Telegram is one of the newest and very popular instant messengers. Its creator is Pavel Durov. Telegram is used by more than 100 million people everywhere, and the number of messages per day has long exceeded 10 billion. Due to privacy issues when communicating with his brother, Pavel Durov realized that there was no secure way to transfer personal information. This is how the most secure messenger appeared at the moment. It is based on the MTProto encryption technology developed by Pavel's brother Nikolai. Today we will talk about such Telegram functions that you may not have known about yet and which you may need for further use of the application. Even Pope Francis uses Telegram, he has his own channel there about fasting.

5th place: Audio messages

Yes, they are in any messenger, but Telegram has moved much further in their use. If you are chatting in one chat, and an audio message was sent to you, then you can not interrupt the correspondence, but put the wiretap in the background and listen to what they said to you there. Quite convenient and you will not offend anyone with inattention. Also, using the new raise-to-speak and raise-to-listen functions, you can simply bring your phone and other devices to your ear to listen to the sent message, this is much more convenient than taking out the headphones (if it doesn’t work, you need to do it a little sharper).

4th place: Free emoticons and stickers

Many apps and social networks make large sums of money from emoticons. Because now it is already very difficult to imagine just a dry correspondence, but Telegram offers them absolutely free of charge, moreover, in any quantity and for every taste. It is also very convenient to use gif files to enliven your conversation even more. You can save stickers that you like in a conversation with someone to your phone so that you can use them later. To do this, just hold your finger on it and select Info\Add Stickers. They are very popular with users.

3rd place: Secret chats and supergroups

Secret chats are very popular. You go to the settings, specify a certain amount of time that the secret chat should exist and communicate in it, and after this time the messages are deleted without a trace. This is a very useful feature in case you absolutely do not want anyone to ever suspect what you were talking about or what files were sent. By the way, they have already made enough noise in connection with the latest tragic events in the world. Now you can add 1000 people to the supergroup, but the most interesting thing is to appoint an administrator.

2nd place: security

This is the most secure messenger. If you want no one to find and read your correspondence, then this is the place for you. The Telegram team certainly made sure that its customers were satisfied. At one time, Durov offered a considerable amount to someone who would get access to the correspondence between him and his brother, but alas, this task was not successful. A certain hacker found several flaws in the system, but he did not manage to get the correspondence and login mail. Therefore, Telegram is rightfully considered the most secure network.

1st place: Bots

And the coolest feature, in our opinion, are bots. They can do just about any task you can think of. Manage your smart home, send news, search for pictures, show exchange rates, translate words, show the weather, entertain, register users on your site, check links for viruses and much, much more. They are able to completely replace the browser.

The middle of the 2000s was the heyday of social networks, almost every person with Internet access probably has at least one line in a particular social network. Many software companies believe that messengers are the future. Indeed, in recent years, the number of instant messenger users has grown significantly. Literally half of the population of any country uses at least one of the messengers.

In favor of the popularization of instant messengers, at least the fact that Facebook is gradually separating messages from the social network itself speaks, so Messenger appeared. In addition, Facebook once bought out, which is something between a social network and a messenger.

In many ways, the popularity of instant messengers is due to the development of mobile gadgets. Every smartphone owner will agree that sending messages in a messenger is much more convenient than working in a mailbox or chatting on a social network.

One of the fastest growing messengers is Telegram.

Unfortunately, Telegram is not very popular in the CIS. Perhaps because this service is completely confidential and does not want to cooperate with anyone.

In terms of functionality and ease of use, Telegram simply has no equal.

Registration in the messenger

Unlike some other messengers, Telegram can truly be considered a cross-platform service. To register in the messenger, you need a mobile phone, and it is not necessary to have a smartphone, the main thing is that the device receives SMS messages.

You can register and use the service both using the web interface, a client for a computer, and, in fact, a smartphone.

The registration procedure itself is extremely simple. After installing the program from the Play Store, Telegram automatically offers to use the number installed in the SIM card phone. After confirmation, an SMS message with an activation code is sent to the smartphone. The code is automatically entered in the password field.

The next step, a person enters a login and sets an avatar.

An account attached to a phone number allows you to use your account without having to remember your login or password.

Common interface

As mentioned above, Telegram can be used as a web page, and as an application, in turn, the application is installed on a computer and smartphone. In fact, the interface and functionality of the resource is approximately the same.

