Technical means of automation and computer technology in TGV systems. Mechanization and automation of production of heat and gas supply and ventilation systems Automation of heat and gas supply and ventilation processes

ON THE. Popov

SYSTEM AUTOMATION

HEAT AND GAS SUPPLY

AND VENTILATION

Novosibirsk 2007

NOVOSIBIRSK STATE

ARCHITECTURAL AND CONSTRUCTION UNIVERSITY (SIBSTRIN)

ON THE. Popov
SYSTEM AUTOMATION

HEAT AND GAS SUPPLY

AND VENTILATION
Tutorial

Novosibirsk 2007

ON THE. Popov

Automation of heat and gas supply and ventilation systems

Tutorial. - Novosibirsk: NGASU (Sibstrin), 2007.
ISBN
The tutorial discusses the principles of developing automation schemes and existing engineering solutions for the automation of specific systems of heat and gas supply and heat consumption, boiler plants, ventilation systems and microclimate conditioning systems.

The manual is intended for students studying in the specialty 270109 direction "Construction".

Reviewers:

– P.T. Ponamarev, Ph.D. Associate Professor of the Department

Electrical Engineering and Electrotechnologies SGUPS

– D.V. Zedgenizov, Ph.D., senior researcher laboratory of mine aerodynamics of the Institute of Mining Mining SB RAS

© Popov N.A. 2007

INTRODUCTION
Modern industrial and public buildings equipped with complex engineering systems ensuring microclimate, economic and industrial needs. Reliable and trouble-free operation of these systems cannot be ensured without their automation.

Automation tasks are solved most effectively when they are worked out in the process of developing a technological process.

The creation of effective automation systems predetermines the need for a deep study of the technological process not only by designers, but also by specialists from installation, commissioning and operating organizations.

At present, the state of the art makes it possible to automate almost any technological process. The feasibility of automation is decided by finding the most rational technical solution and definitions economic efficiency. With the rational use of modern technical means automation increases labor productivity, reduces the cost of production, increases its quality, improves working conditions and raises the culture of production.

Automation of TG&V systems includes issues of control and regulation of technological parameters, control of electric drives of units, installations and actuators (IM), as well as issues of protection of systems and equipment in emergency conditions.

The tutorial covers the basics of automation design technological processes, automation schemes and existing engineering solutions for automation of TG&V systems using materials standard projects and individual developments of design organizations. Much attention is paid to the choice of modern technical means of automation for specific systems.

The textbook includes materials on the second part of the course "Automation and control of TG&V systems" and is intended for students studying in the specialty 270109 "Heat and gas supply and ventilation". It can be useful for teachers, graduate students and engineers involved in the operation, regulation and automation of TG&V systems.

1. DESIGN BASICS

AUTOMATED SYSTEMS

HEAT AND GAS SUPPLY AND VENTILATION

1. 
   Design stages and scope of the project

In accordance with SNIP 1.02.01-85, the design of technological process automation systems is carried out in two stages: a project and working documentation or in one stage: a working draft.

The project develops the following main documentation: I) structural scheme command and control (for complex systems management); 2) functional diagrams of automation of technological processes; 3) plans for the location of boards, consoles, computer equipment, etc.; 4) application lists of devices and means of automation; 5) technical requirements for the development of non-standardized equipment; 6) explanatory note; 7) assignment to the general designer (adjacent organizations or the customer) for developments related to the automation of the facility.

On the stage working documentation developed: 1) structural diagram of management and control; 2) functional diagrams of automation of technological processes; 3) basic electrical, hydraulic and pneumatic circuits for control, automatic regulation, control, signaling and power supply; I) general views shields and consoles; 5) wiring diagrams shields and consoles; 6) diagrams of external electrical and pipe wiring; 7) explanatory note; 8) custom-made specifications for instruments and automation equipment, computer equipment, electrical equipment, switchboards, consoles, etc.

In a two-stage design, structural and functional diagrams at the stage of working documentation are developed taking into account changes in the technological part or automation decisions made during the approval of the project. In the absence of such changes, the said drawings are included in the working documentation without revision.

In the working documentation, it is advisable to give calculations of regulating throttle bodies, as well as calculations for the choice of regulators and determining the approximate values ​​​​of their settings for various technological modes of operation of the equipment.

The composition of the working draft for one-stage design includes: a) technical documentation, developed as part of the working documentation for a two-stage design; b) local estimate for equipment and installation; c) assignment to the general designer (adjacent organizations or the customer) for work related to the automation of the facility.
1.2. Initial data for design
The initial data for the design are contained in the terms of reference for the development of the system automatic control technological process. Technical task compiled by the customer with the participation specialized organization responsible for the development of the project.

The assignment for the design of an automation system contains the technical requirements for it by the customer. In addition, a set of materials necessary for design is attached to it.

The main elements of the task are the list of automation objects of technological units and installations, as well as the functions performed by the control and regulation system that ensures the automation of the management of these objects. The task contains a number of data that define the general requirements and characteristics of the system, as well as describing the objects of control: 1) the basis for the design; 2) operating conditions of the system; 3) description of the technological process.

The basis for the design contains links to planning documents that determine the procedure for designing an automated process, planned design dates, design stages, allowable level the cost of creating a control system, a feasibility study for the feasibility of designing automation and assessing the readiness of an object for automation.

The description of the operating conditions of the designed system contains the conditions for the flow of the technological process (for example, the explosion and fire hazard class of the premises, the presence of aggressive, wet, damp, dusty environment etc.), requirements for the degree of centralization of control and management, for the choice of control modes, for the unification of automation equipment, conditions for repair and maintenance of the fleet of devices at the enterprise.

The description of the technological process includes: a) technological schemes process; b) drawings industrial premises with accommodation technological equipment; c) drawings of technological equipment indicating design units for installing control sensors; d) power supply schemes; e) air supply schemes; f) data for the calculation of control and regulation systems; g) data for calculating the technical and economic efficiency of automation systems.

1.3. Purpose and content of the functional diagram
Functional diagrams (automation diagrams) are the main technical document that defines the functional block structure of individual nodes for automatic control, management and regulation of the technological process and equipping the control object with devices and automation equipment.

Functional diagrams of automation serve source material for the development of all other documents of the automation project and establish:

a) the optimal amount of automation of the technological process; b) technological parameters subject to automatic control, regulation, signaling and blocking; c) the main technical means of automation; d) placement of automation equipment - local devices, selective devices, equipment on local and central panels and consoles, control rooms, etc.; e) the relationship between automation tools.

On the functional diagrams communication automation and liquid and gas pipelines are depicted by symbols in accordance with GOST 2.784-70, and pipeline parts, fittings, heat engineering and sanitary devices and equipment - in accordance with GOST 2.785-70.

Devices, automation equipment, electrical devices and elements of computer technology on functional diagrams are shown in accordance with GOST 21.404-85. In the standard, primary and secondary converters, regulators, electrical equipment are shown with circles with a diameter of 10 mm, actuators - with circles with a diameter of 5 mm. The circle is separated by a horizontal line when depicting devices installed on boards, consoles. In its upper part, the measured or controlled value and the functional characteristics of the device (indication, registration, regulation, etc.) are written with a conditional code, in the lower part - the position number according to the scheme.

The most commonly used designations of measured quantities in TGV systems are: D- density; E- any electrical quantity; F- expense; H- manual impact; To- time, program; L- level; M- humidity; R- pressure (vacuum); Q- quality, composition, concentration of the medium; S- speed, frequency; T- temperature; W- weight.

Additional letters clarifying the designations of the measured quantities: D- difference, difference; F- ratio; J- automatic switching, running around; Q- integration, summation over time.

Functions performed by the device: a) information display: BUT-signalization; I- indication; R- registration; b) formation of a profitable signal: With- regulation; S- enabling, disabling, switching, signaling ( H and L are the upper and lower limits of the parameters, respectively).

Additional letter designations, reflecting the functional features of the devices: E- sensitive element (primary transformation); T- remote transmission (intermediate conversion); To- control station. Type of signal: E- electric; R- pneumatic; G- hydraulic.

