from damage, pollution, depletion, damage and destruction on the territory of the Russian Federation; earth, its subsoil, underground and surface, atmospheric air; the ozone layer of the atmosphere; natural landscape; forests and other vegetation, animal world.

Those guilty of violating environmental (environmental) legislation are liable in accordance with Russian regulations. Environmental offenses (as well as, etc.) provide for administrative, civil, disciplinary and criminal liability.

All environmental (environmental) offenses are divided into misdemeanors and crimes. The composition of offenses in the field of environmental legislation includes four elements: subject, object, subjective and objective side. The subject of an environmental offense is the natural environment as a whole, as well as its individual components - air, water, animals, and so on.

The object is a collection public relations aimed at protecting the environment, rational use its resources and implementation environmental safety. The subject of environmental offenses are individuals and legal entities of the Russian Federation, as well as Foreign citizens and organizations. The objective side of environmental offenses is characterized by the very presence of a violation, which is committed through action or inaction in the field of environmental protection and generally binding rules for nature management. The subjective side of offenses in the field of environmental legislation is represented by two forms of guilt: intentional - direct or indirect, and careless - negligence or arrogance.

Misdemeanors in environmental legislation entail civil, disciplinary and administrative liability, crimes - criminal. Civil law liability for violation of environmental legislation can be assigned along with other types of liability, since bringing the subject to administrative, disciplinary or criminal liability does not relieve him of the obligation to compensate for harm if it has been committed.

Administrative liability for violation of environmental legislation is applied by the competent executive authority. Violations subject to administrative responsibility include several groups: environmental pollution, exceeding the maximum permissible harmful effects, violation of environmental requirements during the construction, reconstruction and planning of structures and enterprises, non-compliance with environmental requirements during the processing and destruction of household waste, violation of the rules for storage and use chemicals and other stipulated by the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation. Behind administrative offenses apply fines, warnings, deprivation of special rights (driving vehicles, fishing, hunting) and other coercive measures.

The environment includes habitat- nature, as well as all technical objects created by man (artificial environment).

Natural objects - land (soil, subsoil), water bodies (seas, rivers, lakes, reservoirs, groundwater, springs), air basin, vegetation (trees, shrubs, grasses, algae), wildlife, man.

Artificial objects - buildings, roads, bridges, tunnels, cities, villages, dams, as well as underground utilities: pipelines, tunnels, cables, etc.

Activities for environmental protection in construction:

• open fire at the construction site is prohibited;
• in the conduct earthworks upper vegetative layer(soil) is carefully cut, stored in dumps and then used for reclamation of territories, as well as for parks and squares in cities;

• to cut any trees (if necessary), you need to obtain a numbered permit from the Zelenstroy service
• it is forbidden to arrange unauthorized dumps of construction waste;

• it is forbidden to arbitrarily lay (roll) roads outside the facility;
• it is forbidden to pour waste fuel and lubricants into the sewer, paints and varnishes, as well as water after washing concrete and mortar tanks. It is also forbidden to drain them into ravines, streams, rivers and lakes;
• when organizing a construction site, it is necessary to ensure normal drainage from the territory and culverts from neighboring areas (to exclude the formation of mini-lakes or roaring streams of water).

Measures to protect the artificial environment in construction:

• pile driving is prohibited shock method(driving) near existing buildings and structures, because deformation and even destruction of individual structures are possible;
• the construction of pits and trenches near buildings is permitted under a separate project, with measures to ensure the stability of existing buildings;
• any excavation work requires a permit local administration(permission "for overburden"), issued for a personal performer (foreman, foreman). This increases their responsibility for possible damage(due to negligence or negligence) underground utilities(pipes, cables, etc.);
• in residential areas at night it is prohibited:

Perform pile driving by impact method;
- perform noisy work: pound compaction by tamping, work with a jackhammer, work with an electric gun;

Electric welding works outside the building under construction;

• on the construction site it is necessary to organize dust suppression ( regular watering roads, driveways, sites);
• dusty goods (sand, crushed stone, ASG, soil) when transported in dump trucks to cover with a canopy;
• during construction within the city, temporary roads on the site must have a hard surface (concrete, asphalt, crushed stone). This will exclude the removal of dirt by the wheels of a car on city highways;
• tracked vehicles (tractors, excavators, cranes) are allowed to move along city highways only on special heavy-duty platforms (trailers).

The construction of the gas pipeline will inevitably affect the flora and fauna of the territory along which the gas pipeline route will pass. When designing gas pipelines, it is necessary to pay attention to the development of measures and recommendations to reduce negative impact on the flora and fauna of the area.

When organizing the construction process, it is necessary to carry out activities and work to protect the environment, which include:

• land reclamation;
• prevention of loss of natural resources;
• prevention harmful emissions in soil, water bodies and atmosphere.

To implement these tasks, it is planned to arrange the container of the dry closet sealed and remove from it to the places indicated by the SES. On the territory of the gas pipeline construction, removal of tree and shrub vegetation not provided for by the design documentation is not allowed. Valuable breeds trees and shrubs that fell directly into the area of ​​construction and installation works, if possible, are preserved or replanted. When earthworks are performed, the soil layer suitable for subsequent use must first be removed and stored in specially designated places. Land is a non-renewable natural resource. Its use for construction leads to the expropriation and reduction of land use, as well as disturbance or pollution surface outlet and adjacent lands.

