Labor activity of a person. Labor activity. The process of labor activity. Types of labor activity

Work- purposeful human activity to meet their cultural and socio-economic needs. AT structure of work allocate:

1) consciously set goals - the production of certain products, processing natural materials, creation of machines and mechanisms, etc.;

2) objects of labor - those materials (metal, clay, stone, plastic, etc.), the transformation of which is aimed at the activity of people;

3) means of labor - all devices, instruments, mechanisms, adaptations, energy systems, etc., with the help of which objects of labor are subjected to transformation;

4) technologies used - techniques and methods used in the production process.

For job characteristics parameters are used:

1) labor productivity - the amount of products produced per unit of time;

2) labor efficiency - the ratio of material and labor costs, on the one hand, and the results obtained, on the other;

3) the level of division of labor - the distribution of specific production functions between the participants in the labor process (on the scale of society and in specific labor processes).

O content of work a person can be judged by functions that he performs, according to the degree of their diversity and complexity, according to the level of independence and creativity of the employee. Content of labor depends on the characteristics of a particular type of work. A change in the composition of the necessary operations and the ratio of labor functions means a change in the content of labor. The main factor behind this change is scientific and technical progress.

The nature of the requirements for a participant in labor activity depends on the specific content of labor and place in the system of division of labor. The nature of labor these are relations between participants in the labor process that affect the attitude of workers to work and its productivity:

1) the employee must master all the techniques and methods of production that make up the technological process ( requirement of professionalism);

2) the qualification of an employee cannot be lower than the level determined by the nature of the work. The harder the job, the higher the requirements qualification requirement);

3) the employee is required to unconditionally comply with labor laws and internal labor regulations, comply with the specified parameters of the production process, fulfill obligations ( discipline requirements).

Labor is the main source of human development, his urgent need. Through labor, a person enriches and expands his own being, materializes his ideas. In labor, not only the technique of labor is essential, but also the attitude of a person to work, the main motives of labor activity.

Human factor properties in modern world change under the influence of significant changes in society, and also as it develops ( education growth, common culture, quality of life). Improving the personality of a worker is a systemic process. This is most clearly manifested in connection with the transition to a new information-computer technological method of production. He is required not only high level general education and professional training, but also a high moral and ethical level. The last requirement becomes relevant due to the increase creative aspects in the labor activity of a person and the strengthening of the importance of self-control and self-discipline of a working person.

Labor activity is the most important field of self-realization in the life of any person. It is here that he can assert himself as a person. The process of humanization of labor expands these possibilities. The humanization of labor means the process of « humanization"- i.e. improvement of working conditions, improvement of its culture, creation of conditions for the creative self-realization of the employee.

Thus, labor is the basis and indispensable condition the life of people. Influencing the environment natural environment By changing and adapting it to their needs, people not only ensure their existence, but also create conditions for the development and progress of society.

Labor is a fundamental form of human activity, in the process of which the entire set of objects necessary for satisfying needs is created.

Labor activity is one of the forms of human activity aimed at transforming natural world and creation of wealth.

In the structure of labor activity, there are:

production of certain products;
materials, the transformation of which is aimed at;
devices with the help of which objects of labor are subjected to transformation;
techniques and methods used in the production process.

The following parameters are used for characterization:

labor productivity;
Labor efficiency;
The level of division of labor.

General requirements for a participant in labor activity:

professionalism (the employee must master all the techniques and methods of production);
qualification (High requirements for the preparation of a participant in the labor process);
discipline (the employee is required to comply with labor laws and internal labor regulations).

Labor relations and their legal regulation

Labor is a purposeful process of creating material and spiritual values in society. Being engaged in labor activity, receiving for it a part of the social product in the form of profit, salary, a person creates conditions for satisfying his material and spiritual needs.

The right to work is one of the fundamental human rights and freedoms and is enshrined in the Constitution of the Russian Federation.

The main labor activity of most people is work at enterprises that can be based on private, state, municipal and other forms of ownership. The labor relations of an employee with an enterprise are regulated by labor legislation.

If a person is suitable for the enterprise, then an employment contract (contract) is concluded between them. It defines mutual rights and obligations.

An employment contract is a voluntary agreement, which means that both parties have made their choice, that the qualification of the employee suits the company, and the conditions offered by the company to the employee.

An employee, together with other employees, can participate in the conclusion of a collective agreement with the administration of the enterprise, which regulates socio-economic, professional relations, issues of labor protection, health, and social development of the team.

labor law

Labor law is an independent branch of Russian law that regulates the relations of employees with enterprises, as well as derivatives, but other relations closely related to them.

Labor law occupies a special place in the system of Russian law. It determines the procedure for hiring, transferring, dismissing employees, the system and norms of remuneration, establishes incentives for success in work, penalties for violation of labor discipline, labor protection rules, the procedure for considering labor disputes (both individual and collective).

The sources of labor law are understood as regulatory legal acts, i.e. acts in which the norms of labor law of the Russian Federation are fixed. The most important source of labor law is the Constitution (Basic Law) Russian Federation. It contains the fundamental principles legal regulation labor (art. 2, 7, 8, 19, 30, 32, 37, 41, 43, 46, 53, etc.).

In the system of sources of labor law after the Constitution of the Russian Federation important place occupies the Labor Code (Labor Code). The Labor Code regulates the legal relations of all employees, contributing to the growth of labor productivity, improving the quality of work, increasing the efficiency of social production and raising on this basis the material and cultural standard of living of workers, strengthening labor discipline and gradually turning labor for the benefit of society into the first vital need of everyone. able-bodied person. The Labor Code establishes a high level of working conditions, all-round protection of the labor rights of workers.

Labor contract

From various forms realization of the right of citizens to work, the main thing is the employment contract (contract).

In accordance with Article 15 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, an employment contract (contract) is an agreement between workers and an enterprise, institution, organization, according to which the worker undertakes to perform work in a certain specialty, qualification or position subject to internal labor regulations, and the enterprise, institution, organization undertakes pay the worker wages and ensure the working conditions provided for by labor legislation, the collective agreement and the agreement of the parties.

The definition of the concept of an employment contract allows us to distinguish the following distinctive features:

an employment contract (contract) provides for the performance of work of a certain kind (in a certain specialty, qualification or position);
involves the subordination of the employee to the internal labor regulations established at the enterprise, institution, organization;
the obligation of the employer to organize the work of the employee, create normal working conditions for him that meet the requirements of safety and hygiene.

As can be seen from the definition of an employment agreement (contract), one of the parties is a citizen who has entered into an agreement on work as a specific employee. By general rule a citizen can conclude an employment contract (contract) from the age of 15.

In order to prepare young people for productive work, it is allowed to hire students from general education schools, vocational and secondary specialized schools. educational institutions to perform light work that does not cause harm to health and does not disrupt the learning process, in their free time after they reach the age of 14, with the consent of one of the parents or a person replacing him.

The second party to the employment contract (contract) is the employer - an enterprise, institution, organization, regardless of the form of ownership on which it is based. In some cases, the second party to the employment agreement (contract) may be a citizen when, for example, a personal driver, housekeeper, personal secretary, etc. is accepted.

