FEDERAL AGENCY OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION FOR
CONSTRUCTION AND HOUSING AND UTILITIES
(ROSSTROY)

Introduction Section 3 General provisions Section 4 Qualitative characteristic surface runoff from residential areas and enterprise sites 4.1. Selection of priority indicators of surface runoff pollution in the design of treatment facilities 4.2. Determination of the calculated concentrations of pollutants during the diversion of surface runoff for treatment and release into water bodies Section 5. Quantitative characteristics of surface runoff from residential areas and enterprise sites 5.1. Determination of the average annual volumes of surface Wastewater 5.2. Determination of the estimated volumes of surface wastewater when diverting them for treatment 5.3. Determination of the estimated flow rates of rain and melt water in storm sewer collectors 5.4. Determination of the estimated costs of surface runoff when discharged for treatment and into water bodies Section 6. Conditions for diverting surface runoff from residential areas and enterprise sites 6.1. General provisions 6.2. Determination of MPD standards for pollutants when discharging surface wastewater into water bodies Section 7. Systems and facilities for collecting and diverting surface runoff from residential areas and enterprise sites 7.1. Surface runoff collection and diversion schemes 7.2. Structures for regulating surface runoff during discharge for treatment and methods for their calculation 7.3. Surface runoff pumping 7.4. Determination of the estimated performance of treatment facilities Section 8. Treatment of surface runoff from residential areas and enterprise sites 8.1. General provisions 8.2. mechanical cleaning 8.3. Wastewater treatment by flotation 8.4. Filtration 8.5. Reagent treatment of surface runoff 8.6. Biological treatment 8.7. Ion exchange 8.8. Adsorption 8.9. Ozonation 8.10. Sludge treatment 8.11. Disinfection of surface runoff Legend: BIBLIOGRAPHY Annex 1 Classification of districts Russian Federation depending on climatic conditions Annex 2 Values ​​of rain intensity q20 Annex 3 Values ​​of parameters n, mr, γ for determining the estimated flow rates in storm sewer collectors Annex 4 Average duration of rainfall per day with precipitation Annex 5 Method for constructing a graph of the probability distribution function of daily rain layers and an example of calculating the daily rain layer with a given period of a single excess of Р< 1 года Appendix 6 Methodology for calculating the daily layer of precipitation with a given probability of exceeding Appendix 7 Schemes for regulating surface runoff and a methodology for calculating the flow of wastewater discharged for treatment and into water bodies Annex 8 Performance Calculation Method pumping stations for pumping surface runoff

Introduction

3. Rules for the use of public water supply and sewerage systems in the Russian Federation.

The recommendations were developed by a team of specialists from the State Research Center of the Russian Federation FSUE "NII VODGEO" under the scientific supervision of Dr. technical sciences consisting of: candidates of technical sciences, doctor of technical sciences, engineer, candidates of technical sciences, doctor of technical sciences.

When developing the Recommendations, the data of field studies obtained by the specialists of the Leningrad Research Institute of Achievements of the Achievements of the Leningrad Region named after V.I. , VNIIVO and a number of industry research organizations at enterprises of various industries, as well as data from the experience of operating surface runoff treatment facilities from urban areas and industrial enterprises, designed and built over the past 30 years.

The recommended calculation of systems for the collection and disposal of surface wastewater is based on the method of limiting intensities, developed and later developed by an engineer, Doctor of Technical Sciences, Candidate of Technical Sciences, Doctors of Technical Sciences and A. M. Kurganov.

The authors express their special gratitude to the chief specialist of the State Unitary Enterprise Soyuzvodokanalproekt, candidate of technical sciences for their assistance in preparing the Recommendations, as well as to the participants of the seminar of the Research Institute of VODGEO "Systems for collecting, diverting and treating surface runoff from residential areas of cities and industrial enterprises" (April 6-7, 2005 Moscow) dedicated to new edition Recommendations, for the comments and suggestions.

1 With the release of these recommendations "Temporary recommendations for the design of facilities for the treatment of surface runoff from the territories of industrial enterprises and the calculation of the conditions for its release into water bodies", published by VNII VODGEO in 1983, become invalid.

