How to arrange sewerage in a private house. Do-it-yourself sewerage in a private house: a scheme for the disposal of waste products. Soil and biological treatment - septic tank with filtration field

Sewerage in a private house is a pipe distribution, consisting of two parts: internal and external. Therefore, when the installation of sewerage is carried out, the process itself is divided into two stages: the assembly of the internal sewer system and the external one. Everything is done separately, taking into account the calculations of the diameter of the pipes and the choice of material from which they are made. Gone are the days when the sewerage of a private house was assembled from cast-iron or asbestos pipes. They served their purpose by handing over the reins of government to plastic pipes. Therefore, first of all, it is necessary to correctly approach the choice of sewer pipes.

Types of sewer pipes

Today, two types of polymer pipes are used to assemble sewers in private homes: PVC and polypropylene. The former are used for the external system, the latter for the internal.

Sewer pipes

Polypropylene sewer pipes are gray in color and have a range of standard diameters from 20 mm to 400 mm. At the same time, their connection is bell-shaped using a rubber cuff, which ensures the tightness of the joint. To facilitate the installation of the sewer system, manufacturers offer various fittings: elbows, bends, crosses, tees, adapters, plugs and other profile products of different diameters.

As for PVC sewer pipes, everything is the same here as regards connections and fittings. But they have an orange or red color, so it will be impossible to confuse. Plus, a diameter that starts at 50mm and ends at 1200mm. For external sewerage of a private house, diameters of 110-200 mm are most often used.

Internal sewerage of a private house

Installation of the internal sewerage of a private house is more difficult than the external one. The thing is that inside the house there are a large number of water consumers: taps, faucets, showers, washing and washing machines, toilets. And they are all located in different rooms. Therefore, the piping has a complex scheme, which is assembled into a single system and brought out, connecting to the external part of the sewer. If the house is built on several floors, then each of them has its own system, and all floors are combined by one vertical riser, which is assembled from a pipe with a diameter of 110 mm.

Usually the riser is installed in the place where the sewerage will be taken out of the house. Here it is important to observe one important rule - the smaller the distance, the more efficiently the system works. Therefore, the riser is installed against the wall of the building, which will be closest to the sewer well or septic tank.

As for the piping of the internal sewer system, you have to take into account the volume of water that must pass through it.

• A pipe with a diameter of 25-32 mm can be removed from the sink.
• From kitchen sink 32-40 mm.
• From a shower or bath 32-50 mm.
• From a washing machine or dishwasher 40-50 mm.
• From the toilet bowl 110 mm.

And the more connections are made in one system, the larger the diameter of the pipe must combine them. For example, if a sink and a dishwasher in the kitchen are connected to one network, then a pipe with a diameter of 40 mm is installed under each of them. But they are connected when they are taken out of the kitchen into a pipe with a diameter of 50 mm, which, for example, will be further combined with a sink and a bathroom, which in the final result will give a combined pipe with a diameter of 110 mm.

Therefore, it is very important to first draw a piping diagram with the exact installation of plumbing fixtures, and only then calculate the dimensions of the piping with an accurate determination of the diameters of the purchased products.

Scheme of wiring the sewerage of one floor of a private house

Installation process rules

There are certain rules for the installation of sewer pipes, which are installed in the internal wiring.

• The socket of the sewer pipe, which is connected to the very first and last consumer, must be located at least 80 cm from the floor level. That is, this consumer is the farthest from the riser. If there are not so many fittings along the water path, then you can lower the installation level to 30 cm.
• The toilet must be connected to the riser with a pipe of the same diameter as the riser itself. And its length should not exceed 1 m.
• Each plumbing fixture must be equipped with a water seal (siphon).
• The slope of sewer pipes should be 2-3 mm per meter of piping length.
• Fastening to the supporting structures of the building is carried out using special clamps, of which there should be two for each element. Clamps are usually installed at socket connections.

Internal sewerage in a private house

The plastic pipe is easily cut, so it can be cut to the required length with a hacksaw or a grinder. All connections, as mentioned above, are bell-shaped. Therefore, it will not be difficult to assemble the sewer with your own hands. The main thing is to follow the installation scheme of the sewerage system exactly.

Attention! Where to start installing the sewer: from a riser or from a plumbing fixture, everyone decides for himself.

If a private house has a basement in its design, then the entire wiring of the first floor can be done there. It is convenient in terms of installation and maintenance. Secondly, the pipeline will not be visible, which will increase the space of the premises and the aesthetics of their appearance. Laying sewer pipes in the walls is not recommended. For them, boxes of their various finishing materials are usually constructed with a frame device.

Installation of sewerage in the basement of the house

External sewerage of a private house

It is easier internal in terms of its installation. But in addition to pipes, the sewer system includes a septic tank or a well, as well as several manholes. The installation of the sewerage system (external) begins with earthworks. With the help of shovels, a pit is dug under a septic tank or a well, and there may be several pits if the septic tank is built in the form of several overflow wells. Further, a trench is dug from it to the house. The main requirement for it is straightness without a large number of bends and turns, plus adhere to the slope towards the well.

By the way, about the slope of the pipeline for the outdoor system. It all depends on the diameter of the pipe used. For example, for pipes with a diameter of 110 mm, the slope should be 20 mm per linear meter of the assembled pipeline. For a pipe of 160 mm - 8 mm slope, for 200 mm - 7 mm.

The slope of the installation of sewer pipes

As for the minimum number of taps, this is an important component on which the efficiency of the entire system depends. The thing is that any even the most insignificant turn from the straightness of the pipeline is a place where a blockage can form. And if the angle of inclination is chosen incorrectly, then it is guaranteed to form in this place.

Installation rules

If a standard septic tank is installed, made of plastic or metal, then there should be no problems with its installation. The bottom of the pit is leveled horizontally, sprinkled with sand 15-20 cm thick, and compacted. After that, it is necessary to lower the septic tank into it.

Attention! The inlet pipe of the septic tank must be oriented exactly along the sewer pipe. It is optimal if they are located on the same axis. Deviations are possible, but small.

Installed septic tank

If a well or a septic tank is equipped from different materials, that is, an unfinished option, then the complexity of installing a sewer in a private house increases dramatically. For example, a well made of reinforced concrete rings. It is necessary to dig a pit, fill it with a sand or crushed stone pillow 15-20 cm thick, tamp it down, pour a concrete layer with a thickness of at least 7 cm, and, if possible, lay a reinforcing frame made of metal mesh or reinforcement in it.

Then you need to wait a few days for the concrete base to dry out. And after that, use a crane to collect the reinforced concrete rings themselves. And before that, the rings are additionally waterproofed from the outside. All this is difficult and costly. Therefore, the easiest option is to install a ready-made septic tank, at worst a sealed or leaky container.

