State standard USSR GOST 17.2.3.01-86
"Nature protection. Atmosphere.
Air quality regulations settlements"
(put into effect by the resolution of the State Standard of the USSR
dated 01.01.01 N 3395)
nature protection. atmosphere. Air quality control regulations for populated areas
Instead of GOST 17.2.3.01-77
1. Organization of control
2. Placement and number of observation posts
3. Program and timing of observations
4. Sampling
5. Characteristics of air pollution
This standard covers air quality control regulations. residential areas existing and newly built settlements.
The standard does not apply to the rules for air quality control in the territories of industrial enterprises.
The standard complies with ST SEV 1925-79 in terms of methods, duration and number of sampling.
1. Organization of control
1.1. Three categories of atmospheric pollution observation posts are established: stationary, route, mobile (under-flare).
1.2. The stationary post is designed to provide continuous recording of the content of pollutants or regular air sampling for subsequent analysis.
Stationary posts are distinguished from fixed posts, which are designed to detect long-term changes in the content of the main and most common pollutants.
1.3. The route post is designed for regular air sampling at a fixed point in the terrain during observations that are carried out using mobile equipment.
1.4. A mobile (under-flare) post is designed for sampling under a smoke (gas) torch in order to identify the zone of influence of a given source.
2. Placement and number of observation posts
2.1. Each post, regardless of category, is located on an open, ventilated from all sides area with a dust-free coating: asphalt, hard ground, lawn - in such a way that distortion of the measurement results by the presence of green spaces, buildings, etc. is excluded.
2.2. Stationary and route posts are located in places selected on the basis of a preliminary study of pollution air environment cities by industrial emissions, vehicle emissions, domestic and other sources and dispersion conditions. These posts are located in the central part of the settlement, residential areas with different type buildings (first of all, the most polluted), recreation areas, in areas adjacent to highways of heavy traffic.
2.3. The placement of stationary posts is coordinated with the local bodies of the USSR State Committee for Hydrometeorology and Control natural environment and sanitary and epidemiological service.
Support posts are not subject to transfer without prior permission from the USSR State Committee for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Control.
2.4. Sampling sites for under-flame observations are selected at different distances from a specific source of pollution, taking into account the patterns of distribution of pollutants in the atmosphere.
2.5. The number of posts and their location is determined taking into account the population, the area of the settlement and the terrain, as well as the development of industry, the network of highways with heavy traffic and their location throughout the city, the dispersal of recreation areas and resort areas.
2.6. The number of stationary posts, depending on the population, is set at least:
1 post - up to 50 thousand inhabitants, 2 posts - 100 thousand inhabitants, 2 - 3 posts - thousand inhabitants, 3 - 5 posts - thousand inhabitants, posts - more than 500 thousand inhabitants, posts (stationary and route) - more than 1 million inhabitants.
2.7. In settlements, one stationary or route post is installed every 0.5 - 5 km, taking into account the complexity of the terrain and the presence of a significant number of pollution sources.
2.8. When conducting extended studies of the state of atmospheric pollution, the number of stationary posts may be increased in agreement with the USSR Ministry of Health and the USSR State Committee for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Control.
3. Program and timing of observations
3.1. Four observation programs are established at stationary posts: complete, incomplete, reduced, daily.
3.2. The full program of observations is designed to obtain information on single and average daily concentrations. Observations for the full program are performed daily by continuous recording using automatic devices or discretely at regular intervals at least four times with mandatory selection at 1, 7, 13, 19 hours local standard time. It is allowed to conduct observations according to a rolling schedule of 7, 10, 13 hours on Tuesday, Thursday, Saturday and at 16, 19, 22 hours on Monday, Wednesday, Friday.
3.3. Observations under an incomplete program are allowed to be carried out in order to obtain information on single concentrations daily at 7, 13, 19 hours of local standard time.
3.4. According to a shortened program, observations are carried out in order to obtain information on single concentrations daily at 7 and 13 hours of local daylight savings time.
Observations according to a reduced program are allowed to be carried out at air temperatures below minus 45°C and in places where the average monthly concentrations are below 1/20 of the one-time MPC or below the lower limit of the measurement range of the impurity by the method used.
3.5. The daily sampling program is designed to obtain information on the average daily concentration. Observations under this program are carried out by continuous daily sampling.
3.6. During the period of unfavorable meteorological conditions and a significant increase in the content of pollutants, observations are made every 3 hours. At the same time, samples are taken under the torches of the main sources of pollution and in the territory of the highest population density.
3.7. Simultaneously with air sampling, the following meteorological parameters are determined: wind direction and speed, air temperature, weather conditions and the underlying surface.
3.8. At some posts, a shift of all observation periods by one hour is allowed.
It is allowed not to conduct observations on Sundays and holidays.
3.9. Monitoring of dust content, sour gas, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide (the main pollutants) and for specific substances that are typical for industrial emissions of a given locality.
3.10. Monitoring of specific pollutants is carried out at stationary (non-support) posts. Observations of the main pollutants at these posts are allowed to be carried out according to a reduced program (clause 3.4) and not to be carried out if the average monthly concentrations of these substances during the year do not exceed 0.5 of the average daily MPC.
3.11. The list of substances for control at each stationary post in the city is established by local bodies of the USSR State Committee for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Control and the Sanitary and Epidemiological Service.
3.12. At the route posts, observations are made of the main pollutants and specific substances characteristic of industrial emissions of a given settlement.
3.13. At mobile (under-flare) posts, observations are made for specific pollutants characteristic of emissions from a given enterprise.
3.14. When conducting episodic surveys, observations are carried out according to a program that includes necessary minimum regular program.
4. Sampling
4.1. The duration of sampling of pollutants in the determination of single concentrations is 20-30 minutes.
4.2. The duration of sampling of pollutants to determine the average daily concentrations for discrete observations under the full program is min, with continuous sampling - 24 hours.
4.3. Sampling in determining the surface concentration of impurities in the atmosphere is carried out at a height of 1.5 to 3.5 from the earth's surface.
4.4. Specific requirements for methods and means of sampling, necessary reagents, conditions for storage and transportation of samples, individual for each pollutant, are established in the regulatory and technical documents for methods for determining pollutants.
5. Characteristics of air pollution
5.1. According to the data on air pollution, the concentrations of impurities are determined: one-time min), average daily, average monthly and average annual.
5.2. Average daily concentrations are defined as the average arithmetic value single concentrations obtained under the full program at regular intervals, including mandatory periods of 1, 7, 13, 19 hours, as well as according to continuous registration during the day.
5.3. Average monthly values of pollutant concentrations are determined as the arithmetic mean of all one-time or average daily concentrations obtained during the month.
5.4. The average annual concentration of a pollutant is defined as the arithmetic mean of one-time or average daily concentrations obtained during the year.
State standard of the USSR GOST 17.2.3.01-86
"Nature protection. Atmosphere. Rules for air quality control in settlements"
(put into effect by the Decree of the State Standard of the USSR of November 10, 1986 N 3395)
nature protection. atmosphere. Air quality control regulations for populated areas
Instead of GOST 17.2.3.01-77
This standard applies to the rules for air quality control in residential areas of existing and newly built settlements.
The standard does not apply to the rules for air quality control in the territories of industrial enterprises.