The content of any contract is understood as its conditions that determine the rights and obligations of the parties. The content of the employment agreement (contract) is the mutual rights, obligations and responsibilities of its parties. Both parties to the employment agreement (contract) have subjective rights and obligations determined by the employment agreement (contract) and labor legislation. Depending on the procedure for establishing, two types of conditions of an employment contract (contract) are distinguished:

derivatives established by the current legislation;
direct, established by agreement of the parties when concluding an employment contract.

Derivative conditions are established by the current labor legislation. These include the conditions: on labor protection, on the establishment of a minimum wages, on disciplinary and material liability, etc. These conditions cannot be changed by agreement of the parties (unless otherwise provided by law). The parties do not agree on derivative conditions, knowing that with the conclusion of the contract, these conditions are binding by law.

The immediate conditions, which are determined by the agreement of the parties, are divided in turn into:

necessary;
additional.

Necessary conditions are those in the absence of which the employment contract does not arise. These include the conditions:

about the place of work (enterprise, its structural subdivision, their location);
about the labor function of the employee, which he will perform. The labor function (type of work) is determined by the establishment by the parties of the contract of the profession, specialty, qualification for which a particular employee will work;
terms of remuneration;
duration and type of employment contract (contract).

In addition to the necessary conditions, the parties, when concluding an employment agreement (contract), may establish additional terms. From the name itself it is clear that they may or may not be. Without them, an employment contract (contract) can be concluded. Additional conditions include: on the establishment of a probationary period when hiring, on the provision of out of turn places in preschool, on the provision of living space, etc. This group of conditions may relate to any other labor issues, as well as social and welfare services for the employee. If the parties have agreed on specific additional conditions, then they automatically become mandatory for their implementation.

The procedure for concluding an employment contract (contract)

Labor legislation establishes a certain procedure for admission and legal guarantees of the right to work upon admission. Employment in our country is based on the principle of selection of personnel for business qualities. Unjustified refusal to hire is prohibited.

An employment contract (contract) is concluded in writing. It is drawn up in two copies and kept by each of the parties. Employment is formalized by order (instruction) of the administration of the organization. The order is announced to the employee against receipt. The current legislation prohibits the requirement for employment documents, in addition to those provided by law.

Employment contracts (contracts), according to the time for which they are concluded, are:

perpetual - for an indefinite period,
urgent - for a certain period of time,
while doing a certain job.

A fixed-term employment contract (contract) is concluded in cases where labor relations cannot be established for an indefinite period, taking into account the nature of the work to be done, subject to its performance, or the interests of the employee, as well as in cases directly provided for by law.

When hiring, by agreement of the parties, a probationary period may be established in order to verify the compliance of the employee with the work assigned to him.

During the probationary period, the employee is fully covered by labor legislation. The test is established for a period of up to three months, and in some cases, in agreement with the relevant elected trade union bodies, for a period of up to six months. If the employee did not pass the test, then he is dismissed before the end of the specified period.

The work book is the main document on the work activity of the employee. Employment records are kept for all workers who have worked more than five days, including seasonal and temporary workers, as well as non-staff workers, provided that they are subject to state social insurance. filling work book for the first time produced by the administration of the enterprise.

Salary

Issues of remuneration are currently resolved directly at the enterprise. Their regulation is usually carried out in collective agreement or other local normative act. The tariff rates (salaries), forms and systems of remuneration established at the enterprise may be reviewed periodically depending on the achieved production and economic results and financial position enterprises, but cannot be below the established state minimum.

The regulation of remuneration of employees in the public sector, employees employed in representative and executive authorities, is carried out centrally on the basis of the Unified Tariff Scale.

In an employment agreement (contract), it is advisable to indicate the amount of the tariff rate (official salary) of an employee by profession (position), qualified category and qualification category provided for in a collective agreement or other local regulatory act.

The salary of each employee should depend on the complexity of the work performed, personal labor contribution.

By agreement of the parties, a higher wage rate may be established than in the relevant act (agreement), if this does not contradict local regulations in force at the enterprise.

The establishment of a higher wage on an individual basis should be associated with the high qualification of the employee, the performance of more challenging tasks programs and provide equal pay for equal quantity and quality of work.

In addition to the size of the tariff rate (official salary), the employment contract may provide for various additional payments and allowances of an stimulating and compensatory nature: for professional skills and high qualifications, for class, for an academic degree, for deviation from normal working conditions, etc.

By agreement of the parties in the employment agreement (contract), these allowances are specified and, in some cases, can be increased in comparison with the general norm provided for at the enterprise, if this does not contradict local regulations in force at the enterprise.

The employment agreement (contract) indicates the amount of additional payments for combining professions or positions. The specific amount of additional payments is determined by agreement of the parties based on the complexity of the work performed, its volume, the employee's employment in the main and combined work, etc. Along with additional payments, the parties may agree on other compensations for combining professions (positions), for example, on additional leave, increased remuneration at the end of the year, etc.

Various types of incentives for employees operating in an organization can also be reflected in an individual labor agreement (contract), for example, bonuses, remuneration at the end of the year, payment for length of service, payment in kind.

Types of working time

Working time is a period of time established by law or based on it, during which an employee must perform labor obligations while complying with internal labor regulations.

The legislator establishes three types of working hours.

Normal working hours at enterprises, organizations, institutions not exceeding 40 hours per week.
Reduced working hours. The legislator establishes such a duration, taking into account the conditions and nature of labor, and in some cases, the physiological characteristics of the body of certain categories of workers. The reduction in working hours does not entail a reduction in wages.
incomplete work time.

Reduced working hours apply:

for employees under 18:

age from 16 to 18 years implies employment of no more than 36 hours per week;
age from 15 to 16 years old, as well as from 14 to 15 years old, students (working during the holidays) - no more than 24 hours a week;

for workers in production with harmful working conditions - no more than 36 hours a week;
a shortened week is set for certain categories workers (teachers, doctors, women, as well as those employed in the agricultural sector, etc.).

part-time work

By agreement between the employee and the administration, part-time work or part-time work may be established (both when hiring and subsequently). work week. At the request of a woman, women with children under the age of 14, a disabled child under 16; at the request of a person caring for a sick family member (in accordance with the available medical document), the administration is obliged to establish part-time work or part-time work for them.

Payment in these cases is made in proportion to the hours worked or depending on the output.

Part-time work does not entail any restrictions on the duration of work for employees. annual leave, calculus seniority and other labor rights.

Overtime work

Establishing a specific measure of labor in the form of a norm of working time, labor legislation at the same time allows for some exceptions, when it is possible to involve an employee in work outside this norm.

Overtime work is work in excess of the established working hours. As a rule, overtime work is not allowed.

The administration of the enterprise can apply overtime work only in exceptional cases provided for by law. Overtime work requires the permission of the relevant trade union body of the enterprise, institution, organization.