The symbol of the device should reflect those features that are used in the circuit. For example, PD1- a device for measuring differential pressure, indicating a differential pressure gauge, RIS- a device for measuring pressure (vacuum), showing with a contact device (electrocontact pressure gauge, vacuum gauge), LCS-electric contact level regulator, TS- thermostat, THOSE- temperature sensor, FQ1- a device for measuring flow (diaphragm, nozzle, etc.)

An example of a functional diagram (see Fig. 1.1),
Rice. 1. 1. An example of a functional diagram

reduction-cooling plant automation

where the technological equipment is shown in the upper part of the drawing, and below in the rectangles are the devices installed locally and on the operator's board (automation). On the functional diagram, all devices and automation equipment have letter and number designations.

The contours of technological equipment on functional diagrams are recommended to be made with lines 0.6-1.5 mm thick; pipeline communications 0.6-1.5 mm; devices and means of automation 0.5-0.6 mm; communication lines 0.2-0.3 mm.

HEAT AND GAS SUPPLY

AND VENTILATION

Novosibirsk 2008

FEDERAL AGENCY FOR EDUCATION OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

NOVOSIBIRSK STATE

ARCHITECTURAL AND CONSTRUCTION UNIVERSITY (SIBSTRIN)

ON THE. Popov

SYSTEM AUTOMATION

HEAT AND GAS SUPPLY

AND VENTILATION

Tutorial

Novosibirsk 2008

ON THE. Popov

Automation of heat and gas supply and ventilation systems

Tutorial. - Novosibirsk: NGASU (Sibstrin), 2008.

The training manual discusses the principles of developing automation schemes and existing engineering solutions for automating specific heat and gas supply and heat consumption systems, boiler plants, ventilation systems and microclimate conditioning systems.

The manual is intended for students studying in the specialty 270109 direction "Construction".

Reviewers:

- IN AND. Kostin, Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor of the Department

heat and gas supply and ventilation

NGASU (Sibstrin)

– D.V. Zedgenizov, Ph.D., senior researcher laboratories

Mining Aerodynamics Institute of Mining Mining SB RAS

© Popov N.A. 2008

Automation of heat and gas supply and ventilation processes

1. Microclimate systems as automation objects

Maintaining the specified microclimate parameters in buildings and structures is ensured by a complex of engineering systems for heat and gas supply and microclimate conditioning. This complex produces thermal energy, transports hot water, steam and gas through thermal and gas networks to buildings and uses these energy carriers for industrial and household needs, as well as to maintain the specified microclimate parameters in them.

The system of heat and gas supply and microclimate conditioning includes external systems of centralized heat supply and gas supply, as well as internal (located inside the building) engineering systems for providing microclimate, household and production needs.

The district heating system includes heat generators (CHP, boiler houses) and heating networks through which heat is supplied to consumers (heating, ventilation, air conditioning and hot water supply systems).

The centralized gas supply system includes gas networks of high, medium and low pressure, gas distribution stations (GDS), gas control points (GRP) and installations (GRU). It is designed to supply gas to heat generating installations, as well as residential, public and industrial buildings.

The microclimate conditioning system (MCS) is a set of tools that serve to maintain the specified microclimate parameters in the premises of buildings. SCM includes heating systems (SV), ventilation (SV), air conditioning (SV).

The mode of heat and gas supply is different for different consumers. So the heat consumption for heating depends mainly on the parameters of the outdoor climate, and the heat consumption for hot water supply is determined by the water consumption, which varies during the day and on the days of the week. Heat consumption for ventilation and air conditioning depends both on the mode of operation of consumers and on the parameters of the outside air. Gas consumption varies by month of the year, day of the week and hour of the day.

Reliable and economical supply of heat and gas to various categories of consumers is achieved by using several stages of control and regulation. Centralized control of heat supply is carried out at the CHPP or in the boiler house. However, it cannot provide the necessary hydraulic and thermal conditions for numerous heat consumers. Therefore, intermediate steps are used to maintain the temperature and pressure of the coolant at central heating points (CHP).

The operation of gas supply systems is controlled by maintaining a constant pressure in certain parts of the network, regardless of gas consumption. The required pressure in the network is provided by gas reduction in the GDS, GRP, GRU. In addition, the gas distribution station and hydraulic fracturing have devices to turn off the gas supply in case of an unacceptable increase or decrease in pressure in the network.

Heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems carry out regulatory actions on the microclimate in order to bring its internal parameters in line with the normalized values. Maintaining the temperature of the indoor air within the specified limits during the heating period is provided by the heating system and is achieved by changing the amount of heat transferred to the room by heating devices. Ventilation systems are designed to maintain acceptable values ​​of microclimate parameters in the room based on comfortable or technological requirements for indoor air parameters. Regulation of the operation of ventilation systems is carried out by changing the flow rates of supply and exhaust air. Air conditioning systems ensure the maintenance of optimal microclimate parameters in the room based on comfort or technological requirements.

Hot water supply systems (SHW) provide consumers with hot water for domestic and household needs. The task of DHW control is to maintain a given water temperature at the consumer with its variable consumption.

2. Link of the automated system

Any system of automatic control and regulation consists of separate elements that perform independent functions. Thus, the elements of an automated system can be subdivided according to their functional purpose.

In each element, the transformation of any physical quantities characterizing the course of the control process is carried out. The smallest number of such values ​​for an element is two. One of these quantities is the input and the other is the output. The transformation of one quantity into another that occurs in most elements has only one direction. For example, in a centrifugal governor, changing the shaft speed will move the clutch, but moving the clutch by an external force will not change the shaft speed. Such elements of the system, which have one degree of freedom, are called elementary dynamic links.

The control object can be considered as one of the links. A diagram that reflects the composition of the links and the nature of the connection between them is called a structural diagram.

The relationship between the output and input values ​​of an elementary dynamic link under conditions of its equilibrium is called a static characteristic. Dynamic (in time) transformation of values ​​in the link is determined by the corresponding equation (usually differential), as well as by the totality of the dynamic characteristics of the link.

The links that are part of a particular automatic control and regulation system may have a different principle of operation, different design, etc. The classification of links is based on the nature of the dependence between the input and output values ​​in the transient process, which is determined by the order of the differential equation that describes the dynamic transformation of the signal in the link. With such a classification, the entire constructive variety of links is reduced to a small number of their main types. Consider the main types of links.

The amplifying (inertialess, ideal, proportional, capacitive) link is characterized by instantaneous signal transmission from input to output. In this case, the output value does not change in time, and the dynamic equation coincides with the static characteristic and has the form

Here x, y are the input and output values, respectively; k is the transmission coefficient.

Examples of amplifying links are a lever, a mechanical transmission, a potentiometer, a transformer.

The lagging link is characterized by the fact that the output value repeats the input value, but with a delay Lm.

y(t) = x(t - Xt).

Here t is the current time.

An example of a delayed link is a transport device or pipeline.

Aperiodic (inertial, static, capacitive, relaxation) link converts the input value in accordance with the equation

Here G is a constant coefficient characterizing the inertia of the link.

Examples: room, air heater, gas holder, thermocouple, etc.

An oscillatory (two-capacitive) link converts the input signal into a signal of an oscillatory form. The dynamic equation of the oscillatory link has the form:

Here Ti, Tr are constant coefficients.

Examples: float differential pressure gauge, diaphragm pneumatic valve, etc.

The integrating (astatic, neutral) link converts the input signal in accordance with the equation

An example of an integrating link is an electrical circuit with inductance or capacitance.

The differentiating (pulse) link generates at the output a signal proportional to the rate of change of the input value. The dynamic equation of the link has the form:

Examples: tachometer, damper in mechanical transmissions. The generalized equation of any link, control object or automated system as a whole can be represented as:

where a, b are constant coefficients.

3. Transient processes in systems automatic regulation. Dynamic characteristics of links

The process of transition of a system or object of regulation from one equilibrium state to another is called a transition process. The transient process is described by a function that can be obtained as a result of solving the dynamic equation. The nature and duration of the transition process are determined by the structure of the system, the dynamic characteristics of its links, and the type of perturbation.

