Labor activity in human life. Labor: its importance in social development and human life. Labor in a person's life: a parable

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Introduction

2. Elements of labor

3. The social role of labor

5. Mention in the writings of famous figures

Sources

Introduction

It must have been hundreds of thousands of years - in the history of the Earth, no more important than a second in the life of a person - before human society arose from a herd of tree-climbing monkeys. However, it finally showed up. And in what again do we find a sign of human society that distinguishes it from a herd of monkeys? In labor.

Labor is the source of all wealth, say political economists. He really is such, along with nature, which supplies him with the material that he turns into wealth. But he is also something more than that. It is the first basic condition of all human life, and, moreover, to such an extent that we must say: labor created man himself.

1. History of labor

The emergence of labor and the formation of human society was the result of a gradual change in the way of life of that especially highly developed, now extinct breed of monkeys from which man descended. Like modern great apes, apes - human ancestors had well-developed forelimbs, which they used when climbing, grasping objects, feeling, etc. Further development led to the fact that the forelimbs of human ancestors were more and more specialized in performing these actions. and participated less and less in walking, which thus gradually became a function exclusively of the hind limbs. In other words, there was a gait in an upright position.

"Thus," says Engels, "the decisive step was taken for the transition from ape to man."

The hand, completely freed to perform actions with objects, acquired more and more dexterity of movements. In this regard, its anatomical structure was also improved: the ratio of the length of the shoulder and forearm changed, mobility in the shoulder joint increased, the development of the hand made it possible to oppose the thumb to each finger of the same hand, etc.

The development of the hand influenced the development of the whole organism. The development of the hand had a particularly great influence on the development of the brain. The performance of complex actions, of course, caused the rapid development of the cerebral cortex, which analyzes the signals coming from the organs of movement, including, and above all, from the hand. Thus, the hand - this organ of action with objects - improved at the same time as an organ of cognition of their properties in the process of practice, which was important for the development of the entire reflective activity of the brain. An important role in the development of labor actions is the circumstance that labor is a process carried out by means of manufactured tools. In order to participate in labor, people of each new generation must learn to use the tools that are created in the labor practice of previous generations. To use a scraper, for example, you need to learn the already developed methods of scraping; to use a saw, one must learn the techniques of sawing, etc. Even more complex skills require the production of the tools themselves. Therefore, the transfer from generation to generation of tools, which became more and more complex, gave rise to a new form of transfer of experience - its transfer by teaching labor actions and skills.

The history of mankind testifies to the decisive importance of labor in social development and human development. Labor is the first and basic condition of human civilization.

In the economic literature, the definition of labor given by K. Marx was widespread. Labor is “a process taking place between man and nature, i.e., the purposeful activity of a person, in the process of which, by his own activity, he mediates, regulates and controls the metabolism between himself and nature, creates the necessary use values.” I believe that this definition has not lost its significance to the present.

2. Mandatory elements of labor

Labor force - a set of physical and spiritual abilities of a person that are used by him in the labor process. It is the main productive force of society.

Means of production, which consist of objects of labor and means of labor. The objects of labor are the products of nature, which undergo one or another change and turn into use values. The objects of labor include the earth and its subsoil, flora and fauna, raw materials and materials, energy and information flows, etc. The means of labor are the instruments of production, with the help of which a person acts on the objects of labor (machines, appliances, equipment, tools, etc.).

“The process of labor” is the process of combining and consuming labor power and means of production in order to create new use values. The labor process is carried out in a certain environment, which is characterized by different working conditions. Moreover, the labor process is not just a mechanical combination of its three main elements, but their organic unity, the decisive factor of which is a person. In the process of labor, a person, with the help of means of labor, carries out pre-planned changes in the object of labor. The result of the labor process is the product of labor.

Human interaction with objects of labor and means of labor is predetermined by the level of automation and technology of machine and labor processes. As you know, labor is the basis of human life and development. The need to work is inherent in human nature itself as a natural condition for its existence. Equally necessary is work in terms of its role in society.