Section 1 Legislative and Regulatory Documents

1. Water Code of the Russian Federation of November 16, 1995 .

3. Rules of protection surface water. - M., 1991.

4. SanPiN 2.1.5.980-00. Hygiene requirements to the protection of surface waters.

5. GOST 17.1.3.13-86. General requirements to the protection of surface waters from pollution.

6. Rules for the use of public water supply and sewerage systems in the Russian Federation. Approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of February 12, 1999 No. 000.

7. SNiP 2.04.03-85. Sewerage. External networks and structures.

8. SNiP 23-01-99. Building climatology.

9. GOST 17.1.1.01-77. Protection of Nature. Hydrosphere. Use and protection of waters. Basic terms and definitions.

10. GOST 17.1.3.13-86. Protection of Nature. Hydrosphere. Classification of water bodies.

11. SanPiN 2.2.1/2.1.1.1200-03. Sanitary and epidemiological rules and regulations.

12. GOST 27065-86. Water quality. Terms and Definitions.

13. GOST 19179-73. Land hydrology. Terms and Definitions.

14. List of fishery standards: maximum allowable concentrations (MAC) and approximately safe levels impact (SHB) harmful substances for water of water bodies having a fishery purpose. Approved by order of Roskomrybolovstvo dated June 28, 1999 No. 96.

15. GN 2.1.5.1315-03. Maximum Permissible Concentrations (MAC) chemical substances in the water of water objects of economic and drinking and cultural and household water use. Hygienic standards. Approved and put into effect by the Decree of the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the Russian Federation dated April 30, 2003 No. 78.

16. GN 2.1.5.1316-03. Approximately acceptable levels(ODU) of chemicals in the water of water bodies for drinking and domestic water use. Hygienic standards. Approved and put into effect by the Decree of the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the Russian Federation dated 01.01.01 No. 78.

Section 2. Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply:

STORAGE CAPACITY(surface runoff accumulator) - a structure for receiving, collecting and averaging the flow rate and composition of surface wastewater from residential areas and enterprise sites for the purpose of their subsequent treatment.

After collecting the initial data, determining the heat losses of the house and the power of the radiators, it remains to perform a hydraulic calculation of the heating system. Properly executed, it is a guarantee of correct, silent, stable and reliable operation of the heating system. Moreover, it is a way to avoid unnecessary capital investments and energy costs.

Calculations and work to be done in advance

Hydraulic calculation is the most time-consuming and complex design stage.

• First, the balance of heated rooms and premises is determined.
• Secondly, it is necessary to select the type of heat exchangers or heating appliances, as well as arrange them on the plan of the house.
• Thirdly, the calculation of the heating of a private house assumes that a choice has already been made regarding the configuration of the system, types of pipelines and fittings (regulating and shut-off).
• Fourth, a drawing must be made heating system. It is best if it is an axonometric diagram. It should indicate the numbers, the length of the calculated sections and thermal loads.
• Fifthly, the main circulation ring is installed. This is a closed circuit, including successive sections of pipeline directed to the instrument riser (when considering single pipe system) or to the most distant radiator (if a two-pipe system is used) and back to the heat source.

Calculation of heating in wooden house performed according to the same scheme as in a brick or in any other country cottage.

Calculation procedure

Hydraulic calculation of the heating system involves the solution of the following tasks:

• determination of the diameters of the pipeline in various segments (at the same time, economically feasible and recommended speeds of the coolant movement are taken into account);
• calculation in different areas hydraulic losses pressure;
• hydraulic balancing of all branches of the system (hydraulic instrumentation and others). It involves the use of control valves, which allows you to perform dynamic balancing in non-stationary hydraulic and thermal modes of operation of the heating system;
• coolant flow rate and pressure loss calculation.

Are there free calculators?

To simplify the calculation of the heating system of a private house, you can use special programs. Of course, there are not as many of them as graphic editors, but there is still a choice. Some are distributed free of charge, others - in demo versions. Anyway, do necessary calculations once or twice it will turn out without material investments.

Oventrop CO software

The free Oventrop CO software is designed to carry out hydraulic calculation heating of a country house.

Oventrop CO is designed to provide graphical assistance during the heating project planning phase. It allows you to perform a hydraulic calculation for both single-pipe and two-pipe system. It is simple and convenient to work in it: there are already ready blocks, error control is exercised, a huge catalog of materials

Based on the pre-settings and the selection of heating devices, pipelines and fittings, new systems can be designed. In addition, it is possible to adjust the existing scheme. It is carried out by selecting the power of the equipment already available in accordance with the needs of heated rooms and premises.