External perturbations can be different, but when analyzing a system or its elements, they are limited to typical forms of influences: a single step (jump-like) change in time of the input value or its periodic change according to the harmonic law.

The dynamic characteristics of a link or system determine their response to such typical forms of impacts. These include transient, amplitude-frequency, phase-frequency, amplitude-phase characteristics. They characterize the dynamic properties of a link or an automated system as a whole.

The transient response is the response of a link or system to a single step action. Frequency characteristics reflect the response of a link or system to harmonic fluctuations in the input value. The amplitude-frequency characteristic (AFC) is the dependence of the ratio of the amplitudes of the output and input signals on the oscillation frequency. The dependence of the phase shift of the oscillations of the output and input signals on the frequency is called the phase-frequency characteristics (PFC). Combining both of the mentioned characteristics on one graph, we get a complex frequency response, which is also called the amplitude-phase response (APC).

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1 Ministry of Education of the Republic of Belarus Educational Establishment "Polotsk State University" HARDWARE AUTOMATION AND COMPUTING EQUIPMENT IN THG SYSTEMS EDUCATIONAL AND METHODOLOGICAL COMPLEX for students of the specialty "Heat and gas supply, ventilation and protection of the air basin" Compilation and general edition by N.V. Chepikova Novopolotsk 2005

2 UDC (075.8) LBC 34.9 i 73 T 38 REVIEWERS: A.S. VERSHININ, Ph.D. tech. Sciences, Electronics Engineer, Naftan OJSC; A.P. GOLUBEV, Art. Lecturer of the Department of Technical Cybernetics Recommended for publication by the Methodological Commission of the Faculty of Radio Engineering T 38 Technical means of automation and computer technology in TGV systems: Study.-Method. complex for stud. special / comp. and general ed. N.V. Chepikova. Novopolotsk: UO "PGU", p. ISBN X Corresponds to the curriculum of the discipline "Technical means of automation and computer technology in DHW systems" for the specialization of the specialty "Heat and gas supply, ventilation and air protection". The purpose of automatic control systems is considered; principles of operation and design of instrumentation, automatic regulators and control devices, widely used in the automation of heat and gas supply, ventilation and air conditioning, water supply and sanitation systems. The topics of the course under study, their volume in hours of lectures and practical classes are given, the theoretical and practical foundations for the technical means of automation and computer technology used in the automation circuits of TGV systems are outlined. Tasks for practical classes, recommendations on the organization of rating control of the study of the discipline, questions for the test are presented. Designed for teachers and students of universities of this specialty. It can be used by students of the specialization of the specialty “Water supply, sanitation and protection of water resources. UDC (075.8) LBC 34.9 i 73 ISBBN X UO "PGU", 2005 Chepikova N.V., comp., 2005

3 CONTENT OF THE PURPOSE AND OBJECTIVES OF THE DISCIPLINE, ITS PLACE IN THE EDUCATIONAL PROCESS ... 5 METHODOLOGICAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE STUDY OF THE DISCIPLINE ... 8 STRUCTURE OF THE EDUCATIONAL COURSE Module Module Module Module Module EDUCATIONAL MATERIAL Chapter 1. PURPOSE AND MAIN FUNCTIONS OF THE SYSTEM OF AUTOMATIC CONTROL Measurement of technological parameters of processes. Principles and methods of measurements Measurement errors. Types and groups of errors Chapter 2. MEASURING INSTRUMENTS AND SENSORS Classification of measuring equipment and sensors State system of industrial devices. Standardization and unification of automation means Determination of instrument errors measuring the flow and quantity of a substance Measuring flow using velocity head flow meters Methods and means for determining the composition and physico-chemical properties of a substance Methods and means for measuring level Measuring the level of a non-aggressive liquid in an open tank using differential pressure gauges Chapter 4. INTERMEDIATE DEVICES OF SYSTEMS Amplifier-converting devices

4 4.2. Regulatory bodies Calculation of a regulating body for regulating water flow Actuating mechanisms Automatic regulators Selection of regulators based on calculations Chapter 5. METHODS OF INFORMATION TRANSMISSION IN SYSTEMS Classification and purpose of telemechanics systems Telemeasurement, telecontrol, and telesignaling systems complexes Purpose and general characteristics of industrial controllers

5 PURPOSE AND TASKS OF THE DISCIPLINE, ITS PLACE IN THE EDUCATIONAL PROCESS 1. PURPOSE AND TASKS OF THE DISCIPLINE 1.1. The purpose of teaching the discipline The main goal of teaching the discipline "Technical means of automation and computer technology in DHW systems" is to provide students with a set of knowledge on technical means of automation and computer technology used in heat and gas supply and ventilation systems means of automation and computer technology; acquisition by students of skills in the selection and calculation of technical means of automation used to build technological control systems, automated control systems for technological processes of heat and gas supply and ventilation. To achieve the set goal and solve the tasks set as a result of studying the discipline “Technical means of automation and computer technology in TGV systems”, the student must: have an idea: about the basic principles and tasks of automated process control in TGV systems; on the classification of automation subsystems; on the principles of constructing functional circuits of automatic control; know: the principle of operation, device, characteristics of the main technical means of automation, including microprocessor technology; methods, principles, means of control of the main parameters of technological processes in TGV systems; fundamental design solutions for automation systems. 5

6 be able to use: a methodology for analyzing initial data in the development of an extended specification for the design of automation schemes for TGV systems; modern achievements in the choice of automation tools; documents on compliance with the requirements of standardization and metrological support of technical means of automation; computer-aided design packages for the selection and calculation of technical means; own the methods of choosing technical means from the totality of existing ones in relation to a specific task; have experience with measuring instruments Place of discipline in the educational process The course is a discipline of specialization in the preparation of a civil engineer in the specialty "Heat and gas supply, ventilation and air protection" and part of the discipline "Automated control of processes in DHW systems". The knowledge gained as a result of studying this discipline is necessary when completing the section on automation in the graduation project. The list of disciplines required for students to study this discipline: higher mathematics (differential and integral calculus, linear and nonlinear differential equations). physics (hydraulics, mechanics); electrical engineering and electrical equipment; computer technology and informatics; 2. CONTENT OF THE DISCIPLINE The discipline "Technical means of automation and computer technology in TGV systems", according to the curriculum in the specialty, is read on the 5th year of study, in the autumn semester (18 academic weeks) and includes: 36 hours of lectures (2 hours in Week); 18 hours of practical lessons (nine 2-hour practical lessons). The final form of knowledge control for this course is a test. 6

7 WORKING PROGRAM Title of sections and topics of lectures Number of hours 1. Purpose and main functions of the automatic control system 2 2. Measuring instruments and sensors 4 3. Methods and means of measuring the main parameters in TGV systems Intermediate devices of systems 8 5. Methods of information transmission in systems 8 PRACTICAL CLASSES IN THE DISCIPLINE Name of work Number of hours 1. Determination of the error and accuracy class of the device 2 2. Temperature measurement by the thermoelectric method 2 3. Calculation of liquid-mechanical pressure gauges 2 4. Flow measurement using velocity pressure flow meters 2 5. Level measurement using differential pressure gauges 2 6. Calculation and selection of the regulatory body 2 7. Selection of the type of automatic regulator 2 8. Conventional graphic designation of devices and automation equipment on functional diagrams 2 9. Rules for the positional designation of devices and automation equipment on functional diagrams 2 7

8 METHODOLOGICAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR STUDYING THE DISCIPLINE To study the discipline "Technical means of automation and computer technology in TGV systems" a modular system is proposed. All material is divided into five thematic modules for use in lectures and practical classes, with each module containing a certain number of learning elements (LE). Each UE is designed for 2 academic hours of lectures. Educational elements containing practical training in the discipline are designed for 2 classroom hours. All UEs contain a learning guide, consisting of a comprehensive goal that shows the requirements for skills, knowledge and skills that students must master in the process of studying this UE. At the end of each module there is a control UE, which is a set of questions, tasks and exercises that must be completed after studying the module. If the student is sure that he has sufficient knowledge, skills and abilities, then it is necessary to pass the planned form of control. If the exit test fails, the student will need to re-learn this module in full. SYSTEM OF KNOWLEDGE CONTROL To assess the work of students within the framework of this course, a rating system for monitoring progress is proposed. This system is cumulative and involves the summation of points for all types of educational activities during the course. The total amount gained by a student during the course is an individual student rating (IRS). The rules for assigning points are discussed further in the relevant sections of the content. LECTURE PART OF THE COURSE The purpose of the lectures is to master the main part of the theoretical material on the course. Intermediate control of the development of the theoretical part of the course is carried out in the form of tests, twice during the semester, at the certification weeks. The test consists of questions on the material covered. A correct answer to a question is worth 5 rating points. The test date is announced in advance. eight