The messenger has its own audio and video player, can open pictures and animations, thanks to which, chats and conferences for the exchange of multimedia content immediately began to appear in the service.

Another equally important advantage is complete confidentiality. Telegram does not disclose the user's personal data and does not transfer correspondence to third parties. Even at the request of the state, the creators of the messenger refuse to transfer decryption keys.

After installation, the Telegram window displays only a search string and a list of contacts. If among the phone numbers there are those on which telegram is installed, a person can write a message to him, after which, a chat with this person will be displayed in the main program window. When visiting a messenger on a computer, messages are synchronized with the server and media content becomes available to the user. In addition, Telegram allows you to send messages to your number, so that a person can save media content of interest to him.

An equally interesting feature is also the ability to delete or correct sent messages. It is difficult to say why no one has done this before, but after the introduction of this feature in Telegram, other instant messengers and social networks followed suit.

In addition to communicating with friends, in a telegram you can enter the phone number of the person of interest, if a messenger is registered to his number, the user will be able to send him a message.

Also, in the telegram you can find the so-called channels and conferences.

• A channel is a chat in which the creator of the channel writes certain news and uploads multimedia data. In a conference, any participant can chat and download media content.

In addition, any user can create a secret chat, which can only be entered at the invitation of its owner.

Many channel creators take advantage of the ability to delete sent messages by creating empty chats, which later add this or that content, such as musical compositions. Users subscribed to this channel download them, after which, the creator of the channel deletes the downloaded content.

Mobile version of Telegram

The creators of Telegram have repeatedly stated that the future belongs to mobile devices. Thus, the client of the mobile version of Telegram is somewhat more functional than the PC version. Firstly, the mobile version client has flexible customization settings, and secondly, the user can work with several accounts at the same time. In other words, the creators of Telegram have embodied in their messenger all the features that users would like to see.

As mentioned earlier, Telegram is currently the most confidential messenger, which means that it has already begun to be blocked in some countries.

To bypass the blocking, in the Telegram settings there is a “Proxy” item, in which a person can specify the address of a proxy server, after which, access this messenger from any country.

Summing up, it can be noted that Telegram has only one minus. You can communicate in this service with other people only if they have this program installed. Now, unfortunately, Telegram does not occupy a leading position among instant messengers in the CIS countries. The palm is occupied by such programs as WhatsApp and Viber.

In contact with

Telegram is free, with which you can communicate with other users, exchange files of different formats and different sizes.

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Let's look at how the program works with an example.

Gennady is a new employee in the sales department. Its tasks are to conclude contracts with consumers, deliver ordered products, issue invoices, acts, tax invoices. The work is mobile, but every day you need to submit a report to the supervisor, at the end of the week - to the head of the department. All this is implemented using the Telegram communicator. An employee from the office quickly issues invoices for payment, tax and goods issuance acts and sends them to employees in the fields for transfer to customers. The order is collected in the warehouse according to the message sent. Reporting is also sent remotely. Save time and get the job done quickly. Help from colleagues and managers is always available.

The program was developed by Pavel Durov, a Russian programmer and one of the authors of the popular VKontakte network. The messenger uses a special encryption protocol MTProto - Nikolai Durov's own development. Protection applies to both message transmission and user authorization. High-level security is also maintained due to the fact that the servers where user data is stored are located in different places on the planet: London, Singapore, San Francisco.

The service is provided free of charge, its creators have invested their money in its creation for the sake of free and safe communication. They do not have an official website, high-profile advertising campaigns, their own pages in popular social networks. Clients promote the messenger. In case of any questions, the developers can be contacted on Twitter, where, although rarely, they communicate.

The number of accounts in the system exceeded 180 million as of the end of 2017. About 600 thousand participants are added every day. The messenger received the greatest popularity in the countries of the Middle East region, South America, Germany, Italy, Spain. The application works in 13 languages. This is a competitor to services such as Viber, WhatsApp, etc.

What is Telegram for?

What can you do in Telegram? The application does not just allow you to instantly exchange messages with other members of the service. Its functionality is much more. The best features of other common messengers and our own unique developments are what is provided to customers, and completely free of charge.

