Pre-electronic era
The need to count objects in humans arose in prehistoric times. The need for counting forced people to use counting standards. The first computing device was the abacus. With the complication of economic activity and social relations, and over the centuries, they began to use - abacus.
Blaise Pascal (1623 - 1662)
French religious philosopher, writer, mathematician and physicist Blaise Pascal in 1642 he designed the first mechanical calculator that allows you to add and subtract numbers.
G. Leibniz
In 1673 a German scientist G. Leibniz developed a calculating device in which he used a mechanism known as the "Leibniz wheel". His calculating machine performed not only addition and subtraction, but also multiplication and division.
Carl Thomas
In the 19th century, Karl Thomas invented the first calculating machines - adding machines. Functions: addition, calculation, multiplication, division, storing intermediate results, printing results and much more.
Babbage's Analytical Engine (mid-19th century)
The Analytical Engine consists of 4,000 steel parts and weighs 3 tons. The calculations were made in accordance with the instructions (programs) developed by Lady Ada Lovelace (daughter of the English poet Byron). The Countess of Lovelace is credited with being the first computer programmer and the ADA programming language is named after her.
The first computer in the world
In 1945, American electronics engineer J.P. Eckert and physicist J.W. Mauchly at the University of Pennsylvania designed, by order of the US military department, the first electronic computer - "Eniac" (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer)
The first Soviet computers
The first Soviet electronic computer (later called MESM - small electronic calculating machine) was created in 1949 in Kyiv, and three years later, in 1952, the BESM machine (high-speed electronic calculating machine) was put into operation in Moscow. Both machines were created under the leadership of the outstanding Soviet scientist Sergei Alekseevich Lebedev (1902-1974), the founder of Soviet electronic computing technology.
MESM performed arithmetic operations on 5-6-digit numbers at a speed of 50 operations per second, had a memory on vacuum tubes with a volume of 100 cells, occupied 50 square meters. m., consumed 25 kW / h.
BESM - executed programs at a speed of approximately 10,000 instructions per second. The BESM memory consisted of 1024 cells (39 bits each). This memory was built on magnetic cores. The external memory of the computer was placed on two magnetic drums and one magnetic tape and contained 100,000 39-bit words.
First generation computers (1945 - 1957)
All computers of the first generation were made on the basis of vacuum tubes, which made them unreliable - the tubes had to be changed frequently. These computers were huge, cumbersome, and overpriced machines that only large corporations and governments could purchase. Lamps consumed a huge amount of electricity and generated a lot of heat.
Computers of the second generation (1958 - 1964)
In the 60s of the XX century, second-generation computers were created, in which transistors replaced vacuum tubes. Such computers were produced in small batches and used in large research centers and leading higher educational institutions.
In the USSR in 1967, the most powerful second-generation computer machine in Europe was produced.
BESM-6 (High-speed Electronic Computing Machine 6), which could perform 1 million operations per second.
third generation computer
Since the 70s of the last century, third-generation computers have been used as the element base of third-generation computers. integrated circuits . Computers based on integrated circuits have become smaller, faster and cheaper. Such minicomputers were produced in large series and became available to most scientific institutes and higher educational institutions.
Personal computers
The development of high technologies has led to the creation of large integrated circuits - LSI, including tens of thousands of transistors. This made it possible to start producing compact personal computers available for mass use.
First personal computer
The first personal computer was created in 1977 Apple II , and in 1982, IBM began manufacturing personal computers IBM PC.
Personal computers
Over thirty years of development, personal computers have turned into powerful high-performance devices for processing various types of information, which have qualitatively expanded the scope of computers. Personal computers are produced in stationary (desktop) and portable versions.
Almost 200 million computers are produced annually in the world, affordable for the mass consumer.
Generations of computers
Characteristic
Years of use
40 - 50s 20th century
main element
generation
generation
60s 20th century
Electric lamp
Speed, operations per second
Tens of thousands
Personal computers
70s 20th century
Number of computers in the world, pcs.