Human labor is also an object of the sociology of labor. The main job functions include:

labor determines the conditions of human life;

labor is a source of social wealth;

labor is an element in the development of productive forces;

labor forms a person and determines his development as a person.

3. The social role of labor

Labor relations are a source of identity: through them, people define themselves in terms of class, status, influence, establish their place in the social hierarchy and group associations. From this grows a sense of security, belonging, social recognition and understanding.

Work creates social ties outside the family, enriches interpersonal communication. And it also organizes regular purposeful activities of people. Not many people can do it on their own. Work creates conditions for the development of professional skills and creative abilities, increases self-esteem, creates a sense of confidence and security, structures psychological time, fills and organizes the day. When people lose their jobs, they often cannot answer what they did today or yesterday.

Labor is the source of purpose, it connects a person with the world, with other people. The loss of labor leads to a sense of the meaninglessness of existence. He is a source of income and a means of controlling the course of your life. labor society social

Labor structures not only individual, but also the collective life of people: their social roles, social space and time. Human life is divided into stages of socialization in accordance with labor activity: active life and life in retirement, rest. Day, week, year are also subject to the rhythm set by work. The space in which the individual lives also turns out to be functionally divided: place of work, home, place of rest. The absence of a home for the majority of the population during the working day determines the urban environment (sleeping areas, working cities) and the organization of leisure (spectacular events are held after the end of the working day).

Engaged in physical and mental labor, creating material and other benefits, steadily improving the tools and the actual process of labor, people at the same time improve themselves.

It is important to show the role of work in family life. It is directly related to work, both for its own interests and for the good of society. “Without labor, efficient, serious labor, family happiness is nothing but a romantic chimera,” K. D. Ushinsky argued.

Labor for every family is a source of material well-being. For the normal functioning of the family, of course, appropriate material conditions are necessary: the availability of living space, furnishings, household items, etc., as well as the means of subsistence. V. A. Sukhomlinsky warned: “Do not console yourself with a crackling phrase that with a sweetheart and in a hut - paradise. Marriage is not only a spiritual, but also a material union. If you are going to start a family, think about how financially independent you are, whether you will be able to clothe, cover and feed your girlfriend.

Productive labor for the common good, in addition to material security, brings great moral satisfaction. By producing spiritual and material values, a person makes life better. All this gives him a legitimate reason to feel needed by other people, society, to feel like a full-fledged citizen. And this is a great feeling.

Conscientious work evokes the natural respect of workmates, family members, and everyone around. A high assessment of a working person in production, his active civic position have a positive effect on the working atmosphere of the family: its other members cannot afford dishonesty, laziness in an atmosphere of organization, cheerfulness, optimism, responsibility.

Not every person is given to feel the joy of work. Some people were simply born contemplatives, not doers, and work for them is a burden that takes away strength, time that eats up strength. Others were unlucky: the type of activity chosen by them does not correspond to their abilities, inclinations, character, psychological data. For them, labor is torment, slavery, hopeless captivity with no prospects of liberation! Such people pull the strap, some humbly, some embittered, just for the sake of a piece of bread.
There are people who are not adapted to systematic work. They are impetuous, they work on inspiration, periods of upsurge are interspersed with periods of apathy.

Will they all agree that the greatness of man is in work? Unlikely. Even popular notions of a happy life presuppose idleness above all. Let's remember Russian, Ukrainian, German, French, Japanese fairy tales. They often feature a self-made tablecloth or a pot-vari, milky rivers with jelly banks, a wonderful tree that bears fruit all year round - symbols of abundance without difficulty. The Bible speaks of labor as God's curse for the transgressions of Adam and Eve: "In the sweat of your face you will earn your bread." All legends mention the Golden Age, when people were carefree and happy, the land gave ten harvests a year, the fish swam in the net. All this suggests that labor is not an initially desirable share for humanity that is not aware of itself.