Connection of two sewer pipes

Now with regard to the installation of sewer pipes. With their bias, everything is clear. But there is one important process - their thermal insulation. More recently, sewer pipes were laid below the freezing level of the soil. Why a huge amount of earthwork was carried out, because in many regions this figure is more than 1.5 m. Today, this method of sewer insulation can not be used. The use of thermal insulation materials of various types solves this problem.

Of course, many are faced with the question of which pipe insulation to choose. Today, the ideal option is heat-insulating cylinders (shells), which are made from almost all types of heaters: mineral wool, various kinds of foamed polymers, and so on. The shell is simply put on the pipe and fastened with clamps or tape. By the way, internal sewage pipes located in an unheated basement also need to be insulated with this material.

Thermal insulation of the sewer pipe

If the external sewer system is very long, then manholes must be installed in it. One well per 50 m length of a straight pipeline. Be sure to install a well near the outlets or connections (for example, when a branch from an outdoor pool or summer kitchen is connected to the main branch). Their purpose is to control sewer flows and, if necessary, repair and clean the system through them.

You can buy ready-made wells, such manufacturers of sewer pipes offer today. And you can make them with your own hands from the same pipes of only large diameter, for example, from 400 or 500 mm. They are installed in trenches in a vertical position and connected to the ends of the connected pipes.

Attention! Where to start installing sewer pipes: from a septic tank or from a house, everyone decides for himself.

Mounting diagram

• The bottom of the excavated trench is leveled taking into account the slope of the sewer system. Greater precision is not required here.
• A sand bed is made with a thickness of 15-20 cm. It is this that will have to be strictly aligned to the slope of the pipe laying.
• After that, the installation of pipes is carried out. And at this stage, the angle of inclination of the system is checked using a long level.
• Connecting a pipe to a septic tank and a pipe from the inside of the sewerage system of a private house.
• As for insulation, the cylinders are put on before the connection is made. That is, at first the pipe is set strictly along the slope, then a heater is put on it, and after that it is laid in a trench.
• The trenches are backfilled with soil.

Installation of sloped pipes

Gone are the days when in country and private houses all the amenities were on the street. Now, to create basic comfort, it is necessary to lay a sewer in a private house. This highly responsible task is not difficult.

To lay a sewer in a private house with your own hands, you need to start by creating a competent project. When constructing a new building, it is important to design drains not according to the residual principle, but in combination with all systems, since sewage is one of the most important life support points for a modern home.

And it is also necessary to first clarify whether it is possible to connect private housing to a centralized sewerage system. This will save money and time on construction. You need to know what soils can lie near the house, geological exploration will help with this.

The project for the sewer system of a private house should include the following items:

Installation of external sewerage

According to SNiP 2.04.03-85 “Sewerage. External networks and structures ”the type of pillow for the sewer pipeline depends on the bearing capacity of soils. In trenches in rocky soils, a pillow with a thickness of 100 mm or more from carefully compacted sand or gravel is provided. In peat, silty and other weak soils, an artificial foundation is made. For other types of soil, it is enough to carefully compact the immediate bottom of the trench.

The depth of the pipe supply depends on the level of soil freezing in the area. The top of the plumbing must be below the freezing point. With a soil layer height of less than 700 mm, drainpipes must be insulated and protected from damage if ground transport is supposed to pass from above.

The bottom of the trench must be cleared of debris and large stones, and the foundation is being prepared. The pipeline must be brought to the house from the sewer discharge point with a minimum number of turns. If they cannot be avoided, then smooth bends for pipes are used. Pipes and fittings are interconnected using a sealant.

The supply of sewerage to a private house should be under the right:

• for a pipe with a diameter of 160 mm, a slope of 0.008 is required;
• for a supply pipe with a size of 110 mm - 0.02;
• a pipeline with a diameter of 50 mm must be laid at a slope of 0.03.

At the exit from the building, a metal sleeve is inserted into the foundation hole for laying pipes in it. The remaining space must be filled with insulation, for example, mineral wool.

By fulfilling these simple conditions, you can protect yourself from a sudden breakthrough of the external sewage network or its freezing in winter. For example, the process of repair work during the cold season is complicated by digging a trench in frozen ground.

Collection and storage of effluents

In the absence of the possibility, several options for a local system for discharge, storage and treatment of wastewater are used:

• cesspool;
• septic tank.

Traditional cesspools are not the best option, from an environmental point of view. But they are the most economical way to organize an autonomous storage of domestic wastewater. Choosing this method, it is important to properly organize the placement of the pit:

• The distance between the cesspool and the well should be more than 25 m.
• The well for drains should be located further from the house than 5 m.
• With a sewer capacity of 8 sq. meters, the distance increases to 8 m.
• The distance from the cesspool to the border of the site should be at least 1.5 m.
• A cesspool is located downstream of groundwater to prevent runoff from entering the wells.
• The sewage well is located below the level of the house.

The material for the construction of the cesspool is traditionally red brick. If it is possible for the entrance of special equipment, they equip a pit from ready-made ones with a pre-concreted bottom. The structure is covered with a slab with an inspection hatch and a built-in ventilation pipe.

A more progressive solution for organizing waste collection is a septic tank. It usually consists of two or three chambers. In the first chamber, the solid fraction is deposited and decomposition takes place with the help of bacteria. The filtered liquid is sent to the next tank for further purification. In the last chamber, the purified liquid seeps through the gravel base into the soil. The septic tank must be equipped with a ventilation pipe with an umbrella. The structure must be freed from settled solid waste every 5–10 years. Such designs are purchased already in finished form.

Internal wiring

In addition to arranging external sewage, it is important to know how to properly lay pipes inside the house. There are many nuances:

• Water intake points should be located as compactly as possible for the optimal organization of the sewer system.
• The toilet is connected to the riser separately from other appliances to prevent them from sucking up drains from the toilet.
• Drains from sinks, sinks, showers and other plumbing fixtures must be brought to a common riser higher than the drain from the toilet.
• The slope of the pipes should be 2–9°.
• Every four meters of the riser, revisions must be installed at a height of more than 1 m from the floor.
• If the sewer pipes are not hidden under the floor, then revisions must be installed before each turn.
• The riser is equipped with a ventilation pipe with its output above the roof level from 70 cm. This will protect the home from unpleasant odors.
• In unheated rooms, the pipeline must be insulated.
• Parts of the pipeline at the joints are coated with sealant.
• To organize drains from sinks and sinks, a pipe with a diameter of 50 mm is sufficient, from a toilet bowl, a bathtub and a shower - 110 mm.
• The diameter of the riser must be at least 110 mm.
• The smaller the diameter of the pipe, the greater should be its slope.

Connection diagram of a riser with an external sewer pipe

It is desirable to soundproof sewer pipes (this will increase the level of comfort of housing) by arranging a drywall box and filling it with mineral wool.

If underfloor sewerage is chosen in a private house, then additional conditions for SNiP must be observed. In addition to the fact that with such installation the height of the room is lost, it is not possible to install an underground sewer everywhere. It is forbidden to install it:

• in food storage areas;
• in living rooms (bedrooms, guest rooms or children's rooms);
• in rooms for long-term stay of people (offices, classrooms);
• in rooms with installed electrical equipment.