Transistor
generation
Hundreds of thousands
Integrated circuit
80s 20th century – present tense
Large integrated circuit
Millions
Billions
Hundreds of thousands
slide 1
History of the development of computer technology
slide 2
The history of the development of computer technology is usually divided into prehistory and 4 generations of computer development:
Background; - First generation; - Second generation; - Third generation; - Fourth generation;
slide 3
Background. In 1941, the German engineer Zuse built a small computer based on electromechanical relays, but because of the war, his work was not published. In 1943, in the United States, at one of the IBM enterprises, Aiken created a more powerful Mark-1 computer, which was used for military calculations. But electromechanical relays worked slowly and unreliably. The first generation of computers (1946 - mid-50s) The generation of computers is understood as all types and models of computers developed by various design teams, but built on the same scientific and technical principles. The appearance of the electron vacuum tube led to the creation of the first computer. In 1946, a computer for solving problems called ENIAC (ENIAC - Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator - "electronic numerical integrator and calculator") appeared in the USA. This computer worked a thousand times faster than the Mark-1. But most of the time he was idle, because. it took several hours to properly connect the wires to complete the program. The set of elements that make up a computer is called the element base. The element base of computers of the 1st generation is vacuum tubes, resistors and capacitors. The elements were connected by wires using surface mounting. The computer was a lot of bulky cabinets and occupied a special machine room, weighed hundreds of tons and consumed hundreds of kilowatts of electricity. ENIAC had 20,000 vacuum tubes. For 1 sec. The machine performed 300 multiplication operations or 5000 multi-digit addition operations. In 1945, the famous American mathematician John von Neumann presented a report to the general scientific community, in which he managed to outline the formal logical organization of a computer, abstracting from circuits and radio tubes.
slide 4
The history of the development of computer technology. Classical principles of functional organization and operation of a computer:
1. Availability of main devices: control unit (CU), arithmetic logic (ALU), storage device (RAM), input-output devices; 2. Storage of data and commands in memory; 3. The principle of program control; 4. Sequential execution of operations; 5. Binary encoding of information (the first computer "Mark-1" performed calculations in the decimal number system, but such encoding is technically difficult to implement, and was later abandoned); 6. Use of electronic elements and electrical circuits for greater reliability (instead of electromechanical relays).
slide 5
First generation of computers
The first domestic computer was created in 1951 under the leadership of Academician S.A. Lebedev, and it was called MESM (small electronic calculating machine). Later, BESM-2 (large electronic calculating machine) was created. The most powerful computer of the first generation in Europe was the Soviet M-20 computer with a speed of 20,000 ops/sec. and 4,000 machine words of RAM. On average, the speed of the first generation computers is 10-20 thousand op / sec. The operation of the first generation computers is too complicated due to frequent failure: vacuum tubes often burned out and they had to be replaced manually. A whole staff of engineers was engaged in the maintenance of such a computer. Programs for such machines were written in machine codes, it was necessary to know all the commands of the machine and their binary representation. In addition, such computers cost millions of dollars.
slide 6
The second generation of computers
The invention of the transistor in 1948 made it possible to change the element base of the computer to semiconductor elements (transistors and diodes), as well as more advanced resistors and capacitors. One transistor replaced 40 vacuum tubes, worked faster, was cheaper and more reliable. The technology for connecting the element base has changed: the first printed circuit boards appeared - plates of insulating material on which transistors, diodes, resistors and capacitors were placed. The printed circuit boards were connected using surface mounting. The consumption of electricity has been reduced, and the dimensions have decreased hundreds of times. The performance of such computers is up to 1 million operations / sec. When several elements failed, the entire board was replaced, and not each element individually. After the advent of transistors, the most time-consuming operation in the manufacture of computers was the connection and soldering of transistors to create electronic circuits. The advent of algorithmic languages has facilitated the process of programming. The principle of time sharing was introduced - various computer devices began to work simultaneously. In 1965, Digital Equipment released the first minicomputer, the PDP-8, the size of a refrigerator and costing only $20,000.