On the contrary, people have always looked for the opportunity to enjoy the fruits of someone else's labor. With the development of civilization and the deepening of specialization, the possibility of exchange appeared: I make dishes, and you make clothes. There was an opportunity to choose a profession, to achieve mastery, to accumulate experience. In European countries, the master is a respected person, work is almost a religion.

4. Self-improvement in the labor process

Mental and physical labor is not only a natural condition for acquiring means of subsistence, a way and means of creative influence and domination of man over external nature, but at the same time a means of self-control - the realization of the dominance of the human spirit over the lower forces of its nature. Every kind of work requires effort and perseverance in overcoming the inertia and resistance of the materials being processed; patience and constancy are needed in the performance of often prosaic and rough work. All this develops volitional qualities, self-control, without which no work is successfully accomplished and which are so necessary for a person. Labor serves moral purposes on the other hand. A person, focusing his attention on the goal, subject and technique of performing a certain work and directing his vitality and energy towards its implementation, thereby cultivates self-assembly in himself; his thoughts are not scattered and do not wander in vain here and there, being focused on the successful completion of work. At the same time, physiological passions are also undermined in labor (healthy physical labor and “healthy fatigue”, then sound healthy sleep). Finally, in labor a person finds a reason and a means to overcome and eradicate egoism.

In labor activity, personality traits, features of mental processes and human properties are manifested. At the same time, labor is the main means of improving these processes and shaping personality traits. Thanks to labor activity, a person develops thinking, abilities, interests, acquires knowledge, skills and abilities, strengthens the will, forms character.

Work causes different feelings, depending on the objective conditions in which a person works. Representatives of all professions speak about the joyful experiences that work gives, especially successful work.

The improvement of the individual in the course of social development leads to the fact that one of the primary human needs is labor, and the process of labor turns into a source of positive feelings. Anyone who has ever made a thing with his own hands knows this feeling of joy and spiritual uplift, which is not available to idlers.

Any kind of labor in which initiative is manifested, something new is created, an improvement is made in the work process, acquires a creative character.

Creativity is an original solution to a labor problem or the creation of a new material or spiritual product of activity that has social value. The subject of creativity can be the invention of a machine, the introduction of a rationalization proposal in production, the creation of a work of art - literary, musical, the use of new original techniques that ensure the success of labor (engineer, doctor, teacher, worker). In order for the work to become creative, it is necessary to show perseverance and diligence. Many people think that it's only about abilities, that talented people are creative easily, that they can do everything by themselves. In fact, even a talented person will not create anything if he does not work hard.

Difficulties should not be avoided in any work. Overcoming them, a person develops, strengthens spiritual and physical strength. Pilot-cosmonauts can serve as an example of striving for hard rather than easy work. Yuri Gagarin, who graduated with honors from the flight school, was offered to choose his own place of service. He had already decided in advance to go where it was more difficult, he felt like "the son of a mighty Komsomol tribe and did not consider himself entitled to seek safe havens." Gagarin and his comrades asked to go to the North.

But hard work alone is not enough for creativity. Appropriate abilities are also needed, which develop in the process of activity itself, if a person shows the necessary will and interest in work.

In one of the issues of the magazine "Around the World" such a case was described. The colonists of North America drove the native Indians to special settlements - reservations. White people wished the Indians well: they built their dwellings, provided them with food and clothing. But a strange thing: the Indians, deprived of the need to get their own food with their labor, began to die out. Probably, work, dangers, life's hardships are necessary for a person in the same way as air, light and water. The absence of labor degenerates estates, deprives them of human dignity, morality and, in the end, real happiness.

Outside of serious mental and physical labor, there is no development of personality, a person loses his “way in life”. “There are also such gentlemen,” wrote K. D. Ushinsky, “who, having absolutely no business in life, come up with an occupation for the sake of mental and physical exercise: sharpening, playing billiards, or simply running around the streets to finish off a sumptuous breakfast and restore the appetite for dinner, but such work has the same meaning as the emetic at the table of the Roman glutton: arousing a deceptive desire for new pleasures, it helps to upset the mental and bodily organism of a person. Labor is not a game, not fun; he is always serious and heavy; only a full awareness of the need to achieve this or that goal in life can make a person take on the burden that is the necessary accessory of any true labor.

