city-forming group, population, first priority, estimated period, migration, production capacity, functional zoning, wind rose, residential area, housing stock, street network development coefficient, artificial and natural restrictions, urban limits

The purpose of the course project is to draw up a project for the planning and development of a settlement that meets technical and economic indicators.

In the process of work, calculations were made to determine the population for the estimated period, the number of apartments and houses, and the composition of families. In parallel, a section of the territory was determined in accordance with natural and artificial restrictions. On this basis, the basic plan of the village "Isutoru" was drawn up, which contains two functional zones: residential and industrial.

At the end of the project, the layout of the residential area, recreation area and production area was made; a balance of the territory was drawn up and a technical and economic assessment of the territory was made.

As a result of the work on the project, a master plan for the village of Isutoru was drawn up.

INTRODUCTION

Chapter 1 General information about the territory and settlement

1.1 Location

1.2 natural conditions

1.3 Production and development prospects of the village "Isutoru"

Chapter 2 Preliminary calculations for the project

2.1 Population calculation

2.2 Calculation of the number of families

2.3 Calculation of the required housing stock by types of houses

2.4 Calculation of cultural and community building

2.5 Compilation of a list of designed residential buildings, buildings and structures for cultural and community purposes

2.6 Calculation of industrial buildings and structures

2.7 Territory calculation

Chapter 3 General layout plan

3.1 Preparing a baseline

3.2 Functional zoning of the territory of the village "Isutoru"

3.3 Drawing up a general scheme for the layout of the residential area

Chapter 4 Planning and development of the residential area

4.1 Development of the street network system

4.2 Placement of plots at estate and block houses

4.3 Organization of residential areas

4.4 Layout of public areas

Chapter 5 Planning and development of production areas

5.1 Production complexes

5.2 Placement of buildings and structures in complexes

5.3 Types of complexes and their development

Chapter 6 Feasibility study of the project

6.1 Absolute natural technical and economic indicators

6.2. Relative natural technical and economic indicators

CONCLUSION

LIST OF USED SOURCES

INTRODUCTION

A populated place is a limited part of the territory in which the permanent population is fixed by material funds.

All settlements are divided into cities and rural settlements. A rural settlement is characterized by small size, small size and population density, the predominant part of which is employed in agriculture.

Since rural settlements are part of agricultural production, it is necessary to organize the territory in such a way that a rational production technology is provided. It carries out the project of planning and development of territories.

The planning project solves the following tasks:

a) determining the prospects for the development of agricultural production;

b) determination of the prospective population;

c) determination of the required volumes of residential, cultural and domestic and industrial construction, its placement;

d) development of proposals for environmental protection.

The project makes it possible to achieve a high socio-economic standard of living for the rural population.

Chapter 1 General information about the territory and settlement

1.1 Location

Komsomolsky district was formed in December 1926, its area is 25.2 thousand square meters. km. Komsomolsky district is located in the central part of the Khabarovsk Territory. The territory of the district covers the floodplain part of the Amur River for 260 km, the lowland part of the basin of the left tributary of the Amur - the Gorin River, the basin of the right tributary of the Amur - the Gur River and the basins of such small tributaries as SilaFu, Mastovaya, Belgo, etc. The area borders in the southwest with Amursky, in the west and northwest with Solnechny, in the northeast with Ulchsky, in the east with Vanensky and in the south with Nanaisky districts.

Komsomolsky district occupies a convenient transport and geographical position. Among transport communications, the leading role belongs to railway transport. The Amur waterway crossing the region provides communication with the southern and northern territories of the Khabarovsk Territory, provides access to the Pacific Ocean for river-sea vessels. For many settlements, water transport is the main mode of communication (Belgo, Verkhnetambovskoe, Nizhnetambovsk).

According to the nature of the relief, the area can be divided into 2 parts: low-lying places of the floodplain of the Amur River, its tributaries and uplands.

The slopes of the left- and right-bank mountains facing the Amur pass into gently sloping surfaces of high floodplain terraces from 50-60 m and below. The Amur valley within the region is relatively narrow - 10-15 km, sometimes 20 km.