Slide 7
Third generation of computers
In 1958, John Kilby created the first experimental integrated circuit or chip. The integrated circuit performed the same functions as the electronic one in the second generation computers. It was a silicon wafer on which transistors and all connections between them were placed. Element base - integrated circuits. Performance: hundreds of thousands - millions of operations per second. The first computer made on integrated circuits was the IBM-360 in 1968 by IBM, which marked the beginning of a whole series (the larger the number, the greater the capabilities of the computer). In 1970, Intel began selling integrated memory circuits. Since then, the number of transistors per unit area of an integrated circuit has roughly doubled annually. This provided a constant reduction in cost and an increase in computer speed. The amount of memory has increased. Displays and graph plotters have appeared, and a variety of programming languages are being further developed. Two families of computers were produced in our country: large (for example, EC-1022, EC-1035) and small (for example, SM-2, SM-3). At that time, the computer center was equipped with one or two ES-computer models and a display class, where each programmer could connect to the computer in a time-sharing mode.
Slide 8
fourth generation of computers
In 1970, Marshian Edward Hoff of Intel designed an integrated circuit similar in function to the central processing unit of a large computer. This is how the first Intel-4004 microprocessor appeared, which was released for sale in 1971. This microprocessor, less than 3 cm in size, was more productive than a giant machine. It was possible to place 2250 transistors on one silicon crystal. True, it worked much slower and could process only 4 bits of information at the same time (instead of 16-32 bits for large computers), but it also cost tens of thousands of times cheaper (about $ 500). Soon began a rapid increase in the performance of microprocessors. At first, microprocessors were used in various computing devices (for example, in calculators). In 1974, several companies announced the creation of a personal computer based on the Intel-8008 microprocessor, i.e. device for one user.
Slide 9
A wide sale in the personal computer (PC) market is associated with the names of young Americans S. Jobs and W. Wozniak, the founders of Apple Computer, which since 1977 has launched the production of Apple personal computers. Numerous programs designed for business applications (text editing, spreadsheets for accounting calculations) contributed to the growth in sales.
Slide 10
In the late 1970s, the rise of the PC led to a decline in the demand for large computers. This worried the leadership of IBM, a leading company in the production of large computers, and they decided to try their hand at the PC market as an experiment. In order not to spend a lot of money on this experiment, the department responsible for this project was allowed not to design a PC from scratch, but to use blocks made by other companies. So, the latest at that time 16-bit microprocessor Intel-8088 was chosen as the main microprocessor. The software was commissioned to develop a small firm Microsoft. In August 1981, the new IBM PC was ready and became very popular among users. IBM did not make its computer a single one-piece device and did not protect its design with patents. On the contrary, she assembled the computer from independently manufactured parts and did not keep the methods of connecting these parts a secret; IBM PC designs were available to everyone. This allowed other firms to develop both hardware and software. Very soon, these firms were no longer satisfied with the role of manufacturers of components for the IBM PC and began to build PCs themselves that were compatible with the IBM PC. Competition between manufacturers has led to cheaper computers. Since these firms did not have to incur huge research costs, they could sell their computers for much less than comparable IBM computers. Computers compatible with the IBM PC were called "clones" (twins). A common feature of the IBM PC family and compatible computers is software compatibility and the principle of open architecture, i.e. the ability to add and replace existing hardware with more modern ones without replacing the entire computer. One of the most important ideas of fourth-generation computers is that several processors are used simultaneously to process information (multiprocessor processing).
slide 11
A server is a powerful computer in computer networks that provides services to computers connected to it and access to other networks. Supercomputers have been around since the 1970s. Unlike Neumann computers, they use a multiprocessor processing method. With this method, the problem to be solved is divided into several parts, each of which is solved in parallel on its own processor. This dramatically increases performance. Their speed is billions of operations per second. But these computers cost millions of dollars. Personal computers (PCs) are used everywhere and have an affordable price. For them, a large number of software tools have been developed for various fields of application that help a person process information. Now the PC has become multimedia, i.e. processes not only numerical and textual information, but also effectively works with sound and images. Portable computers (the Latin word "porto" means "carry") - portable computers. The most common of them laptop ("note book") - notepad personal computer. Industrial computers are designed for use in industrial environments (for example, to control machine tools, airplanes, and trains). They are subject to increased requirements for the reliability of trouble-free operation, resistance to temperature changes, vibration, etc. Therefore, ordinary personal computers cannot be used as industrial ones.
slide 12
Thank you for your attention!!!