9 WORKSHOP The purpose of the workshop is to master the calculations of measuring instruments and automation tools that allow you to establish the physical meaning of measurement methods in relation to specific conditions. The result of each lesson is estimated at 10 rating points. CERTIFICATION (intermediate progress control) For positive assessment, the student's individual rating for all academic work at the time of assessment must be at least 2/3 of the average IRS in the group. TEST (final progress control) The test is a written test, which takes 45 minutes to complete. The test consists of 18 questions with selective answers, at least 12 correct answers are required to receive credit. To be admitted to the test, you must score at least 70 rating points for the workshop. The mastery test is held on the mastery week, the time and place of the test is announced in advance. The test is performed on a special form issued by the teacher. The use of abstracts is prohibited. Students who have an individual total rating based on the results of the semester by 50 percent or more more than the average in the group receive credit automatically. nine

10 STRUCTURE OF THE TRAINING COURSE Modular composition of the course "Technical means of automation and computer technology in TGV systems" M-1 M-2 M-3 M-4 M-5 M-R M-K M-1 Purpose and main functions of the automatic control system ( SAC). M-2 Measuring devices and sensors. M-3 Methods and means of measuring the main parameters in TGV systems. M-4 Intermediate devices of systems. M-5 Methods of information transfer in systems. M-R Generalization by discipline. М-К Output final control. QUESTIONS LEARNED IN LECTURES (BY MODULES) Module 1. PURPOSE AND MAIN FUNCTIONS OF THE AUTOMATIC CONTROL SYSTEM The main parameters of technological processes in TGV systems. Measurement of parameters of technological processes in TGV systems (the concept of measurement). Automatic control of media in TGV systems. Purpose and main functions of the automatic control system (ACS). Principles and methods of measurements. Accuracy of measurements. Measurement error. Types and groups of errors. Module 2. MEASURING INSTRUMENTS AND SENSORS Classification of measuring equipment and sensors. Measuring device. Primary transducer (concept and definition of a sensor). Static and dynamic characteristics of sensors. State system of industrial devices. Secondary SAK devices. ten

11 Module 3. METHODS AND INSTRUMENTS FOR MEASURING MAIN PARAMETERS IN DHW SYSTEMS Liquid expansion thermometers. Expansion thermometers for solids. Manometric thermometers. Thermoelectric thermometers. Resistance thermometers. Optical radiation pyrometers. Radiation radiation pyrometers. Liquid, bell, spring, diaphragm, bellows pressure gauges. Strain gauge converters. Psychrometric measurement method. The principle of operation of the psychrometer. dew point method. Electrolytic measurement method. Electrolytic humidity sensors. The principle of operation and design of these sensors. Variable differential pressure flowmeters. Types of narrowing devices. Constant differential pressure flowmeters. Designs, principle of operation. Ultrasonic method of flow measurement. Quantity counters. Vortex flowmeters. Electromagnetic flowmeters. Electrical methods of gas analysis. Electric gas analyzer. Conductometric measurement method. The principle of operation of a conductometric gas analyzer. Thermal, magnetic measurement method. Thermomagnetic oxygen meter. Chemical gas analyzer. Float, hydrostatic, electric, acoustic level gauges. Module 4. INTERMEDIATE DEVICES OF SYSTEMS Amplifiers. Comparison of hydraulic, pneumatic, electric amplifiers. Relay. multistage amplification. Hydraulic, electrical, pneumatic actuators. Characteristics of distribution bodies. The main types of distribution bodies. Regulating devices. Classification of automatic regulators. Basic properties of regulators. Selecting the type of regulator. Selection of optimal values ​​of controller parameters. Module 5. METHODS OF INFORMATION TRANSMISSION IN SYSTEMS Classification and purpose of telemechanics systems. Telecontrol systems, telesignaling, telemetering. eleven

12 Principles of construction of control computing systems. Features of UVC operation in systems. Purpose and general characteristics of industrial controllers. Module R. DISCIPLINE SUMMARY Summarize the most significant knowledge of the discipline, express it in the form of a brief summary. To do this, answer the following questions: 1. What are the main functions of the automatic control system? 2. List the basic requirements for technical means of automation. 3. What is the principle, measurement method? 4. How is the accuracy class of the device determined? 5. How are devices and automation equipment classified? 6. What is a "sensor"? 7. List the main static and dynamic characteristics of sensors. 8. What is GSP? Explain the purpose and prerequisites for the creation of SHGs. 9. What is the purpose of secondary devices in the automatic control system? 10. List the methods and means for measuring temperature, pressure, humidity, flow, level, composition and physico-chemical properties of a substance. 11. What is the main purpose of amplifiers in ACS. 12. What is multistage amplification? 13. What is the purpose of the regulator? 14. What are the main characteristics of RO. 15. What types of executive devices do you know? 16. List the basic requirements for actuators. 17. What are the main characteristics of servomotors. 18. How are electric motors classified? 19. What is a regulator? 20. On what grounds are regulators classified? 21. What are the main properties of regulators do you know? 22. List the functions performed by telemechanics devices used in TGV systems. 12

13 23. Why is telemetry used in TGV systems? 24. What allows telecontrol? 25. What is telesignaling used for? 26. What is UVK? 27. Name the differences between UVK and mainframe computers. 28. Why is it necessary to use industrial controllers? 29. What are the current trends in the construction of industrial controllers. 30. List the basic functions of an industrial controller. Module K. OUTPUT FINAL CONTROL So, you have studied the discipline "Technical means of automation and computer technology in TGV systems." After studying this discipline, you should: have an idea about the basic principles and tasks of automated process control in TGV systems; know the methods and means of measuring the main parameters of technological processes in TGV systems; know the principle of operation, device, characteristics of the main technical means of automation, including microprocessor technology; be able to use modern achievements when choosing technical means of automation, documents on compliance with the requirements of standardization and metrological support of technical means of automation; own methods of selecting technical means from the totality of existing ones in relation to a specific task. At the end of the study of the discipline "Technical means of automation and computer technology in TGV systems" you need to pass the test. thirteen

14 Module 1. Purpose and main functions of the automatic control system UE-1 UE-K UE-1 Purpose and main functions of the ACS. Measurement error. Types and groups of errors. UE-K Output control modulo. Module 1. Purpose and main functions of the automatic control system Training manual UE-1. Purpose and main functions of the SAK. Principles and methods of measurements. Types and groups of errors Educational goals UE-1 The student must: have an idea about the main parameters of technological processes in TGV systems; know: - the purpose and main functions of the automatic control system, - the principles and methods of measurement, - the definition of accuracy and measurement error, - the main types and groups of errors, - the concepts of the accuracy class of the device, verification, adjustment of the device; own the methodology for calculating errors and determining the accuracy class of the device; to be able to make a choice of the device according to the reference literature. For successful mastery of the UE-1 material, one should study the paragraphs of the educational material of the UMK. UE-K. Output control by module After studying this module, you need to test your knowledge by answering questions and completing test tasks: 1. Name the main parameters of technological processes in TGV systems. 2. What are the main functions of the automatic control system? 3. List the basic requirements for technical means of automation. 4. What is meant by "measurement"? 5. What are the measurements? 6. What is the principle, measurement method? 7. Define the accuracy and measurement error. 8. What types of errors do you know? 9. How is the accuracy class of the device determined? 10. What is called instrument verification? 11. What is the calibration and adjustment of instruments for? fourteen