Certain categories of workers may not be involved in overtime work. Overtime work of each employee must not exceed four hours on two consecutive days and 120 hours per year.

material production

The labor activity of people material production process- represents one of the forms of human activity aimed at transforming the natural world and creating material wealth. This is a necessary condition for the life of society, since without food, clothing, housing, electricity, medicines and a wide variety of items, the right people society cannot exist. A variety of services are just as necessary for human life, so it is impossible to imagine life, for example, without transport or household services. Bogolyubov, L.N. Man and society. Social science. Proc. for students. 10 cells / Ed. L.N. Bogolyubova, A.Yu. Lazebnikova. - M.: Enlightenment, 2002. - P.186.

When they say « material production», then they mean that there exists and non-material (spiritual) production. In the first case, this production of things, for example, televisions, appliances or paper are produced. In the second, this production of ideas(more precisely, spiritual values). - actors, directors created a TV show, a writer wrote a book, a scientist discovered something new in the world around him. The difference between them is in created product.

The result of material production - various items and services. But this does not mean that human consciousness does not participate in material production. Any activity of people is carried out consciously. Both the hands and the head are involved in the process of material production. In modern production, the role of knowledge and qualifications is increasing significantly.

AT ready-made nature gives us only very little, without labor it is impossible to collect even wild-growing fruits and berries; without significant efforts it is impossible to take coal, oil, gas, wood from nature. In most cases, natural materials are subject to complex processing. Thus, production appears as a process of active transformation of nature by people (natural materials) in order to create the necessary material conditions for their existence. Ibid.- P.186.

For the production of any thing, three elements are necessary: an object of nature from which this thing can be made; means of labor with which this production is carried out; purposeful human activity, his work. Hence, material production there is the process of labor activity of people, as a result of which material goods are created, aimed at satisfying human needs.

Labor as a type of human activity

The needs and interests of people are the basis that predetermines the purpose of labor activity. Aimless pursuits of anything have no meaning. Such work is shown in ancient Greek myth about Sisyphus. The gods doomed him to hard work - to roll a large stone up the mountain. As soon as the end of the path was close, the stone broke off and rolled down. And so again and again. Sisyphean labor is a symbol of meaningless work.

Work in the proper sense of the word occurs when human activity becomes meaningful when a consciously set goal is realized in it. The meaning of labor is in achieving certain results, in creation material and spiritual wealth.

To material wealth include food, clothing, housing, transport, equipment, services, etc. For spiritual blessings include the achievements of science, art, ideology, etc.

Labor is the main form of life of society and in this way, labor activity differs from educational activity, aimed at acquiring knowledge and mastering skills, and gaming activity, in which it is not so much the result that is important, but the process of the game itself. Performing labor functions, people interact, enter into relationships with each other, and it is labor that is the primary category that contains the whole variety of specific social phenomena and relations. Social labor changes the position of various groups of workers, their social qualities, which is the essence of labor as a basic social process. The most complete social essence of labor is revealed in the categories of "nature of labor" and "content of labor" (Appendix 1).

In the process of labor activity, constantly straining his physical and spiritual forces, overcoming the resistance of the forces of nature, solving more and more complex goals, the person himself is constantly developing. Thus, labor not only created man, but also constantly develops and improves him, i.e. Man is the subject and product of his labor activity.

Work activity is characterized by:

The use and manufacture of tools, their preservation for later use; purposefulness of labor processes.

The subordination of labor to the idea of the product of labor - the labor goal, which, like a law, determines the nature and method of labor actions.

The social nature of labor, its implementation in the conditions of joint activity.

The focus of labor on the transformation of the external world. The manufacture, use and preservation of labor tools, the division of labor contributed to the development of abstract thinking, speech, language, and the development of socio-historical relations between people.

Productive nature of labor activity; labor, carrying out the process of production, is imprinted in its product, i.e. there is a process of embodiment, objectification in the products of people's activity of their spiritual forces and abilities. Thus, the material, spiritual culture of mankind is an objective form of the embodiment of achievements mental development humanity.

To achieve the goal in labor activity, various means are used: technical devices required for production; energy and transport lines; other material objects, without which the labor process is impossible. All of them together make means of labor. During the production process, the impact on object of labor, i.e. on the materials being converted. For this, apply various ways, which are called technologies. For example, you can remove excess metal from a workpiece using metal-cutting equipment, but the use of an electric pulse method allows you to achieve a similar result 10 times faster. This means that labor productivity will increase 10 times. It is determined by the amount of time spent per unit of output.

So, in the structure of labor activity, elements are distinguished (Fig. 3): Ibid. - P.18.

1) consciously set goals - the production of certain products, the processing of natural materials, the creation of machines and mechanisms, etc.;

2) objects of labor - those materials (metal, clay, stone, plastic, etc.), the transformation of which is aimed at the activity of people;

3) means and tools of labor - all devices, devices, mechanisms, adaptations, energy systems, with the help of which objects of labor are subjected to transformation;

4) technologies used - techniques and methods used in the production process.

Figure 3 - The structure of labor activity

To characterize labor activity, the following parameters are used: Klimenko A.V. Social science: Proc. allowance for schoolchildren Art. class and entering universities”: / A.V. Klimenko, V.V. Rumynina. - M.: Bustard; 2004. - P.20.

1) labor productivity - the amount of products produced per unit of time;

2) labor efficiency - the ratio of material and labor costs, on the one hand, and the results obtained, on the other;

3) the level of division of labor - the distribution of specific production functions between the participants in the labor process (on the scale of society and in specific labor processes).

In each specific type of labor activity, labor operations are performed, which are divided into labor practices, actions and movements. Depending on the characteristics of a particular type of labor, due to the subject of labor, means of labor, the totality of operations performed by the employee, their correlation and interconnection, on the distribution of functions (executive, registration and control, observation and adjustment) in the workplace, we can talk about content of individual work. It includes the degree of diversity of labor functions, monotony, predetermination of actions, independence, the level of technical equipment, the ratio of executive and managerial functions, the level of creative possibilities, etc. A change in the composition of labor functions and the time spent on their implementation means a change in the content of labor.

Figure 4 - Content of individual labor

Depending on the role of the employee in the production process, functions should be distinguished: Dikareva A.A. Sociology of labor / A.A. Dikareva, M.I. Mirskaya. - M.: graduate School, 1989. - P.110.

1) energy when the worker sets in motion the means of labor;

2) technological - observation and control over the movement of the subject and means of labor with the adjustment and regulation of equipment;

3)managerial associated with the preparation of production and management of performers

The main factor causing the change in labor functions is scientific and technical progress.

The role of labor in the development of society

The role of labor in the development of man and society is manifested in the fact that in the process of labor not only material and spiritual values \u200b\u200bare created to meet the needs of people, but also the workers themselves develop, acquire new skills, reveal their abilities, replenish and enrich knowledge. The creative nature of labor finds its expression in the birth of new ideas, the emergence of progressive technologies, more advanced and highly productive tools, new types of products, materials, energy, which, in turn, lead to the development of needs.

Thus, the consequence of labor activity is, on the one hand, the saturation of the market with goods, services, cultural values, on the other hand, the progress of production, the emergence of new needs and their subsequent satisfaction.