Important! The configuration of the underground sewer should be as simple as possible, without unnecessary turns, transitions and fittings.

When installing the drainage system under the ceiling, a number of rules must be observed:

• The pipe diameter must not exceed 110 mm.
• Fittings are mounted at an angle of 45°.
• Fasteners are installed at a distance from each other, equal to the diameter of the pipe, multiplied by 10.
• The presence of underground wiring in the bathroom should not create an excess of the floor over the rest of the premises.
• The quality of the materials used is subject to increased requirements, since in order to repair the laid network, it will be necessary to break the overlap.

Do-it-yourself installation of the internal wiring of sewers in a private house is a fairly simple task, but it requires care and a serious attitude to the details that distinguish high-quality repairs.

It is unlikely that a modern person can imagine his existence without comfort and the usual benefits of existence, therefore, when arranging a frequency house or summer house, first of all, it is necessary to properly equip the water supply system, and of course the sewer system in compliance with all sanitary and hygienic standards.

The arrangement of the sewerage system allows not only to use the bathroom, but also to connect sinks, a dishwasher or a washing machine and bring life in a suburban area closer to living in a city apartment.

The installation of a sewer system is a laborious process and requires a serious approach, moreover, it is best to design a sewer at the initial stage of construction of private buildings.

Before starting work, it is necessary to carry out water supply and only then carry out the installation of the sewerage system, adhering to a strict sequence.

The main types of sewer systems

The modern sewer system is classified into three main types:

• Internal, where all communications are located inside the house.
• Outdoor, in which communications are located outside the house, which include cesspools, treatment stations, cesspools, septic tanks.
• The most important step is to carry out the sewer system into the house, since all the main elements and wiring to the main highways will be located inside the building. At this stage, proper arrangement is very important, which will ensure the performance and smooth functioning of the entire system.

Materials that will be needed when arranging the sewer system

The basis of any type of sewer system is a common riser, into which wastewater flows. Everything that passes through the riser enters the laid external sewer system and merges into the sump, which is located on the site.

Necessary materials:

1. Pipes, the number of which must be calculated in advance.
2. Branches for the sewer system, the size of which must correspond to the diameter of the pipes.
3. Tees of the desired style, which are necessary for branching the system.
4. Reducers and adapters for connecting pipes of various diameters.
5. Audits to control the functioning of the sewer system and access to clean it in case of blockage.
6. Plugs for bells, which cover unused holes.
7. Special fasteners for fixing sewer pipes.
8. Sealant - plumbing silicone in pipes and a gun that is needed to apply it.

Important! For the riser, you will need a pipe of a sufficiently large diameter (from 100 mm), since this pipe diameter is used to drain waste from the toilet. Install a riser in the very corner of the bathroom or in a pre-equipped shaft.

In addition, it is important to prepare all the tools and materials necessary for the work so that everything is at hand during the work.

The drain pipe must be well fixed. It is also necessary to align future places, joints, which will include outlet pipes from sinks, toilet bowls, bathtubs.

To ensure better sealing of pipe joints and avoid leakage, the joints are lubricated with grease or silicone.

Since plastic pipes are most often used in the arrangement of the sewer system, it is necessary to ensure their reliable fixation. the more reliable the fastening, the less likely the deformation of the sewer pipes, since the mass of filled pipes is much greater than empty ones.

Self-assembly of the sewer system

Do-it-yourself sewerage is quite simple, even without certain skills and experience. The main thing is to follow the sequence of work, purchase high-quality materials, and prepare the tool you need for the job.

Important! If you are still unsure of your abilities, you can always invite professional craftsmen who will carry out all the sewer installation work quickly and efficiently. However, in the process of their work, you can monitor the progress of the work, gaining experience and at the same time controlling the quality.

It is very important that the drain pipes coming from the toilet or bathtub exit at an angle to prevent clogging and ensure a normal level of system performance. The angle of inclination per meter should be between 2 and 4 degrees.

You should not purchase corrugated pipes for arranging the sewerage system - it is better to give preference to pipes with an ugly inner surface. It is recommended to fix the pipes immediately after connection and docking. To do this, it is necessary to build a box or gutter of drywall or other waterproof material. This design will achieve reliable fixation and get a rigid system that will be resistant to mechanical damage and water displacement.

Important! When installing the transition from a vertical to a horizontal drain, it is advisable to install a connecting element with an angle of 90 degrees in this place. This will help to significantly reduce the load on the nodes and pipes from pressure when draining water.

To install the transition node, you need to dig a deep hole of the appropriate diameter. This is also convenient because, if necessary, you can install an inspection sleeve, which will allow you to clean the system in case of clogging.

At the next stage, the drain line is taken out of the house. in the foundation, a hole of the required size is made and a corner is cut out at an angle of 15 degrees, and then a constant level of inclination of the drain pipe is set, inclusive, until it enters the drain pit, no more than 2-3 degrees.

Do not make a smaller slope or, on the contrary, tilt the pipe too much. A small slope will slow down the flow of drains, and with a strong slope, the sewage will pass too quickly through the sewer pipes, leaving solid fragments on the walls, which will soon lead to clogging and disruption of the sewer system.

Important! If the location is too close, the foundation may be damaged over time, and too large a distance can cause stagnation in the system, especially if it has many joints and turns.

At the final stage, it is necessary to dig a trench for laying the pipe, the depth of which depends on the climatic and weather conditions in your area. If winters are harsh and cold, the trench must be deep enough to prevent freezing and damage to the integrity of the pipes. For greater safety, you can insulate the pipes with insulation before the final backfilling of the soil.

It is equally important to install several small manholes along the entire length of the sewer pipes, which will allow an audit of the sewer system in case of blockages. Immediately before laying the sewer pipes, it is recommended to concrete the trench. The bottom of the trench should be as dewy as possible without elevation changes.

Disposal of human waste products is an indispensable condition for organizing comfortable living in private ownership. Therefore, a particularly important stage in the construction of the drainage system is the development of a sewerage scheme in a private house.

Gone are the days when a typical device for a private suburban household was an ordinary country toilet, which is a wooden booth and a cesspool. We suggest you read the article.

At present, the sewerage system in the house is its indispensable attribute.

Types of sewerage systems for a private house

Water in your house or in the country is necessary, there is no point in arguing with this statement. But its excess is even more harmful than its deficiency. An excessively watered area in the economic sense is even more useless than a dehydrated one. Therefore, special systems are created to remove excess moisture:

1. Drainage sewer system designed to collect and remove liquid from moisture-saturated soil layers.

1. A storm sewer system that performs the function of collecting rain and melt water, its sewage into special storage tanks and subsequent discharge into storm sewers or into devices for household use during a dry period.