Conservation lands include lands of wildlife sanctuaries, forbidden and spawning-protective zones, lands occupied by forests that perform protective functions, lands of natural monuments, nature reserves, wildlife sanctuaries.

Land reclamation

Land reclamation is one of the elements of nature protection during the construction of a gas pipeline and includes a set of measures aimed at restoring lands disturbed during construction in order to rationally use them in the national economy.

Upon completion of construction, all lands provided for temporary use are reclaimed and returned to land users.

The removal and protection of the fertile layer is carried out in accordance with the requirements of GOST 17.4.3.03-85 “Nature Protection. Soils. Requirements for the protection of the fertile layer.

When laying a gas pipeline route with a diameter of up to 426 mm across pasture lands, in accordance with the norms of SN-456-73, work is carried out in a construction strip 15 m wide.

The right-of-way is recultivated with a width of 3.5 m. Before starting the construction of the gas pipeline, it is necessary to cut the vegetable soil along the route with a thickness of 0.5 m (according to GOST 17.5.3.06-85). Removal of vegetable soil is carried out from a strip (earthworks strip) with a width of 3.5 m, according to VSN 179-85.

Land reclamation should be carried out taking into account local soil and climatic conditions, the degree of damage and pollution of lands, the landscape and geochemical characteristics of disturbed lands.

When working, the areas of reclamation of disturbed lands are determined by:
- the nature of the violation of land in the territory under consideration;
- forms and level of impact of disturbed lands on the environment;
- environmental efficiency and expediency of recultivation works;
- socio-economic living conditions of the population in the area where the facility is located and the prospects for the development of the area.

The technical stage of reclamation includes the preparation of land to preserve the fertile soil layer and subsequent intended use.

According to GOST 17.5.3.04-83 “Lands. General requirements for land reclamation”, at the technical stage of land reclamation during construction linear structure the following work must be carried out:

• cleaning construction debris, removal from the building strip of all temporary devices;
• backfilling of pipeline trenches with soil with backfilling of a roller, which ensures the creation flat surface after soil compaction;
• distribution of the remaining soil over the reclaimed area in an even layer;
• backfilling and leveling potholes and pits;
• covering the recultivated area with a fertile layer.

The passage of the gas pipeline through forest plantations

Before the start of construction work on lands occupied by afforestation, in the temporary right of way, work is carried out to clear the territory from forest vegetation.

In order to preserve the lands occupied by forest plantations, disturbed lands are being recultivated within the right of way. According to GOST 17.5.3.04-83 “Lands. General requirements for land reclamation", during the construction of a gas pipeline on lands occupied by forest plantations, reclamation consists in backfilling trenches and pits, general planning of the right of way, and cleaning up construction waste.

In order to minimize the damage caused during the construction of the projected gas pipeline in the areas where the underground gas pipeline passes through lands occupied by forest plantations, the following measures are provided:

• Carrying out logging operations in compliance with measures to reduce the littering of the territories adjacent to the route, as well as to preserve and rationally use the wood obtained during felling;
• removal of stumps and logging residues from the construction site to the solid waste landfill;
• carrying out planning work with loosening the soil in places where stumps are uprooted upon completion of construction;
• when organizing a construction site near green spaces, the operation of construction machines and mechanisms should ensure the safety of existing green spaces.

When passing through tree and shrub vegetation for a gas pipeline, in accordance with the "Rules for the Protection of Gas Distribution Networks", approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 878 of November 20, 2000, a security zone is established in the form of clearings 6.0 m wide, 3.0 m on each side gas pipeline. Restoration of tree and shrub vegetation in the protected zone of the gas pipeline, which impedes its normal operation, is not allowed.

Works to bring land into suitable for them economic use state are carried out by the organization conducting construction works.

Technological scheme for the reclamation of lands occupied by forest plantations during the construction of a gas pipeline

Impact of the gas pipeline on the atmosphere

The main type of impact of the gas pipeline on the atmosphere is air pollution by emissions of pollutants, heat, water vapor, as well as their impact on the microclimate of the adjacent territory when open water spaces are formed and the temperature balance of the area of ​​their location is disturbed.

When the gas pipeline is operated in normal mode, sources of atmospheric air pollution will be leaks in fixed connections of shut-off and control valves at gas control points and discharge pipes at them (volley emissions).

There should be no emissions of pollutants on the linear part of the gas pipeline.

During the construction of an object, the sources of air pollution are: machines and mechanisms that perform construction work. At the same time, the following substances are released into the atmosphere: nitrogen dioxide, nitrogen oxide, soot, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, acetic acid, gasoline, kerosene. The calculation of dust emissions during earthworks is not carried out due to the fact that the developed soils along the gas pipeline route are in a state of natural humidity(in relation to the methodology for calculating the gross emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere by the enterprises of the concern "Rossevzapstroy", part 2, plants for the production of reinforced concrete VRD-66-125-90, Moscow, 1991).

Measures to reduce emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere

For the period of operation
In order to reduce emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere, the following measures are envisaged:

• all threaded, flanged, welded joints pipelines, fittings, tanks are sealed and systematically inspected to detect leaks;
• timely replacement of faulty equipment.

For the period of construction The main methods to reduce emissions from motor vehicles include:

• improving the quality of fuel used;
• ensuring quality service and control Vehicle.