The development and improvement of production has a beneficial effect on the reproduction of the population, raising its material and cultural level. This is the ideal scheme of the impact of labor on a person and society, which is presented in Fig. 5.

Figure 5 - Schematic role of labor in the development of man and society

However, these processes are strongly influenced by politics, interstate and interethnic relations. But, nevertheless, the general trend in the development of human society is directed towards the progress of production, the growth of material well-being and the cultural level of people, the awareness of human rights as the highest value on earth.

What should be an employee corresponding to the character modern production? This question will be considered in the next chapter.

Introduction…………………………………………………………………….……3

Basic concepts of labor.………………………..…………………...4
Types and boundaries of the division of labor ...…………………………………... 6
Working conditions………………………………………………………………9
The subject of labor economics……………………………………………...12
Relationship of labor economics with other sciences…………………………..16
Conclusion………………………………………………………………20
References……………………………………………………...21

Introduction

Labor is the process of transforming natural resources into material, intellectual and spiritual goods, carried out and (or) controlled by a person, either under compulsion (administrative, economic), or by internal motivation, or both.

The labor activity of people presupposes their organization. Under the organization of labor - the establishment of links and relations between participants in production, ensuring the achievement of its goals on the basis of the most efficient use of collective labor.

Labor economics as a science studies the patterns of social organization of labor in connection with its technical organization and the manifestation of economic laws in the field of social organization of labor.

1. Basic concepts about labor

Labor plays a huge role in the development of human society and man. According to F. Engels, labor created man himself. The exceptional and many-sided significance of labor is enduring: it is turned not only into the distant past of mankind, its true nature and role are revealed with particular force under socialism with the emancipation of labor from exploitation, and will become even more pronounced under communism, when labor becomes the first vital need of every person.

Labor is a purposeful activity of a person to create material and spiritual benefits necessary for his life. Nature provides the source material for this, which in the process of labor turns into a good suitable for meeting the needs of people. For such a transformation of the substances of nature, a person creates and uses tools of labor, determines the mode of their action.

Concrete labor activity expresses people's attitude to nature, the degree of their dominance over the forces of nature. It is necessary to distinguish between labor as the creator of material goods and the social form of labor.

In the process of production, people necessarily enter into certain relations not only with nature, but also with each other. Relationships between people that develop about their participation in social labor, and represent a social form of labor.

The expedient planned labor activity of people presupposes their organization. Under the organization of labor in general view understand the establishment of rational connections and relations between the participants in production, ensuring the achievement of its goals on the basis of the most effective use of collective labor. Moreover, those connections and relations that develop between the participants in production under the influence of technology and technology express themselves the technical side of labor organization. Labor is organized and divided differently, depending on what tools it has at its disposal.

Those connections and relations of participants in production, which are due to joint participation and social labor, express the social side of the organization of labor. The relations between people in the process of labor or the social structure of labor are determined by the prevailing relations of production.

The social form of labor organization does not exist outside the relationship of man to nature, outside certain technical conditions of work. However, and technical organization labor experience the decisive influence of social conditions.

The technical organization of labor and its social form in reality are closely connected and interdependent and represent separate aspects of a single whole. Only in a theoretical analysis can they be singled out and considered separately, taking into account some specifics of their independent development.

2. Types and boundaries of the division of labor

Economic systems are based on the division of labor, that is, on the relative differentiation of activities. In one form or another, the division of labor exists at all levels: from the global economy to the workplace. The differentiation of types of activity in the country's economy is carried out by groups of industries: agriculture and forestry, mining, construction, manufacturing, transport, communications, trade, etc. Further differentiation occurs in individual sectors and sub-sectors. So, in the manufacturing industry, mechanical engineering stands out, which, in turn, is structured according to the types of manufactured machines, instruments and apparatus. Modern enterprises can be both diversified, that is, produce a wide range of products, and specialized in individual products or services. Large enterprises have a complex structure, characterized by the division of labor between production units and groups of personnel.

According to the functions performed, four main groups of personnel are usually distinguished: managers, specialists (engineers, economists, lawyers, etc.), workers and students.

The main types of division of labor in the enterprise are : functional, technological, and subject.

Technological division of labor due to the allocation of stages of the production process and types of work. In accordance with the characteristics of the technology, workshops and sections of the enterprise (foundry, stamping, welding, etc.) can be created.

Substantive division of labor involves the specialization of production units and employees in the manufacture of certain types of products (products, assemblies, parts).

Based on the functional, technological and substantive division of labor, professions and skill levels are formed.

Profession characterized by the knowledge and skills necessary to perform a certain type of work. The composition of professions is determined by the objects of production and technology. As a result of technological progress, there is a constant change in the list and structure of professions. Over the last 20-30 years greatest influence applied to the professional structure of the personnel computer technology and new physical and chemical processing methods.

Qualification division of labor determined by the difference in the complexity of the work. This, in turn, determines the different terms for training personnel to perform the relevant functions. The complexity of the work performed is the most important factor in the differentiation of wages. To quantify the qualifications of personnel, the categories of a single tariff scale are usually used, which includes 17-25 categories in different countries.

Professions and qualification groups can be considered as types of division of labor (professional and qualification).

The choice of forms of division of labor is determined primarily by the type of production. The closer production is to mass production, the more opportunities for specialization of equipment and personnel to perform certain types works. When choosing the most effective level of differentiation of the production process should be taken into account technical, psychological, social and economic boundaries of the division of labor.

Technical boundaries due to the capabilities of equipment, tools, fixtures, requirements for consumer product quality.

Psychological boundaries determined by the capabilities of the human body, the requirements of maintaining health and performance. The need to take into account psychophysiological boundaries is due to the fact that a high degree of specialization causes monotony of work, which leads to adverse consequences for workers. As a result of the research, it was found that the duration of repeatedly repeating elements of work should not be less than 45 s; the work must be designed in such a way as to ensure the participation of at least five to six human muscle groups.

social boundaries are determined by the requirements for the content of labor, its necessary diversity, and the opportunities for developing professional knowledge and skills.

Economic boundaries characterize the impact of the division of labor on economic results production, in particular, on the total costs of labor and material resources.

The division of labor presupposes cooperation. It is carried out at all levels: from the workplace, where several workers can work, to the economy of the country and the world economy as a whole. At the enterprise, the most significant problems of labor cooperation are associated with the organization brigades.

In relation to the mode of operation of the brigades can be mixed and through (daily).

Depending on the professional qualification composition, there are specialized and complex brigades. In the first case, workers of the same profession (turners, locksmiths, etc.) are united; in the second - different professions and skill levels. Integrated teams provide more opportunities for the development of each employee. As a rule, this type of brigades also provides the best economic performance.

3. Working conditions

Working conditions are the characteristics of the production process and the production environment that affect the employee of the enterprise.

The characteristics of the production process are determined by the equipment used, the objects and products of labor, technology, and the system for servicing workplaces.

The production environment is primarily characterized by sanitary and hygienic working conditions (temperature, noise, illumination, dustiness, gas contamination, vibration, etc.), work safety, work and rest regime, as well as the relationship between employees of the enterprise.