The standard complies with ST SEV 1925-79 in terms of methods, duration and number of sampling.
1. Organization of control
1.1. Three categories of atmospheric pollution observation posts are established: stationary, route, mobile (under-flare).
1.2. The stationary post is designed to provide continuous recording of the content of pollutants or regular air sampling for subsequent analysis.
Stationary posts are distinguished from fixed posts, which are designed to detect long-term changes in the content of the main and most common pollutants.
1.3. The route post is designed for regular air sampling at a fixed point in the terrain during observations that are carried out using mobile equipment.
1.4. A mobile (under-flare) post is designed for sampling under a smoke (gas) torch in order to identify the zone of influence of a given source.
2. Placement and number of observation posts
2.1. Each post, regardless of category, is located on an open area ventilated from all sides with a dust-free coating: asphalt, hard ground, lawn - in such a way that the measurement results are not distorted by the presence of green spaces, buildings, etc.
2.2. Stationary and route posts are located in places selected on the basis of a preliminary study of urban air pollution by industrial emissions, vehicle emissions, domestic and other sources and dispersion conditions. These posts are located in the central part of the settlement, residential areas with various types of buildings (primarily the most polluted), recreation areas, in areas adjacent to highways of heavy traffic.
2.3. The placement of stationary posts is coordinated with the local bodies of the USSR State Committee for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Control and the Sanitary and Epidemiological Service.
Support posts are not subject to transfer without prior permission from the USSR State Committee for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Control.
2.4. Sampling sites for under-flame observations are selected at different distances from a specific source of pollution, taking into account the patterns of distribution of pollutants in the atmosphere.
2.5. The number of posts and their location is determined taking into account the population, the area of the settlement and the terrain, as well as the development of industry, the network of highways with heavy traffic and their location throughout the city, the dispersal of recreation areas and resort areas.
2.6. The number of stationary posts, depending on the population, is set at least:
1 post - up to 50 thousand inhabitants, 2 posts - 100 thousand inhabitants, 2 - 3 posts - 100 - 200 thousand inhabitants, 3 - 5 posts - 200 - 500 thousand inhabitants, 5 - 10 posts - more than 500 thousand. residents, 10 - 20 posts (stationary and route) - more than 1 million residents.
2.7. In settlements, one stationary or route post is installed every 0.5 - 5 km, taking into account the complexity of the terrain and the presence of a significant number of pollution sources.
2.8. When conducting extended studies of the state of atmospheric pollution, the number of stationary posts may be increased in agreement with the USSR Ministry of Health and the USSR State Committee for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Control.
3. Program and timing of observations
3.1. Four observation programs are established at stationary posts: complete, incomplete, reduced, daily.
3.2. The full program of observations is designed to obtain information on single and average daily concentrations. Observations according to the full program are performed daily by continuous recording using automatic devices or discretely at regular intervals at least four times with mandatory selection at 1, 7, 13, 19 hours local standard time. It is allowed to conduct observations according to a rolling schedule of 7, 10, 13 hours on Tuesday, Thursday, Saturday and at 16, 19, 22 hours on Monday, Wednesday, Friday.
3.3. Observations under an incomplete program are allowed to be carried out in order to obtain information on single concentrations daily at 7, 13, 19 hours of local standard time.
3.4. According to a shortened program, observations are carried out in order to obtain information on single concentrations daily at 7 and 13 hours of local daylight savings time.
Observations according to a reduced program are allowed to be carried out at air temperatures below minus 45°C and in places where the average monthly concentrations are below 1/20 of the one-time MPC or below the lower limit of the measurement range of the impurity by the method used.
3.5. The daily sampling program is designed to obtain information on the average daily concentration. Observations under this program are carried out by continuous daily sampling.
3.6. During the period of unfavorable meteorological conditions and a significant increase in the content of pollutants, observations are made every 3 hours. At the same time, samples are taken under the torches of the main sources of pollution and in the territory of the highest population density.
3.7. Simultaneously with air sampling, the following meteorological parameters are determined: wind direction and speed, air temperature, weather conditions and the underlying surface.
3.8. At some posts, a shift of all observation periods by one hour is allowed.
It is allowed not to conduct observations on Sundays and holidays.
3.9. Monitoring of the content of dust, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide (the main pollutants) and specific substances that are typical for industrial emissions of a given settlement is carried out at the reference stationary posts.
3.10. Monitoring of specific pollutants is carried out at stationary (non-support) posts. Observations of the main pollutants at these posts are allowed to be carried out according to a reduced program (clause 3.4) and not to be carried out if the average monthly concentrations of these substances during the year do not exceed 0.5 of the average daily MPC.
3.11. The list of substances for control at each stationary post in the city is established by local bodies of the USSR State Committee for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Control and the Sanitary and Epidemiological Service.
3.12. At the route posts, observations are made of the main pollutants and specific substances characteristic of industrial emissions of a given settlement.
3.13. At mobile (under-flare) posts, observations are made for specific pollutants characteristic of emissions from a given enterprise.
3.14. When conducting episodic surveys, observations are carried out according to a program that includes the necessary minimum of a regular program.
4. Sampling
4.1. The duration of sampling of pollutants in the determination of single concentrations is 20-30 minutes.
4.2. The duration of sampling of pollutants to determine the average daily concentrations for discrete observations under the full program is 20 - 30 minutes, for continuous sampling - 24 hours.
4.3. Sampling in determining the surface concentration of impurities in the atmosphere is carried out at a height of 1.5 to 3.5 from the earth's surface.
4.4. Specific requirements for methods and means of sampling, necessary reagents, conditions for storage and transportation of samples, individual for each pollutant, are established in the regulatory and technical documents for methods for determining pollutants.
5. Characteristics of air pollution
5.1. According to the data on air pollution, the concentrations of impurities are determined: one-time (20 - 30 min), average daily, average monthly and average annual.
5.2. Average daily concentrations are determined as the arithmetic mean of single concentrations obtained under the full program at regular intervals, including the obligatory periods of 1, 7, 13, 19 hours, and also according to continuous registration during the day.
5.3. Average monthly values of pollutant concentrations are determined as the arithmetic mean of all one-time or average daily concentrations obtained during the month.
5.4. The average annual concentration of a pollutant is defined as the arithmetic mean of one-time or average daily concentrations obtained during the year.
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State standard of the USSR GOST 17.2.3.01-86
"Nature protection. Atmosphere.
Rules for air quality control in settlements"
(put into effect by the resolution of the State Standard of the USSR
dated November 10, 1986 N 3395)
nature protection. atmosphere. Air quality control regulations for populated areas
Instead of GOST 17.2.3.01-77
This standard applies to the rules for air quality control in residential areas of existing and newly built settlements.
The standard does not apply to the rules for air quality control in the territories of industrial enterprises.
The standard complies with ST SEV 1925-79 in terms of methods, duration and number of sampling.
1.1. Three categories of atmospheric pollution observation posts are established: stationary, route, mobile (under-flare).
1.2. The stationary post is designed to provide continuous recording of the content of pollutants or regular air sampling for subsequent analysis.
Stationary posts are distinguished from fixed posts, which are designed to detect long-term changes in the content of the main and most common pollutants.
1.3. The route post is designed for regular air sampling at a fixed point in the terrain during observations that are carried out using mobile equipment.