As measures aimed at minimizing the negative impact on the atmospheric air during the construction period, the project provides for:

• refueling equipment of unlimited range with fuel and lubricants at a gas station;
• care and repair work associated with the operation of construction equipment at sites specially designated for these purposes;
• traffic for the period of construction on existing roads.

As organizational and technical measures, it is accepted to limit the number of simultaneously operating equipment when working on the site.

Impact of the pipeline on water resources

Any object under construction in the process of construction and then operation consumes a certain amount pure water, and also resets cleaned, conditionally clean, or uncleaned wastewater into the environment, which leads to pollution of the hydrographic network and the area of ​​its location.

For protection and rational use water resources, as well as preventing contamination of surface and groundwater the area of ​​location of the projected object during the development of the subsection, the mode of water consumption and sanitation is determined.

Crossing the pipeline across the river

When the gas pipeline crosses rivers, the technology of trenchless pipe laying is applied by a directional drilling rig. When using this technology, the crossing of rivers is carried out without trenching, without disturbing the soil of the reservoir, which preserves its hydrological regime unchanged and does not cause the formation of zones of increased turbidity and an increase in the amount of suspended and other pollutants.

In accordance with the construction organization project, the gas pipeline is tested for tightness before putting into operation by supplying to the gas pipeline compressed air and creating a test pressure. This method is more environmentally friendly than hydrotesting of a gas pipeline, since it eliminates additional consumption of water resources and the impact on the soil and geological environment associated with the construction of sedimentation tanks and the discharge of settled waters onto the terrain.

When implementing design decisions and measures regarding the protection of the aquatic environment, subject to right technology and crop production, no irreversible negative effects on the aquatic environment are expected.

During the operation period, the gas pipeline will not provide negative impact on surface and ground waters, because a gas pipeline is a sealed system buried in the ground, operating in offline, water is not required for technological needs and pollutant discharges are not envisaged.

Measures to prevent groundwater pollution

During the construction period, it is necessary to provide and carry out the following technical and organizational plan aimed at preventing pollution of the earth's surface, and, consequently, groundwater:

• Repair and Maintenance vehicles are produced only on the basis of a construction and installation organization;
• It is forbidden to drain waste oils to the surface of the earth;
• It is forbidden to wash vehicles outside specially designated places;
• Refueling of cars is possible only at stationary organized gas stations;
• It is necessary to carry out timely technical inspection and supervision of the condition of vehicles and construction mechanisms in order to avoid leakage of oil and fuels and lubricants to the soil surface;
• For domestic wastewater, a container-type latrine is used;
• Store raw materials, semi-finished products at special sites;
• Construction waste is sorted into hazard classes, collected and stored in containers that protect it from a possible transition from one state of aggregation to another under the influence of precipitation in specially established places of temporary storage on a site with a hard surface or a site with a waterproofing coating.

South Ural State University

Correspondence Faculty of Engineering and Economics

on the topic: Environmental protection in construction

in the discipline "Jurisprudence"

completed by a 1st year student

Introduction 3page

Objects of environmental protection 5str

General provisions for environmental protection 6page

Environmental protection in road construction 16str

Conclusion page 18

Bibliography 19str

INTRODUCTION

Environmental protection is a set of measures aimed at preventing the negative impact of human activity on nature, ensuring favorable and safe conditions for human life. In the conditions of scientific and technological progress, the most important task of mankind is to protect the most important elements of the environment (air, water, soil), which are subjected to severe pollution due to harmful industrial emissions and waste. The result is soil and water acidification, climate change and ozone depletion. That is why environmental protection in construction is given an important place in national tasks. AT last years, due to irreversible processes and changes in the environment, environmental issues have grown into a global problem. Therefore, the development of a long-term environmental policy to create an enabling environment (eE) became necessary.

Creating conditions for improving the environmental situation is a long process that requires coordination and sequence of actions. The priority issues in the environmental policy of the Russian Federation today are the following:

Ensuring environmentally friendly living conditions;

Rational use and protection of natural resources;

Ensuring environmental and radiation safety (dvd);

Raise ecological culture society and the formation of ecological consciousness in people.

MAIN OBJECTIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

Environmental protection should be aimed at maintaining rational interaction between human activities and the natural environment, ensuring the conservation and restoration of natural resources, rational use of natural resources, preventing direct and indirect harmful effects of the results of society's activities on nature and human health.
The main tasks of environmental protection are:
- ensuring the safety of natural complexes;
- promotion of restoration and rational use of natural resources;

Promoting the balance between the development of production and the sustainability of the natural environment;

Improving the management of the quality of the natural environment in the interests of mankind.

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION OBJECTS

According to the Federal Law "On Environmental Protection":

1. The objects of environmental protection from pollution, depletion, degradation, damage, destruction and other negative impact of economic and other activities are:

land, subsoil, soil;

surface and ground waters;

forests and other vegetation, animals and other organisms and their genetic fund;

atmospheric air, the ozone layer of the atmosphere and near-Earth space.

2. As a matter of priority, natural ecological systems, natural landscapes and natural complexes that have not been subjected to anthropogenic impact are subject to protection.