1.2 natural conditions

The territory of the region is included in the region of temperate latitudes, which is characterized by a change in the direction of air flows from winter to summer.

In winter, the northeastern ridge of the Asian maximum extends to the territory of the Komsomolsk region, which determines the dominance of dry continental air from Transbaikalia and Yakutia. A stable negative temperature is established in the first decade of November. Winter begins with the transition of the average daily temperature through - 5 ° and this happens around November 3rd. The absolute minimum falls on the second decade of January (-48°). Winter is cold and with little snow, sunny and dry, lasting five months. Precipitation averages about 63 mm. The height of the snow cover is 23-27 cm. This process starts around October 24th, lasts 168 days, and ends on April 10th. Soils in flat areas freeze on average by 160 cm, and in some years even up to 300 cm.

The process of destruction of the winter anticyclone begins in March, but the circulation continues to remain winter-like for a long time. Spring comes quickly: at the beginning of the second decade of April, the average air temperature passes through 0°. However, frosts are frequent in April and May. There is little precipitation in spring, but the winds are intensifying, mainly from the north.

In summer, there is a transfer of humid Pacific air from temperate latitudes, which leads to precipitation. Summer in the region is warm and humid. The warmest month is July with an average monthly temperature of +19° (absolute maximum +33.7°). Although the maximum summer temperatures are not high, due to the high humidity of the air (average air humidity is 88%), intense heat is felt. During the summer, 52% of the annual precipitation falls. The rainiest month is August. On average, 448 mm of precipitation falls during the warm period.

The climate in the vast majority of the region is cool, moderately humid. The vegetation period is up to 150 days, the sum of active temperatures (more than +10°) is 2000°-2300°, the average amount of precipitation is 578 mm. The maximum precipitation occurs in July - August. Starting from the spring months, the territory of the region is subject to the invasion of dry winds

197 rivers flow through the territory of the Komsomolsk region, their total length is 5140 km. All rivers of the region belong to the Amur river basin. The Amur here receives few tributaries and is a site of water transit. Its largest tributaries are Gur and Gorin. The rivers are characterized mainly by rain feeding, mountainous, their valleys are narrow, U-shaped, with rocky, steep banks. There are 11 lakes on the territory of the region, the water surface of which is 158.1 sq. km.

The soils of the region belong to the Amur monsoon soil facies. They are characterized by the following features:

1) intense nature of weathering, leading to claying of the soil layer;

2) development of anaerobic gley processes leading to waterlogging of soils;

3) poor development of the podzol formation process;

4) intensive development in some places of the sod process.

Soils specific for the territory of the region are brown-taiga, mountain-podzolic, meadow-marsh, alluvial.

According to the forest zoning, the territory of the Komsomolsky district is located on the border of the taiga district and the district of mixed broad-leaved forests. The geographical position of the region determined the nature of the growing vegetation, which is represented by species of the Okhotsk-Kamchatka flora (Daurian larch, Ayan spruce, white fir, etc.), some species of the zone of mixed coniferous-deciduous forests (Korean cedar, Manchurian linden, Manchurian ash, birch white and yellow, aspen and others).

1.3 Production and development prospects of the village "Isutoru"

City-forming group A are represented. Age structure of the population and the existing number of production personnel. The group is represented by employees of enterprises, employees of enterprises, institutions and organizations of city-forming importance, which include: industrial and agricultural enterprises, enterprises and organizations of logistics, storage and processing of agricultural products, external transport, construction industry and services. It is indicated, as a rule, in the design task. Disabled population B and able-bodied population T, the data are presented in detail in Table 1.1.

Table 1.1 - Data on the number of production personnel and the age structure of the population in the projected area

Data on the family structure of the population that have developed in the projected village are presented in Table 1.2.

The concept of populated areas and their classification

Populated places are usually the place of permanent or temporary residence of people working in industrial enterprises and institutions located in the territory. In addition, workers of science and art live in settlements, serving the cultural and everyday needs of the population, etc.