Is it even possible to live without work? After all, you don’t always want to do boring, uninteresting work. It is much more interesting to have fun, like the Dragonfly Jumper, who “sang red summer”, and with the advent of winter began to seek salvation from the Workaholic Ant.

In all types of work, an important quality of personality is formed - practicality. A person with this quality is freely oriented in production and everyday life. By participating in collective work, the individual learns not only others, but also himself: who he is, what value he represents for others, what he can do. Children, as shown by psychological research, do not know themselves well, their capabilities, their position in the team. But as a result of early labor activity, significant changes occur. First of all, the child's attitude towards himself changes, and then the attitude of the collective.

The development of the country depends on who comes to replace the older generation. At the same time, the formation and development of enterprises, industries and the economy as a whole depends not only on the educational and professional level of young specialists, but also on their motivation in the labor sphere, on the value orientations and attitudes that dominate labor activity.

The younger generation, meeting the requirements of the time, combines education with work in various areas of production; it is during the acquisition of a profession and with entry into the labor market that young people develop ideas about the goals of professional activity and ways to achieve them, which is reflected in their motivation, work orientations and strategies.

A person is valued by his work, not laziness. If a person has achieved everything himself, then we respect him and follow in his footsteps. There are many proverbs and sayings about labor. “You can’t pull a fish out of a pond without difficulty” - this proverb tells us that if you are lazy and lie on the couch, then you will not get anything.

A working person is always valued in society and often he is the soul of the company. There is always something to talk about with him. Labor has always adorned and will decorate a person, no matter what his character is. In our life there is laziness, which must always be fought. Work helps us gain knowledge, because listening and writing in the classroom is not lying on the couch. Listening is always a lot of work.

A working person will always find something to talk about and fascinate with his attractiveness. Take, for example, A.S. Pushkin. Everyone knows that with his stories and poems he made many people fall in love with him, who to this day study his biography and learn all his works. Alexander Pushkin gathered hundreds of people in the hall while reading a new work, who listened to him with pleasure.

I completely agree with the proverb that says that the beauty of a person is in work, and if you work, then everything will be.