3. Objects included in the World Cultural Heritage List and the World Natural Heritage List, state natural reserves, including biosphere reserves, state nature reserves, natural monuments, national, natural and dendrological parks, botanical gardens, medical and recreational areas and resorts, other natural complexes, original habitats, places of traditional residence and economic activity indigenous peoples of the Russian Federation, objects of special environmental, scientific, historical, cultural, aesthetic, recreational, health and other value, the continental shelf and the exclusive economic zone of the Russian Federation, as well as rare or endangered soils, forests and other vegetation, animals and other organisms and their habitats.

GENERAL PROVISIONS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

Most general rules environmental protection in relation to construction are contained in SNiP 2.07.01-89 "Urban planning. Planning and development of urban and rural settlements". According to this SNiP, during the design of new and reconstruction of existing cities and other settlements measures should be taken to maximize the conservation and use of existing green spaces, soil cover, and natural terrain. It is required to prevent soil erosion, to find application for displaced soils. When planning and developing suburban and green areas, measures should be taken to improve the sanitary condition of the area, planting greenery and landscaping, for example, draining wetlands, constructing ponds, etc.

Planning and development projects should contain measures to protect the air basin from harmful substances emitted by industry and transport, protect water bodies and soil from pollution, reduce noise, vibration and electromagnetic radiation, and improve sanitary and hygienic conditions.

It would be logical to expect that these general rules will be detailed in SNiPs that regulate certain types of construction production. However, not all such SNiPs deal with environmental issues related to them. With regard to the rules of protection contained therein external environment, then their common disadvantage is a weak connection with the rules of law relating to construction, but adopted by non-construction departments.

An example is SNiP 3.02.03-84 "Underground mine workings". According to this SNiP, in the course of organizational and technical preparation of work on excavation of mine workings, land and mining allotments should be made, a project for the reclamation of disturbed lands should be developed and measures for the protection of natural and cultural objects from the harmful effects of mine workings should be approved, which should be included in the project and working drawings.

During the passage of mine workings, the storage of rock and associated minerals should be organized taking into account the requirements of nature protection, subsoil, saving fertile land, and preserving the fertile soil layer.

Many SNiPs, putting forward requirements for the protection of nature, do this without a specific system. Thus, according to SNiP 3.01.01-85 "Organization of construction production", the general contractor must maintain underground networks, access and pedestrian roads in good condition, ensure the safety and integrity of the building materials, structures, products used. But at the same time, the task of preserving and utilizing the natural and cultural values ​​located on the territory of the building, "not needed" by the construction site, is not directly posed.

A number of SNiPs show insufficient concern for the protection of the rights and legitimate interests of the local population affected by construction work. SNiP 3.01.01-85 "Organization of construction production" mentions the obstacles that are created for neighboring land users, but only for cases when it concerns road construction work. However, obstacles can arise in much more cases than with road works alone.

The Law “On the Protection of the Environment” establishes the procedure for applying the principle of payment for natural resources. Their use, including emissions into the atmosphere, discharges into water bodies, waste disposal, is carried out in accordance with the license for environmental management issued and issued by local authorities within the established limits. Payment for the use of resources is carried out at state tariffs with a multiple increase for exceeding the limits or the absence of their registration.

In accordance with the Government Decree (dated July 1, 1995), payments for maximum allowable emissions (discharges) agreed with environmental authorities, as well as current costs associated with the operation and maintenance of environmental funds (treatment facilities, traps, filters, etc.) etc.) are included in the cost of production.

Payments for exceeding the maximum allowable (temporarily agreed) emissions (discharges), as well as fines for unregistered or incorrectly registered emissions are paid from the profit remaining at the disposal of the nature user (enterprise).

When performing construction work, measures should be taken to reduce atmospheric pollution by mineral dust, gas emissions from thermal installations and engines, and other equipment whose operation is associated with thermal and chemical technological processes.

Control over the state of the atmosphere outside the construction site (right of way) is carried out by nature protection services - Goskomgidromet, for populated areas- in accordance with GOST 17.2.3.01-86.

Monitoring the state of the atmosphere in working area is carried out by the production service of labor protection and safety in accordance with GOST 12.1.005-76.

Construction and road vehicles must comply with environmental and sanitary requirements:

for exhaust gas emissions - GOST 17.2.2.02-86;

for noise - sanitary standards SN 2.2.4/2.1.8.562-96;

for industrial vibration - CH 2.2.4 / 2.1.8.566-96.

Control over compliance with norms and requirements is carried out upon acceptance of samples of installation series of machines and is confirmed as part of certification (including for foreign-made machines).

The exhaust gases of diesel engines are controlled by the opacity indicator: 1.20 - 0.93 m -1 (with a volume flow rate of air entering the cylinders, respectively, 100 - 200 dm 3 /s).

The equivalent sound level in the working area should not exceed 80 dBA.

The maximum allowable equivalent vibration values ​​for category I workplaces in octave bands 8 - 63 Hz are: vibration acceleration 0.56 - 0.40 m/s 2 , 115 dB.

When performing construction work on water bodies and adjacent territories, one should be guided, in addition to general SNiPs, by legal provisions, standards and norms containing special requirements for the protection of the aquatic environment: the Water Code of the Russian Federation (adopted on 10/18/95), the Regulation on water protection zones of water bodies and their coastal protective strips (approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation on November 23, 1996), GOST 17.1.3.13-86 “Nature Protection. Hydrosphere. General security requirements surface water from pollution”, SanPiN 4630-88 “ Sanitary regulations and norms for the protection of surface waters from pollution”.