Settlements in Russia are divided into urban, rural and settlement, depending on the production activities of the population.

A city is a settlement with a population of less than 12 thousand people, of which no more than 15% can be associated with agriculture.

From 3 to 12 thousand people live in workers' settlements. The population of dacha settlements is at least 2 thousand people, of which no more than 25% can be employed in agriculture. In resort villages, at least half of the population is temporary residents - vacationers. Rural areas include populated areas with residents who are mainly employed in agriculture.

Depending on the population, the settlements are divided into:

- super-large cities (more than 3 million people);

- the largest cities (from 1 to 3 million people);

- large cities (from 250 thousand to 1 million people);

- large cities (from 100 to 250 thousand people);

- medium-sized cities (from 50 to 100 thousand people);

– small cities and towns (from 5 to 50 thousand people);

- large rural settlements (from 1 to 5 thousand people);

- medium rural settlements (from 200 people to 1 thousand people);

– small rural settlements (less than 200 people).

In addition, the Town Planning Code identifies objects of special regulation:

- Moscow;

- Saint Petersburg;

- cities - centers of subjects of the Russian Federation;

– resort towns;

- historical settlements, as well as settlements on the territory of which there are monuments of history and culture;

- urban and rural settlements with a special mode of life (military camps, other closed administrative-territorial formations, settlements in state nature reserves, national parks, nature parks, etc.);

- urban and rural settlements that are located in regions with extreme natural and climatic conditions or especially unfavorable environmental conditions resulting from radioactive contamination, increased seismicity, or that are subject to man-made and natural emergencies.

The planning of populated areas is the functional organization of their territory and the mutually coordinated placement of streets, quarters, industrial, administrative, cultural and domestic buildings and amenities in this territory in accordance with the requirements of the rational organization of material production and the living conditions of people.

The rational arrangement of the production area in an agricultural settlement, the mechanization of production processes and the reduction of operating costs depend on the correct layout. Consequently, the planning of rural settlements is of great economic and economic importance in the organization of agricultural enterprises. In addition to economic importance, the layout must meet technical, sanitary, zoohygienic and architectural requirements.

Planning projects for rural settlements are closely connected with the organization of agricultural enterprises. The planning of rural settlements is influenced by the social form of the economy and its size, on the basis of which planning and design assignments for the planning of the village are drawn up.

The task of the planning project for a rural settlement is to determine the composition of the buildings and structures of a settlement and outline their placement on the territory, and in connection with this, to organize the territory itself.

This task is solved for each specific design object in accordance with its significance, current state and prospects for further development, as well as taking into account all the local conditions of the area of ​​its location.

The best planning solution is one that provides:

- the greatest convenience for industrial, social activities and life of the population and creates conditions for increasing labor productivity;

- good sanitary and hygienic conditions for increasing labor productivity and household activities of the population;

– expedient use of the land area and correct consideration of all its natural features;

- the possibility of expedient implementation of the necessary measures for the improvement of the territory (water supply, electrification, cleaning of the territory, landscaping, etc.);

- cost-effectiveness and affordability of costs for the implementation of the planned planning, construction and improvement;

- a beautiful appearance and architectural expressiveness of the settlement as a whole and its individual parts.

The main principles of the planning project for rural settlements are:

- ensuring equal cultural and living conditions in comparison with the urban population;

- reduction of non-production losses of labor, time and money;

- taking into account the functional and technical features of the object;

- taking into account landscape and other natural features of the territory;

– a combination of creativity with technical elements.

A populated place is never static, something is always being built in it, reconstructed and improved in accordance with the requirements of the present time.

CHAPTER II. SOURCE MATERIALS FOR COMPILATION

The planning, development and improvement of villages are based on the same hygienic principles as in the construction of cities, but taking into account the specifics of rural conditions (building density does not exceed 5-6%, and the population is 20-25 people per 1 ha). When planning the village, two main zones are distinguished: residential with a public center and production.