5. Mentions in the writings of famous figures

Work ennobles a person. In Russian folklore, as well as in the folklore of many peoples of the world, there are many proverbs about labor: “Without labor you cannot pull a fish out of a pond”, “Labor during teaching is boring, but the fruit of teaching is tasty”, “Labor feeds a person, but laziness spoils "," Labor is immaculate, even a little, but firmly. Man in labor becomes man. The English philosopher T. Carlyle accurately noted: "The most unfortunate of people is the one for whom there was no work in the world." Let us recall the example of Ilya Ilyich Oblomov, the hero of the novel of the same name by I. Goncharov. In his own way, a kind, sweet, intelligent and attractive person, he destroys his own life with his own hands. But in his youth, he "was full of all sorts of aspirations, hopes, expected a lot from fate and himself, everything was preparing for some kind of field, for some kind of role." The writer is trying to analyze the life path of his hero and answer the question: what made him engage in self-destruction? Oblomov received a good education, after which he entered the service. And that's when life was immediately divided for him into two halves. One of them consisted of work and boredom, which became synonymous for him, the other of peace and peaceful fun. When Oblomov realized that "there must be at least an earthquake in order not to come to the service of a healthy person," he resigned, stopped going out into the world and began to lead the life of a recluse. Soul and body, he has grown to a cozy sofa, a spacious dressing gown and wide shoes. Neglect of any work over time gives rise to apathy and indifference in Oblomov's soul. Even love for Olga Ilyinskaya cannot revive a person in him. Oblomov knows for sure that his relationship with Olga will gradually turn into a chain of various conventions and obligations. One thought that it will be necessary to get up from your favorite sofa, "correspond" to the position, do business, be the head of the family, seems to the hero to be murderous. After all, all this is work, and work requires a certain amount of effort and energy. But Oblomov has long outlived these qualities in himself. “I thought that I would revive you, that you could still live for me, but you have already died a long time ago,” Olga tells him bitterly. “Industriousness is one of the indispensable measures of human dignity,” with these words, Ch. Aitmatov prefaces his novel “... And the day lasts longer than a century.” The protagonist Edigei Zhangeldin (Snowstorm Edigei) “is not just a hard worker by nature and occupation. He is a hardworking soul." Edigei settled at the Boranly-Buranny junction after the war. He lives with the realization that someone needs to go out and plunder the snow in forty-degree frost, and repair the railway in the scorching heat. And all the time to meet and see off trains that "went from east to west and from west to east." Over the years of existence, many workers have changed at the junction, but none of them stayed here for long: the conditions were too difficult and the loneliness was unbearable. And only Yedigei lived, worked and felt happy, because he believed that his work was not in vain, it was for the benefit of people and trains. The Russian people have always respected hardworking, diligent people, honored those who had any business in their hands, who put a particle of their soul into work. P. Zagrebelny's novel "Divo" and D. Kedrin's poem "The Architects" sound like an anthem to such a person-creator. The novel "Divo" tells about the nameless builders of the Church of St. Sophia in Ancient Kyiv, the poem "Architects" - about the construction of the Church of the Intercession. In both cases, we see the sacrament of the creation of a shrine - the church of "bride beauty". We follow how events unfold, and as if we become their direct participants. We see tanned, tired faces of emaciated craftsmen doing hard work. At the same time, they are happy, because they are trying to convey to the stone the warmth of human hands and spiritual tenderness that accompany each of their actions. They weave “patterns from stone lace, as they erect pillars, and, being proud of their work, burn the dome with gold ...” (“Architects”), And gradually a white church rises before our mind’s eye, like a bride in a wedding dress. For many centuries, she becomes the personification of the diligence and talent of the Russian people. One can talk endlessly about work, about the attitude to work. Tvardovsky's lines speak best of all about the educational role of labor, about the importance of socially useful labor: "A medal for a battle, a medal for labor, is poured from one metal." And I would like to finish my thoughts with the words of E. Hemingway: “Work is the main thing in life. From all troubles, from all troubles, you can find only one deliverance - in work.

Sources

1. http://www.rummuseum.ru/lib_e/engels_trud.php

2. http://www.v-ratio.ru/deti/110-trud-radost.html

3. https://pro-psixology.ru/trud-obshhenie-i-igra/292-radost-truda.html

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In any socio-economic formation and political structure of society, labor retains its importance as a factor in social production.

Economic theory distinguishes three factors of production: land, labor and capital. Moreover, production as such is only possible if land and capital are united with labour. Only in the process of labor activity natural and material resources are transformed into material values. Without labor, land and capital lose their importance as factors of production.

Labor is recognized as the dominant factor and differs from the other two by the active nature of the impact on the material substance and the presence of the human, personal principle. Labor activity is carried out by people, and therefore labor bears the imprint of socio-historical conditions.

The improvement of production also occurs to a large extent due to labor, an increase in its productivity, and the complication of its content. Labor has a significant impact on the general performance indicators of organizations, including the level of profit. Ultimately, the well-being of the employer, the economy, society as a whole depends on the efficiency of labor.

Labor, forming social wealth, underlies all social development. As a result of labor activity, on the one hand, the market is saturated with goods, services, cultural values for which a certain need has already developed, on the other hand, the progress of science, technology, and production leads to the emergence of new needs and their subsequent satisfaction. In addition, scientific and technological progress ensures the growth of productivity and labor efficiency.

The significance of labor is not limited to its role in social production. Spiritual values are also created in the process of labor. With the growth of social wealth, the needs of people become more complex, cultural values are created, and the level of education of the population grows. Thus, labor performs the function of one of the factors of social progress and the creator of society. Ultimately, it is thanks to the division of labor that the social strata of society and the foundations of their interaction are formed.