1. Fecal sewerage, responsible for the collection, treatment and disposal of domestic fecal effluents and human waste products. We suggest that you read the article about.

Any of these devices performs a specific function and has its own design differences in accordance with the purpose.

The nature of the effluents in each system involves the separate collection and sewerage of liquid from each type of these devices.

How to make a sewerage scheme in the house with your own hands

Such a document is a graphical action plan. The sewer project makes it possible to correctly calculate the need for materials for installing a sewer system for your home.

Watch the video

The basis for drawing up drainage schemes is a building project, which clearly indicates the installation sites of plumbing fixtures and their names, which allows you to choose the right materials.

Factors affecting the composition and arrangement of sewage in the house

To determine the size and placement of the main elements when installing a sewerage system in a private house, it is necessary to determine the level of water consumption. The calculation uses average consumption data.

As a first approximation, you can use the standard in the amount of 100 liters per person. When designing, one should adhere to the basic rule of placing the main outdoor sewerage equipment at a distance of no closer than 4 meters from the boundary of the site and no closer than 10 meters from a residential building.

At the same time, the distance to the nearest water intake (well or well) must be at least 35 meters.

If the neighbors complain about you, then the inspection authorities (sanitary and epidemiological service) will require that the distance is not less than the figure indicated above!

Below is an example project.

The purpose of the plan is to locate the main equipment of the drainage system, determine the cross-section of sewer outlets and select the appropriate fittings for the installation of a gravity drainage network.

Elements of the internal sewer system

These include the following details;

1. Siphon and drain pipe of the kitchen sink.
2. The same device for the washbasin in the bathroom.
3. There is also a siphon and a drain pipe from the bath, and a ladder with a siphon from the shower.
4. The drain pipe and the siphon from the bidet are in the toilet. There is also a siphon and a knee for connecting the toilet bowl to the fecal sewer riser.

In a two-story house, these elements may be repeated on each floor, or they may be absent, then the list should be adjusted accordingly.

All of the listed parts are connected to a horizontal outlet pipe. Since we are talking about a gravity drain system, the outlet channel during installation is installed with a slope of 2-5 millimeters in the direction of the drain and is connected to the riser of the drain system.

The size of the outlet pipe can vary within the nominal bore 32-50 mm. In practice, they usually prefer to get by with one, maximum diameter, which simplifies the selection of fittings. See the diagram below.

All data on the use of plumbing elements are summarized in an axonometric drawing, in accordance with which it is necessary to calculate the need for materials.

When laying sewer pipes in a country house, all connections must be made at an angle of 135 degrees, for which the corresponding fittings are produced.

How to make an internal sewerage scheme at home on your own

Such a graphic document provides for the display of all communications in the house, including the spillway scheme. This takes into account the following circumstances:

1. All plumbing fixtures are installed on the floor along one wall, common to areas such as the kitchen, bathroom and toilet.

1. The kitchen provides for the installation of a sink, dishwasher and washing machine.
2. These units are connected to a common outlet pipe through siphons, which prevent the penetration of air from the sewer into the room with characteristic odors.
3. The outlet pipe passes through a hole in the wall into the bathroom, where the following plumbing fixtures can be connected: washbasin, bathtub, washing machine - each device with its own siphon.

1. The next hole in the wall leads to a toilet where a bidet and toilet can be placed.
2. All connections are made to a branch pipe with a diameter of 40-50 millimeters using tees at an angle of 135 degrees. Connections must be made "in the socket", equipped with a sealing cuff for tightness.

The system for collecting and removing wastewater is non-pressure, therefore, a drainage sewer line. This rule must be observed very scrupulously.

If the slope is insufficient, the flow of water will be difficult or impossible, and exceeding the parameter will lead to accelerated draining. As a result, the water will drain, and some of the contaminants will remain in the pipe, creating the prerequisites for future blockage.

The second significant node of the internal sewerage system in a private house is the riser, which receives the drain water from the outlet pipe. There may be several such withdrawals.

For this reason, the diameter of the riser pipe is selected in the range of 100-150 millimeters. The riser is necessarily equipped with an audit to monitor its condition and ensure the possibility of cleaning.

But functionally, this element of the system performs another important task - its continuation provides ventilation in the sewer system.

Another revision is installed at the upper end of the riser in the house, to which the base of the fan pipe is attached. It is removed through the ceiling and roofing. The upper end should be at least half a meter higher than the roof ridge to reliably remove unpleasant sewer odors.

In addition, when the riser pipe is completely filled with drain water, the siphon may break.

A vacuum is created in the filled pipe of the riser, as a result of which the water locks in the siphons are sucked into the riser. Air, by no means flavored, penetrates through empty water seals into the living space of the house. The result is obvious.

Such an unsightly situation is completely resolved by installing a fan pipe through which air enters the system, equalizing the pressure.

The fan pipe must be protected by a head from clogging with debris and leaves. They are most often made in the form of a deflector that creates an upward flow of air for ventilation.

Thus, the riser plays a crucial role in the overall drainage system and all the features of its device must be taken into account when designing a sewer.

Features of the sewerage device in a two-story private house

The device of the upper floor in a country house also provides for the use of a drain system. There are fewer drain points on it, usually a shower and a toilet.

To save money, the second floor sewer wiring is carried out in parallel with a similar network on the first floor. This simplifies the design and installation of the system, since there is no need to install a second riser - the drain will be connected to the existing one.

Elements of the external sewer system

The external wastewater treatment and disposal system consists of a number of units, the action of which is aimed at the disinfection of wastewater.

The main ones are:

1. Filter wells or septic tanks. The first are the easiest to manufacture and operate. They are a pit in the ground up to three meters deep. The transverse size can reach two meters, regardless of its shape. The walls of the pit are reinforced with concrete or brickwork. They can be solid or perforated with holes of 40-60 millimeters. At the bottom of the well, a filter up to 80 centimeters thick is arranged.

For it, you can use slag, gravel, broken bricks. The latter is laid in the upper layer of broken bricks, the size of the fraction is about 50 millimeters. For a gravel filter, material from 15 millimeters is used.

1. Septic tanks. The container is divided by one or more partitions.

The drained liquid fills the first chamber. A protective plate must be installed at the place where the liquid jet falls, which will not allow it to wash away the silt layer. A cartridge with a bacterial culture should be placed in the chamber, which will become the basis of the aerobic filter.

In it, the biological mass decomposes pollution. Water overflows through the upper edge of the partition and enters the second chamber, where an aerator is installed and the water is blown with atomized air. In this case, the pollution is oxidized and further processed, this time by anaerobic bacteria in the presence of oxygen.

When using a septic tank, the degree of wastewater treatment reaches 75 - 90%, which indicates the need for additional post-treatment for complete disinfection.

1. Soil field filtration
2. Sewerage projects are carried out individually, depending on the actual conditions.

This method is used for post-treatment of wastewater as it passes through the soil. From the septic tank, the liquid enters the drainage pipe system, passing through a gravel pack and a double layer of geotextile.