With Telegram you can:

• Communicate online with users around the world, including high-quality audio calls are supported.
• Send and receive files of various formats (photos, audio, video and others) with a maximum capacity of 1.5 GB.
• Create group chats with up to 200 participants, including classified ones. The latter are possible thanks to encryption. A useful addition that ensures that the correspondence will not become known to strangers, even if they get a phone, is a self-destruct timer. When it is activated, after a certain time, the messages will be deleted from the chat and the memory of the phone and the server. Moreover, if a screen shot with a message is taken, the sender will receive a notification about it.
• Organize communication in super groups - up to 10 thousand people. There is an administrator who can moderate posts and apply restrictions on members.
• Use usernames - the function allows you to find a person without knowing his phone number.
• Find interest groups and participate in their discussions.
• Record and send an audio message.
• Create your channels for viewing. Everything from business webinars and political discussions to cooking recipes and children's entertainment can be found here.
• Listen to music - for free and even without the Internet. For this, a media player has been developed with a clear interface and a large set of functions.
• Use cloud data storage from the service. Any files (volume and quantity are not limited) using the favorites tab and forwarding to yourself end up in a remote server.
• Forward, create yourself, download stickers for free (unlike other messengers).
• Send photos found in search engines without saving them to the device's memory.
• Use automated assistants - bots.

Advantages

Messenger has a number of advantages. Among the main ones:

• High speed of work - despite the location of servers in different parts of the world, message delivery will take a fraction of a second.
• A clear classic program interface that can be designed in different styles: choose from ready-made options or apply your own.
• Automatic addition of a list of service users from the phone book.
• Easy start. All you need to register is a phone number.
• All functions and features are free.
• Innovation - the service is constantly updated. Its capabilities are expanding both taking into account the proposals of competitors, and their own developments that have no analogues.
• High level of security and protection against account hacking and correspondence.
• Unlimited for everything: the number of messages sent per day, the volume of files uploaded to the cloud, the time of use.
• Compatible with all major operating systems, including mobile.

disadvantages

Of the main shortcomings that have been identified and have not yet been eliminated, one of the main ones can be considered the fact that communication with the technical support service is conducted only in English. Until recently, the interface did not have support for the Russian language. Russifiers were used for adaptation. The issue was resolved in October 2017, and Russian is one of the options to choose from.

Exceptional protection of correspondence and refusal to provide the authorities and law enforcement agencies with the content of conversations is the reason that through this communicator there is communication between terrorist groups, drug trafficking and other activities prohibited by law. This gives rise to dissatisfaction with some people and accusations against the company of complicity with crime.
The inability to control and stop the distribution of illegal information leads to the blocking of the program in some countries. Thus, restrictions were introduced in China during government strikes and rallies and in Iran for refusing to facilitate surveillance.

Despite high security measures, some information about the user can be obtained - his phone number. This does not contribute to the complete anonymity of the profile.

Comparison with competitors

Let's try to figure out how Telegram differs from others and which application to give preference to.

whatsapp

The most common communication program, owned by Facebook since 2014. For a long time it was paid, after a free annual period, the cost per year was 99 cents. WhatsApp instantly sends text messages and files, you can use it both from a mobile device and from a computer through the site. Simple and understandable. In these moments, it is similar to Telegram. However, the latter is updated more often (every three days, not once a week), allows you to change the design of the interface, and its technical support will respond faster. Security is higher. And in only one parameter, WhatsApp is in the lead - the number of registered customers around the world. It will be possible to communicate with it with almost all your contacts - they, with a high degree of probability, have this program.

Viber

One of the most popular communication services. The functionality is superior to WhatsApp. There is the possibility of a video call, you can call a mobile phone, even if the subscriber has not installed Viber (fee is paid). There are both usual chat rooms and interest groups. Each of the chats can be distinguished by a different design. Convenient and fast login is possible from Facebook. The interface of this messenger remains unchanged for a long time, and updates are carried out on average once a month - less often than in Telegram. No file transfer. Inferior in security and speed of response to calls to Viber technical support.