During construction work at fishery water bodies, it is also necessary to take into account the requirements of the Law of the Russian Federation "On the Fauna" (introduced on March 22, 1995), taking into account the "Instructions on the procedure for consideration and approval by fish protection authorities of planned decisions and project documentation for the construction of enterprises, buildings and structures" (OND 1-86 Minrybkhoz).

When designing the construction organization and performing works, it is necessary to take into account the requirements for maintaining the integrity and cleanliness of the soil and vegetation cover beyond the boundaries of the right of way, as well as minimal damage and pollution in the allotted territory not occupied by structures.

In areas for structures or excavations, the fertile soil layer should be removed and stored in specially designated areas for use in reclamation or for transfer to third-party land users.

When organizing earthworks at all stages, timely arrangement of surface drainage should be provided, which excludes the accumulation of water in relief depressions during periods of snow melting and heavy rains and the formation of unforeseen watercourses that wash away the soil layer. Slopes and slopes exposed during earthworks, as a rule, must be strengthened before the onset of winter in the manner provided for in the project. Design drainage devices should be carried out at the earliest possible stage of construction. Their repair at subsequent stages is easier and cheaper than the elimination of erosion and erosion centers that occur during the construction of the subgrade.

ENVIRONMENTAL MEASURES

The PIC is developed taking into account the requirements set forth in Decrees No. 898 of December 20, 1972 “On strengthening nature protection and improving the use of natural resources” and No. 984 of December 01, 1978 “On additional measures to strengthen nature protection and improve the use of natural resources”.

During construction, it is necessary to comply with the requirements of Section 10 “Environmental Protection” SNiP 3.01.01-85* and Section 9 “Nature Protection” SNiP 3.02.01-87.

During the construction process, construction waste management is carried out in coordination with the relevant departments of the territorial Administration, supervisory authorities.

Environmental protection measures for the construction period include:

Provision of construction with engineering communications - centralized, according to temporary schemes;

The construction site is protected by a temporary fence;
- temporary access roads and storage areas are arranged with a hard surface;

Short description

Creating conditions for improving the environmental situation is a long process that requires coordination and sequence of actions. The priority issues in the environmental policy of the Russian Federation today are the following:
- ensuring environmentally safe conditions for living;
- rational use and protection of natural resources;
- Ensuring environmental and radiation safety (pee);
- ecologization of industry;
- increasing the ecological culture of society and the formation of ecological consciousness among people.

Content

Introduction 3page
The main tasks of environmental protection 4str
Objects of environmental protection 5str
General provisions for environmental protection 6page
Measures for environmental protection 11str
Environmental impact assessment 14pp
Environmental protection in road construction 16str
Conclusion page 18
Bibliography 19str

PLAN

1. Legislation on construction activities.

2. Basic requirements for environmental protection during construction work.

3. Safety precautions.

4. Engineering and environmental surveys for construction.

Findings.

Literature

1. Legislation on construction activities

The legislation on construction activities is based on the following principles related to ensuring environmental safety:

Ensuring sustainable development of territories;

Ensuring a balanced consideration of environmental, economic, social and other factors in the implementation of construction activities;

Participation of citizens and their associations in the implementation of construction activities, ensuring the freedom of such participation;

Responsibility for ensuring favorable conditions for human life;

Implementation of construction activities in compliance with the requirements for the safety of territories, engineering and technical requirements, civil defense requirements, ensuring the prevention of natural and man-made emergencies;

Implementation of construction activities in compliance with the requirements of environmental protection and environmental safety;

The person carrying out the construction is obliged to carry out the construction, reconstruction, overhaul of the facility capital construction in accordance with the task of the developer or customer (in the case of construction, reconstruction, overhaul on the basis of the contract), project documentation, building plan requirements land plot, the requirements of technical regulations and at the same time ensure the safety of work for third parties and the environment,

From this requirement of the GR to the Russian Federation follows the obligation to provide in the project documentation for the implementation of measures to ensure environmental protection and environmental safety both during construction work and during the operation of the constructed facility, that is, develop the “Environmental Protection” section in the project documentation. But for the development of such activities, it is required to have a base - to evaluate harmful effect OS project. For EIA, in turn, the results of the implementation of the program of engineering and environmental surveys for this object are required.

The legislation does not specify who can and has the right to develop sections of the EIA, and this type of activity is currently not licensed. The EIA section at the investment appraisal stage and the “Environmental Protection” section can either be included in the project documentation or can be ordered separately from a competent contractor and, after approval by the customer, be attached to the project.

Art. 1 Federal Law "On architectural activities in the Russian Federation» indicates the purpose of enacting the law - to ensure a safe, environmentally friendly, favorable environment for human life and society. Art. 3 provides that the architectural and planning task (APZ) must include mandatory environmental conditions for design and construction, requirements for observing the rights of citizens whose interests are affected during construction. A building permit is issued for the purpose, among other things, of preventing harm to the environment. The issuance of an APL may be refused if the customer's intentions are contrary to current legislation (including environmental). Environmental impact assessment is carried out regardless of funding sources in the manner prescribed by the current federal legislation in the field of environmental protection (effective from January 1, 2005).

An architect or a legal entity, when carrying out architectural activities, is obliged to comply with building regulations, as well as environmental standards and rules. A person whose right has been violated in the course of architectural activities may demand full compensation for the losses caused to him (including, of course, a reduction market value of his apartment as a result of placing another architectural object next to his apartment, but in violation of the norms of substantive law). Persons guilty of building without a permit (which is a common occurrence in our practice) are obliged to carry out the demolition of the unauthorized building at their own expense.

Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of December 27, 2000 No. 1008 “On the procedure for conducting state examination of construction, pre-project and design documentation » the goals of the state examination of such documentation include the prevention of the creation of objects, the construction and use of which violates the rights of individuals or legal entities lily does not meet the requirements of the norms and rules approved in the established manner. Clause 5. and clause 6. indicate the conduct of state expertise, including by the territorial bodies of the Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation. Clause 18 establishes that the Consolidated Conclusion on the results of the state examination of construction, pre-project and design documentation contains a cumulative assessment of the economic feasibility and technical feasibility of implementing design solutions, taking into account the requirements of environmental and industrial safety…. The consolidated opinion is prepared taking into account (or with the participation of specialists) specialized expertise bodies…, local governments, … as well as the results of public discussion. A positive summary conclusion is drawn up in the presence of positive conclusions of specialized examination bodies.

Without a positive summary opinion, approval of construction, pre-project and design documentation, financing and construction of facilities, regardless of funding sources and ownership not allowed.

According to SanPiN 2.1.2.1002-00 "Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for residential buildings and premises" when placing residential buildings, sanitary and epidemiological requirements must be ensured. At the same time, the area of ​​the allotted land plot should provide the possibility of improvement (placement of recreation areas, playgrounds, sports, utility sites and guest parking lots) and landscaping.

"Instruction on the environmental justification of economic and other activities"(approved by order of the Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation dated December 29, 1995 No. 539).

Art. 5. Design decisions in construction documentation should provide:

Comfortable living conditions for the population that meet the standards and requirements of the population for the quality of the environment.

When developing design and construction documentation, one should take into account the standards and restrictions on nature management, sanitary and hygienic norms and rules and other regulations that determine the environmentally safe living conditions for the population.

Letter from the Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation dated 14.12. 1993 №01-20\65-5568 « On the mandatory use of the EIA procedure and results in the development of pre-planning, pre-design and project documentation » provides for mandatory EIA and public hearings on planned economic or other activities

Federal Law "On Environmental Protection"

Art. 3 Basic principles of environmental protection:

Participation of citizens, public and other non-profit associations in solving problems of environmental protection…

Article 12 Public associations carrying out activities in the field of environmental protection have the right to:

Organize and conduct in accordance with the established procedure hearings on the issues of design, placement of facilities, the economic and other activities of which may harm the environment, pose a threat to the life, health and property of citizens.

Art. 32 “An environmental impact assessment is carried out when developing all alternative options for pre-project, including pre-investment, and project documentation substantiating the planned economic and other activities, with the participation of public associations.

Federal Law "On Ecological Expertise".

Art. 3. Principles of ecological expertise:

Mandatory conduct of the state environmental review before making decisions on the implementation of the object of environmental review;…

Glasnost, participation of public organizations, consideration of public opinion...

Art. 14. The procedure for conducting state environmental expertise.

The state environmental review is carried out if ... the presence of the following in the composition of the submitted materials:

Environmental impact assessment materials…;

Materials of discussions of the object of state environmental expertise with citizens and public organizations ...

"Regulations on the procedure for conducting state environmental expertise».

Approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 698 dated June 11, 1996, p. 4. A prerequisite acceptance of materials for state environmental review is the presence in them of data on the EIA of the planned economic and other activities and the environmental justification for the admissibility of its implementation.

"Regulations on environmental impact assessment".

Approved by order of the State Committee for Ecology of the Russian Federation No. 372 dated May 16, 2000. Registered in the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation on July 4, 2000 under No. 2302.

"Assessment of the impact of the proposed economic activity on the environment" (EIA) is a process that contributes to the adoption of an environmentally oriented management decision on the implementation of the proposed economic and other activities by identifying possible adverse impacts, assessing environmental consequences, taking into account public opinion, developing measures to reduce and prevent impacts .

Clause 1.6. The results of the EIA include

Information on the nature and scale of the environmental impact of the proposed activity, alternatives for its implementation, assessment of the environmental and related consequences of this impact and their significance, the possibility of minimizing the impacts

Identification and consideration of public preferences when making decisions by the customer regarding the planned activity;

The decision of the customer to determine the option for locating the facility or refusing to implement the project, taking into account the results of the EIA, the choice of technologies, etc.

The results of the EIA are part of the documentation submitted for the state environmental review, and are also used in the process of making other management decisions related to this activity.

2. Basic requirements for environmental protection

during construction work

Water outlet is not allowed construction sites directly onto slopes without adequate scour protection. On the territory of the facilities under construction, it is not allowed to reduce tree and shrub vegetation, which is not provided for by the project documentation, and to fill the root necks and trunks of growing trees and shrubs with soil. When performing work related to the summary of forests and shrubs, construction must be organized in such a way as to ensure the exclusion of wildlife from the construction site.

All enterprises conducting construction work on agricultural lands must bring them into a usable condition during the work, and if it is not possible, within a year after the completion of all work. Enterprises are obliged to remove and store the fertile soil layer for subsequent land reclamation or increase the fertility of unproductive lands.

The above list of measures and works for the protection of the natural environment in each specific case should be clarified with a reflection decisions taken in the design and estimate documentation.