At the same time, all fine particles are retained in them, and the degree of purification reaches 98%.

The limitation for the use of such a technique for additional wastewater treatment is the characteristics of soils. Fields are ineffective on soils with low permeability - dense loams and clays. Sandy gravel and sandy soils are most favorable, allowing high-quality filtration of wastewater.

1. Infiltrators. On impermeable soils, infiltrates are established. These are box-shaped products made of plastic with side bars, closed at the top and open at the bottom. Depending on the volume of processing, up to 3-4 devices can be installed in series.

Any of the described objects can be used both together and in the configuration selected by the buyer. The objects are connected by laying plastic pipes with a diameter of 100-150 millimeters, less often - for large objects - pipes of 200 millimeters are used.

In addition, each external sewage facility is equipped with a ventilation system; inside the building, fan pipes are used for this purpose.

The use of septic tanks is most popular in areas with insufficient rainfall, while the purified liquid is actively used for reuse for household needs.

Design of external sewerage

These two components of a single task are completely opposite. If the internal sewerage scheme is designed to collect wastewater, then the external one is for their disinfection and disposal.

Therefore, the rules for its construction have only one similarity with internal requirements - the slope from the foundation of the house towards the drive should be 1-2 millimeters per meter for the same reasons (see above).

The tasks solved by external sewerage are the processing of wastewater in order to disinfect it. The water discharged into the ground after treatment must be absolutely safe, because, after the final treatment by ground filtration, it is returned to the consumer.

Since the object passes into the external environment, it is necessary to take into account the depth of soil freezing. The pipe must be below this level.

But, even if this condition is met, it is advisable to insulate the sewer pipe in case of emergency climatic circumstances, which have recently been happening with enviable regularity.

And to guarantee the integrity of the pipeline, with a critical drop in temperature.

Factors Influencing Circuit Design

They can be both objective, caused by specific conditions, and subjective, arising from the appropriate attitude of the designer.

The first include the already mentioned depth of soil freezing, which affects the depth of the pipe of the outer part of the sewer.

Also, objective reasons explain the choice of a method for filtering the liquid purified by septic tanks. When constructing sewerage on clay soils with low water permeability, a method using infiltrates is forced to be chosen.

The factors of the first group include the absence of a special closed shaft for placing a fan pipe. We have already seen the need for it. In such a situation, it is installed with an output through the wall in the wall-mounted version, the fastening is made to the wall using brackets.

If the installation of a fan pipe in this embodiment is also undesirable, you can use an air valve to relieve pressure in the sewer drain.

Types of sewerage facilities and their functioning

For disinfection and purification of wastewater sewered in a private house, several methods are used:

1. Accumulation of liquid in a special container. Here, the primary separation of the drain into solid liquid fractions takes place. It uses chemical and biological preparations that contribute to the liquefaction of the mass and its partial processing by active bacteria. Culture can be purchased at specialized stores or at the construction market.

The given cleaning scheme is used in industrial conditions, but most operations in one form or another are also carried out on home cleaning devices.

INFO HELP!!! So, in the storage tank, chemical and bacteriological treatment of wastewater is carried out. Further purification takes place in the filter well. The filter in this case consists of gravel and sand. Good results are obtained by using granulated slag and broken bricks, which are good adsorbents.

The body of the well was made of a concrete ring with a diameter of up to 2.5 meters and a height of up to 2. A neck was installed in the upper part in such a way that only a metal cover remained at ground level.

A filter mass is poured around the ring. The manufacture of the hull with brickwork is also practiced.

A further development of filtering devices is the manufacture of septic tanks with several chambers designed for various purposes.

The first tank serves for the accumulation of wastewater, primary separation into fractions, chemical and biological treatment, aeration. Atomized air treatment is carried out to further oxidize the decomposition products contained in the effluent.

To do this, a compressor operating in continuous mode is built into the cleaning system.

In the last section of the treatment plant, a filtering well is installed, in which wastewater is additionally treated.

The design of an autonomous cleaning system may differ in various versions, but the principle of operation remains the same. The degree of wastewater treatment in modern septic tanks reaches 98%, which is a very high indicator.

However, the most modern device needs periodic pumping and sludge removal.

Laying depth and angle of inclination of pipes to the tank

How deep it is necessary to place the elements of the outer part of the sewer depends on the climatic features of the construction region. One thing is obvious - the most dangerous for the pipeline is its freezing, especially if it is made of metallic materials.

Behind this phenomenon is most often its destruction. But the most unpleasant thing is that before the onset of warmth, you can forget about the operation of the sewer. Only after the system can be excavated is it time to spend money on repairing and restoring the system.

Piping and piping

As a result of the accumulated experience, certain rules have been formed for the installation of internal and external pipelines when laying sewers. They look like this:

1. Regardless of the place and method of its placement, the type of pipes and other conditions, it is mandatory to observe a slope towards the drain when laying. In this case, one should be guided by the requirements of SNiPs, since a certain slope is required for each pipe size. Violation of the rules in its magnitude leads, as a rule, to the formation of blockage.
2. The distances between sewerage objects should be optimal in length, if they exceed 4-5 meters, a revision tie-in is necessary. A revision well must be installed on 10-meter sections.
3. When laying sewers in a country house (underground installation), the requirements of SNiP 2.04.03-85 and 2.04.01-85 must be followed in terms of observing the distances between individual objects of the sewer network.
4. In Russian conditions, an important factor is the location of the pipeline below the zero freezing point of the soil. To ensure this factor, the trench must be deep enough, but you can go along the path of sewer insulation, up to the use of heating cables during installation.
5. Laying of sewer pipes is carried out only on a pillow of sand and it also covers the top. This stage is very important for their integrity.

When using plastic pipes, care must be taken to compact the sand layer. The best results are given by plentiful shedding of shelter water. In this case, the most high-quality compaction occurs, after which it is possible to backfill with soil.
Watch the video

Proper autonomous sewerage of a country house can work for a long time, subject to high-quality laying and proper maintenance.

Sewer pipe insulation

This event allows you to avoid bulk earthworks when laying communications in regions with a harsh climate and protect shallow pipes from freezing. For this, various insulating materials are used:

• glass wool;
• mineral wool;
• expanded polystyrene, and many others.

For a full guarantee, you can also install a heating cable with a switch-on sensor in case of a critical drop in temperature. The costs incurred will eliminate the need for repairs and related costs. A sewer line arranged in this way does not need to be laid deep.

Above, we have already considered the requirements for the angle of inclination of gravity sewer pipes for an internal system. They are also valid for its outer part: 1-2 millimeters per meter of the length of the wiring.

Calculator for calculating the volume of storage capacity

A septic tank is a purification device that must contain and process the necessary volumes of domestic wastewater. First of all, it must be taken into account that the septic tank, in accordance with sanitary requirements, should be enough for at least a three-day cycle of clarification / wastewater treatment.