Both of these options can be combined in this program, allowing you to adjust existing fragments and design new ones. With any calculation option, Oventrop CO selects the reinforcement settings. In terms of performing hydraulic calculations for this program wide opportunities: from the selection of pipeline diameters to the analysis of water flow in equipment. All results (tables, charts, figures) can be printed or transferred to the Windows environment.

Software "Instal-Therm HCR"

The program "Instal-Therm HCR" allows you to calculate the system of radiator and surface heating.

It comes in the InstalSystem TECE package, which includes three more programs: Instal-San T (for designing cold and hot water supply), Instal-Heat & Energy (for calculating heat losses) and Instal-Scan (for scanning drawings).

The "Instal-Therm HCR" program is equipped with extended catalogs of materials (pipes, water consumers, fittings, radiators, thermal insulation and valves). The calculation results are issued in the form of specifications for the materials and products offered by the program. The only drawback of the trial version is that it cannot be printed.

Computing capabilities of "Instal-Therm HCR": - selection by diameter of pipes and fittings, as well as tees, shaped products, distributors, bushings and thermal insulation of the pipeline; - determination of the lifting height of pumps located in the mixers of the system or in the area; - hydraulic and thermal calculations heating surfaces, automatic detection optimum temperature input (power supply); - selection of radiators, taking into account the cooling in the pipelines of the working agent.

The trial version is free to use, but it has some limitations. First, as with most shareware programs, the results cannot be printed, nor can they be exported. Second, only three projects can be created in each of the applications in the package. True, you can change them as much as you like. Thirdly, the created project is saved in a modified format. Files with this extension will not be read by any other trial or even the standard version.

HERZ C.O. software

The HERZ C.O. program is freely distributed. With its help, you can make a hydraulic calculation of both one-pipe and two-pipe heating systems. An important difference from others is the ability to perform calculations in new or reconstructed buildings, where a glycol mixture acts as a heat carrier. This software has a certificate of conformity from TsSPS LLC.

HERZ C.O. provides the user with the following options: selection of pipes by diameter, settings of pressure difference regulators (branching, base of drains); analysis of water consumption and determination of pressure losses in equipment; calculation of hydraulic resistance of circulation rings; taking into account the necessary authorities of thermostatic valves; reduction of excess pressure in the circulation rings by selecting valve settings. For the convenience of the user, graphical data entry is organized. The calculation results are displayed in the form of diagrams and floor plans.

Schematic representation of calculation results in HERZ C.O. much more convenient than the specification for materials and products, in the form of which the results of calculations in other programs are displayed

The program has a developed context-sensitive help that provides information about individual commands or input indicators. The multi-window mode of operation allows you to simultaneously view several types of data and totals. Working with the plotter and printer is organized extremely simply, before printing, you can preview the output pages.

HERZ C.O. program is equipped with a convenient function of automatic search and diagnosis of errors in tables and diagrams, as well as quick access to the catalog data of fittings, heating appliances and pipes

Modern control systems with constantly changing thermal conditions require equipment to monitor changes and regulate them.

It is very difficult to make a choice of control valves without knowing the market situation. Therefore, in order to make a heating calculation for the area of ​​the whole house, it is better to use a software application with a large library of materials and products. Not only the operation of the system itself depends on the correctness of the data obtained, but also the amount of capital investment that will be required for its organization.

Today we will analyze how to make a hydraulic calculation of the heating system. Indeed, to this day, the practice of designing heating systems on a whim is spreading. This is a fundamentally wrong approach: without preliminary calculation we raise the bar on material consumption, provoke abnormal modes of operation and lose the opportunity to achieve maximum efficiency.

Goals and objectives of hydraulic calculation

From an engineering point of view fluid system heating is a rather complex complex, including devices for generating heat, transporting it and releasing it in heated rooms. Ideal mode of operation hydraulic system heating is considered to be one in which the coolant absorbs the maximum heat from the source and transfers it to the room atmosphere without loss during movement. Of course, such a task seems completely unattainable, but a more thoughtful approach allows us to predict the behavior of the system in various conditions and get as close to benchmarks as possible. This is the main goal of designing heating systems, the most important part of which is considered to be hydraulic calculation.