Features of Telegram

In a number of opportunities, the service outperformed its closest competitors. The main ones are:

• There is a two-way opt-out option - to send messages, the recipient must agree to communicate. This is protection against unwanted spam.
• All history in the cloud. Even if the program is reinstalled (for example, a failure in the phone), then the previous correspondence will not be lost.
• After adding to an already working group chat, the entire history of communication is available from the very beginning. There are convenient filters for searching files, photos, links.
• It is convenient to send all contact data from the phone book.
• You can add hashtags and search for information on them.
• Forwarding multiple messages from a chat at once.
• Active link - it opens a chat with the person who left it. In other messengers, you first need to create a contact, only after that you can communicate.
• Invite to chat - you can send a link by which a person will get into the group if he wants to join.
• Quickly record, send and listen to a voice message. The recording starts when the phone is brought to the ear, with one click it is sent to the addressee. The playback of an audio message is also enabled in the same way.
• Voice recording duration up to 60 minutes. For comparison, Viber - 30 seconds, WhatsApp - 15 minutes.
• Automatic saving of the printed message during a break in the work with the program (incoming call, other actions).
• The mobile application takes up 2-3 times less device memory than other messengers.
• Wider admin rights in group chats.

In these and some other moments, Telegram is confidently leading. In many ways, the choice of service is determined by the habit and preference of the social circle. However, more and more people prefer this communicator, having estimated its capabilities.

Protection from strangers

This item is one of the most important for the creators of the Telegram messenger. Users can be sure that their chats and transmitted data will not be available to anyone. Relevant against the background of fairly frequent reports of hacking mail and other correspondence in other services. Moreover, they will not even be opened at the request of government agencies. This is also confirmed by the words of Edward Snowden, who repeatedly gained access to the most secret documents and correspondence. But not in this messenger.

Customer information and files on the company's servers are stored encrypted, with different codes applied to different parts of the data. To decipher them, you have to work. Moreover, information clusters are hosted on servers located in different countries. Seizure of information from one of the data centers, for example, from law enforcement agencies, will not work. You can get only the part from which the message cannot be restored. And there are no rights to act in other countries. The time of message preservation in . It cannot be restored after deletion.

In order to reveal possible errors in protection and encoding, a competition is held every year with a solid reward - up to 300 thousand dollars. It will go to someone who can reveal the content of a particular chat. This checks the security of the system in order to take action if problems are found. So far, no one has been able to fully implement this.

The most, at the moment, the biggest criticism of the security of this system is that registration is carried out with a phone number. And this does not make the communication completely anonymous. On the other hand, this is an additional check - when you enter your account from a new device, an SMS with a verification code is sent to it. If the device with the installed service is lost, you can block the program from running on it remotely through a special website.

How to use

Where to start and how to create a Telegram account? Let's consider the main points. To work, you need a computer, tablet or smartphone with Windows Phone, iOS, Android, Win, Mac OS or Linux operating systems.

The program must be downloaded from the App Store or Google Play. No registration is required, only a code sent to the specified mobile number. Contacts are automatically pulled from the phone book. For those who are not yet in the program, you can send an invitation.

It will take a couple of minutes to edit your profile and settings. You can upload, name, selected nickname and get to work.

Useful Tools

In addition to the usual chats, group communication, sending and viewing files, there are special tools. Their use allows you to expand the capabilities of the service and gives customers additional convenience.

Channels

In the messenger there is such a thing as a channel. This is online or recorded content that is transmitted unilaterally - from the author to the audience. Broadcasting is one-way, there is no possibility to add comments. Each has a name and a link that allows you to find it among others. For example, telegram.me/World of fashion - trends from world couturiers and trends of the season.

You can transfer the content of another site or social network to the Telegram channel, make your own adjustments and messages from the administrator. Creating your own channel is quite easy, the main thing is to fill it with interesting videos and news. The user in the settings can specify the viewing options. There are two options: updates on the channel will be shown in the chat section - just like messages from ordinary people; or silent mode. Then go to the channel and see what's new, you can at any convenient time.

Channels can be both public - for everyone, and private - access is opened by the administrator upon request.

The relevance of the service is evidenced by the fact that even Pope Francis opened his channel for instructions and short sermons for parishioners. It is significant that before that the Pontifex used WhatsApp for these purposes.

Bots

These are special virtual assistants controlled by the program. They can perform a variety of actions on request: find the exchange rate, convert documents, show the weather forecast, Google analytics, news, program guide and a lot of other information. It is possible to configure their work according to a convenient schedule - performing an action at a certain time.

There are two types:

• Regular - commands and search queries are sent to them.
• Embedded - allow you to search without leaving the chat, and post search results in it. For example, a bot named @gif will offer pictures based on keywords entered after its name.