Simply put, the minimum volume of the treatment plant chambers corresponds to the total three-day water consumption by all residents of a private house. There must also be a certain operational reserve in case of replenishment in the family, that is, an increase in the number of consumers.

Determining one person's actual daily water consumption is not a simple matter; so, according to SNiP, this is 200 liters; This indicator is now considered obsolete due to the widespread use of various types of household appliances that use water.

For example, it is considered that:

• taking a shower for 7 minutes will require 70 liters;
• using a bidet for 5 minutes - 40 liters;
• a single bath or jacuzzi - about 110 liters;
• for one cycle of the dishwasher, 15 liters are consumed;
• 1 toilet flush consumes up to 9 liters of water.

In view of the foregoing, in this calculator you are invited to choose and enter in the parameters for calculating the daily water consumption of one person from the range of 260-370 liters; this is the average range of recommendations.

SNiP 2.04.03-85, depending on the flow of wastewater, distinguishes:

• single-chamber types - with a wastewater flow rate of up to 1 m3 / day;
• two-chamber - up to 10 m3 / day;
• three-chamber - over 10 m3 / day; therefore, the above diagram is not mandatory, but only serves to demonstrate one of the possible options for a septic tank device.

For small farms, reinforced concrete rings are most often used as anaerobic containers made of concrete. Reinforced concrete sewer structures are distinguished by their reliability, almost unlimited service life. The problem that accompanied them earlier - insufficient tightness, is now being solved by modern means of waterproofing. MDS 40-2.200 recommends that the bottoms of the tanks be located at least 3 meters from the surface, which limits the number of rings in one section (chamber) of the septic tank.

The active volume of a septic tank (Vak) is defined as the product of the daily water consumption by one consumer (Q liters), the number of consumers (K) and the number of days (D) of clarification (sludge) of wastewater: Vak \u003d Q * K * D. According to the recommendation of SNiP 2.04.03 -85, with annual discharge of sediments, the minimum D is taken: 3, if the flow of effluents is up to 5 m3 / day or 5, if the flow is more than 5 m3 / day. In addition, if you plan to clean the tank less than 2 times a year, then you should increase Vak by 20 percent for sediment.

When determining the height of the chambers (for example, from concrete rings), it should also be taken into account that, according to clause 3.35, MDS 40-2.200, the height of the air volume above the liquid level cannot be less than 500 mm.

The capacity of the septic tank must ensure the maintenance of the daily volume of effluents. The amount of canalized liquid directly depends on the number of people living in a private house. As a first approximation, it is considered that one person consumes up to 200 liters per day.

The directions of these expenses are quite traditional and are associated with household and sanitary and hygienic consumption. Thus, a family of 4 people consumes about a cubic meter of liquid per day.

You can more accurately determine this indicator using the built-in online calculator.

Septic tank and cesspool

The most important device in the outer part of the sewer is a septic tank or other device for filtering drains. The installation of a concrete or brick structure is not associated with any features.

Watch the video

But now popular devices of high degree of readiness made of plastic need additional attention. In areas where there are high levels of groundwater of a seasonal nature, the container may float.

In sealed latrines, the contents are preserved for the entire time between pumpings. With a large family, such operations are performed quite often, because each person produces about 100 liters of wastewater per day.

The cesspool is located in a place convenient for the access of a sewage truck, no more than 6 meters from the border of the site.

The danger of cesspools lies in insufficient wastewater treatment. If in hermetic devices this issue is not considered at all, then in filtration systems the degree of purification is about 75%, which is clearly not enough and pollution gradually accumulates in soils.

Filter wells

Do-it-yourself installation of the sewerage of a private house is possible in other ways. So, the outer part is made in the form of filter wells. This becomes possible on marl or sandy soils with high permeability.

The composition of the filter in this case is heterogeneous:

• in the lower part, a layer of blast-furnace slag up to half a meter thick is poured;
• then comes a layer of gravel with a fraction of 15 millimeters;
• the top layer should be correctly poured from broken bricks, which exhibit strong adsorbing characteristics.

On the upper layers of such a filter, large components of the filtrate are deposited, then smaller ones. Filter wells are effective if biological wastewater treatment is used. Aerobic bacteria gradually develop in the filter, capable of processing organic matter contained in wastewater.

It is possible and often used to dispose of the filtered liquid through drainage ditches into the nearest body of water. Wastewater in the drainage channel undergoes additional purification, passing through a gravel-sand filter.

The degree of purification in the filter well, depending on the throughput characteristics of the soil, can reach 90-95%.

Watch the video

In general, a filter well is a transitional stage from a cesspool to a septic tank. If you add another compartment with an aeration unit to the tank, you can get a full-fledged septic tank. Atomized air actively oxidizes the wastewater biomass, forming another silt bactericidal layer, in this case it is represented by anaerobic bacteria.

Calculation of the volume of filtering facilities for sewerage at home

It should be understood the responsibility of the residents of the house for the ecological state of the place of residence. And in many respects it depends on the purity of groundwater. Therefore, a number of documents regulating water consumption and water treatment have been developed:

• Building codes and regulations 2.04.03.85 regulating the external sewerage of private houses, as well as the arrangement of sanitary protection zones for small protective structures;
• SNiP 2.04.01.85 for internal networks and water supply in terms of determining the volume of effluents;
• manual on the procedure for designing engineering support systems MDS 40.2.200, which provides calculations for calculating the volume of effluents in private housing construction.

Watch the video

The calculation of the volume of a septic tank can be performed both for a single-chamber scheme and a multi-chamber one. With a consumption volume per day of the order of one cubic meter, one chamber is enough for a complete biocenosis of the contents of the septic tank.

With more drains, two or more containers should be used, which are installed in series. Septic tanks from two or more chambers are divided equally, but it is possible to use devices in which the first chamber occupies up to 75% of the volume. Important - it is forbidden to make cesspools according to sanitary standards!

The main value in the development of a septic tank project for a country house is its working volume, which can be calculated using the following algorithm:

• as the displacement of daily volumes of incoming wastewater, multiplied by the time of their anaerobic processing in days;
• as the total amount of liquid in all compartments of the septic tank;
• the distance from the bottom of the tank to the lower cut of the spout pipe is taken into account;
• from the volume, you need to subtract the height of the sediment layer, which can be up to 20% of the depth of the tank, if cleaning is carried out in accordance with the rules - 2 times a year, this indicator can be ignored.

When making a calculation with your own hands, your own treatment device with final cleaning by filtration through the soil, it should be noted that this is realistic with a fluid flow rate of 3-5 cubic meters per day.

If it is higher, SBR reactors should be used or a combination design should be used with both anaerobic and aerobic bacteria treatment, not excluding the use of aeration.

The use of biochemical materials for wastewater treatment increases the degree of wastewater treatment and accelerates their processing tenfold.