Practical Goals hydraulic calculation are:

1. To understand at what speed and in what volume the coolant moves in each node of the system.
2. Determine the impact that a change in the operating mode of each of the devices has on the entire complex as a whole.
3. Determine what performance and performance characteristics of individual components and devices will be sufficient for the heating system to perform its functions without a significant increase in cost and providing an unreasonably high safety margin.
4. Ultimately, to ensure a strictly metered distribution of thermal energy to various heating zones and ensure that this distribution will be maintained with a high constancy.

We can say more: without at least basic calculations, it is impossible to achieve acceptable stability and long-term use of equipment. Modeling the operation of a hydraulic system, in fact, is the basis on which all further design development is built.

Types of heating systems

The tasks of engineering calculations of this kind are complicated by the high diversity of heating systems, both in terms of scale and configuration. There are several types of heating interchanges, each of which has its own laws:

1. Two-pipe dead-end systems a - the most common version of the device, well suited for organizing both central and individual heating circuits.

The transition from heat engineering to hydraulic calculation is carried out by introducing the concept of mass flow, that is, a certain mass of coolant supplied to each section heating circuit. Mass flow is the ratio of the required heat output to the product of the specific heat capacity of the coolant and the temperature difference in the supply and return pipelines. Thus, key points are marked on the sketch of the heating system, for which the nominal mass flow is indicated. For convenience, the volumetric flow is also determined in parallel, taking into account the density of the heat carrier used.

G \u003d Q / (c (t 2 - t 1))

• Q - required thermal power, W
• c- specific heat coolant, for water received 4200 J/(kg °C)
• ΔT \u003d (t 2 - t 1) - temperature difference between supply and return, ° С

The logic here is simple: to deliver required amount heat to the radiator, you must first determine the volume or mass of the coolant with a given heat capacity passing through the pipeline per unit time. To do this, it is required to determine the speed of movement of the coolant in the circuit, which is equal to the ratio of the volumetric flow to the cross-sectional area of ​​the internal passage of the pipe. If the velocity is calculated relative to the mass flow, the value of the coolant density must be added to the denominator:

V = G/(ρ f)

• V is the speed of the coolant, m/s
• G - coolant flow rate, kg / s
• ρ is the density of the coolant, for water you can take 1000 kg / m 3
• f is the cross-sectional area of ​​the pipe, is found by the formula π- r 2, where r is the inner diameter of the pipe, divided by two

Flow and speed data are needed to determine the nominal diameter of the decoupling pipes, as well as the flow and pressure circulation pumps. Devices forced circulation must create excess pressure to overcome the hydrodynamic resistance of pipes and valves. The greatest difficulty is the hydraulic calculation of systems with natural (gravitational) circulation, for which the required overpressure is calculated from the rate and degree of volumetric expansion of the heated coolant.

Head and pressure losses

Calculation of parameters according to the relations described above would be sufficient for ideal models. AT real life both the volumetric flow and the coolant velocity will always differ from those calculated in different points systems. The reason for this is the hydrodynamic resistance to the movement of the coolant. It is due to a number of factors:

1. The forces of friction of the coolant against the walls of the pipes.
2. Local resistance to flow formed by fittings, taps, filters, thermostatic valves and other fittings.
3. The presence of branches of connecting and branching types.
4. Turbulent swirls on turns, constrictions, expansions, etc.

The problem of finding the pressure drop and velocity on different areas system is rightfully considered the most complex, it lies in the field of calculations of hydrodynamic media. Thus, the forces of fluid friction on the inner surfaces of the pipe are described by a logarithmic function that takes into account the roughness of the material and the kinematic viscosity. Calculating turbulent eddies is even more difficult: the slightest change in the profile and shape of the channel makes each individual situation unique. To facilitate the calculations, two reference coefficients are introduced:

1. Kvs- characterizing the throughput of pipes, radiators, separators and other areas close to linear.
2. K ms- determining local resistance in various fittings.