15 Test task: 1. The measuring device belongs to the accuracy class 2.5. What error characterizes this class: a) systematic; b) random; c) rude? 2. What types of errors should include the error that occurs when the resistance of the connecting lines of electric thermometers changes due to fluctuations in the temperature of the atmospheric air: a) systematic, basic; b) systematic, additional; c) random, basic; d) random, additional? 3. What measurement method should be considered level measurement using a water-meter glass tube (communicating vessel): a) direct assessment; b) zero? 4. Is the adjustment of measuring instruments included in the complex of verification operations: a) included; b) does not turn on? fifteen

16 Module 2. Measuring instruments and sensors UE-1 UE-2 UE-3 UE-K UE-1 Classification of measuring equipment and sensors. UE-2 State instrumentation system. Secondary SAK devices. UE-3 Practical lesson 1. UE-K Output control by module. Module 2. Measuring Instruments and Sensors UE-1 Training Guide. Classification of measuring equipment and sensors Learning objectives UE-1 The student must: have an idea: - about the purpose of instruments and automation equipment, - about the classification of measuring instruments; know: - the concept of "measuring device", - the definition of "primary measuring transducer", "intermediate measuring transducer", "transmitting transducer", - the concept of "sensing element", - classification of sensors, - basic static and dynamic characteristics of sensors; own the methodology for calculating the static and dynamic characteristics of the sensor; be able to select sensors according to their characteristics. For successful mastery of the UE-1 material, you should study clause 2.1 of the teaching material of the teaching materials. UE-2. State system of devices. Secondary devices SAK Educational goals UE-2 The student must: have an idea: - about the standardization and unification of devices, - about the prerequisites for the creation of GSP, - about the appointment of secondary devices in the automatic control system; know: - the purpose of the GSP, - the classification of devices by type of information carriers, - the classification of devices by functional feature, 16

17 - classification of secondary devices, - design and principle of operation of direct conversion devices and balancing devices; own the methodology for selecting secondary devices depending on the measurement method; be able to work with reference literature. For successful mastery of the UE-2 material, one should study p.p. 2.2 educational material of teaching materials. UE-3. Practical lesson 1 To perform this work, you must familiarize yourself with paragraph 2.3 of the educational material of the TMC (determination of instrument errors). UE-K Output control by module After studying this module, you need to test your knowledge by answering questions and completing test tasks: 1. What is the difference between a measuring device and other measuring transducers? 2. What is the purpose of intermediate converters? 3. How are devices and automation equipment classified? 4. Define "primary transducer" - this is 5. Continue "sensing element is 6. List the main static and dynamic characteristics of sensors. 7. What are the performance requirements for the sensors? 8. What is GSP? Explain the purpose and prerequisites for the creation of SHGs. 9. What are the different types of unified signals for? 10. What is the purpose of secondary devices in the automatic control system? 11. How are secondary appliances classified? 12. Why are automatic bridges used in TGV systems? 17

18 Module 3. Methods and means of measuring the main parameters in systems UE-2 Practical lesson 2. UE-3 Non-contact method of temperature measurement. UE-4 Methods and means for measuring pressure. UE-5 Practical lesson 3. UE-6 Methods and means for measuring the humidity of gases (air). UE-7 Methods and means for measuring flow and quantity. UE-8 Practical lesson 4. UE-9 Methods and means for determining the composition and physicochemical properties of a substance. UE-10 Methods and means for level measurement. UE-11 Practical lesson 5. UE-K Modulo control. Module 3. Methods and tools for measuring the main parameters in TGV systems Training manual UE-1. Contact method of temperature measurement Learning objectives UE-1 The student must: have an idea: - about the main methods of temperature measurement, - about the features of contact temperature meters; know: - the main technical characteristics, device and design of sensors with mechanical output values, - the main technical characteristics, device and design of sensors with electrical output values, - the measurement range of these sensors, switching circuits, - temperature measurement errors by contact sensors; have the skills to calculate the temperature measurement by the thermoelectric method; be able to select temperature sensors according to catalogs and reference books. For successful mastery of the UE-1 material, one should study clause 3.1 of the educational material of the UMK (contact temperature measurement method). eighteen

19 UE-2. Practical lesson 2 To perform this work, it is necessary to familiarize yourself with paragraph 3.2 of the educational material of the TMC (temperature measurement by the thermoelectric method). UE-3. Non-contact method of temperature measurement Learning objectives UE-3 The student must: have an idea: - about the main methods of temperature measurement by non-contact method, - about the features of non-contact temperature meters; know: - the main technical characteristics, the design of pyrometers, - the measurement range, - the errors of temperature measurements using pyrometers, methods for their reduction; be able to use knowledge to select pyrometers depending on their characteristics from catalogs and reference books. For successful mastery of the UE-3 material, one should study clause 3.3 of the educational material of the CMC (non-contact method of temperature measurement). UE-4. Methods and tools for measuring pressure (vacuum) Learning objectives UE-4 The student must: have an idea: - about the methods of measuring pressure, - about the units of pressure measurement; know: - classification of instruments for measuring pressure, depending on the measured value, - classification of instruments for measuring pressure, depending on the principle of operation, - design, principle of operation, measurement range of pressure sensors, - advantages and disadvantages of these devices; own methods for selecting pressure sensors from a set of existing ones, in relation to a specific task; be able to use modern achievements in the selection of pressure sensors in the automation circuits of TGV systems. For successful mastery of the UE-4 material, one should study clause 3.4 of the educational material of the TMC (methods and means for measuring pressure) UE-5. Practical lesson 3 To perform this work, you must familiarize yourself with paragraph 3.5 of the educational material of the CMD (calculation of liquid-mechanical pressure gauges). UE-6. Methods and means for measuring the humidity of gases Learning objectives UE-6 The student must: have an idea: - about humidity as a physical parameter, - about relative, absolute humidity, - about enthalpy, - about dew point temperature; nineteen

20 know: - psychrometric, electrolytic methods for measuring humidity, - dew point method, - principle of operation and design of sensors used to measure humidity, measurement range, - advantages and disadvantages of humidity sensors; be able to use modern achievements when choosing humidity sensors in automation schemes for TGV systems; own methods for selecting humidity sensors from a set of existing ones, in relation to a specific task. For successful mastery of the UE-6 material, one should study clause 3.6 of the educational material of the TMC (methods and tools for measuring humidity). UE-7. Methods and means for flow measurement Learning objectives UE-7 The student must: have an idea: - about the methods of measuring flow, - about the units of measurement of flow, - about groups of flow meters; know: - types of narrowing devices, - design, principle of operation, measurement range of flowmeters of variable pressure drop, constant pressure drop, ultrasonic flowmeters, heat meters, - design and principle of operation of quantity meters, - measurement errors of these devices; be able to use modern achievements when choosing flowmeters in automation schemes for TGV systems; own the methods of choosing narrowing devices and flow meters from the totality of existing ones, in relation to a specific task. For successful mastery of the UE-7 material, one should study clause 3.7 of the educational material of the TMC (methods and tools for measuring flow and quantity). UE-8. Practical lesson 4 To perform this work, you need to familiarize yourself with paragraph 3.8 of the educational material of the CMD (measurement of flow using velocity pressure flow meters). UE-9. Methods and means for determining the composition and physico-chemical properties of a substance Learning objectives UE-9 The student must: have an idea about the physico-chemical methods of gas analysis; know: - types of electrical measurement methods, - what is the basis of the action of electrical, conductometric, coulometric gas analyzers, - thermal measurement method, - magnetic measurement method, - the principle of operation of devices based on these measurement methods, - the principle of operation of chemical gas analyzers; be able to use modern achievements when choosing instruments for determining the composition and physico-chemical properties of a substance; 20