Mechanical period Arithmometer - a calculating machine that performs all 4 arithmetic operations (1874, Odner) Analytical machine - the first computer that performs certain programs (1833, C. Babbage)Ch. Babbage Applied up to ser. 20th century The project was not realized due to insufficient development of technical means, but Babbage's ideas were used by many inventors
Charles Babbage (g.) is the inventor of the computer. Ada Lovelace was the first computer programmer. back
Mechanical period Tabulator - a machine that uses punched cards, from which information was read using electric current (1888, G. Hollerith) This machine was used in the US census (1890), which made it possible to process the results of the census for 3 years. Hollerith founded IBM in 1924 to mass-produce tabulators.
The first generation of computers. ENIAC (1946 D. Eckert, D. Mouchli) Dimensions: 30 m long, weight 30 tons. Consisted of e. lamps. Performed 300 multiplications and 5000 additions of multi-digit numbers per second EDSAC (1949) - the first machine with a stored program (England). This computer was created in accordance with the principles of von Neumann. MESM (1951) - the first domestic computer, developed by Academician S.A. Lebedev. UNIVAC (1951) - for the first time magnetic tapes were used to record and store information (England). BESM-2 (1952) is a domestic computer.
Characteristic features of the first generation computers: element base: electronic vacuum tubes; dimensions: made in the form of huge cabinets and occupies a special room; performance: thousand operations per second; information carrier: punched card, punched tape; programs are made up of machine codes; The number of cars in the world is dozens.
The second generation of computers (). The semiconductor transistor (replaced 40 vacuum tubes) BESM-6 (large electronic calculating machine) is the best in the world. MINSK-2 URAL-14
Characteristic features of computers of the second generation: element base: transistors; dimensions: made in the form of racks, slightly higher than human height, occupies a special room; performance: up to 1 million operations per second; information carrier: magnetic tapes; programs are written in algorithmic languages; There are thousands of cars in the world.
The third generation of computers (). Integrated circuit (microcircuit) 1964 - creation of six models IBM-360 IBM-370 SM computers (family of small computers) All machines of the 3rd generation are software compatible and have a developed operating system.
Characteristic features of third generation computers: element base: IC; dimensions: made in the form of racks, slightly higher than human height, does not require a special room (minicomputer); speed: up to millions of operations per second; information carrier: magnetic disks; programs are written in programming languages; The number of cars in the world is hundreds of thousands.
The fourth generation of computers (from 1971 to the present). The emergence of LSI and VLSI: one LSI in terms of power corresponds to 1000 ICs 1971 - the creation of the first microprocessor by Intel 1971 - the creation of the first personal computer by MITS 1981 - the creation of the IBM PC by IBM.
Characteristic features of the fourth generation computers: element base: LSI and VLSI; dimensions: microcomputer; speed: up to thousands of millions of operations per second; information carrier: floppy and laser disks; programs are written in programming languages; There are millions of cars in the world.
Calculating tools before the advent of computers V - VI century BC Ancient Greek abacus The history of computing is deeply rooted in the distant past, as well as the development of mankind. One of the first devices (VVI centuries BC) facilitating calculations can be considered a special board for calculations, called "abacus".
17th century Blaise Pascal Blasé Paskal (–) At the beginning of the 17th century, when mathematics began to play a key role in science, the French mathematician and physicist Blaise Pascal created an “adding” machine called Pascaline, which, in addition to addition, also performed subtraction. Pascal Arithmetic Machine
XVII century Gottfried Wilhelm Leibnitz Gottfried Wilhelm Leibnitz (-) The first arithmetic machine that performs all four arithmetic operations was created in 1673 by the German mathematician Leibniz - a mechanical adding machine. Leibniz mechanical adding machine (1673)
XIX century Charles BABBAGE (-) In 1812, the English mathematician and economist Charles Babbage began work on the creation of a "difference" machine, which was supposed not only to perform arithmetic operations, but to carry out calculations according to a program that specifies a specific function. For program control, punched cards were used - cardboard cards with holes punched in them (perforation). Babbage's Analytical Engine
Computers of the first generation of the year Element base - vacuum tubes. Dimensions - in the form of cabinets and occupied machine rooms. Performance - 10 - 100 thousand op./s. Operation is very difficult. Programming is a labor intensive process. The structure of the computer - according to a rigid principle.