These coefficients are indicated by the manufacturers of pipes, valves, taps, filters for each individual product. Using the coefficients is quite easy: to determine the pressure loss, Kms is multiplied by the ratio of the square of the coolant velocity to the double value of the free fall acceleration:

Δh ms = K ms (V 2 /2g) or Δp ms = K ms (ρV 2 /2)

• Δh ms - pressure loss at local resistances, m
• Δp ms - pressure loss at local resistances, Pa
• K ms - coefficient local resistance
• g - free fall acceleration, 9.8 m/s 2
• ρ is the density of the coolant, for water 1000 kg / m 3

The head loss in linear sections is the ratio bandwidth channel to a known bandwidth coefficient, and the result of division must be raised to the second power:

P \u003d (G / Kvs) 2

• P - head loss, bar
• G - the actual flow rate of the coolant, m 3 / hour
• Kvs - throughput, m 3 / hour

System pre-balancing

The most important final goal of the hydraulic calculation of the heating system is the calculation of such throughput values ​​at which a strictly metered amount of coolant with certain temperature, which ensures the normalized release of heat on heating devices. This task seems difficult at first glance. In reality, balancing is performed by control valves that restrict the flow. For each valve model, both the Kvs factor for the fully open state and the Kv factor curve for the valve are shown. varying degrees opening of the adjusting rod. By changing the capacity of valves, which are usually installed at the connection points of heating devices, it is possible to achieve the desired distribution of the coolant, and hence the amount of heat transferred by it.

There are, however, small nuance: when changing the throughput at one point of the system, not only the actual flow in the section under consideration changes. Due to a decrease or increase in flow, the balance in all other circuits changes to some extent. If we take for example two radiators with different thermal power, connected in parallel with the oncoming movement of the coolant, then with an increase in the throughput of the device that is the first in the circuit, the second one will receive less coolant due to an increase in the difference in hydrodynamic resistance. On the contrary, when the flow is reduced due to the control valve, all other radiators further down the chain will receive a larger volume of coolant automatically and will need additional calibration. Each type of wiring has its own balancing principles.

Software complexes for calculations

Obviously, manual calculations are justified only for small heating systems with a maximum of one or two circuits with 4-5 radiators in each. More complex systems heating with a thermal power of over 30 kW require integrated approach when calculating hydraulics, which expands the range of tools used far beyond the pencil and paper.

Today there are enough a large number of software provided by major manufacturers heating technology such as Valtec, Danfoss or Herz. In such software complexes to calculate the behavior of hydraulics, the same methodology that was described in our review is used. First, an exact copy of the designed heating system is modeled in the visual editor, for which data on the heat output, type of coolant, length and height of pipeline drops, fittings used, radiators and underfloor heating coils are indicated. The program library contains a wide range of hydraulic devices and fittings, for each product the manufacturer has determined in advance the operating parameters and basic coefficients. If desired, third-party device samples can be added if the required list of characteristics is known for them.

At the end of the work, the program makes it possible to determine a suitable conditional passage of pipes, to select a sufficient supply and pressure of circulation pumps. The calculation is completed by balancing the system, while in the course of simulating the operation of hydraulics, the dependences and the influence of changes in the throughput of one node of the system on all the others are taken into account. Practice shows that the development and use of even paid software products turns out to be cheaper than if the calculations were entrusted to contract specialists.