21 to know the methods of choosing these devices from the totality of existing ones, in relation to a specific task. To successfully master the UE-9 material, one should study clause 3.9 of the educational material of the TMC (methods and tools for determining the composition and physicochemical properties of a substance). UE-10. Methods and means for level measurement Learning objectives UE-10 The student must: have an idea of ​​what determines the choice of liquid level control method; know: - level measurement methods, - liquid level measurement schemes, - device and principle of operation of level gauges, level indicators, - measurement range, - measurement errors; be able to use modern achievements when choosing level gauges and level indicators in automation schemes of TGV systems; own methods for selecting these devices from a set of existing ones, in relation to a specific task. For successful mastery of the UE-10 material, one should study the UMC educational material (methods and means for measuring the level). UE-11. Practical lesson 5 To perform this work, you need to familiarize yourself with the educational material of the CMC (measurement of the level of a non-aggressive liquid in an open tank using differential pressure gauges). UE-K Exit control by module After studying this module, you need to test your knowledge by answering questions or completing assignments. Questions for preliminary control to UE-1: 1. How are expansion thermometers arranged? 2. What are resistance thermometers and thermistors used for? 3. Explain the method of measuring temperature with a thermocouple. 4. When are glass thermometers used in metal frames? 5. What is the calibration characteristic of a thermoelectric thermometer? 6. What secondary devices are used when measuring temperature with resistance thermometers? 7. What is the difference between the frame of glass thermometers type A and type B? 8. Why does a liquid thermometer need to have the bulb at the same level as the manometric spring? Test tasks for UE-1: 1. In which manometric thermometers the bulb is filled with a low-boiling liquid and its vapors: a) in gas ones; b) in condensation; c) in liquid? 2. Which of the following instruments cannot measure the temperature of minus 80 ºС: a) liquid thermometers, b) manometric thermometers, c) resistance thermometers? 21

22 3. Which of the following instruments cannot measure the temperature of 800 ºС: a) thermoelectric thermometers, b) resistance thermometers? 4. Which thermocouples (what calibration) should be most correctly used to measure the temperature of 900 ºС: a) PP-1 calibration; b) CA graduations; c) HC graduations? 5. What thermocouples (what calibration) can be used to measure the temperature of 1200 ºС: a) PP-1 calibration; b) CA graduations; c) HC graduations? 6. In what cases can thermopower occur in a thermocouple: a) with two identical (homogeneous) thermoelectrodes and different temperatures of the working and free ends? b) with two dissimilar thermoelectrodes and the same temperatures of the working and free ends? c) with two dissimilar thermoelectrodes and different temperatures of the working and free ends? 7. What resistance thermometers are most rational to use to measure temperatures of minus 25 ºС: a) copper, b) platinum, c) semiconductor? Questions for preliminary control to UE-3: 1. What body temperature is measured by optical pyrometers? 2. What method of temperature measurement underlies the operation of a pyrometer? 3. Which of the following wavelengths are perceived when measuring temperature with optical pyrometers: a) 0.55 µm, b) 0.65 µm; c) 0.75 µm? 4. What temperature do photoelectric pyrometers show: a) brightness, b) radiation, c) real? 5. How are radiation pyrometers calibrated? Questions for preliminary control to UE-4: 1. What is gauge, vacuum and absolute pressure? 2. Is it possible to measure pressure with a differential pressure gauge? underpressure? 3. How is the measured pressure converted in spring and diaphragm pressure measuring instruments? 4. Why does the pressure gauge spring straighten out under pressure? 5. What is a diaphragm seal? 6. What is the difference between a single tube gauge and a U-tube gauge? 7. What are the main sources of error in U-gauge measurement? 8. What is a strain gauge? 9. What is the principle of operation of the "Sapphire" type sensor? 10. What is the sensitive element of this sensor? Questions for preliminary control to UE-6 1. Define "Humidity is". 2. Continue the sentence "Air humidity is estimated". 3. List methods for measuring air humidity. 4. Where is the hygroscopic measurement method applied? 22

23 5. What is the dew point method? 6. What are the disadvantages of sensors based on this method? 7. Explain the meaning of the "electrolytic method" for measuring air humidity. 8. Name the main disadvantage of heated sensors. Questions for preliminary control to UE-7 1. Continue the sentence “The consumption of the substance is”. 2. What is the name of the devices for measuring the flow of a substance? To measure the amount of a substance? 3. List the flowmeter groups. 4. What types of narrowing devices do you know? 5. Why does a float float in a glass rotameter? 6. What is the difference between full head and speed head? 7. What is the difference between the pressure drop across the narrowing device and the pressure loss? 8. How is the differential pressure measured in an annular differential pressure gauge? 9. List the advantages and disadvantages of ultrasonic flowmeters. 10. What is the principle of operation of electromagnetic flowmeters based on? 11. How are quantity counters divided according to the principle of operation? Questions for preliminary control to UE-9 1. What are the physical and chemical methods of gas analysis? 2. What is the electrical measurement method? 3. What is the principle of operation of conductometric, coulometric gas analyzers based on? 4. Continue the sentence "The thermal method of measurement is based on...". 5. When is the magnetic measurement method used? 6. What is the principle of operation of chemical gas analyzers? 7. Why is combustion quality controlled by oxygen? 8. What is the principle of operation of thermomagnetic oxygen meters? 9. How do automatic gas analyzers differ from portable ones and what are their advantages and disadvantages? Questions for preliminary control to EC What determines the choice of level measurement method? 2. How are level instruments classified? 3. What is a differential pressure gauge used for in level measurement circuits? 4. Will overpressure in the tank affect the float gauge readings? Capacitive level gauge? 5. What properties of the measured liquid affect the measurement result of a hydrostatic level gauge? 6. What are the differences between level gauges and level switches? 7. How does a float level gauge work? 8. Why does the capacitance between the electrodes change depending on the level? 9. Where are the source and receiver of ultrasonic waves located when measuring the level? 10. Why do I need a level vessel when measuring the level with differential pressure gauges? 23

24 Module 4. Intermediate devices of systems UE-1 UE-2 UE-3 UE-4 UE-5 UE-6 UE-K UE-1 Amplifier-converting devices. SE-2 Regulators. UE-3 Practical lesson 6. UE-4 Actuators. UE-5 Automatic regulators. UE-6 Practical lesson 7. UE-K Modulo control. Module 4 Amplifier-converting devices Learning objectives UE-1 The student must: have an idea about the purpose of the amplifier in the automatic control system; know: - classification of amplifiers, - requirements for amplifiers, - types of hydraulic, pneumatic, electric amplifiers, - relay control devices, - the principle of operation of electronic amplifiers, - the need to use multi-stage amplification; own the methods of selecting amplifiers, relays from the totality of existing ones, in relation to a specific task; be able to use modern achievements when choosing amplifiers in automation circuits; For successful mastery of the UE-1 material, one should study clause 4.1 of the educational material of the UMK (amplifying-converting devices). UE-2. Regulatory Authorities UE-2 Learning Objectives The student should: have an understanding of the role of the distribution authorities; know: - the main types of regulatory bodies, - the characteristics of regulatory bodies, - the purpose of regulatory devices; own the methodology for calculating regulatory bodies; be able to use reference literature and calculation when choosing regulatory bodies. To successfully master the UE-2 material, you should study clause 4.2 of the training material of the TMC (regulatory bodies). 24

25 UE-3. Practical lesson 6 To perform this work, you need to familiarize yourself with paragraph 4.3 of the educational material of the TMC (Calculation of the regulatory body to regulate the flow of water). UE-4. Actuators Learning Objectives UE-4 The student must: have an understanding of the role of actuators; know: - the principle of classification of servomotors, - the main characteristics of servomotors, - structural diagrams of electric servomotors, - the purpose of hydraulic, pneumatic actuators, - the classification of electric motors, - the requirements for actuators; own methods for selecting actuating devices from a set of existing ones, in relation to a specific task; be able to use reference literature when choosing actuators. For successful mastery of the UE-4 material, one should study clause 4.4 of the educational material of the TMC (actuators) of UE-5. Automatic regulators Learning objectives UE-5 The student must: have an idea about the purpose of automatic regulators in the technological process; know: - the structure of an automatic regulator, - the classification of automatic regulators, - the main properties of regulators, - the features of intermittent and continuous regulators, - the choice of optimal values ​​for the regulator parameters, - the criteria for choosing a regulator according to the type of action; own methods of choosing a regulator based on indicative information about the object; be able to use reference literature when choosing an automatic regulator. For successful mastery of the UE-5 material, you should study clause 4.5 of the educational material of the UMK (Automatic regulators). UE-6. Practical lesson 7 To perform this work, you need to familiarize yourself with clause 4.6 of the educational material of the TMC (Choice of the regulator based on the calculation according to the above regulation scheme). UE-K. Exit control by module After studying this module, you need to test your knowledge by answering questions or completing assignments. Questions for preliminary control to UE-1 1. What is the main purpose of amplifiers in ACS? 2. How amplifiers are classified, compare them. 25

26 3. What are the requirements for amplifiers? 4. What is called the sensitivity of the amplifier? 5. Where are pneumatic boosters used? 6. What are spool hydraulic boosters? 7. What are called operational amplifiers? 8. When are electronic amplifiers used? 9. What is multistage amplification? 10. Where is multistage amplification used? Questions for preliminary control to UE-2 1. What is the purpose of the regulatory body? 2. What do the functional and design features of regulatory bodies depend on? 3. What regulatory bodies are called throttle, what are they? 4. What are the main characteristics of RO. 5. What does the design characteristic of the RO express? 6. Under what conditions is the consumption characteristic of the RO built? 7. List the disadvantages of single seat valves. 8. What are the conditions for installing RO. Questions for preliminary control to UE-4 1. What types of executive devices do you know? 2. List the basic requirements for actuators. 3. What are the main characteristics of servomotors. 4. How are electric motors classified? 5. What are electromagnetic drives used for? Questions for preliminary control to UE-5 1. On what grounds are regulators classified? 2. Define "an automatic regulator consists of". 3. List the intermittent action regulators. 4. Which regulators are continuous regulators? 5. How are regulators distinguished depending on the type of external energy used? 6. What are the main properties of regulators do you know? 7. Why is an amplifier used in regulators? 26

27 Module 5. Information transfer methods in systems UE-1 UE-2 UE-3 UE-4 UE-5 UE-6 UE-K UE-1 Classification and purpose of telemechanics systems. UE-2 Systems of telecontrol, telesignaling, telemetering. UE-3 Practical lesson 8. UE-4 Principles of construction of UVK. UE-5 Purpose and general characteristics of controllers. UE-6 Practical lesson 9. UE-K Output control by module. Module 5 Classification and purpose of telemechanics systems Learning objectives UE-1 The student must: have an idea about the methods of information transmission; know: - classification and purpose of telemechanical systems, - tasks of telemechanics, - basic concepts of information conversion, - functions of telemechanics devices used in systems, - concepts of "channel", "signal", "noise immunity", "modulation"; be able to apply the acquired knowledge in practice. For successful mastery of the UE-1 material, one should study clause 5.1 of the educational material of the teaching materials (classification and purpose of telemechanics systems). UE-2. Systems of telecontrol, telesignaling, telemetering Learning objectives UE-2 The student must: have an idea about systems of telemetry, telecontrol and telesignaling; know: - the purpose of telemetry systems, - short-range and long-range telemetry schemes, - the purpose of telecontrol and telesignaling systems, - the classification of telecontrol devices, - the appointment of distributors in telecontrol systems; be able to apply the acquired knowledge in practice. For successful mastery of the UE-2 material, you should study clause 5.2 of the educational material of the teaching materials (telecontrol, telemetry and telesignaling systems). 27

28 UE-3. Practical lesson 8 To perform this work, you need to familiarize yourself with clause 5.3 of the educational material of the CMD (conditional graphic designation of instruments and automation equipment). UE-4. Principles of building UVK Educational goals UE-4 The student must: have an idea about the role of computers in the management of the technological process; to know: - prerequisites for the creation of UVK, - functions of UVK in process control, - difference between UVK and universal computers, - block diagram of inclusion of UVK in a closed circuit of the technological process; be able to use reference literature on microprocessor technology. For successful mastery of the UE-4 material, one should study clause 5.4 of the educational material of the TMC (principles of constructing the TMC). UE-5. Purpose and general characteristics of industrial controllers Learning objectives UE-5 The student must: have an idea about the need to use controllers in the process control system; know: - functions and purpose of industrial controllers, - current trends in the construction of industrial controllers, - hardware of industrial controllers; be able to use the reference literature on industrial controllers. For successful mastery of the UE-5 material, you should study clause 5.5 of the teaching material of the UMK (appointment and general characteristics of industrial controllers). UE-6. Practical lesson 9 To perform this work, you must familiarize yourself with clause 5.6 of the educational material of the CMD (rules for the positional designation of instruments and technical means of automation). UE-K. Output control by module After studying this module, you need to test your knowledge by answering the following questions: Questions for preliminary control to UE-1 1. What is the role of telemechanical systems in the control system? 2. List the functions performed by telemechanics devices used in TGV systems. 3. List the main tasks of telemechanics. 4. Why is telemetry used in TGV systems? 5. What does telecontrol allow? 6. What is telesignaling used for? 7. Define the following concepts: Communication channel Signal Noise immunity 28

29 Impulse Modulation Questions for preliminary control to UE-2 1. What are short-range and long-range telemetry systems used for? 2. Explain the principle of operation of the long-range telemetry circuit. 3. What is the difference between telecontrol systems and remote and local control systems? 4. What is selectivity? 5. How are telecontrol devices classified? 6. What are distributors used for? 7. What is used as distributors? Questions for preliminary control to UE-4 1. In connection with what did the idea of ​​using a computer with a process control system arise? 2. What is UVK? 3. Name the differences between UVK and mainframe computers. 4. Through what devices is the UVC interacting with the external environment? 5. What are ADCs and DACs for? 6. What functions does the discrete signal input device perform? 7. Name the function of the discrete signal output device. 8. What is the interrupt system for? 9. What are the rules for operating a computer? Questions for preliminary control to EC-5 1. Why is it necessary to use a PC? 2. What are the current trends in building a PC. 3. List the basic functions of a PC. 4. What is PC hardware? 5. What does PC memory provide? 6. What do PC communication tools implement? 7. What is the function of input-output devices? 8. What is the function of the PC display tools? 29

30 TRAINING MATERIALS CHAPTER 1. PURPOSE AND MAIN FUNCTIONS OF THE AUTOMATIC CONTROL SYSTEM 1.1. Measurement of parameters of technological processes. Principles and methods of measurements For the qualitative conduct of any technological process, it is necessary to control several characteristic quantities, called process parameters. In heat and gas supply and microclimate conditioning systems, the main parameters are temperature, heat fluxes, humidity, pressure, flow rate, liquid level, and some others. As a result of the control, it is necessary to establish whether the actual state (property) of the control object satisfies the specified technological requirements. Monitoring of system parameters is carried out with the help of measurement control tools. Simple, and sometimes very complex processes in automated systems begin with the measurement process, and the result of further transformation in subsequent elements of the system depends on the accuracy with which the initial value is measured. The essence of the measurement is obtaining quantitative information about the parameters by comparing the current value of the technological parameter with some of its values ​​taken as a unit. The result of the measurement is an idea of ​​the quality characteristics of the controlled objects. In direct measurements, the value of X and the result of its measurement Y are found directly from experimental data and expressed in the same units, Χ = Υ. For example, the temperature value according to the readings of a glass thermometer. In indirect measurements, the desired value Υ is functionally related to the values ​​of quantities measured in direct ways: Υ = f (x1, x2,... x n). For example, measuring the flow rate of a liquid or gas by the pressure drop across a narrowing device. Under the principle of measurement is understood the totality of physical phenomena on which measurements are based. Measuring instruments measures, measuring instruments, devices and converters. thirty

31 Measurement method is a set of principles and means of measurement. Three main measurement methods are known: direct assessment, comparison with a measure (compensatory) and zero. In the direct assessment method, the value of the measured quantity is determined directly by the reading device of the device, for example, a glass thermometer, spring pressure gauge, etc. In the second case, the compensation method compares the measured quantity with a measure, for example, the emf of a thermocouple with a known emf of a normal element. The effect of the null method is to balance the measured quantity with the known quantity. It is used in bridge measurement circuits. Depending on the distance between the place of measurement and the indicating device, measurements can be local or local, remote and telemetering. Monitoring of system parameters is carried out using various measuring devices. These include measuring instruments and measuring transducers. A measuring instrument designed to generate a signal of measuring information in a form accessible to direct perception by an observer is called a measuring instrument. A measuring instrument that generates a signal in a form convenient for transmission, further conversion, processing and (or) storage, but which does not allow the observer to directly perceive, is called a measuring transducer. The set of devices with the help of which automatic control operations are performed is called an automatic control system (ACS). The main functions of the SAC are: perception of controlled parameters using sensors, implementation of specified requirements for a controlled object, comparison of parameters with norms, formation of a judgment about the state of the control object (based on the analysis of this comparison), issuance of control results. Before the advent of automatic control devices and digital computers (DPCs), the main consumer of measurement information was the experimenter, the dispatcher. In modern SAC, the measuring information from the devices goes directly to the automatic control devices. Under these conditions, it is mainly used

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MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Tyumen State Oil and Gas University"

Department of Education and Science of the Tambov Region Tambov Regional State Budgetary Educational Institution of Secondary Vocational Education "Kotovsky Industrial College"

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND NAUKERF State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "TYUMEN STATE OIL AND GAS UNIVERSITY" NOYABRSKY INSTITUTE OF OIL AND GAS

Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Lipetsk State Technical University" Metallurgical Institute APPROVED Director Chuprov

"APPROVED" Dean of TEF Kuznetsov G.V. 2009 METROLOGY, STANDARDIZATION AND CERTIFICATION Work program for direction 140400 Technical physics specialty 140404 - Nuclear power plants and

Federal Agency for Education St. Petersburg State University of Low Temperature and Food Technologies Department of Automation and Automation METROLOGY, STANDARDIZATION AND CERTIFICATION

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE MURMANSK REGION STATE AUTONOMOUS EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION OF THE MURMANSK REGION FOR SECONDARY VOCATIONAL EDUCATION "MONCHEGORSKY POLYTECHNICAL COLLEGE"

R 50.2.026-2002 UDC 681.125 088:006.354 T80 RECOMMENDATIONS ON METROLOGY State system for ensuring the uniformity of measurements

1 2 3 Approval of the RAP for execution in the next academic year Approved by: Vice-Rector for SD 2015

5 semester 1. Electronic devices. Basic definitions, purpose, principles of construction. 2. Feedback in electronic devices. 3. Electronic amplifier. Definition, classification, structural

FUNCTIONAL SCHEMES OF AUTOMATIC CONTROL AND TECHNOLOGICAL CONTROL Lecture 3 Appendix. Automation of chemical technological processes Specification and metrological characteristics of instruments and means

Lecture 3 MEASURING INSTRUMENTS AND THEIR ERRORS 3.1 Types of measuring instruments A measuring instrument (MI) is a technical instrument intended for measurements, having normalized metrological characteristics,

STATE STANDARD OF THE UNION OF THE SSR System of project documentation for construction

Edited by A. S. Klyuev. Adjustment of Measuring Instruments and Process Control Systems: Reference Guide Reviewer G. A. Gelman Editor A. Kh. Dubrovsky 2nd edition, revised and enlarged

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education "NATIONAL RESEARCH TOMSK POLYTECHNICAL UNIVERSITY"

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE TAMBOV REGION TAMBOV REGIONAL STATE BUDGETARY EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION OF SECONDARY VOCATIONAL EDUCATION

1. The list of planned learning outcomes for the discipline (module) correlated with the planned results of mastering the educational program 1.1 The list of planned learning outcomes for the discipline

The purpose of the laboratory work is to study the design and principle of operation of measuring transducers of the State Instrumentation System (GSP), as well as the acquisition of practical experience in the implementation of metrological

Annotation to the work program of the discipline "Metrology, standardization and certification in infocommunications" The work program is intended for teaching the discipline "Metrology, standardization and certification

STATE STANDARD OF THE UNION SSR SYSTEM OF PROJECT DOCUMENTATION FOR CONSTRUCTION AUTOMATION OF TECHNOLOGICAL PROCESSES DESIGNATIONS CONDITIONAL INSTRUMENTS AND AUTOMATION TOOLS IN SCHEMES GOST 21.404-85

GOST 21.404-85 UDC 65.015.13.011.56:69:006.354 Group Zh01 INTERSTATE STANDARD System of project documentation for construction AUTOMATION OF TECHNOLOGICAL PROCESSES

1 Questions 1. Give a graph of the calibration characteristic of a thermocouple. Write down the expression E.D.S. thermocouples in such a form that for any and t 2 it was possible to use the thermocouple calibration chart.

Lecture 5 MEASURING INSTRUMENTS AND AND ERRORS 5.1 Types of measuring instruments A measuring instrument (MI) is a technical instrument designed for measurements, having normalized metrological characteristics,

1. Goals and objectives of mastering the discipline program

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION OF THE CITY OF MOSCOW State budgetary professional educational institution of the city of Moscow "FOOD COLLEGE 33" WORKING PROGRAM OF THE DISCIPLINE OP.05 "Automation

2 1. Aims and objectives of the discipline

1. CLASSIFICATION OF MEASURING TRANSDUCERS 1.1. Basic concepts and definitions Measuring transformation is a reflection of the size of one physical quantity by the size of another physical

Lecture 4. 2.4. Channels for the transfer of technological information. 2.5. Amplifying converter elements Transfer of technological information over a distance can be carried out in various ways: 1.

1. The goals of mastering the discipline The study of the concepts, definitions and terms of the discipline, the device and the principle of operation of the actuators of automation in systems with both hardware and software control..

Ticket 1 1. Composition of automation systems. Functional diagram of the automatic control system (ACS). 2. Potentiometric sensors. Purpose principle of operation, design, characteristics 3. Magnetic

This system is a set of measures that ensure the implementation of the established procedure for the implementation of foreign economic activity in relation to dual-use products, services and technologies.

Instruments for measuring the level of liquid are divided into: visual; hydrostatic; float and buoy; electrical; acoustic (ultrasonic); radioisotope level gauges. Visual level gauges

MINISTRY OF HEALTH OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION VOLGOGRAD STATE MEDICAL UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF BIOTECHNICAL SYSTEMS AND TECHNOLOGY

MINISTRY OF TRANSPORT OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION FEDERAL STATE BUDGET EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION OF HIGHER EDUCATION "RUSSIAN UNIVERSITY OF TRANSPORT (MIIT)" AGREED: Graduating Department

Committee on Fisheries Kamchatka State Technical University Faculty of navigation Department of E and EOS APPROVED Dean 00 WORKING PROGRAM In the discipline "Management of technical systems"

Contents Introduction... 5 1. Overview of methods and tools for measuring DC and AC voltage... 7 1.1 Overview of methods for measuring DC and AC voltage... 7 1.1.1. direct method

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION State educational institution of higher professional education "TYUMEN STATE OIL AND GAS UNIVERSITY"

Lecture 5 Automatic regulators in control systems and their settings Automatic regulators with typical control algorithms relay, proportional (P), proportional-integral (PI),

UDC 621.6 OIL PRODUCTS ACCOUNTING SYSTEMS AT AN OIL DEPOSITS Danilova E.S., Popova T.A., scientific adviser Ph.D. tech. Sciences Nadeikin I.V. Siberian Federal University Institute of Oil and Gas

Approved by order of Water Supply Concessions LLC dated May 14, 2018 168 p/p PRICE LIST 4 for services provided by Water Supply Concessions LLC Name of measuring instruments Cost with VAT, rub. 1 2 3

1 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "UFA STATE AVIATION TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY"

Department of Education of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug SBEI SPO YaNAO "MMK" Work program of the discipline P.00 Occupational cycle APPROVED: Deputy. Director for UMR E.Yu. Zakharova 0, WORKING

On 12 sheets, sheet 2. 4 Piston calibration units (25 1775) m 3 /h SG ± 0.05% 5 Counters, flow meters, liquid flow converters, mass flow meters. (0.1 143360) m 3 / h (simulating

Production: Pressure, temperature, level, flow sensors, heat meters, recorders, power supplies, spark protection barriers, metrological equipment, training stands, wireless sensors About the company.