You can create your own bot by following the prompts.

Telegram for business

More and more companies are promoting their business online. Websites are being created, work is underway in social networks, on forums. Messengers are no exception. Business in Telegram received additional opportunities to communicate with consumers.
There are many methods for promotion, including:

• Bots or a live person to support customers on emerging issues.
• Channels for business - informing about new products, promotions, videos about the use of goods. You can get closer to customers by talking about yourself, your work and projects, the channel is quite suitable for these purposes. Interesting content increases popularity, encourages people to recommend it to others for viewing.
• Creation and distribution of stickers to promote the brand.
• Communication within the company - setting goals, discussions, reports, plans. Applicable both at the level of the entire company and by department. Bonus in the form of secrecy and the inability to intercept important information by competitors.
• Document management - storage and access to the necessary documents. It can be quickly and conveniently organized using cloud storage.
• Online catalog - using a bot, selects a product directly in the application.
• Acceptance of payments. Payment systems available: PaymentWall, Stripe, Yandex.Checkout, Paycom. You can buy what you like right away and without switching to other applications - quickly, conveniently and increases sales.

Taking into account the fact that Telegram is a service that is only gaining popularity, it is the right move to start promoting your company in it. There are not many competitors here. Most out of habit still use other applications: Whatsapp, Viber, Skype. Therefore, messages will not be lost among many others. Youth and advanced audience, functionality, security and the absence of any fees make Telegram one of the most modern tools for business.

They are now the most popular in Russia, but in terms of convenience and security they are in many ways inferior to Telegram, an application from the developer of the VKontakte social network Pavel Durov.

At first glance, the mobile version of the Telegram application differs from WhatsApp only in color and the presence of “extra” buttons in the latter at the top. However, this is not all.

The main advantage of Telegram is the network security of correspondence

More about the pros:

• Protection against unauthorized reading is carried out through the use of the MTProto communication protocol;
• The presence of the option of correspondence in the "secret chat" - Secret Chat. Thanks to it, you can communicate using encrypted messages;
• The presence of a timer for auto-deleting messages after a specified time (for example, 1 hour, and not after a maximum of only 10 seconds, as in Viber);
• Ability to transfer large files (up to 1 GB);
• The highest speed of work, incl. delivery of your files to the addressee. There are no delays typical of other messengers;
• Synchronization between users.

By the way. Skype also has an encryption system, but in terms of the version for mobile devices, it is so miserable, heavy and overloaded with advertising that it has long lost its popularity (thanks, Microsoft).

Separately, I want to say about "binding to a phone number." Unlike WhatsApp / Viber, the Telegram application works not only on the smartphone / tablet where the SIM card with the number to which the messenger is registered is located. You can register it yourself to any phone number available to you (only an SMS with a confirmation code will be sent to it).

That is, on a smartphone with a SIM card +79161234567, you can communicate via Telegram activated to the number +79167654321. Of course, you can use Telegram activated to the same number on several mobile devices - for example, a smartphone and a tablet. And if your smartphone "sits down", communication can be continued on the tablet under the same mobile number, with the same contacts and with the chat history saved. Very comfortably.

Also in Telegram there is a function "Moving to another number". In this case, the history of your correspondence will not be lost.

• The program is intuitive and in English, as an option you get the opportunity to learn it. Of course, you can also communicate in Russian;
• Russification is done literally in half a minute by requesting a language pack to the robot and installing it according to simple instructions: see Telegram localization for various platforms - Android, iPhone and iPad (iOS), Telegram Desktop, OS X, Windows Phone. In addition, there is, thanks w3bsit3-dns.com.

2. Another drawback is the lack of voice calls. Unlike competitors, where they have long been available. True, Telegram promised to add this function too, but promised last year. We wait. Although for many it does not matter at all.

Desktop Telegram

The Telegram Internet messenger also has a version for desktop computers - Windows, Mac OS X, Linux. At the same time, here lies another of its key advantages of the program. Again, it's about convenience.

Taking into account the extensions for popular browsers (Mozilla Firefox, Chrome) from Telegram (I put Telegram Desktop under my favorite Firefox) and the version of WhatsApp Web, we are trying to compare the incomparable.