For bulk transportation of powdered materials (cement, gypsum, lime, ground limestone, etc.), cement trucks equipped with devices for unloading and self-unloading or only for unloading are used.

Public control is carried out by trade union organizations, whose committees are given broad rights to monitor the implementation of labor legislation, the requirements of rules and regulations on safety and industrial sanitation.

When creating construction products, builders use technical means, which are usually divided into main, auxiliary and transport.

At construction sites, where as the construction and installation processes are carried out, the situation and working conditions of workers often change and joint production of work by several organizations is possible, ensuring compliance with safety regulations is not only responsible, but also challenging task. For successful solution this task requires high quality design solutions, active development of WEP.

3. Safety

At construction sites, where as the construction and installation processes are carried out, the situation and working conditions of workers often change and joint production of work by several organizations is possible, ensuring compliance with safety regulations is not only a responsible, but also a difficult task. Successful solution of this problem requires high quality of design solutions, active development of WEP, including technological maps. It is necessary to ensure the high quality of the materials used for products, structures and construction machines and mechanisms, effective sound or light signaling. Inventory devices and mounting equipment used in construction must meet all safety requirements. It is necessary to organize systematic and strict control over compliance with safety regulations at the construction site.

In accordance with the current norms and rules, the construction administration must, within the established time limits, organize instruction, study and testing of the knowledge of workers and technical personnel in the field of safety with mandatory documentation. These activities are carried out in accordance with the "Model programs for training workers safe methods labor and verification of knowledge by engineering and technical workers of safety in construction.

The full-scale method of testing the structures of buildings and structures consists in instrumental measurement of the actual stresses arising in the structures (studied in the scientific course "Testing of structures"). AT individual cases This method is used to study models of buildings and structures.

The basis for the classification of building production processes is their division according to technological features into procurement, transport, preparatory and installation and laying.

Technological maps determine in each case the technology of the construction process, and maps labor processes- organization of labor of workers in the performance of labor operations, constituting building process. Thus, these documents are not duplicated.

Technological maps determine in each case the technology of the construction process, and the maps of labor processes determine the organization of the work of workers in the performance of labor operations that make up the construction process. Thus, these documents do not duplicate, but complement each other. Each of these documents is developed according to a certain methodology (scheme) and has its own form in terms of content and design.

As technological documentation for simple processes (works), technological schemes are also used with a description of the sequence and methods of the process, with the calculation of labor costs and the need for mechanization. In terms of content, technological schemes are simplified technological maps.

The third stage of control, carried out once a month, involves the chief engineer of the construction organization, the chief mechanic, the chief power engineer, and the safety engineer. They check: the implementation of planned activities, as well as resolutions and orders to ensure safe working and living conditions.

There are also local norms and prices, developed by the methods of technical regulation, for work not included in the ENiR and VNiR and approved locally. Despite the fact that local standards include rare, local-specific work, when developing them, it is necessary to fully take into account production reserves and prevent experimental statistical regulation, which, as a rule, leads to an underestimation of the standards.

4. Engineering and environmental surveys for construction

Materials of engineering and environmental surveys should ensure the development of a Declaration (petition) of intent, construction documentation, sections "Environmental Impact Assessment" (EIA) at the stage of investment justification and "Environmental Protection" (EP) in the construction project.

Engineering and environmental surveys for construction must be carried out by survey, design and survey and other organizations, regardless of the form of ownership, that have a license to carry out such work.

Types of work that were not previously included in the engineering surveys and research, such as soil, geobotanical, biological, hydrobiological, studies to assess the size, mode and timing of ecological release, sanitary and epidemiological and others, should be carried out with the involvement of specialized organizations or qualified specialists in the relevant subject areas in compliance with the established requirements of regulatory documents of the State Committee for Nature Protection of Russia, as well as state standards and departmental regulatory documents.

Engineering and environmental surveys include:

Ecological interpretation of aerospace materials using various types of surveys (black and white, multi-zone, radar, thermal, etc.);

Route observations with a component-by-component description of the natural environment and landscapes in general, the state of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, sources and signs of pollution;

Excavation of mine workings to obtain environmental information;

Ecological and hydrogeological research;

Soil research;

Geoecological testing and assessment of pollution of atmospheric air, soils, soils, surface and underground waters;

Laboratory chemical-analytical studies;

Research and assessment of the radiation situation;

Gas geochemical research;

Research and evaluation of physical impacts;

Study of flora and fauna;

Socio-economic research;

Sanitary-epidemiological and biomedical research;

Stationary observations (environmental monitoring);

Office processing of materials and preparation of a report.

The purpose and necessity of certain types of work and research, the conditions for their interchangeability and combination with other types of surveys are established in the program of engineering and environmental surveys, depending on the type of construction, the nature and level of responsibility of the buildings and structures being designed, the characteristics of the natural and technogenic situation, the degree of environmental exploration of the territory and stages of design and survey work.

When designing and constructing bases, foundations and underground structures, requirements must be met to prevent, minimize or eliminate harmful and undesirable environmental and related social, economic and other consequences.

Environmental requirements taken into account in the design and construction are based on the results of engineering and environmental surveys carried out in accordance with SNiP 11-02 and SP 11-102. In the process of these studies, an assessment is made state of the art the environment in the construction area and give a forecast of the impact of the facility on the environment (EIA).