Introduction
1 area of ​​use
2. Legislative and regulatory documents
3. Terms and definitions
4. General provisions
5. Qualitative characteristics of surface runoff from residential areas and enterprise sites
5.1. Selection of priority indicators of surface runoff pollution in the design of treatment facilities
5.2. Determination of the calculated concentrations of pollutants during the diversion of surface runoff for treatment and release into water bodies
6. Systems and facilities for diverting surface runoff from residential areas and enterprise sites
6.1. Systems and schemes for the disposal of surface wastewater
6.2. Determination of the estimated flow rates of rain, melt and drainage water in storm sewer collectors
6.3. Determination of the estimated wastewater costs of a semi-separate sewerage system
6.4. Regulation of wastewater flow in the rainwater sewer network
6.5. Surface runoff pumping
7. Estimated volumes of surface wastewater from residential areas and enterprise sites
7.1. Determination of the average annual volumes of surface wastewater
7.2. Determination of the estimated volumes of rainwater discharged for treatment
7.3. Determination of the estimated daily volumes of melt water discharged for treatment
8. Determination of the calculated performance of surface runoff treatment facilities
8.1. Estimated performance of treatment facilities accumulative type
8.2. Estimated performance of flow-type treatment facilities
9. Conditions for diverting surface runoff from residential areas and enterprise sites
9.1. General provisions
9.2. Determination of standards for permissible discharge (VAT) of substances and microorganisms during the release of surface wastewater into water bodies
10. Wastewater treatment plant
10.1. General provisions
10.2. Selection of the type of treatment facilities according to the principle of water flow control
10.3. Basic technological principles
10.4. Treatment of surface runoff from large mechanical impurities and garbage
10.5. Separation and regulation of runoff at treatment facilities
10.6. Wastewater treatment from heavy mineral impurities (sand trapping)
10.7. Accumulation and preliminary clarification of runoff by static settling
10.8. Reagent treatment of surface runoff
10.9. Cleaning of surface runoff by reagent sedimentation
10.10. Surface runoff treatment with reagent flotation
10.11. Surface runoff treatment by contact filtration
10.12. Post-treatment of surface runoff by filtration
10.13. Adsorption
10.14. Biological treatment
10.15. Ozonation
10.16. Ion exchange
10.17. Baromembrane processes
10.18. Disinfection of surface runoff
10.19. Waste management technological processes surface wastewater treatment
10.20. Basic requirements for the control and automation of technological processes for surface wastewater treatment
Bibliography
Annex 1. Meaning of rain intensity values
Annex 2. Parameter values ​​​​for determining the estimated flow rates in storm sewer collectors
Appendix 3
Annex 4. Regional map of the territory of the Russian Federation by coefficient C
Annex 5. Methodology for calculating the volume of a reservoir for regulating surface runoff in a storm sewer network
Appendix 6. Methodology for calculating the performance of pumping stations for pumping surface runoff
Appendix 7. Methodology for determining the maximum daily layer of rain runoff for residential areas and enterprises of the first group
Appendix 8. Methodology for calculating the daily layer of precipitation with a given probability of exceeding (for enterprises of the second group)
Appendix 9. Normalized deviations from the average value of the ordinates of the logarithmically normal distribution curve different meanings security and asymmetry coefficient
Appendix 10
Appendix 11. Mean daily precipitation layers Нav, coefficients of variation and asymmetry for various territorial regions of the Russian Federation
Appendix 12. Methodology and example of calculating the daily volume of melt water discharged for treatment

Regulatory and methodological documents regulating the design of systems for the disposal and treatment of surface (rain, melt, irrigation) wastewater from residential areas and enterprise sites, as well as comments on the provisions of SP 32.13330.2012 “Sewerage. External networks and structures” and “Recommendations for the calculation of systems for collecting, diverting and treating surface runoff from residential areas and sites of enterprises and determining the conditions for its release into water bodies” (JSC “NII VODGEO”). These documents allow the disposal of the most polluted part of the surface runoff for treatment in the amount of at least 70% of the annual volume of runoff for residential areas and sites of enterprises that are close to them in terms of pollution, and the entire volume of runoff from the sites of enterprises, the territory of which may be contaminated with specific substances with toxic properties or significant content organic matter. Considered common design practice engineering structures separate and combined sewerage systems that allow short-term discharge of part of the wastewater when intense (rainstorm) rains of rare frequency fall through separation chambers (storm discharges) into a water body. The situations related to the refusals of the territorial departments of the State Expertise and the Federal Agency for Fishery in coordinating the implementation of activities for the designed facilities are considered. capital construction on the basis of Article 60 of the Water Code of the Russian Federation, which prohibits the discharge of wastewater into water bodies that has not undergone sanitary treatment and neutralization.

Keywords

List of cited literature

1. Danilov O. L., Kostyuchenko P. A. Practical guide for the selection and development of energy-saving projects. - M., CJSC Tekhnopromstroy, 2006. S. 407–420.
2. Recommendations for the calculation of systems for collecting, diverting and treating surface runoff from residential areas, enterprise sites and determining the conditions for its release into water bodies. Addendum to SP 32.13330.2012 “Sewerage. External networks and structures” (updated edition of SNiP 2.04.03-85). - M., OJSC "NII VODGEO", 2014. 89 p.
3. Vereshchagina L. M., Menshutin Yu. A., Shvetsov V. N. O regulatory framework designing systems for the removal and treatment of surface wastewater: IX scientific and technical conference "Yakovlevsky Readings". – M., MGSU, 2014. S. 166–170.
4. Molokov M. V., Shifrin V. N. Purification of surface runoff from the territories of cities and industrial sites. – M.: Stroyizdat, 1977. 104 p.
5. Alekseev M. I., Kurganov A. M. Organization of diversion of surface (rain and melt) runoff from urban areas. - M .: Publishing house ASV; SPb, SPbGASU, 2000. 352 p.