Greater wretchedness than WhatsApp Web mankind has not yet invented. This rubbish can only work if your smartphone with WhatsApp is connected to the Internet at the same time. That is, when receiving messages on the Web version of WhatsApp, the smartphone will also cackle. The smartphone is disconnected from the network - WhatsApp Web is also disconnected. If you want to continue communication under the same number from another PC - no, you can’t until you log out from the previous computer by scanning the qr-code with your smartphone’s camera. Over time it becomes unbearable.

Telegram Desktop can be installed on several devices at once under the same mobile number. No problem, your choice. It will work regardless of your smartphone, even if you turn it off or disconnect from the Internet. no problem. At the same time, the Telegram Desktop interface is incomparably more convenient than vatsap - an appropriate icon will simply appear in the corner of your browser, and the chat will modestly occupy the right corner of the computer during communication and collapse at any time. The only thing is that the default interface is again English.

There are also other versions of the free desktop program in the form of add-ons - Telegram Fox (Firefox), Telegram Panel, Telegram Web Messenger, Painel do Telegram. The choice is yours.

findings

It is a pity that we still have very few contacts in Telegram. I hope it's only a matter of time. In my opinion, Telegram is now the best universal and most secure messenger for correspondence from all existing ones.

Telegram appeared later than its main competitors - Viber and Whatsapp. The messenger was launched in 2013 by the founder of the well-known social network VKontakte, Pavel Durov. Now there are over 100 million active users. What advantages of the service became the key to its success and popularity?

Laconic and familiar interface

The design is similar to other instant messengers and social networks, so the application is easy to understand for beginners. The FAQ section, which opens in the browser, will provide answers to your questions and help you quickly master the service. Due to the simplicity of the interface, the consumption of Internet traffic becomes minimal, and the application works at an instant speed, which is a significant advantage of Telegram over analog services.

Large selection of languages
Even though there are only 9 languages ​​in the settings, there is a way to increase this number. The messenger offers special localization files that allow you to use the application in a clear and native language. They can be downloaded by contacting a special bot. However, some people prefer to use the service in the language they are learning as a foreign language, for deeper learning and easy memorization of vocabulary.

Main languages
It is worth noting that when applying a localization file, the language for which it is programmed will automatically be added to the list presented.

Alternative posting
The ability to create channels has replaced the standard mailings. They are used to post publications on various topics. Any user of the service can add the interested channel to the contact list or create his own.

Wide catalog of bots
To date, only Telegram has the ability to use bots - programs that are capable of performing useful functions. Robots respond to user commands. With their help, you can:

• adjust messenger settings;
• translate personal messages into a foreign language;
• find cooking recipes;
• request information about the exchange rate;
• take part in quizzes;
• check the weather and current news.

And this is not all the available options. In addition, anyone can create their own bot and program it to execute certain commands.

Starting a conversation with a YouTube bot that helps you find and share videos

Accessibility to everyone - versions for different devices and operating systems.

Telegram is designed mainly for smartphones and Apple gadgets. Supported devices are iOS version 6 or higher, and Android 2.2 or higher. There are also unofficial applications for computers and an online client for browsing through a browser. Their source codes are open to everyone and are available for free study and use.

Colorful communication for large companies

The messenger helps to fill the message with lively emotions, which is very valuable for a virtual conversation. Users are offered a variety of Emoji emoticons and stickers with outstanding personalities. You can attach files to your message, including photos, videos, and music. 200 interlocutors are allowed to be in one dialogue at the same time.

Some stickers and emoticons

Secret Chat feature - safety first

Thanks to a special "End-to-end" encryption method, messages sent in a special secret chat are available for viewing only by the interlocutors themselves. Even the creators of the messenger do not have the technical ability to open a letter from this chat. You can also set a timer to delete messages after reading. Ensuring absolute secret correspondence - such a mission is designed to carry out a secret chat.

Create your Telegram!
As already mentioned, messenger users can develop their own bot and open a new channel. But these are far from the only ways to be creative. Users are invited to change the standard background of correspondence on their own by selecting a picture from those offered or by uploading a picture from the device's memory. And a special bot converts the added photo into a sticker (this function works better with the computer version of the messenger).

Choosing a background image

The service offers over 30 stylish backgrounds for dialogues

Telegram has significant advantages that make it stand out from other services. It quickly gained popularity in many countries of the world and established itself as a reliable and multifunctional messenger.