1.4. A mobile (under-flare) post is designed for sampling under a smoke (gas) torch in order to identify the zone of influence of a given source.
2.1. Each post, regardless of category, is located on an open area ventilated from all sides with a dust-free coating: asphalt, hard ground, lawn - in such a way that the measurement results are not distorted by the presence of green spaces, buildings, etc.
2.2. Stationary and route posts are located in places selected on the basis of a preliminary study of urban air pollution by industrial emissions, vehicle emissions, domestic and other sources and dispersion conditions. These posts are located in the central part of the settlement, residential areas with various types of buildings (primarily the most polluted), recreation areas, in areas adjacent to highways of heavy traffic.
2.3. The placement of stationary posts is coordinated with the local bodies of the USSR State Committee for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Control and the Sanitary and Epidemiological Service.
Support posts are not subject to transfer without prior permission from the USSR State Committee for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Control.
2.4. Sampling sites for under-flame observations are selected at different distances from a specific source of pollution, taking into account the patterns of distribution of pollutants in the atmosphere.
2.5. The number of posts and their location is determined taking into account the population, the area of the settlement and the terrain, as well as the development of industry, the network of highways with heavy traffic and their location throughout the city, the dispersal of recreation areas and resort areas.
2.6. The number of stationary posts, depending on the population, is set at least:
1 post - up to 50 thousand inhabitants, 2 posts - 100 thousand inhabitants, 2 - 3 posts - 100 - 200 thousand inhabitants, 3 - 5 posts - 200 - 500 thousand inhabitants, 5 - 10 posts - more than 500 thousand. residents, 10 - 20 posts (stationary and route) - more than 1 million residents.
2.7. In settlements, one stationary or route post is installed every 0.5 - 5 km, taking into account the complexity of the terrain and the presence of a significant number of pollution sources.
2.8. When conducting extended studies of the state of atmospheric pollution, the number of stationary posts may be increased in agreement with the USSR Ministry of Health and the USSR State Committee for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Control.
3.1. Four observation programs are established at stationary posts: complete, incomplete, reduced, daily.
3.2. The full program of observations is designed to obtain information on single and average daily concentrations. Observations according to the full program are performed daily by continuous recording using automatic devices or discretely at regular intervals at least four times with mandatory selection at 1, 7, 13, 19 hours local standard time. It is allowed to conduct observations according to a rolling schedule of 7, 10, 13 hours on Tuesday, Thursday, Saturday and at 16, 19, 22 hours on Monday, Wednesday, Friday.
3.3. Observations under an incomplete program are allowed to be carried out in order to obtain information on single concentrations daily at 7, 13, 19 hours of local standard time.
4.1. The duration of sampling of pollutants in the determination of single concentrations is 20-30 minutes.
4.2. The duration of sampling of pollutants to determine the average daily concentrations for discrete observations under the full program is 20 - 30 minutes, for continuous sampling - 24 hours.
4.3. Sampling in determining the surface concentration of impurities in the atmosphere is carried out at a height of 1.5 to 3.5 from the earth's surface.
4.4. Specific requirements for methods and means of sampling, necessary reagents, conditions for storage and transportation of samples, individual for each pollutant, are established in the regulatory and technical documents for methods for determining pollutants.
5.1. According to the data on air pollution, the concentrations of impurities are determined: one-time (20 - 30 min), average daily, average monthly and average annual.
5.2. Average daily concentrations are determined as the arithmetic mean of single concentrations obtained under the full program at regular intervals, including the obligatory periods of 1, 7, 13, 19 hours, and also according to continuous registration during the day.
5.3. Average monthly values of pollutant concentrations are determined as the arithmetic mean of all one-time or average daily concentrations obtained during the month.
5.4. The average annual concentration of a pollutant is defined as the arithmetic mean of one-time or average daily concentrations obtained during the year.
GOST 17.2.3.01-86
Organization of control
1.1 Establish three categories of observation posts for atmospheric pollution: stationary, route, mobile (under-flare).
1.2. Stationary post is designed to ensure continuous recording of the content of pollutants or regular sampling of air for subsequent analysis.
Stationary posts are distinguished from fixed posts, which are designed to highlight long-term changes in the content of the main and most common pollutants.
1.3. The route post is designed for regular air sampling at a fixed point in the terrain during observations that are carried out using mobile equipment.
1.4. A mobile (under-flare) post is designed for sampling under a smoke (gas) torch in order to identify the zone of influence of a given source. /
^ I. POSITIONING AND NUMBER OF OBSERVATION POSTS
2.1. Each post, regardless of category, is located on an open area ventilated from all sides with a dust-free coating: asphalt, hard ground, lawn - in such a way that distortion of the measurement results by the presence of green spaces, buildings, etc. is excluded.
2.2. Stationary to route posts are located in places selected on the basis of a preliminary study of air pollution of the city by industrial emissions, emissions; vehicles, household and other sources to the conditions of dispersion. These posts are located in the central part of the settlement, residential areas with various types of buildings (primarily the most polluted), recreation areas, in areas adjacent to; highways of heavy traffic.
2.3. The placement of stationary posts is coordinated with the local bodies of the USSR State Committee for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Control and the Sanitary and Epidemiological Service.
Support posts are not subject to transfer without the prior permission of the State Committee for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Control.
2.4. Sampling sites for under-flare observations are chosen at different distances from a specific source of pollution, taking into account the patterns of distribution of pollutants in the atmosphere.
2.5. The number of posts and their location is determined taking into account the population, the area of the settlement and the terrain, as well as the development of industry, the network of highways with heavy traffic and their location throughout the city, the dispersal of places of recreation and resort zones.
2.6. The number of stationary posts, depending on the population, is set at least:
1 post - up to 50 thousand inhabitants, 2 posts - - 100 thousand inhabitants. 2 --3-post - - 100-200 thousand inhabitants, 3-5 posts 200-500 yew. residents, 5-10 posts - more than 500 thousand, residents, 10-20 posts (stationary and route) - bilse 1 million inhabitants.
2.7. In settlements, one stationary or route post is installed every 0.5-5 km, taking into account the complexity of the terrain and the presence of a significant number of pollution sources.
2.8. When conducting extended studies of the state of atmospheric pollution, the number of stationary posts may be increased in agreement with the USSR Ministry of Health and the State Committee for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Control.
^ 3. PROGRAM AND TERMS OF OBSERVATION
3.1. Four observation programs are established at stationary posts: complete, incomplete, reduced, daily.
3.2. Complete the observation program is designed to obtain information on one-time and average daily concentrates. Observations according to the full program are performed daily by continuous recording using automatic devices or discretely at regular intervals at least four times with mandatory selection at I, 7. 13, 19 hours local time. It is allowed to conduct observations according to a rolling schedule of 7, 10, 13 hours on Tuesday, Thursday, Saturday and at 16, 19, 22 hours on Monday, Wednesday, Friday.
3.3. Observations incomplete the program is allowed to be carried out in order to obtain information on single concentrations daily at 7, 13, 19 hours of local standard time.
3.4. According to the abbreviated the monitoring program is carried out in order to obtain information on single concentrations daily at 7 and 13 hours of local daylight savings time.
Observations according to a reduced program are allowed to be carried out at air temperatures below minus 45 С С and in places where average monthly concentrations are below "/20 one-time MPC or below the lower limit of the measurement range of impurities by the method used.
3.5. Program daily sampling is designed to obtain information on the average daily concentration. Observations under this program are carried out by continuous daily sampling.
3.6. During the period of unfavorable meteorological conditions and a significant increase in the content of pollutants, observations are made every 3 hours. At the same time, samples are taken under the torches of the main sources of pollution and in the territory of the highest population density.
3.7. Simultaneously with air sampling, the following meteorological parameters are determined: wind direction and speed, air temperature, weather conditions and the underlying surface.
3.8. At some posts, a shift of all observation periods by one hour is allowed.
It is allowed not to conduct observations on Sundays and holidays.
3.9, At the basic stationary posts, observations are made of the content dust, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide (major pollutants) and for specific substances that are typical for industrial emissions of a given locality.
3.10. Monitoring of specific pollutants is carried out at stationary (unsupported) posts. It is allowed to carry out observations of the main pollutants at these posts according to a reduced program (paragraph 3.4) and not to give them if the average monthly concentrations of these substances in during the year do not exceed 0.5 of the average daily MPC.
3.11. The list of substances for control at each stationary post in the city is established by the local authorities of the State Committee for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Control and the Sanitary and Epidemiological Service.
3.12. At the route posts, observations are made of the main pollutants and specific substances characteristic of industrial emissions of a given settlement.
3.13. At mobile (under-flare) posts, observations are made of specific pollutants characteristic of emissions from a given enterprise.
3.14. When conducting episodic surveys, observations are carried out according to a program that includes the necessary minimum of a regular program.
4. Sampling
4.1. The duration of pollutant sampling at determination of single concentrations is 20-30 minutes.
4.2. The duration of pollutant sampling to determine average daily concentrations in discrete observations. according to the full program is 20-30 minutes, with continuous 24 hours.
4.3. Sampling in determining the surface concentration of impurities in the atmosphere is carried out at a height of 1.5 to 3.5 m from the earth's surface.
4.4. Specific requirements for methods and means of sampling, necessary reagents, conditions for storage and transportation of samples, individual for each pollutant, are established in normative and tonic documents on methods for determining pollutants.
5. Characteristics of air pollution
5.1. According to the data on air pollution, the concentrations of impurities are determined: one-time (20-30 min), average daily, average monthly and average annual.
5.2. The average daily concentrations determine the CPC, the arithmetic mean of single concentrations obtained under the full program at regular intervals, including mandatory periods of 1, 7, 13. 19 part A also according to the data of continuous registration during the day.
5.3. Average monthly values of pollutant concentrations are determined as the arithmetic mean of all one-time or average daily concentrations obtained during the month.
5.4. The average annual concentration of a pollutant is defined as the arithmetic mean of one-time or average daily concentrations obtained during the year.
On the territory of the Republic of Belarus, the main organization conducting regular monitoring of pollution of objects environment, is the Bashkir Territorial Administration for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring. Subdivisions this department Atmospheric pollution observations are carried out in 7 cities of Bashkortostan (Beloretsk, Blagoveshchensk, Ishimbay, Kumertau, Salavat, Sterlitamak and Ufa) at 25 stationary posts for 32 pollutants.
The amount of impurities to be determined depends on the priority list of cities, the availability of determination methods, and the capabilities of laboratories.
In all cities, 4 main impurities are determined in the air - dust, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, as well as specific impurities.
In Beloretsk, observations are carried out only at 1 post;
In Blagoveshchensk at 2 stationary posts;
In Ishimbay at 2 stationary posts;
In Kumertau at 2 stationary posts;
In Salavat at 4 stationary posts;
In Sterlitamak at 5 stationary posts;
In Ufa, atmospheric observations are carried out at 9 stationary posts of Bashhydromet and a departmental post of Bashkirenergo JSC. 4 main impurities and 15 specific ones are determined: benzene, phenol, mercury, hydrogen sulfide, xylenes, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, formaldehyde, ammonia, toluene, etc. and 9 heavy metals.
^ Measuring the level of air pollution by vehicle emissions.
Measurement of the level of air pollution by vehicle emissions is carried out in conjunction with the measurement of pollution by emissions from industrial sources, but can also be carried out independently. Pollution assessment atmospheric air on highways and adjacent residential buildings can be carried out on the basis of determining the content in the air of both the main components of exhaust gases (carbon monoxide, carbon, nitrogen oxides, acrolein, formaldehyde, lead compounds), and the products of their photochemical transformations (ozone, etc.)
To study the features of air pollution by vehicle emissions, special observations are organized, as a result of which the following are determined:
1. the maximum concentrations of the main impurities emitted by vehicles and the periods of their receipt under various weather conditions and traffic intensity;
2. the boundaries of the zones and the nature of the distribution of impurities as they move away from the highways;
3. features of the spread of impurities in residential areas of various types of development and in green areas adjacent to highways;
4. features of the distribution of traffic flows along the highways of the city.
Observations are carried out on all days working week hourly from 06:00 to 13:00 or from 14:00 to 21:00, alternating days with morning and evening periods. At night, observation is carried out once or twice a week.
Observation points are selected on city streets in areas with heavy traffic and are located on various parts of the streets in places where cars are often braked and thrown out. the largest number harmful impurities. Points are organized in places of accumulation of harmful impurities due to weak scattering (under bridges, in tunnels, on narrow sections of streets and roads with multi-storey buildings), as well as in areas where two or more streets intersect with heavy traffic.
Places for placing devices are selected on the sidewalk, in the middle of the dividing strip, if any, and outside the sidewalk at a distance of half the width of the one-way carriageway. The point farthest from the motorway should be located at least 0.5 m from the wall of the building. On the streets crossing the main highway, observation points are located at the edges of the sidewalks and at distances exceeding the width of the highway by 0.5; 2, 3 times.
In the quarters of the old buildings (continuous rows of buildings with separate arched openings in them) places for placement of observation points are selected in the center of the intra-quarter space.
Traffic intensity is determined by taking into account the number of passing vehicles, which are divided into 5 main categories: cars, trucks, buses, diesel cars and buses, motorcycles - every day during the day.
The counting of the number of passing transport units is carried out within 20 minutes of each hour, and in the 2-3 hour periods of the highest traffic intensity - every 20 minutes.
The average speed of traffic is determined by the indicators of the speedometer of a car moving in the stream of vehicles, on a section with a length of 0.5 to 1 km of this highway. Based on the results of observations, the average values of the traffic intensity during the day (or for individual hours) are calculated at each of the observation points.
Meteorological observations include measurements of air temperature and wind speed at levels of 0.5 and 1.5 m from the earth's surface. Similar observations are made at a weather station located outside the city. When determining the content of ozone in the air, simultaneously at the weather station, observations are made of the intensity of the direct and total solar radiation, which has a significant impact on the rate of photochemical reactions in the air and the formation of ozone.
^ Observations of the content of corrosive-active impurities in the atmosphere .
Organizations in the design of large industrial facilities(nuclear power plants) conduct engineering survey, the purpose of which is to determine the corrosiveness of the atmosphere in the area of the proposed construction (SO2, chlorides). Depending on the results, design organizations choose measures to protect structures from atmospheric corrosion in accordance with GOST 15.150-69.
Monitoring of the content of corrosive impurities in the air in the area of the proposed construction is carried out for 1-2 years at special posts equipped for air and dust sampling.
Observations are carried out daily 1 time per day at heights of 1.5; 10; 30 and 40 m from the earth's surface. During the period of precipitation in the form of rain, snow, samples are not taken, and during dust storms, the duration of sampling is reduced.
When organizing observations, a physical-geographical description of the area under study is drawn up, in which the main meteorological characteristics should be reflected. Additionally, they include data on the average monthly duration of precipitation and fog. Information is provided on industrial enterprises located within a radius of 40 km and other natural and anthropogenic objects that affect the chemical composition of the atmosphere.
Selection and analysis is carried out in accordance with the methodology.
At the end of the general cycle of observations, a report is submitted to the design organization, in which data are presented on the content of corrosive impurities in the atmosphere in the area under study, and the type of atmosphere is determined.
Classification of the atmosphere according to the degree of pollution with corrosive substances .
^ Carrying out underflare observations.
In order to determine the maximum concentrations of pollutants that are created during directed emissions from enterprises to a particular area of the city, as well as the size of the zone of impurity distribution from a given enterprise, under-flare observations are organized, i.e. measurements of impurity concentrations under the axis of the plume of emissions from pipes of industrial enterprises . Location of concentrations harmful substances, varies depending on the direction of the torch.
Flare observations are carried out in the area of a standing source of emissions or a group of sources, both in the city and outside it. For carrying out observations, transportation of equipment with the help of which air sampling is carried out, a car is needed. Per work shift(18 hours) on 1 car, you can make observations at 8-10 points.
If observations are made at each point at least twice a day, then one car can carry out observations at 4-5 points.
Sampling during underflame observations is carried out at distances of 0.5; 1.0; 2; 3; four; 6; eight; ten; 15 and 30 km. Observation data at close distances from the source (0.5 km) characterize atmospheric pollution by low sources and fugitive emissions, and far - the amount of low, fugitive and high emissions.
Carrying out sampling in the zone of influence of the flare of the enterprise at different distances from the source makes it possible to trace the change in concentrations along the torch and obtain reliable data. In case of a change in the direction of the torch, the observations move to the zone of influence of the torch. If due to obstacles (reservoirs, lack of access roads, etc.) it is not possible to establish the location of sampling at the required distances from the source under the flare, other points are selected.
Most often, observations should be made at a distance of 10-40 sr. pipe heights from the source, where the probability of the appearance of maximum concentrations is especially high. Observations are carried out for specific substances characteristic of a given enterprise and in such a way that at each distance from the source there are at least 50 measurements of each substance.
When performing under-flame observations, the most essential part of the work is establishing the direction of the plume and selecting sampling points. The direction of the torch is determined by visual observations of the outlines of the smoke. If there is no smoke cloud, then the direction of the torch is determined by the direction of the wind (according to the data of pilot balloon observations) at the height of the release by the smell of harmful substances for the source being examined, and by the visible torches of nearby sources.
Air sampling under the torch is carried out at a height of 1.5-3.5 m from the ground in accordance with the methodology used for observations at a stationary post.
Flame observations should be performed at the time of conducting and measuring at stationary and route posts and additionally at other times in order to study the distribution of maximum concentrations in various watches days.
^ Studying the level of air pollution in an industrial area .
The study of the level of air pollution in an industrial area includes observations in individual cities and industrial settlements of this area, outside cities and towns, along routes outside the city and industrial area.
Simultaneously with observations of the level of atmospheric pollution, observations can be made of the content of harmful substances in soil and vegetation, chemical composition precipitation, corrosion metal surfaces and designs.
When organizing a study of the level of air pollution in an industrial area, it is necessary to choose a reference city in that part of the area that makes the main contribution to air pollution. It is important that the reference city has a number of observations of the level of atmospheric pollution and that systematic observations are maintained during the study of the industrial area. If this city does not have a network of observations of the level of atmospheric pollution, then such observations should be organized. In other cities, during the study period, observations of the level of atmospheric pollution should also be organized.
The program of studying the state of air pollution can be carried out simultaneously in all cities of the region or sequentially in different cities, while maintaining continuous observations in the reference city.
The organization of out-of-town observations of the level of atmospheric pollution provides for the choice of stationary points outside the city on the territory of an industrial region. The number of points depends on the area of the industrial district and the distance between cities. Points should be located between cities (not on highways) in small towns or small populated areas, where there are no large sources of emissions of harmful substances, as well as outside the industrial area at a distance of up to 50 km. Observations at these points are carried out according to the same program as at stationary (route) posts; In this case, a shift in the timing of observations is allowed. It is advisable to organize continuous sampling of average daily samples.
To study the level of air pollution caused by the influence of emission sources of individual cities in the industrial area radial routes, which provides, as it were, under-flame observations, where the entire city is taken as the source of the emission. The specific implementation of this type of observation is as follows. A car equipped with equipment for air sampling and meteorological observations moves from one city to another in the direction of the wind with stops for measurements at distances (from the administrative line of the city) at 5.10, 20 km and then after 20 km to the administrative line of the next city . At the same time, sampling is carried out at points in the city from which radial routes start.. To obtain statistically valid results, flights along the same route must be repeated at least 10 times with at least 50 measurements at each observation point. With radial routes, the torch of harmful substances from the city may not coincide with the direction of the nearest highway. In such cases, it is advisable to stop observations along the route and conduct observations along other lee routes linking other cities. Sampling should be carried out not on the highway, but at a distance of 200-300m from it. Observations on radial routes are very time consuming and expensive, so they must be carried out with the greatest possible care to avoid measurement errors.
^
Organization of spot monitoring at especially hazardous enterprises
Where M is the mass of the release of the i-th substance (t / year), MPC is the average daily MPC of the i-i-th substance (mg / m) in the air of populated areas (n.m.), n is the amount of pollutants (according to the list), emitted by the enterprise, a is a coefficient taking into account the hazard class of the i-th substance (1 cl.-a=1.7; 2 cl.=1.3; 3 cl.=1.0; 4 cl.=0.9)
In the absence of an officially accepted average daily MPC n.m. for calculations, they take the maximum one-time MPC n.m. or the corresponding indicative safe level harmfulness (OBUV), or a 10-fold decrease in the MPC of the working area air (r.z.).
When M/MPC ≤1, the COP value is not calculated, the enterprise is not considered as dangerous.
Enterprises of the 1st category of danger are relatively small in number, but they have or high values gross emissions and/or emissions of pollutants of the 1st hazard class. Therefore, they are the most highly dangerous (“especially dangerous”) sources of environmental pollution and should be under the closest control. This category includes types of industrial enterprises or facilities associated with highly toxic waste or chemical weapons (CW), it is they, first of all, that should be equipped with the most advanced systems and automatic environmental monitoring devices, subject to constant and operational environmental monitoring.
Enterprises with a more numerous 2nd hazard category also need, although less frequent and already episodic, control, as they are characterized by slightly lower total emissions or emissions of pollutants in a dangerous 2nd hazard class - therefore they are ranked as "dangerous" .
The enterprise of the third hazard category belongs to the largest group, however, as a rule, they account for no more than 10% of all emissions, and the emitted substances belong to the third class of “low-hazard” pollutants, as well as the enterprises themselves.
Enterprises of the 4th category are small enterprises without emissions, or with very small volumes of emissions (usually below typical MPE), or with emissions of harmless substances (for which MACs are reasonably not set).
As for the objects associated with highly toxic substances (“supertoxicants”): poisonous (OS), highly toxic components of rocket fuels (RFC) or other similar chemical, biological and radioactive pollutants, then they should first of all be subject to the most severe, continuous and most perfect environmental monitoring - as "super-specially dangerous". At one time, it was even proposed to introduce the fifth - "zero" category of the danger of enterprises for this group.
For enterprises, 4 categories of frequency of environmental control of the source are established:
The control check of the 4th category of danger is established with a frequency of 1 time in 5 years, and selective, i.e. for a particular enterprise is not mandatory.
Especially dangerous objects were in the structure of the previously secret departments - the Ministry of Defense and the Ministry of Atomic Energy of the Russian Federation. These objects primarily include objects of storage and destruction. chemical weapons(CW) and highly toxic propellant components (RFC), dealing with "supertoxicants" that differ from conventional hazardous substances of the 2nd and 1st hazard classes by tens of thousands of times greater toxicity.
(supertoxicants - heptyl ((CRT), soman, sarin, dioxins)
^
Typical structure, schemes and procedures
A characteristic feature of spot monitoring of pollution sources at a particularly hazardous facility is the combination of two simultaneously solved tasks: 1. ensuring environmental safety personnel and the environment, 2. observation and measurement of environmental parameters in comparison with the normative (natural) background.
The main task of a particularly dangerous facility is ensuring the environmental safety of personnel and the environment.
One of the principles for constructing the structure of a chemical weapons destruction facility (CW) and its monitoring system, which contributes to improving its environmental safety, is the principle of “nested structures” (a type of nested doll).
It consists in multiple complete or partial isolation (encapsulation or boxing) of sources of danger, which is first placed in a sealed capsule. The capsule is surrounded by a hermetic or semi-hermetic ventilated and controlled protective box, which is also a semi-hermetic ventilated and controlled workroom (also a kind of box), located in a protected and controlled working area (industrial site), around which a controlled sanitary protection zone (ZSS) is created. Thus, the source of environmental hazard (potential environmental pollution) in the typical version has at least 4-5 levels (protection levels).
As can be seen from the diagram, the monitoring system of a particularly dangerous facility of this type matches its structure and in general terms repeats it, having means of control, according to their characteristics, corresponding specific conditions and tasks of point monitoring at each level of the structure of the controlled object. The monitoring system has its own hierarchy, as well as functional and other division into subsystems, blocks, elements and connections m / s. In principle, it can be visualized as a diagram of a subsystem for automatic instrumental control of pollution sources, presented in Fig.
To improve reliability, the monitoring system of a particularly hazardous facility is usually duplicated and, at the same time, is divided into two main parts (subsystems): 1 - subsystem of automatic pollutant control devices; 2- subsystem for sampling and laboratory analysis of samples of environmental objects near the pollution source
Both systems work in cooperation, complementing each other and increasing the efficiency and reliability of the entire system as a whole. Interaction and complementarity of subsystems is carried out at all (usually three) levels of the hierarchy of the structure of the point monitoring system, and the upper level - the CPU is common to both subsystems.
^ Subsystem of automatic control devices
This subsystem covers almost all potential sources of pollution that pose a danger to operating personnel and the environment, as well as to the population living around the facility.
Its main functions:
exceeding alarm acceptable level(detection) and measurement of concentrations of harmful substances (determination) in controlled environments near the source of pollution, as well as in the area of the industrial site and in the SPZ;
detection of leaks of hazardous substances in the environment and the formation of initial data for the forecast of their distribution in the event of an accident;
control technical parameters environmental protection equipment and structures, and other environmentally significant parameters of technological processes;
diagnostics and control of the characteristics of the elements of the control and measuring instruments and automation (KIP and A), as well as means of processing the display of information;
processing, systematization, logging, display and storage of the received information;
formation and transmission of information to the enterprise dispatcher to the central control panel (CPU), as well as to a higher level of the EGSEM - to the regional subsystem.
At the first level there are sensors that automatically take samples, generate primary analytical signals about the appearance and pollution in a controlled environment (air, water, solid surfaces) and convert them into electrical signals convenient for transmission to other levels of the subsystem or their instant display at the sensor installation site in the appropriate form (light or sound signal of danger). The sensors differ in their functional features and are installed in the immediate vicinity of a controlled source of pollution or, taking into account the direction of air or water flows, on the routes of movement or at the points of location and work of personnel.
Second level - level local control panels for sensors and panels for intermediate display of grouped and partially generalized information from several sensors that solve the same task or control one zone (room). Local control panels for sensors are sources of commands for them, and intermediate information boards display signals collected in one place from all sensors of the same type of one or more automatic control devices. Signal boards are usually placed at the workplace of the shift or section supervisor, and local consoles, as a rule, are taken out of the working area to the instrumentation and control rooms.
The third level is the central control panel, storage, processing and display of all information, equipped with a computer and a mnemonic diagram - a signal "map" for accommodating the state of all sensors. On the CPU, the dispatcher (manually), the software and instrumental control complex or the central computer (automatically) manages the entire monitoring system of the facility. Signals about the presence of pollutants in the controlled environment are also received here via the corresponding communication lines (channels).
The proposed diagrams show 5 types of sensors, the combinations of the main characteristics of which have fundamental differences.
Process Capsule Sensors (DTK) - are installed inside some capsules or in close proximity to them inside ventilated protective boxes that limit the space around sealed capsules or devices with RH, in fact they are integral part Instrumentation and A-instruments technological control and serve mainly for the operational regulation of environmentally hazardous parameters of production processes (the concentration of harmful substances in a capsule or process apparatus), and also partially to control the load on treatment facilities and apparatuses. These are devices of continuous and selective action with respect to the target substance, which are distinguished by especially high selectivity and low sensitivity, but rather high speed (minutes-seconds), although less than that of protective box sensors.
Protective box sensors (DZB), are installed inside ventilated semi-hermetic protective boxes, in which technological capsules and devices are located, inside ventilation systems or drain pipes extending from protective boxes (to the equipment for trapping and cleaning), as well as inside some boxes that do not contain capsules with OM, but some are carried out auxiliary work with them, these are devices that combine the functions of regulating some technological parameters (technological control devices) and environmental pollution control in the immediate vicinity of the pollutant source equipment. These devices have a constant and continuous nature of monitoring, especially high speed. High selectivity and sensitivity for the sensors of protective boxes are not required, because in case of depressurization of the capsule or other emergency, it does not matter which impurity in the process mixture triggers the sensor, especially since the local concentration of pollutants inside the box can be quite high. The main thing is that the signal about depressurization and emergency contamination of the environment in the box should be received as quickly as possible in order to make appropriate decisions and actions to eliminate the emergency.
Sensors of working premises (DRP), installed inside the ventilated (“conditionally dirty”) premises of the working area, around the boxes where especially dangerous operations are carried out, as well as near workplaces and along the routes of personnel movement, after cleaning systems at atmospheric outlets from ventilation systems and outlet collectors of buildings (workshops) of waste waters, at the unloading of waste, i.e. at the "ends of the pipes" - these are already devices for purely sanitary and hygienic and partly environmental control.
Their main task is constant, but not continuous (by cycles) monitoring of pollutant concentrations in media at the level of maximum allowable concentrations in working area(MAC) or at the level of MAC in treated sewage. These devices must have appropriate high sensitivity and high enough speed to enable prompt decision-making and use by personnel. individual funds protection in case of emergency or accident. A feature of these devices is their selectivity, which requires distinguishing between OS contamination working premises really hazardous substances(OM) or other substances at a truly dangerous level (i.e. DRP should be not just alarms for exceeding the MPC level, but also analyzers capable of measuring the concentration of pollutants).
Industrial site and sanitary protection zone sensors (PSZ and DSZ) installed in a protected and regularly monitored open area outside the working buildings (in under-flare zones on the territory of the industrial site, around the buildings in which especially hazardous work is carried out, along the perimeter of the industrial site fencing, where " conditionally dirty "working buildings and dangerous open-type installations, as well as at "background" posts located in the SPZ) are made in climatic version highly sensitive, selective, long-term episodic and cyclic) action, with a wide capture sector of pollutants, analyzers equipped with powerful means alarms, the ability to automatically take samples for subsequent confirmatory analyses.
Industrial site and SPZ sensors most often they are combined into blocks at stationary OS control posts located on the territory of the enterprise or outside it. The post should include a set of sensors for all the main for the enterprise, the most dangerous pollutants, means of sampling, monitoring meteorological parameters, as well as auxiliary equipment. Such sensors also include multichannel automatic liquid analyzers installed on the outlet manifolds of the working buildings and the outlet manifold of the enterprise.
The structure of the subsystem of automatic instrumental control of a particularly hazardous industrial facility is usually limited to this, although it remains not fully covered by the constant control of the SPZ of the facility, installation in it along the entire perimeter (several kilometers or tens of kilometers) is not possible and expedient.
Therefore, episodic analytical control is usually carried out in the SPZ using mobile posts or can be carried out by using remote monitoring tools installed in the center of the facility. Remote monitoring devices periodically scan sector by sector the entire industrial site and the sanitary protection zone, tracking the movement and dynamics of the facility's emission plume into the atmosphere, as well as possible introductions of “alien” pollutants for it.
The operation procedure of the AIC subsystem in the most simplified form can be represented as follows.
During the period of especially dangerous operations associated with the planned depressurization of containers containing poisonous substances (S), their unloading, digestion, pumping into special devices for processing (degassing) of S, the entire AIC subsystem should function in the most complete configuration and maximum scale. In this case, all control devices must be turned on, operational and configured for the most effective modes.
In other cases, when working not directly related to pollutants, the agro-industrial complex subsystem can work on a reduced scale in order to save its resources, the energy of consumable materials. In this case, individual groups of devices can be turned on and work.
In case of deviation from the normal (“regular”) technological modes associated with emergency depressurization of containers with OM, as well as in case of exceeding their MPC in the operating system, the corresponding sensor (group of sensors) generates a primary analytical signal that is converted (in the sensor itself or on the control panel ) then to electric. The latter, in accordance with the algorithm embedded in the device, triggers an alarm, in the case of a measuring device, it is displayed on the appropriate scale, chart tape, digital indicator, or in another required form.
An emergency sound (light) signal is issued by the sensor itself at the place of its installation or is displayed on an intermediate indication board. Information about the operation of the device and a quantitative characteristic of the concentration of OM in the corresponding environment or on the controlled surface is also transmitted and displayed on the CPU in the form of signals on a mnemonic diagram or on the display of the control computer.
Thus, the HSC fixes an emergency situation, which is not yet an accident until a real danger arises for the operating personnel. The indicator of accidents is the excess of the concentration of OM in the environment, recorded by the monitoring system.
^ Sampling and laboratory analysis subsystem
The subsystem of laboratory analytical control (LAC) of the facility can function independently (at ordinary industrial facilities in Russia, it is usually the main one), but in the conditions of a particularly dangerous facility, its role in OS monitoring becomes secondary in the presence of a highly efficient subsystem of automatic instrument control, although they remain some specific functions that automata cannot solve.
This subsystem performs the same functions as the subsystem of automatic instruments, but somewhat differently. If the main task of the AIC subsystem is constant and continuous monitoring of the parameters of processes and the environment in order to make operational decisions and actions, then one of the main tasks of the LAC subsystem at a particularly hazardous facility is to confirm instrument data on OS contamination.
There are other tasks associated with planning technical control production processes, first of all, this refers to solving problems related to the identification and quantitative measurement of the concentrations of components of complex mixtures (reaction masses, as well as samples taken from the environment, heavily contaminated with many different impurities).
The structure of the LAC is usually three-level.
^ At the first level of the subsystem LAC has a network of sampling stations, including automatic sampling devices (in the most dangerous places), as well as equipped positions for manual sampling clearly defined by the schedule and route. The same level includes instrumentation for finding leaks (leak detectors), the simplest tools for express analysis “on-site” (on-line), as well as sample delivery systems and personnel working) at the appropriate places. Automatic sampling devices, as well as the location of manual sampling points of the LAC subsystem, are informationally related to the operation of the instruments of the AIC subsystem. Sampling for subsequent verification (confirmatory) laboratory analysis is carried out at the command of a triggered device sensor. At the same time, personnel using leak detectors and other means of express analysis should, as much as possible, short term find the place of leakage (source) of pollutants.
^Second level- an analytical laboratory equipped with instruments and other equipment for carrying out analyzes that correspond to the tasks solved by the laboratory. In the laboratory, in addition to measuring instruments, a pneumatic mail receiving station is installed, to which automatically selected samples are received, as well as various auxiliary equipment that ensures the laboratory's performance. In addition, the analytical laboratory is usually provided with vehicles and mobile control posts (car laboratory) for sampling and delivery, as well as for conducting primary analyzes in areas remote from the facility (in the SPZ and beyond). The most important component of the analytical laboratory is the staff of its personnel - trained and trained samplers, laboratory assistants, instrumentation technicians, engineers and other employees who carry out the complex of works of this LAC subsystem.
The third level is the Central Control Panel (CPU), storage, processing and display of information, which is common for both APC and LAC.
The work of the laboratory analytical control subsystem basically consists in automatic or “manual” sampling of air, liquids, waters or washings from surfaces, solids and wastes - in accordance with the sampling schedule or after a signal from an automatic device at the installation site of the triggered sensor. In addition to sampling in the working buildings of the facility, the personnel servicing this subsystem carry out sampling of environmental protection objects outside the industrial site - in the SPZ, along its perimeter, in emergency cases, even in populated areas, using mobile (mobile) means. The selected sample is delivered to the analytical laboratory as soon as possible and the necessary analyzes are carried out.
The received data of laboratory analyzes, as well as the data of automatic devices, are processed, systematized, recorded and promptly transmitted (where they are stored) to the CPU at the disposal of the dispatcher and the central computer.
Thus, the system of “point” monitoring of the MIS of a particularly hazardous facility, described and substantiated in the section, which usually includes two complementary subsystems of automatic instrumental and laboratory control, is in some way ideal-model in terms of its relative perfection compared to that actually used in conventional industries.
Russian FederationGOST
GOST 17.2.3.01-86 Nature protection. Atmosphere. Rules for air quality control in settlements
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GOST 17.2.3.01-86
Group T58
INTERSTATE STANDARD
Protection of Nature
ATMOSPHERE
Rules for air quality control in settlements
nature protection. atmosphere. Air quality control regulations
for populated areas
ISS 13.040.20
OKSTU 0017
Introduction date 1987-01-01
Decree of the USSR State Committee for Standards dated November 10, 1986 N 3395 set the introduction date as 01.01.87
INSTEAD OF GOST 17.2.3.01-77
REPUBLICATION.
This standard applies to the rules for air quality control in residential areas of existing and newly built settlements.
The standard does not apply to the rules for air quality control in the territories of industrial enterprises.
The standard complies with ST SEV 1925-79 in terms of methods, duration and number of sampling.
1. ORGANIZATION OF CONTROL
1.1. Three categories of atmospheric pollution observation posts are established: stationary, route, mobile (under-flare).
1.2. The stationary post is designed to provide continuous recording of the content of pollutants or regular air sampling for subsequent analysis.
Stationary posts are distinguished from fixed posts, which are designed to detect long-term changes in the content of the main and most common pollutants.
1.3. The route post is designed for regular air sampling at a fixed point in the terrain during observations that are carried out using mobile equipment.
1.4. A mobile (under-flare) post is designed for sampling under a smoke (gas) torch in order to identify the zone of influence of a given source.
2. PLACEMENT AND NUMBER OF OBSERVATION POSTS
2.1. Each post, regardless of category, is located on an open area ventilated from all sides with a dust-free coating: asphalt, hard ground, lawn - in such a way that the measurement results are not distorted by the presence of green spaces, buildings, etc.
2.2. Stationary and route posts are located in places selected on the basis of a preliminary study of urban air pollution by industrial emissions, vehicle emissions, domestic and other sources and dispersion conditions. These posts are located in the central part of the settlement, residential areas with various types of buildings (primarily the most polluted), recreation areas, in areas adjacent to highways of heavy traffic.
2.3. The placement of stationary posts is coordinated with the local bodies of the USSR State Committee for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Control and the Sanitary and Epidemiological Service.
Support posts are not subject to transfer without prior permission from the USSR State Committee for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Control.
2.4. Sampling sites for under-flame observations are selected at different distances from a specific source of pollution, taking into account the patterns of distribution of pollutants in the atmosphere.
2.5. The number of posts and their location is determined taking into account the population, the area of the settlement and the terrain, as well as the development of industry, the network of highways with heavy traffic and their location throughout the city, the dispersal of recreation areas and resort areas.
2.6. The number of stationary posts, depending on the population, is set at least:
1 post - up to 50 thousand inhabitants, 2 posts - 100 thousand inhabitants, 2-3 posts - 100-200 thousand inhabitants, 3-5 posts - 200-500 thousand inhabitants, 5-10 posts - more than 500 thousand. residents, 10-20 posts (stationary and route) - more than 1 million residents.
2.7. In settlements, one stationary or route post is installed every 0.5-5 km, taking into account the complexity of the terrain and the presence of a significant number of pollution sources.
2.8. When conducting extended studies of the state of atmospheric pollution, the number of stationary posts may be increased in agreement with the USSR Ministry of Health and the USSR State Committee for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Control.
3. PROGRAM AND DATE OF OBSERVATIONS
3.1. Four observation programs are established at stationary posts: complete, incomplete, reduced, daily.
3.2. The full program of observations is designed to obtain information on single and average daily concentrations. Observations according to the full program are performed daily by continuous recording using automatic devices or discretely at regular intervals at least four times with mandatory selection at 1, 7, 13, 19 hours local standard time. It is allowed to conduct observations according to a rolling schedule of 7, 10, 13 hours on Tuesday, Thursday, Saturday and at 16, 19, 22 hours - on Monday, Wednesday, Friday.
3.3. Observations under an incomplete program are allowed to be carried out in order to obtain information on single concentrations daily at 7, 13, 19 hours of local standard time.
3.4. According to a shortened program, observations are carried out in order to obtain information on single concentrations daily at 7 and 13 hours of local daylight savings time.
Observations under a reduced program are allowed to be carried out at air temperatures below minus 45 °C and in places where average monthly concentrations are below the one-time MPC or below the lower limit of the impurity measurement range by the method used.
3.5. The daily sampling program is designed to obtain information on the average daily concentration. Observations under this program are carried out by continuous daily sampling.
3.6. During the period of unfavorable meteorological conditions and a significant increase in the content of pollutants, observations are made every 3 hours. At the same time, samples are taken under the torches of the main sources of pollution and in the territory of the highest population density.
3.7. Simultaneously with air sampling, the following meteorological parameters are determined: wind direction and speed, air temperature, weather conditions and the underlying surface.
3.8. At some posts, a shift of all observation periods by one hour is allowed.
It is allowed not to conduct observations on Sundays and holidays.
3.9. Monitoring of the content of dust, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide (the main pollutants) and specific substances that are typical for industrial emissions of a given settlement is carried out at the reference stationary posts.
3.10. Monitoring of specific pollutants is carried out at stationary (non-support) posts. Observations of the main pollutants at these posts are allowed to be carried out according to a reduced program (clause 3.4) and not to be carried out if the average monthly concentrations of these substances during the year do not exceed 0.5 of the average daily MPC.
3.11. The list of substances for control at each stationary post in the city is established by local bodies of the USSR State Committee for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Control and the Sanitary and Epidemiological Service.
3.12. At the route posts, observations are made of the main pollutants and specific substances characteristic of industrial emissions of a given settlement.
3.13. At mobile (under-flare) posts, observations are made for specific pollutants characteristic of emissions from a given enterprise.
3.14. When conducting episodic surveys, observations are carried out according to a program that includes the necessary minimum of a regular program.
4. SAMPLING
4.1. The duration of sampling of pollutants in the determination of single concentrations is 20-30 minutes.
4.2. The duration of sampling of pollutants to determine the average daily concentrations for discrete observations under the full program is 20-30 minutes, for continuous sampling - 24 hours.
4.3. Sampling in determining the surface concentration of impurities in the atmosphere is carried out at a height of 1.5 to 3.5 m from the earth's surface.
4.4. Specific requirements for methods and means of sampling, necessary reagents, conditions for storage and transportation of samples, individual for each pollutant, are established in the regulatory and technical documents for methods for determining pollutants.
5. CHARACTERISTICS OF AIR POLLUTION
5.1. According to the data on air pollution, the concentrations of impurities are determined: one-time (20-30 min), average daily, average monthly and average annual.
5.2. Average daily concentrations are determined as the arithmetic mean of single concentrations obtained under the full program at regular intervals, including mandatory periods of 1, 7, 13, 19 hours, and also according to continuous registration during the day.
5.3. Average monthly values of pollutant concentrations are determined as the arithmetic mean of all one-time or average daily concentrations obtained during the month.
5.4. The average annual concentration of a pollutant is defined as the arithmetic mean of one-time or average daily concentrations obtained during the year.
The text of the document is verified by:
official publication
Protection of Nature. Atmosphere: Sat. GOSTs. -
Moscow: IPK Standards Publishing House, 2004