Previously, the most common was the location of residential buildings along the highway, which increased the length of the village and made it difficult to communicate between its ends, as well as cultural and community services and sanitary amenities. At present, compact development in the form of residential blocks of residential buildings, adjoining household plots, and streets has proved its feasibility. In the same quarters there are cultural and community and medical institutions, public green spaces (parks, squares, gardens), streets. Due to the compactness, the installation of water supply, sewerage, central heating, gasification, placement of sidewalks and streets is facilitated and cheaper.

In the central part of the village, a community center is being built, where administrative institutions, a post office, a club, a canteen, shops, a hotel, etc. are located. Schools, kindergartens and nurseries, hospitals should be located away from the public center and highways. Residential buildings should be built no closer than 100 m from the reservoir, in order to avoid its pollution.

AT production area accommodate all outbuildings and production complexes (repair and mechanical workshops, a fodder preparation workshop, livestock farms, subsidiary production).

Since the production area is a source of chemical and biological pollutants, as well as noise, dust, smoke, bad smells and flies, it is located in relation to the residential area on the leeward side, down the terrain and downstream the river. A sanitary protection zone is created between the residential and industrial zones, the width of which is determined by the degree of harmfulness and danger of the source. Warehouses are located closest to the residential area, behind them are repair shops, even further away are livestock and poultry buildings, a manure storage and an isolation room for sick animals. The width of the gap between residential buildings and small livestock farms (for 400-800 heads) should be 200-300 m, while for large farms for thousands of heads a sanitary protection zone of up to 3-5 km is organized.

The water supply of the village and the estate is provided by building a water supply system or a network of public wells with a service radius of no more than 100 m.

It is desirable to build individual houses with warm flushing latrines. To remove and treat wastewater, it is recommended to build underground filtration sites or filter wells on personal plots.

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

Posted on http://www.allbest.ru/

JSC "Astana Medical University"

Department of General Hygiene and Ecology

On the topic: "Hygienic requirements for the planning and development of populated areas"

Prepared by: Istaeva K.

Checked by: Zhizhila S.A.

Introduction

The construction of cities and towns is carried out according to master plans, which are developed by design organizations with the participation of many specialists. They develop a construction plan in accordance with many standards, in particular, hygienic ones.

Hygienic standards and sanitary requirements that should be taken into account when planning populated areas relate to the following works: choosing the best area for construction, rationally distributing it between residential, industrial, transport and other facilities, providing green spaces, landscaping, etc.

In this independent work, all these works and their aspects are considered.

The planning of populated areas is the placement on a certain territory of enterprises, dwellings, cultural and community institutions, transport and other functionally interconnected elements of the national economy.

The main hygienic principles for the planning of settlements are: choosing the healthiest area for a settlement, using local natural factors for recreational purposes, improving territories, proper placement of the main construction projects, maintaining normal population density, planting trees and shrubs and implementing all types of landscaping that provide the most favorable conditions. life, work and recreation of the population.

At present, urbanization is taking place in industrialized countries, i.e., the concentration of industry and population in large cities. This causes an excessive concentration of development, the enlargement of cities due to the construction of large buildings, resulting in overcrowding of the population and the difficulty of complying with hygienic requirements. Along with projects for the reconstruction of existing cities, ideas arose to create satellite cities in which industrial enterprises would be located, workers and employees serving them would be settled, and garden cities - abundantly landscaped settlements where part of the population would leave large cities.

The main principle of the planning of populated areas in is functional zoning, i.e., the territory of the city is divided into zones: residential development (residential), industrial, communal storage and external transport, suburban with places and objects for recreation of the population.

The most healthy and convenient areas of the territory are allocated for the residential area, about 20% of which are occupied by green spaces. The main element of the planning of this zone is a residential quarter, which houses residential buildings, children's, cultural and community and commercial institutions, green spaces, playgrounds, etc., limited on all sides by city driveways. When building up with separate small buildings, the area of ​​\u200b\u200ba residential quarter is 2--4 hectares, and with multi-storey buildings - 6-12 hectares. The practice of modern planning of populated areas included the division of the residential area of ​​large cities into microdistricts - groups of residential quarters located between the highways of intracity traffic and including all the necessary institutions for servicing the population. The central point of the residential area is the administrative center. The industrial zone is located, taking into account the prevailing direction of air movement in the area, on the leeward side of the settlement, downstream of the river and is separated from the residential zone by a landscaped sanitary protection zone, the width of which is determined by sanitary standards. The communal storage and transport zones, which house food and fuel warehouses, bus depots, railway stations, ports, airfields, etc., are located on the periphery of the city and are also separated from the residential zone by a sanitary protection zone.