Labor - a conscious purposeful activity to create material and spiritual benefits necessary to meet the needs of each individual and society as a whole - forms not only society, but also a person, encourages him to acquire knowledge and professional skills, to interact with other people, to complicate needs . In human nature itself, as the researchers note, the need to work as a necessary and natural condition for existence was initially laid down. Many scientists adhere to the point of view that work in itself is a source of satisfaction, which makes it possible to realize the aspirations inherent in a person for self-expression in work. The desire to work is often associated with an individual's awareness of belonging to a human community, participation in a common life, in the joint creation of one's own environment.

Among the social functions of labor, freedom-creation is also distinguished: labor manifests itself in society as “a force that paves the way for humanity to freedom (giving people the opportunity to take into account in advance the increasingly distant natural and social consequences of their actions, this function, as it were, summarizes all the previous ones, because it is in labor and through labor, society learns both the laws of its development and the laws of nature; therefore, other functions, as it were, "prepare" and make really feasible the free-creating function of labor, which is a function of the further unlimited development of mankind).

From this chapter we can draw the following conclusion: in chapter 2 the role of labor in human life was formulated. The significance of labor is not limited to its role in social production. Spiritual values are also created in the process of labor. With the growth of social wealth, the needs of people become more complex, cultural values are created, and the level of education of the population grows. Thus, labor performs the function of one of the factors of social progress and the creator of society. Ultimately, it is thanks to the division of labor that the social strata of society and the foundations of their interaction are formed.

In the process of studying other subjects, the students got a fairly complete picture of the role of labor in human life. However, in this course it is important to note the organic connection between work and family life of people.

It is advisable to start the lesson by clarifying how students understand the expression "working atmosphere of the family." Based on their statements, we should briefly emphasize the importance of labor for the development of human society.

It was labor that was the source of human progress. society, provided tremendous achievements in the development of science, technology, art. Thus, the concepts of "man" and "labor" are inseparable.

Engaged in physical and mental labor, creating material and other benefits, steadily improving the tools and the actual process of labor, people at the same time improve themselves.

Further, it is important to show the role of work in family life. It is directly related to work both for its own interests and for the good of society. “Without labor, efficient, serious labor, family happiness is nothing but a romantic chimera,” K. D. Ushinsky argued.

Labor for each family is primarily a source of material well-being. For the normal functioning of the family, of course, appropriate material conditions are necessary: the availability of living space, furnishings, household items, etc., as well as the means of subsistence. V. A. Sukhomlinsky warned:

“Do not console yourself with a crackling phrase that with a sweetheart and in a hut - paradise. Marriage is not only a spiritual, but also a material union. If you are going to start a family, think about how financially independent you are, whether you will be able to clothe, cover and feed your girlfriend.

It should be noted that young people who are about to get married do not always think about this prosaic side of the matter. The future married life is drawn by him in the most rosy colors and is sometimes presented as a carefree and happy joint pastime. Real life severely refutes these illusions.

True, now often newlyweds receive significant material support from their parents. If before the father and mother raised their replacements, reasonably believing that the growing sons and daughters would be their support, make their lives easier, thank them for all their work and cares, now many outwardly quite independent young people continue to live at the expense of their parents. However, not all fathers and mothers have the opportunity to provide financial assistance to adult children without prejudice to their own interests. Young people who respect themselves, as well as their parents, tend to avoid the role of overage dependents, independently satisfy the urgent needs of their young family.

Probably, everyone knows such sayings: “Without labor you can’t pull a fish out of a pond”, “Deed and labor will grind everything”, “What kind of work, such are the fruits”, “Labor feeds a person, but laziness spoils” and many other labor-related . So, what is labor and why is it needed?