Years Computers of the second generation of the year Element base - active and passive elements. Dimensions - the same type of rack, requiring a machine room. Performance - hundreds of thousands - 1 million op./s. Operation is simplified. Programming - Algorithmic languages appeared. The structure of the computer is a microprogram method of control.
Years Computers of the third generation of the year Element base - integrated circuits, large integrated circuits (IC, LSI). Dimensions - the same type of rack, requiring a machine room. Performance - hundreds of thousands - millions of op./s. Operation - repairs are carried out promptly. Programming - similar to the II generation. The structure of the computer - the principle of modularity and trunk. There were displays, magnetic disks.
From 197 to 1990 fourth generation computers from 197 to 1990 Element base - very large integrated circuits (VLSI). Creation of multiprocessor computing systems. Creation of cheap and compact microcomputers and personal computers and computer networks based on them. In 1971, Intel (USA) created the first microprocessor - a programmable logic device manufactured using VLSI technology.
1983 Apple Computers builds the Lisa personal computer, the first mouse-controlled office computer
From 1990 to the present day Fifth generation computers from 1990 to the present day The transition to fifth generation computers meant a transition to new architectures focused on the creation of artificial intelligence. It was believed that the architecture of fifth generation computers would contain two main blocks. One of them is the computer itself, in which communication with the user is carried out by a unit called the “intelligent interface”. The task of the interface is to understand the text written in natural language or speech, and to translate the condition of the task stated in this way into a working program. Basic requirements for computers of the 5th generation: Creation of a developed human-machine interface (recognition of speech, images); Development of logic programming to create knowledge bases and artificial intelligence systems; Creation of new technologies in the production of computer technology; Creation of new architectures of computers and computing systems. The new technical capabilities of computer technology should have expanded the range of tasks to be solved and made it possible to move on to the tasks of creating artificial intelligence. As one of the components necessary for the creation of artificial intelligence are knowledge bases (databases) in various areas of science and technology. The creation and use of databases requires a high-speed computing system and a large amount of memory. Mainframe computers are capable of high-speed calculations, but are not suitable for high-speed comparison and sorting of large amounts of records, usually stored on magnetic disks. To create programs that provide filling, updating databases and working with them, special object-oriented and logical programming languages were created that provide the greatest opportunities compared to conventional procedural languages. The structure of these languages requires a transition from the traditional von Neumann architecture of a computer to architectures that take into account the requirements of the tasks of creating artificial intelligence.
slide 2
Computing in the pre-electronic era First generation computers Second generation computers Third generation computers Personal computers Modern supercomputers
slide 3
Computing in the pre-electronic era
The need to count objects in humans arose in prehistoric times. The oldest method of counting objects was to compare objects of a certain group (for example, animals) with objects of another group, which plays the role of a counting standard. For most peoples, the first such standard was fingers (counting on fingers). The expanding needs for counting forced people to use other counting standards (notches on a stick, knots on a rope, etc.).
slide 4
Each student is well acquainted with counting sticks, which were used as a counting standard in the first grade. In the ancient world, when counting large quantities of objects, a new sign began to be used to designate a certain number of them (for most peoples - ten), for example, a notch on another stick. The first computing device to use this method was the abacus.
slide 5
The ancient Greek abacus was a plank sprinkled with sea sand. Furrows were made in the sand, on which numbers were indicated with pebbles. One groove corresponded to units, the other to tens, etc. If more than 10 pebbles were collected in a groove during counting, they were removed and one pebble was added to the next category. The Romans perfected the abacus, moving from sand and pebbles to marble slabs with chiseled grooves and marble balls.
slide 6
As the complexity of economic activity and social relations (monetary calculations, problems of measuring distances, time, areas, etc.) became more complex, a need arose for arithmetic calculations. To perform the simplest arithmetic operations (addition and subtraction), they began to use the abacus, and over the centuries, the abacus.
Slide 7
The development of science and technology required more and more complex mathematical calculations, and in the 19th century, mechanical calculating machines, arithmometers, were invented. Arithmometers could not only add, subtract, multiply and divide numbers, but also memorize intermediate results, print calculation results, etc.
Slide 8
In the middle of the 19th century, the English mathematician Charles Babbage put forward the idea of creating a program-controlled calculating machine with an arithmetic device, a control device, as well as input and printing devices.
Slide 9
Babbage's Analytical Engine (a prototype of modern computers) was built by enthusiasts from the London Science Museum according to surviving descriptions and drawings. The Analytical Engine consists of four thousand steel parts and weighs three tons.
Slide 10
The calculations were made by the Analytical Engine in accordance with the instructions (programs) developed by Lady Ada Lovelace (daughter of the English poet George Byron). The Countess of Lovelace is credited with being the first computer programmer, and the ADA programming language is named after her.
slide 11
Programs were recorded on punched cards by punching holes in thick paper cards in a certain order. Then the punched cards were placed in the Analytical Machine, which read the location of the holes and performed computational operations in accordance with a given program.
slide 12
The development of electronic computing technologyComputers of the first generation
In the 40s of the XX century, work began on the creation of the first electronic computers, in which mechanical parts were replaced by vacuum tubes. The computers of the first generation required large halls for their placement, as they used tens of thousands of vacuum tubes. Such computers were created in single copies, were very expensive and were installed in the largest research centers.
slide 13
First generation computers
In 1945, the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) was built in the USA, and in 1950, the MESM (Small Electronic Computing Machine) was created in the USSR
Slide 14
Computers of the first generation could perform calculations at a speed of several thousand operations per second, the sequence of which was set by programs. The programs were written in machine language, the alphabet of which consisted of two characters: 1 and 0. The programs were entered into the computer using punched cards or punched tapes, and the presence of a hole on the punched card corresponded to the character 1, and its absence corresponded to the character 0. The results of the calculations were output using printers in the form of long sequences of zeros and ones. Only qualified programmers who understood the language of the first computers could write programs in machine language and decipher the results of calculations.
slide 15
second generation computer
In the 60s of the XX century, second-generation computers were created based on a new element base - transistors, which are tens and hundreds of times smaller in size and weight, higher reliability and consume much less electrical power than vacuum tubes. Such computers were produced in small batches and installed in large research centers and leading higher educational institutions.
slide 16
In the USSR in 1967, the most powerful second-generation computer in Europe, BESM-6 (Large Electronic Computing Machine), was put into operation, which could perform 1 million operations per second.
Slide 17
BESM-6 used 260 thousand transistors, external memory devices on magnetic tapes for storing programs and data, as well as alphanumeric printers for outputting calculation results. The work of programmers in developing programs has become much simpler, since it began to be carried out using high-level programming languages (Algol, BASIC, etc.).
Slide 18
third generation computer
Since the 70s of the last century, integrated circuits have been used as the element base of third-generation computers. In an integrated circuit (a small semiconductor wafer) thousands of transistors can be densely packed, each of which is about the size of a human hair.
Slide 19
Integrated circuit computers have become much smaller, faster and cheaper. Such minicomputers were produced in large series and were available to most scientific institutes and higher educational institutions.
Slide 20
Personal computers
The development of high technologies has led to the creation of large integrated circuits - LSI, including tens of thousands of transistors. This made it possible to start producing compact personal computers available to the mass user.
slide 21
The first personal computer was the AppleII (the "grandfather" of modern Macintosh computers), created in 1977. In 1982, IBM began manufacturing personal computers, the IBM PC (the "grandfathers" of today's IBM-compatible computers).
slide 22
Modern personal computers are compact and have thousands of times the speed compared to the first personal computers (they can perform several billion operations per second). Almost 200 million computers are produced annually in the world, affordable for the mass consumer. Personal computers can be of various designs: desktop, portable (laptops) and pocket (handhelds).
slide 24
Literature used and image references
Informatics and ICT. Basic level: textbook for grade 11 / N.D. Ugrinovich. - 3rd ed. – M. : BINOM. Knowledge Laboratory, 2009. http://www.radikal.ru/users/al-tam/istorija-razvitija-vychtehniki
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