Taking into account the results of engineering and environmental surveys, when designing and constructing bases, foundations and underground structures, it is necessary to choose design solutions and develop measures that would protect construction sites and people from existing adverse impacts and not worsen the environmental situation.

The choice of project options should take into account the priority of solving environmental problems

Engineering surveys are carried out in accordance with the requirements of the Construction Code of the Russian Federation and Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated January 19, 2006 No. 20 "On engineering surveys for the preparation of project documentation, construction, reconstruction of capital construction projects."

Preparation of relevant materials for the justification of projects, among other things, includes drawing up a map (scheme) of the boundaries of the zones of the planned placement of capital construction facilities, the consequences of the placement of which may lead to negative changes in the quality of the environment (zones of negative impact), taking into account the results of engineering surveys

Engineering surveys are carried out for the preparation of project documentation, construction, reconstruction of capital construction projects. It is not allowed to prepare and implement design documentation without performing appropriate engineering surveys.

Engineering surveys for the preparation of project documentation, construction, reconstruction of capital construction projects are carried out in order to obtain:

Materials about natural conditions the territory on which the construction, reconstruction of capital construction facilities will be carried out, and the factors of technogenic impact on the environment, on the forecast of their changes necessary to develop decisions regarding such a territory;

Materials necessary to justify the layout of buildings, structures, structures, making design and space-planning decisions in relation to these buildings, structures, structures, designing the engineering protection of such facilities, developing environmental protection measures, a construction organization project, reconstruction of capital construction objects;

Materials necessary for carrying out calculations of foundations, foundations and structures of buildings, structures, structures, their engineering protection, developing decisions on carrying out preventive and other necessary measures, performing earthworks, as well as preparing decisions on issues that arose during the preparation of project documentation, its agreement or approval.

The need to perform certain types of engineering surveys, the composition, scope and method of their implementation are established taking into account the requirements of technical regulations by the engineering survey program developed on the basis of a task from the developer or customer, depending on the type and purpose of capital construction objects, their design features, technical complexity and potential danger, the stage of architectural and construction design, as well as the complexity of the topographic, engineering-geological, environmental, hydrological, meteorological and climatic conditions of the territory where the construction, reconstruction of capital construction projects will be carried out, the degree of study of these conditions.

Preparation of project documentation is carried out on the basis of the assignment of the developer or customer (when preparing project documentation on the basis of a contract), the results of engineering surveys in accordance with the construction plan of the land plot and other documents.

The design documentation for capital construction facilities includes a list of measures to protect the environment and other documentation in cases stipulated by federal laws. And the federal laws "On Environmental Protection" and "On Environmental Expertise" provide for the development of materials "OVOS" of pre-project documentation.

According to Article 49 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the subject of state examination of project documentation is to assess the compliance of project documentation with the requirements of technical regulations, including sanitary and epidemiological, environmental requirements, requirements for state protection of cultural heritage sites, fire, industrial, nuclear, radiation and other safety requirements, and as well as the results of engineering surveys.

The reason for refusal to accept the design documentation submitted for state expertise is the absence of the sections provided for in Article 48 of this Code, including the section on environmental protection measures (and it is developed on the basis of the EIA).

findings

To the problems described in this abstract, the legislation on environmental protection is applied, if these relations are not regulated by the legislation on construction activities. The procedure for developing an EIA and sections "Environmental Protection" is not regulated by the Construction Code of the Russian Federation and therefore in this case should be guided by the requirements of environmental legislation. Especially since building regulations have already established a strong imperative for the development of sections of the EIA. The sequence of actions "engineering and environmental surveys - EIA - section "Environmental Protection" of the project - plan for environmental protection measures during the operation of the facility" directly follows from the requirements of construction and environmental law.

EIA is the most important condition and tool for making construction decisions to ensure high level quality of life, especially in urban areas.

State environmental control of the construction complex in Russia is insufficient and ineffective, which is one of the reasons for the creation of unfavorable living conditions in cities and the aggravation of social tension in society.

The EIA sections are often developed and approved at the construction stage or are not developed at all, which leads to the inferiority and inefficiency of the Environmental Protection sections of projects.

The bodies of state architectural and construction supervision do not consider the problem of ensuring environmental safety in design and construction to be an urgent one and provide the proper level of control in this area.

When carrying out construction activities, the realization of the rights of citizens to a favorable environment through the holding of public and public hearings is not ensured. At the same time, public (environmental) organizations have the right to hold public (environmental) hearings (Article 12 of the Federal Law “On Environmental Protection”, and the right to public hearings belongs to local governments (GRK RF).

The practice of implementing programs of engineering and environmental surveys for the construction of facilities is not able to provide a sufficient level of environmental safety for the population.

The current legislation does not contain direct contradictions between the norms of construction and environmental law and allows you to create an environmental management system in the construction industry.

The artificial practice of isolating the building complex from the application of norms and rules of environmental safety should be the subject of interdepartmental discussions and decisions, as well as an area of ​​increased attention of the prosecutor's office, regional authorities and local governments.

Literature

1. Construction norms and rules (SNIPs).

2. Akhanov V.S. etc. Handbook of the builder. - M., 2006.

3. Alan Griffith, Paul Stevenson, Paul Watson. Control systems in construction. – M.: Olimp-Business, 2006.

4. Minevrin G.B. Fundamentals of designing equipment for residential and public buildings. - M., 2004.