The basis of the modern planning of rural settlements also lays a clear division into zones: residential, economic and industrial and public center.

A landscaped sanitary protection zone is provided between the economic and industrial and residential zones, the width of which is determined by the nature of the economic and industrial sector and its capacity. A clear division into 2 zones is also provided for in the planning of field camps: a residential zone and an economic and production zone.

The planning of populated areas is an expedient solution to socio-economic, architectural, construction and sanitary-hygienic issues in the construction of cities and villages, providing the most favorable living, working and recreational conditions for the population.

As a result of the increase in the urban population, especially in the current century, in industrialized countries there is a process of urbanization - the concentration of industry and population in large cities. Under capitalism, the growth of industrial and administrative centers caused an unplanned chaotic development of cities - with comfortable areas for the bourgeoisie and slums for the proletariat, with difficult conditions for the further development of industry and housing construction in them.

The most important conditions for the planning of populated areas are: compliance with hygienic standards and recommendations when choosing a territory for construction, with functional zoning of the territory of cities and villages, when placing the main objects of industrial, residential and cultural construction; observance of optimal indicators of the density of settlement; landscaping and the implementation of all modern types of improvement of populated areas.

Hygienic standards and recommendations are developed on the basis of research, summarizing the experience of sanitary supervision over the planning and development of populated areas and are aimed at solving issues that ensure the creation of healthy and comfortable living, working and recreational conditions for the population. In the planning projects of populated areas, the principle of dividing the territory into functional zones should be observed: industrial, transport, utility and storage, residential and recreation areas.

The main structural unit of a residential area is a micro-district, consisting of a group of residential buildings with the necessary facilities for the daily services of the population, a garden for recreation, sports grounds, etc. Residential area and recreation area in order to protect against gases, smoke and dust caused by the operation of industrial enterprises and transport, are separated from other zones by landscaped sanitary-protective gaps in accordance with sanitary standards.

When choosing a territory for a settlement, special attention is paid to the sanitary and hygienic assessment of climatic, soil and hydrological conditions, the state of green spaces, water use conditions, etc. Unsuitable for development are considered areas with a high standing of groundwater, swampy, prone to flooding, landslides, etc. In some cases, they allow the use of such sites, but only after taking the necessary measures to improve them.

When planning settlements and building them, favorable climatic factors should be used and undesirable effects, such as strong winter winds, insufficient ultraviolet radiation, excessive insolation and overheating, etc., should be mitigated.

The hygienic criterion for establishing these standards is the need to provide the premises of residential and public buildings and residential areas with direct solar radiation for at least 3 hours daily for the period from March 22 to September 22.

The fight against urban noise is an important hygienic task in the planning of populated areas. The Sanitary Norms for Permissible Noise in Residential Buildings and on the Territory of Residential Development are in force. The following maximum permissible total sound levels have been established: for living rooms - 30 A (measured on the A scale of the sound level meter), for recreation areas and territories directly adjacent to residential buildings - 40 dB A. Measured or calculated total sound levels are amended depending on the nature of the noise, time of day, location of the facility, etc. Protection of the territory of microdistricts and residential premises from external noise is provided by a set of engineering, technical and planning measures, including a rational system of city streets with the allocation of citywide, district highways and residential streets, appropriate development of adjacent to residential streets. Of great importance in reducing noise intensity is the proper organization of the territory of the microdistrict: allocation of areas for children's games and physical education, placement of service facilities in separate buildings, landscaping of the free territory of the microdistrict (at least 40--50%).