Thus, working conditions can be considered in technical, organizational, psychophysiological, social, legal and other aspects.

The design of working conditions should be carried out taking into account the differences in the employees of the enterprise by gender, age, health status, qualifications, psychological and social characteristics. Systems of recommendations and normative materials of varying degrees of generality and binding nature (recommendations of the International Labor Organization, national, sectoral, regional, factory standards) have been developed, which should be used in the design of working conditions.

In particular, it is necessary to take into account restrictions on the participation of women in a number of industries with harmful working conditions (metallurgical, chemical, mining enterprises), on the maximum mass of transported goods (for men and women), on permissible levels of radioactivity, dust, gas pollution, noise, vibrations, etc.

The main directive documents regulating working conditions are sanitary standards for the design of enterprises, building codes and rules (SNiP), GOSTs, safety and labor protection requirements.

The sanitary standards for the design of industrial enterprises establish the maximum permissible concentrations (MPC) of the content of harmful substances in working area. To ensure normal working conditions, it is necessary to improve technology, seal and automate equipment, and ventilate industrial premises.

Labor intensity characterizes the amount of labor expended per unit of working time, and is the most important component of the severity of labor, which determines the total impact of all factors of the labor process on the body of workers. The relationship between the concepts of intensity and severity of labor is the subject of discussion.

The main factors affecting the intensity of labor include:

the degree of employment of the employee during the working day;
the pace of labor, i.e., the number of labor movements per unit of time;
the efforts required in the performance of work, which depend on the mass of the objects being moved, the features of the equipment, and the organization of labor;
the number of serviced objects (machines, jobs, etc.);
the size of the objects of labor;
the size of batches of blanks;
specialization of the workplace;
sanitary and hygienic working conditions;
forms of relationships in production teams.

Measuring the intensity and severity of labor is a very complex problem, which still does not have a satisfactory solution.

Methods for assessing the intensity and severity of labor take into account:

energy costs of workers;
pace of work;
employees' opinions about the degree of fatigue;
psychophysiological characteristics of fatigue.

These indicators should be applied taking into account the characteristics of the analyzed work. In particular, the measurement of energy expenditure and the pace of work cannot be used to assess the intensity of mental work. When analyzing the severity of labor, it is advisable to proceed from the degree of fatigue of workers, assessed both subjectively (based on interviews with personnel) and objectively (based on the analysis of psychophysiological characteristics). It is also necessary to take into account factors whose influence does not appear immediately (radioactive radiation, carcinogens, etc.).

4. The subject of labor economics

Labor economics as a science studies not the relationship of man to nature per se, not the material side of concrete labor, but the laws of the social organization of labor in connection with its technical organization.

At each stage in the development of human society, its own specific social form of labor is created. Although the social organization of labor changes under the influence of social conditions, it is possible to find in it some permanent common elements, due to the very nature of human labor.

In order for the labor process to take place, it is necessary to combine labor power with the means of labor. The ways in which labor power is combined with the means of labor change under the influence of production relations. But no matter how these methods change, attracting people to work remains an absolutely necessary element of the organization. social labor.

In order to produce material goods, people enter into certain social and labor relations. These ties (division, cooperation of labor, labor discipline etc.) are carried out by their own special methods in each socio-economic formation, but no matter how these methods change, there always remains a need for mutual cooperation of people in one form or another.

In order for production, which is based on labor, to be carried out continuously, the continuous reproduction of labor power is necessary. We are talking here both about the reproduction of the individual worker - the bearer of the labor force, and about the reproduction of the collective labor force. Both the specific nature and forms of distribution of the social product are connected with this. No matter how the forms and methods of the reproduction of labor power and the distribution of the social product may change, they always remain a moment in the social organization of labor. Each socio-economic formation is characterized by its own methods of implementing these requirements of the social organization of labor, and these methods themselves are determined by the operation of objective economic laws.

Thus, labor economics studies the manifestation of economic laws in the field of social organization of labor, distribution of the social product, reproduction of labor force and determines the methods of their use in practical activities to ensure a steady increase in the productivity of social labor in order to improve the standard of living of workers and the comprehensive development of man.

The separation of labor economics into an independent scientific discipline is due to the needs of theory and economic practice. Management of the economy is impossible without knowing and using the laws that determine the scientifically based organization and planning of labor both on the scale of the national economy and at a separate enterprise. Labor economics is called upon to theoretically generalize the phenomena and processes in the field of social labor and equip practice with scientific methods of using economic laws and the advantages of socialism in the specific conditions of economic activity.

Labor economics studies the issues of social organization of labor as a special phenomenon in the system of a single complex social organism. Therefore, the regularities studied by labor economics can only be understood in connection with the knowledge of the general mechanism of the operation of the laws of social production, which is revealed more economically by politics. It is political economy that will give the most generalized and complete understanding of economic laws. At the same time, a separate study of questions of the social organization of labor helps to better understand the connections and patterns of social production as a whole.

The methodological basis of labor economics as a science is dialectical materialism. This means that all the studied phenomena and processes in the field of social organization of labor must be considered historically, that is, in development, taking into account changing social production conditions. This approach, first of all, makes it possible to correctly establish significant differences in the organization of labor, to determine the advantages in this area.

Considering the social organization of labor in development, it is easy to detect remnants of the past, features of the present, and sprouts of the future. The historical approach to the study of the development of forms of labor involves taking into account the peculiarities in the organization of labor. Only under this condition is it possible to understand and explain the historical conditioning of individual phenomena in the field of the social organization of labor.

At the same time, the study of the processes taking place in the field of social organization of labor cannot take place without taking into account and connection with other phenomena and processes of economic life. Thus, for example, changes in the division of labor cannot be understood apart from the development of technology and the organization of production.

All this makes it possible to correctly evaluate certain phenomena and draw reasonable conclusions for practical activities in the future.

These methodological requirements of scientific research are carried out with the help of a number of means and methods that are common to the economic sciences. These include qualitative and quantitative analysis, comparative analysis and evaluation, balance method. AT recent times the experimental method is beginning to be used more and more widely, which makes it possible to test the correctness of certain theoretical conclusions and scientific recommendations on a limited circle of economic objects.

5. Relationship of labor economics with other sciences

Due to its importance and versatility, labor is studied by many sciences. Of course, each of them has its own specific subject of study. All labor sciences can be classified with a certain degree of conditionality as follows: socio-economic - labor economics, sociology of labor, labor statistics, labor rationing; biological - labor physiology, labor hygiene, labor psychology; legal - labor law, labor protection.

Between the economics of labor and these sciences there is a certain relationship, which is based on a single object of study - labor.

The sociology of labor considers the labor process in its relationship with social conditions and factors. The labor activity of workers, their production activity depends not only on specific production and technical conditions, but also largely on the relationship between members of the production team, managers and subordinates, and a number of other factors that lie outside production and technical relations. Accounting for these factors is necessary condition the correct organization of labor and its gradual transformation into the first vital necessity.