The use of biochemical treatment of wastewater makes it possible to purify them to a degree of 98%, so such water can be used for watering a garden and at the same time receive an increase in yield. To fertilize the soil

use sludge.

The principles of the sewer pipeline

The main difference between drain systems and other pipelines is the following features:

1. Gravity when working under atmospheric pressure. The fluid flows through the tubular products under the influence of gravity along a predetermined slope.
2. The flow rate is set by the angle of inclination of the pipeline towards the outflow. Moreover, its value should be strictly within 1-2 millimeters per meter. The reasons have already been mentioned above.
3. Tightness. For a gravity pipeline, it is provided by a socket connection of the elements using a rubber cuff for sealing.

When installing the sewer system, it is not allowed to connect pipes with a misalignment from a common axis. Otherwise, a gap is formed between the wall of the part and the cuff with leakage of the transported liquid.

Which pipe products to choose at home

For wastewater disposal systems, pipelines of various materials are used:

1. Ceramic. Such material is very durable, it is not subject to any effects of aggressive environments. The disadvantages include complex installation and heavy logistics.

1. For many decades, cast iron sewer pipes have been market leaders. This material is almost ideal for this application. The material of manufacture is resistant to corrosion in most environments and has sufficiently high strength characteristics. The accuracy of the socket connection is ensured by the production method - casting. In addition, the use of cast iron pipes allows the use of caulking during their installation to improve the tightness of the connection.

To facilitate the installation of cast iron pipelines, a wide range of fittings is produced.

1. Asbestos pipes. Some positive characteristics of asbestos pipes do not negate the main negative point - such materials are prohibited for use in housing construction.
2. Plastic sewer pipes today have practically replaced all other types. Simple delivery and unloading, manufacturability of the material during installation and durability have led to the fact that they have become the main materials for those who decide to make a sewer with their own hands. The main method of assembling pipelines is in a socket. For internal systems, the main dimensions are:
   • For taps from plumbing fixtures - diameters of 40 or 50 millimeters;
   • For a riser and a fan pipe - size 100 or 110 mm;
   • For the outlet pipe from the house to the septic tank 100, 110 or 150.

Conducting a pipeline from the house to the tank

Watch the video

Therefore, a rule has been established that determines the installation of a storage tank at a distance of at least 10 meters from a residential building. However, there are sources that regulate this value of 5 meters.

It should be understood that this is an accidental discrepancy, but it is better to stick to the first installation option. In this case, it will be impossible to make a claim. But, strictly speaking, the correct installation of the tank depends on the throughput and filtering capacity of the soils on the site.

It is mandatory to comply with the slope in the parameters mentioned above.

To lay a sewer outlet pipe, you will need to dig a trench of the required depth, determined by the level of soil freezing. Imagine the labor costs associated with the fulfillment of this requirement, because you also need to provide for the thickness of the drainage layer. If in the Moscow region the soil freezes up to 1.8 meters, then the depth of the trench will be more than 2.2. Therefore, many prefer shallow ditches, insulating pipes with a protective jacket and heating cable.

The order of work is as follows:

1. The route is marked with a mark with pegs or a cord.
2. Excavation to a connection depth of about 60 centimeters.
3. Drainage backfill - at the bottom of about 20 centimeters of gravel and 10 centimeters of sand.
4. Spilling drainage with water to seal.
5. The marking of the slope is made using a cord and a building level. The upper end at the exit from the building should be 20 centimeters higher than the opposite end at a ten-meter distance.
6. Pipes are laid section by section to a depth according to the laying scheme, the position is regulated by bricks placed under them and sanding.
7. The heating cable is installed, fixed with adhesive tape.
8. In the process of laying a heat-insulating casing is put on the pipe.
9. The pipe with cable and insulation is covered with sand, then with previously excavated soil.

The use of plastic pipes for the external drainage system will ensure their integrity during seasonal soil movements, since they are elastic enough to withstand such loads. The sewerage device in your house made of this material ensures its performance for up to 50 years.

Do-it-yourself installation cost

Payment for the services of invited specialists costs a lot of money. But if you analyze the installation technology according to the wiring diagram of the sewer system, it becomes obvious that there is nothing in it that could not be done correctly by yourself.

Watch the video

How to improve efficiency

Uninterrupted performance of the drain system, first of all, is ensured by high-quality installation.

Watch the video

The only thing that can be advised to the user is to install a waste chopper under the sink in addition to the sewerage scheme, it will not be difficult to do it correctly. This action will largely protect the system from the formation of blockages.

If desired, even a private house in the countryside can be equipped. The first thing a country dweller faces is the lack of a warm toilet in the house. Without sewerage, a person is deprived of many amenities. It's not a luxury, it's a necessity. Laying sewerage in a private house is a complex process that requires taking into account every little thing. How to do it?

External and internal

Work related to the arrangement of sewerage in a private house begins with the design of the internal and In the first case, the installation of a fan pipe, a riser, as well as piping to all rooms where it is required is required: kitchen, toilet, bathroom and so on. As for the external system, this is everything that is located outside the house. Its arrangement requires piping to a septic tank. You can also connect the sewer to a deep cleaning station.

The task is greatly facilitated if it is possible to discharge wastewater into a centralized system. If the house is located on an isolated site, then a system with a homemade septic tank should be created. It can be with or cumulative. The cesspool is not suitable in this case.

Laying scheme in a private house

Before starting work, you should draw up a plan for laying pipes inside a private house. The process is greatly simplified if all wet rooms are located in close proximity. The scheme is drawn up strictly individually. In the process, all the features of the house and the location of the premises should be taken into account. The finished version can look like anything.

When designing sewerage inside the house, it is necessary to accurately calculate the location of the collector pipe. Only after that it is possible to determine where the rest of the system will be laid.

How to draw the right diagram

The sewerage scheme in a private house is an important stage. The quality of the system and its reliability depend on how well the plan is drawn up. Stages of drawing up a diagram:

1. On a piece of paper, preferably in a box, you need to recreate the plan of the house. When drawing up a plan, it is worth considering the scale.
2. Then it is worth deciding on the location of the riser or the collector pipe.
3. At all levels of the building, the location of plumbing should be noted. At this stage, you should learn about how to connect it.
4. From plumbing, it is necessary to lay pipes on paper to the riser. In this case, all connecting elements, tees, branches and corners should be taken into account.
5. It is necessary to measure the length of each element of the internal system and summarize the data. The result is the required number of pipes. In this case, the diameter of the material must be taken into account.

The final stage is the drawing up of a diagram of the external system: the release of pipes, their laying to the septic tank. In this case, it is necessary to take into account all the requirements specified in SanPiN 2.1.4.1110-02, as well as SNiP 2.04.03-85.