Hygienic recommendations for the organization of cultural and community and medical and preventive services for the population of cities and villages in the planning of populated areas relate to the network of these institutions in the microdistrict, residential area and city, their throughput and placement on the territory, taking into account the optimal service radius, ease of use and possible impact on the living conditions of the population (noise, vibration, etc.)

The public service system corresponds to the planning structure of the residential area and the city.

A special group of service institutions are sanatoriums, rest homes, tourist bases, pioneer camps intended for short-term and long-term rest and treatment, located in a suburban area.

The organization of the daily rest of the population must also correspond to the structure of the residential area. In the adjoining areas for a group of residential buildings, it is necessary to design playgrounds for young children to play and areas for recreation for the elderly and the sick.

Within the microdistrict, a garden with playgrounds for quiet rest and sports is provided. The residential area should have larger sports facilities (stadium, swimming pool, etc.), garden and entertainment facilities within a 10-minute radius. walk.

The most important principle in the planning of villages is the creation of the most favorable hygienic living conditions for the rural population, for the gradual transformation of the collective farm village and state farm settlements into enlarged urban-type settlements with comfortable residential buildings, public services, household enterprises and medical institutions.

In rural areas, a zone of individual one-story buildings is designed in the form of quarters with an area of ​​2-4 hectares, with household plots and outbuildings for livestock and equipment. The size of household plots is established in accordance with the charter of the collective farm. During the construction of two-story block houses, each family occupies a separate apartment with access to a plot, the size of which allows not only to lay a garden or vegetable garden, but also to keep livestock and poultry for personal use. The zone of state or collective-farm sectional houses is designed as a compact building without homestead plots with a high level of improvement. The community center of the village (village council, collective farm board, cultural and educational institutions) is also located in the zone. Schools, kindergartens and nurseries are located between residential areas in areas remote from the streets.

A hospital with an outpatient clinic is located on the most favorable site, if possible near green spaces. The development projects of rural settlements must necessarily reflect the functional division of the territory into residential and industrial zones, the size of the gap between which depends on sanitary and veterinary requirements. These projects include measures to further improve sanitation. The most expedient solution of sanitary-hygienic and urban planning issues in the development of populated areas is possible under the condition of regional planning of economic, industrial, agricultural and resort areas. District planning allows solving the issues of locating industry in populated areas, organizing recreation areas, comprehensive improvement plans (water supply, sewerage, heat and power supply), organizing transport, etc., providing the most favorable living, working and recreational conditions for the population.

A person spends a significant part of his life in a dwelling, therefore, favorable conditions play a positive role in maintaining and strengthening his health. The dwelling should be spacious, have an optimal microclimate, be dry, excluding dampness, well lit, provide peace, quiet and rest, have a modern interior, building orientation. The main element of a residential building is an apartment. It includes residential (bedroom, dining room, office), auxiliary (anteroom, kitchen, bathroom, toilet, balcony) and open spaces. This provides conditions for their proper operation and good hygienic maintenance. Apartments in residential buildings should be designed based on the condition of their settlement by one family. The area of ​​the living room, kitchen should be at least 8 m2. The main planning cell in a sectional apartment building is a residential section - this is a group of apartments united by one staircase. There are also hotel-type houses, hostels (for singles), hotels, temporary dwellings, rural dwellings.

The dampness of buildings adversely affects people's health. Damp walls and other room enclosures absorb much more heat than dry ones. With an increase in the humidity of the fences, their thermal conductivity increases and the temperature of their internal surfaces decreases. Signs of dampness are: damp walls, the appearance of dark spots on the walls, moistening of sugar and salt, the presence of mold on the walls and objects in the premises.

To maintain clean air, the room must be systematically - several times a day - ventilated. In residential premises, air also passes through the cracks in windows and doors - natural ventilation occurs, but it is unstable and insufficient.

To enhance natural ventilation, windows and transoms are arranged in the windows of residential premises. To improve ventilation, open the window and the door at the same time.

In addition to natural ventilation, artificial ventilation is arranged in large buildings. It is the most convenient, as it provides a constant supply of fresh air.