According to many scientists, it was labor that made a man out of a monkey. This, of course, is a controversial statement, but there is a certain sense in it. All the conveniences and benefits that people now have appeared precisely thanks to the labors of man. Over time, new discoveries were made, inventions appeared and devices were created, without which modern life seems impossible. But if people were lazy and did nothing, would that be possible? Of course not!

From early childhood, a person is attached to work. The kid is taught to fold toys, make the bed, put away his things. Then at school the child receives knowledge, tries to bring home a good grade and please his parents. Many children are additionally engaged in sports, music, art schools, go to circles and sections, and this is also a kind of work. After school, they enter other educational institutions to get a good profession.

In today's world, there are a huge number of professions. But each has its own meaning. Builders build buildings, houses, schools, shops. Doctors treat people and save millions of lives. Teachers teach children and help them choose the right profession. Janitors keep the streets clean and beautiful. Vendors sell goods necessary for life. There is no such profession that would not be needed. Every worker works and benefits society and himself. A person receives a salary for his work in order to provide for himself and his family. If you work hard, gain new knowledge and skills, you can move up the career ladder and take a leadership position. Throughout life, a person works, many have not one profession, but several. Everyone chooses what he likes, what he has the ability to do.

At all times, the working person was treated with honor and respect. And laziness and parasitism were ridiculed and condemned. Remember even the children's song about Antoshka. The guys who worked all day got a delicious lunch, and the one who did nothing and did not help the others was left with an empty plate. So in real life, every person needs to work.

Option 2

Labor is an integral part of the life of each of us. Even the laziest have to work, because otherwise life will stand still and stop moving.

Labor is not only physical activity, work at the factory, in the fields, construction and the like. You can also work mentally, for example, at school. All people are working. We do homework, write down notes, tests, read, learn something new and will continue to study at the university, all our lives. We also work in relations with others, we try to maintain friendship, mutual understanding in the family and in love. The hardest work is working on yourself. Over your thoughts, your behavior, your body.

Our entire life system is built on work. We became human precisely because we learned to work. If we recall the lessons at which we were told about the origin of man, then images of a spear and various knives carved from stone immediately appear before our eyes, and they are called “The first tools in the world”. Now people get paid for their work, so that later they can pay someone else for it. A kind of reciprocity. A person working in the office works for the benefit of the company, receives money for his work, and then pays for the work of a taxi driver that delivers him home, a seller who helps to purchase goods, plumbing for pipe repairs, kindergarten teachers, for looking after his daughter and many others. This is how we exist. Through joint work, we help each other and the whole planet.

A more global contribution to the development of society is made by scientists, working with their minds. Thanks to them, we now know what our planet looks like from space, we can travel in our own transport, use the Internet, electricity and gas, be treated for various diseases from which there was no salvation before, and many other things.

On the topic of labor, there are many sayings invented by our distant ancestors. In our country they say: “You can’t pull a fish out of a pond without labor”, “What you have worked for, you have eaten”, “Labor feeds a person, but laziness spoils”. And now, for example, in England: “Without bees there will be no honey, without work there will be no money”, “You cannot fall down an oak tree with one blow”, “A lazy person is the brother of a beggar”.

All peoples of the world compose stories, fairy tales and proverbs about the importance of work. Everyone teaches their children to work, to be patient and to respect not only their own efforts, but also those of others. Because work is the basis of life, and without it, we all would never have become what we are now.

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The protagonist of this wonderful work can be called far from humanistic and humane views. He is primarily interested in the free and measured life that he would lead

Culture is the result of human activity, in which labor occupies a special place. Everything necessary for themselves people obtain by labor, which is a natural and necessary condition of human life.

Labor is one of the most essential features that distinguish man from animals. According to most scientists, it was labor that brought man beyond the limits of purely natural existence.

Since the 19th century, after the creation of the evolutionary theory by the English naturalist Charles Robert Darwin, the labor concept of the origin of man, adhering to the thesis of the determining importance of labor in the process of anthroposociogenesis, has become widespread in science.