In its research, labor economics makes extensive use of statistical data characterizing mass phenomena and processes in the field of social organization of labor, as well as statistical techniques and methods for studying economic phenomena: groupings, averages, indices, etc. It is clear that labor statistics itself uses the conclusions economics of labor on the patterns of development of the social organization of labor. The close interconnection of these sciences is especially clearly revealed in the planning of labor. In this case, statistical groupings of reporting data are widely used in planning labor productivity, the number of employees, wages, etc. In turn, the indicators for setting a plan for labor developed by the labor economy also determine the range of relevant indicators for statistical reporting on labor.

Labor economics is closely connected with the regulation of labor as a scientific discipline and practical activity. The objective necessity of labor rationing stems from the needs of a socialist planned economy and is conditioned by the requirements of the organization of labor and the socialist principle of payment according to the quantity and quality of labor. Labor standards are the initial basis for planning labor productivity, the number of employees, improving the forms of labor organization at the enterprise, as well as determining the measure of remuneration for work. At the same time, rationing workers, when setting labor standards and remuneration, rely on the conclusions of labor economics, which determine the economic feasibility and expediency of rationing measures.

Despite the decisive importance of the socio-economic factor in the organization of labor, one cannot underestimate the biological, natural side of labor activity and its role in the organization of labor. The labor process, taken as a psycho-physiological process of influencing the forces of nature, is studied by a series of biological sciences: hygiene, physiology, psychology. These sciences equip the economist with natural-science methods for evaluating and improving the organization of labor and the labor process. Naturally, they themselves will coordinate their conclusions and proposals with the requirements of labor economics.

A special place is occupied by legal measures, united by the general term "labor protection". They are aimed at ensuring a normal and safe working environment. Compliance with the norms and requirements of labor protection and safety, determined by special government bodies, is an prerequisite proper organization and improvement of labor efficiency.

All these social and natural sciences study certain aspects of labor. Labor economics synthesizes and uses the findings of these sciences to develop specific methods of economic policy in the field of labor.

Labor economics is closely related to a number of economic sciences. What labor economics and these sciences have in common is a common object of study - expanded reproduction and a single theoretical background- political Economy. The functional and sectoral economic sciences also deal with questions of labor, but only in connection with the main questions of their sciences.

Labor economics, using and summarizing the experience of individual branches of the national economy, reveals the general aspects and originality of the mechanism of action and forms of manifestation of the laws of the social organization of labor. In a systematically organized economy, there should be a unified methodological approach to solving labor issues, which is developed on the basis of scientific and practical advice labor economics. However, labor economics not only "serves" other economic sciences in its specific field, but also uses their conclusions itself. So, for example, when planning labor, they use the general methodological recommendations that are established by such a science as economic planning.

When studying labor problems, it is extremely important to use the conclusions of the sciences that determine the paths of technical progress in the national economy. Only by having a good idea of the main trends in the development of production technology, foreseeing and correctly evaluating the prospects for technical progress, can one find the right solution to the most important labor issues (labor productivity, organization of labor and wages, training of qualified personnel).

Thus, the study of the general patterns of the social organization of labor and the development of scientific recommendations on labor problems cannot be successful on the basis of labor economics alone. This requires broad universal knowledge, because labor is an extremely complex multifaceted phenomenon, labor is inseparable from man, and the problem of man in society is the most important and central problem of both social and natural sciences.

Conclusion

Now, knowing what labor is, what types of labor are, what labor economics studies, what connection it has with other sciences, we can determine what place labor economics occupies in the life of one person and the entire state.

The main task of "Labor Economics" is the knowledge of economic laws that determine the development of labor organization. The economic laws that organize the labor of millions of working people are consciously applied by the state. From the economic policy of the state, the creative experience of the working people, the labor economy draws the richest materials for its research and scientific developments. At the same time, labor economics as a science equips practice with evidence-based recommendations for improving the organization and increasing the efficiency of social labor. Of great ideological, theoretical and practical significance are decisions that summarize the labor successes of the people and determine the tasks and ways of social and economic development countries.

One of the most important tasks of labor economics is to identify and show the advantages of the organization of work, in order to make the best use of these advantages.

As for the satisfaction received from the labor process, it significantly depends on the share of creativity in this type of activity, its goals, conditions for implementation, as well as on the individual characteristics of a person. The more satisfaction a person receives from the labor process, the more benefits both the enterprise and society under normal social conditions.

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G. I. Mechkovsky. Textbook for universities. M. 1976.

The concept of labor activity

Labor activity a person is a kind of his social behavior. Labor activity is a rational series of operations and functions, rigidly fixed in time and space, performed by people united in labor organizations. The labor activity of employees provides a solution to a number of tasks:

the creation of material wealth as a means of life support for a person and society as a whole;

provision of services for various purposes;

development of scientific ideas, values and their applied analogues;

accumulation, conservation, processing and analysis, transfer of information and its carriers;

development of a person as an employee and as a person, etc.

Labor activity - regardless of the method, means and results - is characterized by a number of common properties:

a certain functional and technological set of labor operations;

a set of relevant qualities of labor subjects, recorded in professional, qualification and job characteristics;

material and technical conditions and spatio-temporal framework of implementation;

in a certain way, the organizational, technological and economic connection of labor subjects with the means, the conditions for their implementation;

normative-algorithmic method of organization, through which the behavioral matrix of individuals included in the production process (organizational and managerial structure) is formed.

Each type of labor activity can be divided into two main characteristics: psychophysiological content (the work of the sense organs, muscles, thought processes, etc.); and the conditions under which work is carried out. The structure and level of physical and nervous loads in the process of labor activity are determined by these two characteristics: physical - depend on the level of labor automation, its pace and rhythm, the design and rationality of the placement of equipment, tools, equipment; nervous - due to the volume of processed information, the presence of industrial danger, the degree of responsibility and risk, the monotony of work, relationships in the team.

Thus, in general, we can talk about a reduction in motor components and an increase in the importance of the mental component of labor activity. In addition, the NTP creates technical prerequisites for the withdrawal of the employee from the zone of industrial hazards and dangers, improves the protection of the performer, and frees him from heavy and routine work.

However, an excessive decrease in motor activity turns into hypodynamia. The growth of nervous loads can lead to injuries, accidents, cardiovascular and neuropsychiatric disorders. An increase in the speed and power of equipment can lead to inconsistency in the parameters of its operation and the ability of a person to react and make decisions. New technologies often lead to the emergence of new production hazards and hazards, negative impact on the environment.

The problem is to "attach" technology to human capabilities, to take into account its psychophysiological characteristics at the stages of design, construction, operation of the "man-machine" system. All this determines the need to study the physiological and mental processes in human labor activity.

The role of labor in society

The history of the development of man and society testifies to the decisive role of labor in this process.

In the process of its evolution, labor became significantly more complicated: a person began to perform more complex and diverse operations, to use more and more organized means of labor, to set and achieve higher goals. Labor has become multifaceted, varied, perfect.

In the context of the use of more advanced resources and means of labor, the organization of labor has an increasing impact on environment sometimes to the detriment of the environment. Therefore, the environmental aspect in labor activity acquires a new meaning.

The joint work of people is something more than the simple sum of their labor. Joint work is also considered as a progressive unity of the total results of labor. The interaction of a person with natural materials, means of labor, as well as the relationships that people enter into at the same time - all this is called production.

Features of modern labor:

The increase in the intellectual potential of the labor process, which is manifested in the strengthening of the role of mental labor, the growth of the conscious and responsible attitude of the employee to the results of his activities;

The increase in the share of materialized labor associated with the means of labor is due to the achievements of scientific and technological progress and, with limited physical capabilities of a person, serves as a decisive factor in the growth of productivity and labor efficiency;

A growing aspect of the social process. Currently, the factors of growth in labor productivity are considered not only to improve the skills of an employee or increase the level of mechanization and automation of his work, but also the state of human health, his mood, relationships in the family, team and society as a whole. This social side labor relations significantly complements the material aspects of labor and plays an important role in human life.

Relationship of the sociology of labor with the labor sciences

The system of labor sciences includes many diverse and relatively independent disciplines.

Sociology of labor studies “the behavior of employers and employees in response to the action of economic and social incentives to work”, the relationship of social groups in the labor process, focuses on the demographic differences of people, on differences in their education and qualifications, on the peculiarities of upbringing and political views, religion and social position.

The variety of labor sciences is due to the specifics of those labor problems that are the object of study of each of them.

Subject labor economics is a system of socio-economic relations that develop in the process of labor activity between the employer, employee and the state regarding the organization of labor. Labor economics studies the socio-economic problems of labor, the problems of ensuring the efficiency and productivity of labor on the basis of its scientific organization.

Physiology of labor how science studies the influence and mechanism of the impact of the labor process on the physiological characteristics of a person, is the scientific basis for the development of labor standards, work and rest regimes, workplace planning, and ensuring favorable working conditions.

Labor psychology studies the psychological characteristics of a person in the labor process, the attitude of a person to his work activity, it is the basis of professional training, the development of systems for motivating and stimulating the work of workers, and is a tool for managing labor conflicts.

Ergonomics is the basis for the rationalization of labor processes, since it studies human activity in its connection with technology, machines, means of production. Ergonomics optimizes human interaction with machine systems.

Occupational health, industrial sanitation and safety ensure the creation of healthy and safe working conditions at the workplace.

Demography This is the science of population, it studies the processes of reproduction of the population, its sex and age structure, and the distribution of the population across the regions of the country, which makes it possible to effectively meet the needs of enterprises in the necessary labor resources.

Personnel Management makes it possible to realize the labor potential (by selecting, training and fair remuneration of the personnel of the organization of employees), and allows you to effectively manage the organization's personnel (provided by choosing the optimal management style, developing a personnel policy, conducting personnel marketing).

Sociology of professions studies social division of labor, prestige various kinds labor activity, professional suitability of a person, etc.

Labour Organization studies the formation of an orderly system of interaction between workers, their groups and divisions to achieve their goals, which makes it possible to ensure the effective connection of the labor force with the means of production in specific conditions, the realization of the labor potential of workers and satisfies the needs of all subjects of social and labor relations.

labor law is the legal basis of labor relations. It establishes the legal norms of labor, regulates the rights and obligations of the subjects of social and labor relations, determines the differentiation in wages, serves as the basis for social policy and social protection workers.

labor statistics makes it possible to analyze labor efficiency on the basis of quantitative indicators of labor productivity, the number and dynamics of personnel, payroll, etc.

What tasks does the discipline solve

"Economics and sociology of labor"?

The main objectives of the discipline "Economics and sociology of labor" are determined by its purpose, which provides for the study of scientific foundations, theoretical, methodological provisions and practical experience in the field of human resource management - the formation and rational use of the labor potential of each person and society as a whole in the event of new social and labor relations in a market economy.

Home set- study of the essence and mechanisms of economic and social processes in the sphere of labor in the context of human life and society. Its solution is based on the study of the methodological provisions of the economic food theory, which reveals the fundamental role of labor in the life of a person and society, as well as the economic and social characteristics of labor in specific historical conditions.

Another task- studying the factors and reserves of effective employment, the formation and rational use of labor potential, increasing the efficiency and productivity of labor. The determining prerequisites for solving this problem are, firstly, the mechanism for the implementation of Russian laws and socio-economic policy in the regulation of social and labor relations, and secondly, the study of patterns, objective and subjective factors affecting economic and social processes, the attitude of a person to work, his behavior in the team.

Another task- identification of the relationship of social and labor relations with economic relations and processes occurring in the national economy of a market type, focused on social development, as well as the relationship of the labor market with the markets of raw materials, capital, stock markets. As a result, the study of the process of the cost of labor, as well as the formation of labor costs at all stages of the reproduction cycle, is of particular importance. The expansion and deepening of knowledge in this area requires the study of foreign as well as domestic experience in various regions of the country and at various enterprises, the study of the state of internal labor markets, familiarity with the methodological methods of economic analysis, audit, and sociological research.

Social engineering is a management activity aimed at changing social systems and social institutions in accordance with a given goal using science-intensive technologies and an engineering approach. In domestic science and management practice, this term was first used at the beginning of the 20th century by the director of the Central Institute of Labor A. Gastev. In his understanding, a social engineer is the leader of a work collective, on whose activity the success of the functioning of the entire social engineering machine depends. The idea of social engineering was to closely combine human complexes with the organization of machine complexes. These machine-human complexes are based on the unity of biology and engineering sciences. Soviet party and statesman, a prominent specialist in the problems of labor organization and management P.M. Kerzhentsev limited the problems of social engineering to the management of people and teams, regardless of the field of activity. He formulated a number of general principles of management - this is the establishment of the goals and objectives of the organization and management activities; development of a plan, working methods and management methods; setting up accounting and control. According to P.M. Kerzhentsev, under socialism, the main attention in managerial activity should have been given to the planned conduct of production and labor activities. But the leader, having real power, significantly affects the workforce and the effectiveness of its activities, so the selection of leaders should be based on the compliance of his personal qualities with the requirements of the specific position for which he is applying.

Domestic social engineering of the 20-30s of the XX century was based on psychotechnics and sociological research, the traditions of which were continued after a thirty-year break by factory sociology of the 60-80s. In the theory and practice of social planning, which were further developed during the years of the Khrushchev thaw, along with the data of sociological surveys, ideological attitudes and socio-cultural standards were used. In domestic social engineering, the following principles were formulated: the principle of direct participation in solving social problems, since urgent pressing problems are being solved; the principle of continuous social engineering support and social design; the principle of technologization, that is, the provision of optimal methods of influence.

In Western sociology, socioengineering activity was considered in detail by K. Popper in his works The Poverty of Historicism (1945) and Open Society (1945). He considered social engineering as a set of applied sociological approaches aimed at rationally changing social systems based on fundamental knowledge about society and predicting the possible results of transformations.

The modern socioengineering approach makes it possible to change the social reality based on the methods of planning, programming, foresight and forecasting. Social engineering activities include the following procedures:

Assessment of the state of the object of social engineering activities;

Forecasting the most probable options for the development of the internal and external environment of the forecast object;

Modeling the future state of the research object using mathematical, cybernetic, predictive and other methods;

Development of a social project for a new state of the object under study;

Social planning in accordance with the social project;

Implementation of the project with the help of innovative social technologies.

Modern domestic social engineering is developing in the following blocks (directions):

Societal block - the construction of social institutions: state building, the creation of a modernized system of education, health care, etc.;

Regional block - formation of regional communities;

Municipal bloc - formation of local communities;

Organizational block - construction of organizations;

Block of group engineering - formation of target groups and teams.

social engineering today is a complex of practically oriented knowledge in the field of managing social structures and processes, developing in the following areas:

Construction of social institutions, for example, state building, reorganization of the higher education system, etc. ("societal" block);

Regional construction (regional block);

Formation of local communities (municipal block);

Building organizations or "organizational engineering" (organization block);

Formation of target groups and teams ("group" engineering). Electoral technologies and other ways to promote leaders or their teams are an integral part of all blocks of social engineering activities.

In educational practice, the ideas of social engineering are implemented through the use of modern educational technologies and active teaching methods, as well as through the “saturation” of the educational process with disciplines of the social engineering and organizational cycle, including:

theory and methods of social engineering;

diagnostics of organizations;

forecasting and modeling of the development of organizations;

organizational design and programming;

social planning;

introduction of social innovations in organizations, etc.;

workshop on social technologies;

conflict resolution methods.

The formation and development of social engineering was significantly influenced by psychology, applied anthropology, management sciences, and now synergetics and social synergetics - the science of self-organization of society, which determines the conditions and factors for the sustainable development of society. From the standpoint of social synergy in society, thanks to communication links, a synthesis of material and non-material structures takes place, and evolutionary development based on the exchange of information determines the natural selection of energetically more profitable methods of social management. This process ensures the transition of society to a qualitatively new level. From the point of view of synergetics, management is considered as an open system, which is based on interaction with the object, and not on the impact on it. The control mechanism is carried out in two directions. First, a socio-technological corridor is set that is acceptable from the point of view of the development and functioning of the social system. Within this corridor, the social system can implement various trajectories of self-development, and innovation processes are directed in a socially constructive direction. Secondly, for sustainable social development and rise to a new level of self-organization at bifurcation points, local influence is carried out in right time and in the right place.

One of the options for the practical application of the synergistic approach to management is the theory of a self-learning organization that is able to create, acquire and exchange knowledge and change its behavior in accordance with new knowledge and intuition. The sources of training are employees of the organization, external consultants, business coaches, own business, external environment and lessons learned from their own practical experience. A self-learning organization in modern conditions is the most competitive, synergetics is a universal methodology of the modern information society, its structures and a socio-engineering approach to managing society. This approach places high demands on managers, as they must have modern socio-technological knowledge.

Many researchers come to the conclusion that the social engineering approach to management produces the third factor, in which contradictions in the relations between the object and the subject of management are resolved. The object of social engineering ceases to be only a means of implementing social programs developed by experts, and becomes a subject itself. A trinitarian approach is being formed - management - co-management - self-government. The social engineering approach turns management into an interactive process, and the task of social engineers is to create conditions for unlocking the internal potential of the social system.

Unfortunately, in domestic management science and practice, some wary attitude towards social engineering remains, since sometimes manufacturability is perceived as experimentation and manipulation of people. This fact is largely due to the low demand for social design of program-targeted management by subjects of management.

A systematic approach to managing innovative development industrial enterprises

The system approach to management of innovative development of the industrial enterprises

Introduction*

In the 21st century, the world community is facing innovative challenges associated with the development of high technologies, informatization, changes in the content of labor and the quality of the workforce. At the same time, the process of globalization generates both new forms of international cooperation and interstate relations, and new contradictions, requiring new approaches to solving political, economic and social problems at all levels of their manifestation. Coordinated development, harmonization of norms and standards of social and labor relations, exchange of accumulated experience can contribute to the construction of a highly organized, economically and environmentally efficient production. The result of efforts to stabilize production and improve the social climate within the country largely depends on the development of industrial enterprises, which are the primary cell of any economic system and can become the driving force for the innovative development of the national economy.

Theoretical approaches to substantiation of innovative development of industrial enterprises

In economic science, there are various approaches to determining the essence, meaning, foundations of the functioning and development of an enterprise:

the resource approach, according to which enterprises (organizations) survive to the extent that they acquire and maintain their resources, and the possibility of accumulating organizational-specific resources by an enterprise is the main rationale for its existence;

the system approach considers an enterprise as a highly complex open socio-economic system connected by specific relations with its external and internal environment, the main and most active element of which is a person;

the evolutionary approach is meaningfully and metamorphically connected with the evolutionary worldview on the process of constant and causal change in the activities of an enterprise, while the mechanism of change is associated with variability, inheritance and selection, where special attention is paid to the innovation process: the emergence, consolidation and dissemination of innovations, the study of competition as a process selection, problem solving information, uncertainty and time;

the neo-institutional approach analyzes the activity of an enterprise under conditions of restrictions due to the institutional structure of society, where enterprises, as economic agents, operate in a world of high transaction costs, under conditions of uncertainty and risk, which gives rise to limited rationality and opportunistic behavior; within the framework of neo-institutional theory, a transactional approach is singled out, which explores the reasons for the existence of a firm and the features of their internal device, focusing on the need for the company to avoid transaction costs for concluding transactions in the market and using the advantages of cooperation to obtain the maximum result of its activities.

the process approach is one of the basic in strategic management studies and considers the enterprise in terms of processes associated with entrepreneurial activity, organizational renewal and growth, as well as the development and application of a strategy that directs organizational actions, based on the logic of cause-and-effect explanation , linking independent variables, on the types of concepts or variables that reflect the actions of enterprises or individuals, on the sequence of events that describe the change in phenomena over time.

the behavioral approach explores the real behavior of enterprises as economic entities, in whose activities not rational, but conventional behavior (that is, subject to accepted rules and conventions) dominates, the analysis of which allows us to build a generalized decision-making model;

the knowledge-based approach focuses on the movement of knowledge and its impact on the efficiency and competitive advantages of enterprises, viewing knowledge as subjective information, inseparable from the individual's beliefs and purposeful action, giving great importance to firms that create and develop routines, acting as knowledge repositories .

the synthetic approach means that the models of the theory of firms must take into account "technological" and "social" factors, arguing that the structure of social relations has a constant influence on the organizational dynamics of the enterprise.

An analysis of the theories of the firm makes it possible to substantiate the mechanism for managing the innovative development of industrial enterprises in the context of the clustering of the economy and to determine the main elements that ensure the interaction and cooperation of participants in the innovation process at different stages (Table 1).

Innovative development is considered as a purposeful continuous process of innovation in the scientific, industrial, economic, commercial, financial, marketing, management activities of an enterprise, aimed at the fullest possible satisfaction of social needs based on the implementation of scientific achievements in the production process to obtain the maximum economic, social and environmental effect, expressed in absolute and relative change (increment) of economic indicators.