Types of artificial ventilation: supply, exhaust and supply and exhaust.

The temperature of the dwelling should not exceed 16-18 °; daily temperature fluctuations should not exceed 2-4 °. Heating of the dwelling is: local and central. Local heating is a variety of stoves used in small houses. Apartment buildings usually have central heating. Central heating has many advantages over local heating: the possibility of burning is eliminated, the apartment is not polluted by fuel and combustion products, and an even temperature is maintained in the room.

Proper lighting is of great importance in the hygiene of the home. The best lighting during the day is natural sunlight. Sunlight is also a powerful healing factor: it has a detrimental effect on a number of pathogenic microbes and thus prevents the development of certain diseases, such as rickets. Therefore, on sunny days, you should open the vents, transoms, windows.

In addition to natural lighting, artificial lighting is also used - electric and kerosene. The following hygienic requirements are imposed on artificial lighting: the illumination of the room must be sufficient, the lighting must be constant and uniform.

The best for illuminating rooms is diffused light, i.e. such light, which is partially directed upwards and, reflected from the ceiling and walls, evenly illuminates the entire room. Such light is obtained from an electric bulb in a frosted glass lampshade.

Direct light is used to illuminate a table, workplace, etc. Reflected light can also be used to illuminate rooms.

The room should be cleaned daily: rugs, mattresses, blankets should be cleaned outside, the floor should be swept with a damp broom so as not to raise dust, wipe windows, doors, and furniture with a damp cloth. Nets and mats should be placed at the entrance to the room to clean shoes from street dirt. During cleaning, you should open the window, in the warm season - the window. It is necessary to prevent the possibility of the appearance and reproduction of harmful insects: flies, mosquitoes, cockroaches, fleas, lice, bedbugs. Keep a bucket with a lid in the kitchen for waste and empty it daily into the dustbin.

In the summer, to prevent mosquitoes and flies from entering the rooms, it is necessary to tighten the windows with mesh or gauze.

hygienic inhabited building dwelling

So, having carried out this work, we learned the basics of home hygiene and realized the importance of these activities. To maintain cleanliness, you need to wipe the dust daily, sweep the floor with a damp brush (the floor should be washed at least once a week), and wash the windows regularly, as they get dirty. Upholstered furniture and carpets are best cleaned with a vacuum cleaner.

In order for the air to be always clean, the room must be well ventilated by opening the window for 30 minutes at least 3 times a day: in the morning while charging, when cleaning the room and before going to bed (for stove heating, it is advisable to time the ventilation to coincide with the time the stove is fired). In summer, windows should be kept open. If the family has children, the elderly or people weakened by illness, it is necessary to ventilate carefully, avoiding drafts.

Fans can be used to improve ventilation. In kitchens, bathrooms, toilets there are grilles through which ventilation is also carried out. If possible, a constant, comfortable air temperature should be maintained in the rooms: in the warm season, from 22 ° to 25 ° C, in winter from 20 ° to 22 ° C (but not lower than 18 ° C).

List of used literature

1. Gubernsky Yu. D. “Ecological and hygienic safety of the home”, “Hygiene and sanitation” .--1994 - No. 2 - p. 42-44.

2. Gubernsky Yu. D. “Issues of ensuring the environmental safety of the home”, “Medical care” .-- 1994 - No. 2 - p. 39-42.

3. Bykov G. A., Mkhitaryan N. M. “Ecology of the microclimate of gasified premises”, “Ecotechnologies and resource saving”. - 2001. - No. 2, pp. 42-48.

4. Lastkov D. O. et al. “Housing of our anxiety”, “My housing” -2000. -#11 p. 10-12.

5. Malysheva A. G. “Organic compounds in housing”, “Hygiene and sanitation” .--1999 - No. 1 - p. 43-46.

6. Shilov N.N. “Housing should ensure the physical and mental health of a person”, “Housing and communal services” .--2001 - No. 3 - p. 24-26.