Actually, human labor activity did not arise immediately. It was preceded by a long period when the closest relatives of people Australopithecus (Australopithecine - literally means "southern monkey"), who lived in herds more than 1 million years ago, gradually began to acquire skills in the systematic use of ready-made tools and their small improvement. These animals, which laid the foundation for the great turn in evolution from biological forms of life to social life, already walked on their hind limbs, with a more or less straightened position of the body. Rising to its hind legs, the ancestor of man freed his hands from the function of movement. This was a colossal achievement, for man would never have achieved a dominant position in the world without the use of hands as tools obedient to his will. The activities of Australopithecus can be characterized as the beginnings of labor.

In the course of evolution, what australopithecines existed as rudiments became a hallmark of their successors - Pithecanthropus (Pithecanthropus means "ape-man") and Sinanthropes (Synanthropus means "Chinese, or Beijing man), who lived 500-400 thousand years ago . The Pithecanthropes laid the foundation for the manufacture of stone tools - hand axes, and the Sinanthropes began to conquer the power of fire. The Neanderthal man who appeared after them 200 thousand years ago (Neanderthal from the name of the Neandertal valley in Germany) made significant progress in the methods of making and using tools, learned how to make stone knives and bone needles, which allowed him to sew clothes from animal skins.

The systematic manufacture and use of tools is considered to be the beginning of human labor, which marked a gigantic qualitative leap in the formation of man. Only man could work with the help of tools. Once having arisen, the process of labor has never stopped, but has been improved all the time.

Transforming nature, labor simultaneously transformed its bearer - man. A radical change in the way of life, the transformation of nature in the process of labor led to the transformation of the animal into a person, and the unconscious psyche into consciousness. Approximately 50 - 40 thousand years ago, the final transformation of ape-men into neoanthropes or Cro-Magnon (from the name of the Cro-Magnon grotto in France) people of the modern type took place. Since then, the tools of labor began to play a decisive role in people's lives, and their mutual relations from biological to social. Together with the emergence of proper human labor, proper human life also arose.

The emergence of human labor activity had two decisive consequences. Firstly, the body of human ancestors began to adapt not just to environmental conditions, but to labor activity; therefore, such specific features of the physical organization of a human being as a straight gait, differentiation of the functions of the fore and hind limbs, development of the hands and brain, developed in the process of long-term adaptation of the body to the performance of labor operations. Secondly, labor, being a joint activity of people, stimulated the emergence and development of articulate speech, i.e. language as a means of communication, accumulation and transfer of labor and social experience.

In contrast to the instinctive forms of animal action, determined by biological motives, human labor has become a purposeful activity. Man created what nature had not produced before him, and the things he transformed were dictated by his needs and goals and turned into values that he used. It was in this that the vital, i.e. the main purpose of work.

In primitive times, the main types of human labor activity were hunting, cattle breeding, farming, and domestic labor. At later stages of social development, the division of labor becomes more complicated. Handicraft (which was previously part of domestic labor), metal mining, construction, and trade stand out as its special types. The emergence of manufacturing production and the transition of mankind to an industrial society caused a real revolution in labor, giving rise to a huge variety of its types and spheres of human labor activity. In modern society, there are tens of thousands of types of labor that require special abilities and certain qualities from a person.

Each stage of human development has its own content of labor and a special attitude of people towards it. The era of primitive society is characterized by the attitude to work as a universal vital necessity. In modern society, work as a whole is seen as a moral duty to God, the country, the family, and oneself.

For modern man, work has a great cultural value. Another French thinker of the 17th century, Marie Francois Voltaire, said: “Labor eliminates three great misfortunes from us: boredom, vice and need.” Labor as a cultural value of modern man is manifested in the fact that it is through labor that he comes into contact with the outside world, establishes his place in the social hierarchy. Labor structures the psychological time of a person, fills and organizes his day, year and whole life.

Labor activity is the most important field of self-realization in the life of any person. It is here that his abilities and talent are developed and improved, it is in this area that he can assert himself as a person.