What to consider when arranging an internal system

The laying of internal sewerage in a private house begins after drawing up an approximate scheme. At this stage, there are several things to consider:

1. To drain wastewater from the toilet, pipes with a diameter of 10-11 cm are required. Their total length must be at least 100 centimeters.
2. For gray drains that enter the common riser from the kitchen and bathroom, pipes made of PP or PVC are required. The diameter of the material should be 5 centimeters.
3. To arrange turns in the system, it is necessary to use several plastic elbows made at an angle of 45 °. This reduces the risk of blockages in the process of using the sewer.
4. It is best to use polypropylene for arranging sewage inside the house, or such material is more durable, reliable and relatively inexpensive. When using such pipes, laying sewers in a private house is simplified.

Choosing pipes

Laying sewerage in a private house requires careful preparation. After drawing up the scheme and carrying out the necessary calculations, the purchase of materials is required. For wiring inside the house, gray pipes are used. For the arrangement of the external system, pipes of an orange tint are required. You can explain the difference in color based on logic. Orange hues are best seen in the ground. In addition, pipes have differences in properties. First of all, it concerns the material. Pipes located underground must withstand more serious loads. The material for their manufacture should be more rigid.

In order for the laying of sewerage in a private house to be successful with your own hands, you can use two-layer corrugated pipes. But, as practice shows, their use is often inappropriate. After all, the depth of sewerage in a private house is from 2 to 3 meters. Much cheaper and no less effective is the use of orange pipes. Most often, a material with a diameter of 11 centimeters is used to equip an external system. This is quite enough for normal wastewater disposal.

How to lay pipes? It's simple!

Laying a sewer in a private house with your own hands requires certain skills and patience. The most difficult stage is the placement of pipes and their fastening. It is almost impossible to do this alone. Therefore, you will need an assistant to work. This will not only speed up the process, but also improve the quality.

The easiest option for laying sewerage is the use of PVC or PP pipes. A fairly wide range of such products is produced. If necessary, you can purchase material of the desired diameter, tees, elbows and revisions. It is worth noting that each part is equipped with a special rubberized insert - cuff. Thanks to this element, laying the sewerage of a private house takes a little time. Joints are connected easily and at the same time reliably. If desired, you can process the seams additionally. For this, a silicone-based plumbing sealant is suitable.

What to Consider

When laying pipes, it is necessary to take into account some nuances:

1. If pipes run through walls or ceilings, then they must be placed in special sleeves that reduce the load on system fragments.
2. The slope of the elements of the sewer system depends on their diameter and is prescribed in SNiP 2.04.03-85. For example, for a material whose diameter is 5 centimeters, this indicator should be 3 cm / m, and with a diameter of 10 to 11 centimeters - 2 cm / m.

Arrangement of sewer outlet

If a problem arises and the internal system does not match the external one, then the laying of sewer pipes in a private house should begin with the release. This is the boundary zone between systems. At this point, the riser is connected to the pipe leading to the wastewater collection tank.

It is necessary to mount the outlet through the foundation wall. The depth of its laying should be below the depth of soil freezing. Otherwise, in winter, difficulties may arise during the operation of the sewer. If the outlet hole was not specified during the construction of the building, then it will have to be punched. Its diameter must correspond to the dimensions of the pipe in the sleeve. The latter should be longer than the hole. From each edge, the sleeve must cover the pipe by more than 15 centimeters. These are the basic requirements for the release of sewage.

Installation of the riser and further wiring

The size of the pipe from the riser to the toilet should be 1000 mm. This allows you to determine its location. It is better to mount the riser in the toilet itself. Installation can be hidden or open. It all depends on where the pipe will be installed. You can install the riser close to the wall. To do this, use suspension brackets and clamps. You can also mount the pipe in a niche, in a channel or in a box.

To connect the riser and other fragments of the system, you can use oblique tees. If the pipes are different in diameter, then adapters should be used to connect them. They allow you to refuse the use of sealant. In those places where there is an intersection of elements coming from a shower, sink or bath, it is necessary to install a collector pipe. Its diameter should be from 10 to 11 centimeters. Do not forget about water seals. These elements do not allow unpleasant odors to penetrate into the living room.

On each floor, a revision is installed in the riser - a kind of tee designed to clean the system in case of severe blockage.

What is a fan pipe

By observing the rules for laying sewers in a private house, you can easily create an external and internal system. In addition to installing a riser, a fan pipe is also required. This is its continuation, which is displayed on the roof of the house. This part is installed on the riser. A revision is mounted at the junction. After that, the fan pipe is brought to the attic at an angle. Do not connect it to the ventilation system of the building or to the chimney.

Types of septic tanks

Laying an external sewage system in a private house is no less important than installing an internal system. With improper arrangement, problems can arise not only with comfort, but also with environmentalists. One mistake can turn the sewer into a big smelly problem that will take a lot of time and money to fix.

You should start with a septic device. The most commonly used facilities are settling type. This is a container or a combination of them through which drains pass. Gradually they clear up. This occurs due to the deposition of heavy inclusions. After the drains pass additional purification in the filtration well or in the field. In this case, both mechanical and biological cleaning methods are used.

There is another, simpler type of septic tank - storage. In this case, a closed container of a sufficiently large volume is installed. All drains are collected in it. To empty such a septic tank, sewage pumping is required, which is carried out. This method of arranging an external system is easier to implement. Plus it's cheaper.

How to calculate the required volume

Calculating the dimensions is not so difficult. The volume is determined based on settling for 3 days. The average consumption per person per day is 200 liters. If desired, this indicator can be calculated individually. If two people live in the house on a permanent basis, then the volume of the tank for the septic tank should be:

2 x 200 x 3 = 1200 liters or 1.2 cubic meters.

Stages of installation of an outdoor system

The laying of sewerage in a private house does not end after the complete installation of the internal system. After all, the arrangement of the outer part is required. Stages of arranging an external system:

1. First you need to prepare the materials: a finished container of the required volume made of PP or reinforced concrete rings. If desired, you can lay out of brick or pour a monolith.
2. The next step is to determine the appropriate wastewater treatment method.
3. After earthworks are carried out: a pit is dug under the tank and trenches for laying pipes.
4. All structural elements must be connected. At the same time, do not forget about the comfortable maintenance of the septic tank.
5. Pipes should be mounted at a certain slope. This indicator should be 2 cm / m. Joints must be sealed.
6. The septic tank should be equipped with a ventilation system.
7. After carrying out work on thermal and waterproofing of individual fragments of the system, it is possible to fill the structure with soil.

When placing a septic tank, it is worth considering the location of the buildings on the plot. Do not place a waste container near a recreation area or playground.

In conclusion

Now you know how the sewerage of a private house is carried out. If you follow all the rules, you will get a reliable system. Before starting the operation of the sewer, it is necessary to carry out its run. To do this, the system must be flushed with clean water. This will identify any shortcomings and correct them. Only then can the operation of the sewer system be started.

In fact, the process of editing individual fragments is not difficult. The main thing is not to make mistakes when drawing up a sewerage scheme, as well as to make the correct slope of the pipes. Otherwise, the system will not function normally.