Hosted on Allbest.ru

Similar Documents

The choice of territory for the location of the settlement. Territorial-planning organization of rural-type settlements. Functional zoning of the territory of rural settlements. Green area system. Institutions and service enterprises.

abstract, added 12/05/2014


Natural and engineering conditions, hydrogeological characteristics of the construction area. Modern planning organization of the city. Functional zoning of the territory. Cultural and household services for the population, the territory of public buildings.

term paper, added 10/20/2017


Features of the formation of the architectural and spatial composition and the integrity of the city, its color and lighting. The main sanitary-hygienic and climatic requirements when choosing sites for accommodating residential areas of settlements.

term paper, added 09/20/2011


The study of the historical features of the construction and settlement of the territory of the Akmola region. Distinctive features of the design of small (rural) settlements of a regional type. Analysis of research in the field of urban planning concept of the city-garden.

term paper, added 03/22/2012


Analysis of natural and anthropogenic conditions of the city territory. Legal aspects of territorial planning. Determination of the total area of ​​the residential area of ​​an urban settlement. Territory zoning. Organization of residential and public development of the microdistrict.

term paper, added 10/27/2014


Inspection of the site for the construction or reconstruction of the village. Drawing up a base plan of the site. Determination of the required area and the number of industrial buildings and standard projects. Zoning of the settlement. Cadastral division of the territory.

term paper, added 03/13/2014


Functional zoning, creative concept and design style of the projected territory, its natural and social conditions, development history. Selection of plants for landscaping and drawing up a dendroplan. Development of recommendations and estimates for the project.

abstract, added 02/28/2012


Calculation of the territory of the city, its main zones: residential, public and business, industrial, engineering structures and devices, external transport. Territories outside the building. Functional zoning of the city under study, landscaping system.

term paper, added 02/10/2015


Planning and improvement of cities: guidelines for the implementation of practical work "Determination of the design population of the city and the choice of territory for its placement." Urban planning assessment of natural conditions. Calculation of the housing stock.

training manual, added 12/16/2011


Analysis of the interior plan of a three-room apartment. Functional zoning of premises. Functions of a modern home. Stylistic orientation and color environment. Compositional and architectural design solution. Natural and artificial lighting.

The most appropriate is the compact type of village planning, in which there is a pronounced division into residential quarters with the help of several parallel and perpendicular streets. On the contrary, the linear arrangement of buildings along the highway is clearly inappropriate and dangerous.

At the same time, with the great length of such villages, sometimes reaching several kilometers, the cultural and community services for the population are greatly hindered.

The internal planning of a rural settlement must necessarily provide for the division of its territory into two zones - economic and industrial and residential. In addition, it is necessary to allocate a public center with the placement of administrative and cultural institutions, shops, etc.

Such a functional distribution is extremely important in terms of hygiene, as it helps to protect the population from certain hazards associated with agricultural production. These hazards include noise, dust and gases caused by the movement of mechanized transport, the work of repair shops, grain dryers, etc.

In addition, livestock buildings, poultry farms and manure storage facilities located in the production area can serve as sources of bad odors and breeding grounds for flies. It is also possible to infect the soil with eggs of geohelminths and pathogens of zoonoses dangerous to humans. To eliminate these hazards, it is necessary to place the corresponding objects on the leeward side in relation to residential areas and below the latter in relief.

At the same time, it is necessary to provide between them the presence of landscaped undeveloped areas in the form of a sanitary protection gap with a width of 150 to 300 m. At the same time, it is necessary to adhere to a certain order in the location of outbuildings. Warehouses should be closest to the houses, and livestock farms and especially manure storages and a veterinary isolator should be the furthest away.

The residential area, which includes collective farmers' estates, a community center, cultural and community, children's and medical institutions, should be located on the most favorable territory. In terms of its internal layout, it differs significantly from an urban residential area.

This is primarily determined by the fact that each collective-farm household has its own household plot of approximately 0.25 ha. As a result, the building density rarely exceeds 5-6%, and the population is 20-25 people per 1 ha.

"Hygiene", V.A. Pokrovsky

See also: