Geography of light and food industry. Light and food industry

Ø to deepen knowledge about the sectoral structure, to identify the features and factors of the location of light industry;

Ø determine the sectoral structure, identify the features of the placement of food industries;

Light industry It was formed as a branch of the economy in the 11th century in Western Europe and until the second half of the 19th century it was the main industry in the world. Its composition includes textile, silk, fur, clothing, leather and footwear production.

Textile production- the main branch in the world light industry. She produces different types fabrics: blended fabrics (from different types chemical fibers mixed with natural ones) and natural ones - cotton, woolen, silk, linen, as well as knitwear, carpets. About 50% of the raw materials used in the world's textile industry are chemical fibers, 45 - for cotton, 5% for wool, flax fiber and other types. Textile production is a labor-intensive industry, so fabric production is moving to developing countries that have an abundance of cheap labor. There are five main regions in the world textile production: East Asia, South Asia, CIS, Western Europe and USA.

Since the beginning of the industrial revolution, cotton production in developed countries, and cotton production in the former colonies of the mother countries. However, in the second half of the 20th century there were significant changes in the geography of the industry. The cotton industry has come closer to the raw material bases. This led to the fact that in the countries of Western Europe and North America the production of cotton fabrics has decreased, while the share of developing countries has increased. Now about China is the main producer of cotton fabrics (30% of world production), India (10%), Indonesia, Pakistan, USA, etc. The main exporters of this type of fabrics are Pakistan, India, Egypt, China, Japan and Italy.

The geography of woolen fabrics has not changed much over the last century. The leading producers of woolen fabrics in the world are the countries of Western Europe, Japan and China. Thus, China accounts for 15% of all woolen fabrics produced in the world, and Italy -14%. The production of woolen fabrics less production cotton in size. Woolen production of developed countries works for the domestic market. It consumes wool imported from Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Argentina, Uruguay, Great Britain. Approximately 55% of the wool sheared enters the world turnover. Silk industry The world has now switched to the production of fabrics from chemical fibers. The absolute leadership in the manufacture of the most expensive silk fabrics is occupied by the United States (over 50%). The share of Asian countries is also large, especially India, China, Thailand, the Root Republic and Japan (more than 40%). As for the production of fabrics from natural silk, it is concentrated mainly in China, Japan and India. They are also known as the main producers of raw silk.

The production of linen fabrics has significantly decreased in the last decade. Linen fabrics are produced mainly in Russia, Belarus, Poland, France, Great Britain, Belgium, and the Netherlands. Among other types of natural textile raw materials, jute is relatively widely used, from which burlap, jute fabric, and carpet base are produced. These goods are exported by Bangladesh and India - the main producers of jute. For the production of carpets, the main raw materials now are chemical fibers and only traditional knitted carpets are made from wool. Among the countries of the world, the main producers of carpets are the USA (carpets of non-woven type), Belgium and Great Britain (knitted and woven carpets), India, Iran.

Changes in the sectoral structure in the world light industry are manifested in the accelerated development of knitwear production. For the production of knitwear, chemical raw materials are now widely used. The production of complex expensive knitwear is concentrated in developed countries (Italy, USA, France), but new industrial countries are also rapidly spreading. In developing countries, the production of cheap knitwear remains, which are becoming the main exporters of this product.

Fur production. The harvesting of fur and the production of fur products are traditionally developed in Canada, the USA, Norway, Finland, Russia and Mongolia.

clothing industry. AT clothing industry trendsetters are France, Italy, England, Germany, which are increasingly specialized in the production of fashionable, elite, individual products. Tailoring of mass products is increasingly moving to developing countries with cheap labor force, which allows you to dramatically reduce the cost of manufactured products. Many of them, primarily China, India, South Korea, Colombia, have become the largest exporters of ready-to-wear and linen products. Developing countries produce more than 50% of the world's garments.

Leather and footwear production. Among the light industries, shoe production has shifted to the greatest extent from developed countries to countries with cheap labor - developing countries. The leaders in the manufacture of shoes are China (more than 40% of shoes in the world), India, Italy, the Republic of Korea, Taiwan, the USA, France, and Spain. Developing countries in Asia specialize more in sports and home shoes. In developed countries (Italy, Austria, Germany, the USA), the production of shoes from expensive raw materials, with a high labor intensity of production, has been preserved. Italy is the largest producer and exporter of such footwear.

Food industry. The food industry has a complex structure. It is divided into three major sectors: food flavoring, meat and dairy and fish. In turn, the food industry is divided into such sub-sectors as sugar, confectionery, oil milling, flour and cereals, salt, etc.

food industry, using raw materials of plant and animal origin, closely interacts with agriculture, fisheries and other industries. Of particular importance is the relationship with agriculture, which provides the food industry with the most massive types of raw materials (grain, potatoes, vegetables, meat, milk, etc.).

Products sugar production It is widely used both for direct consumption by the population and other branches of the food industry (baking, confectionery, etc.). Therefore, the production of sugar in the world continues to grow. Per capita consumption varies widely across countries. In Cuba, in the UK, Australia, it is consumed 50 kg per person, and in China - 6 kg. The geography of the industry is determined by the raw material factor. main view raw material - sugar cane. It accounts for up to 2/3 of world sugar production. Therefore, more than 1/3 of the product comes from Asia, somewhat less from South America. The main suppliers of raw sugar to the world market are India, Brazil, Cuba, Thailand, and Mexico. In Europe, the USA, Canada, the production of sugar from sugar beet is widely developed. The largest producers of this type of sugar are Australia, France, Belgium, Great Britain, Russia, Ukraine.

One of characteristic features industry - the ubiquity of placement. Those branches of the food industry that consume a lot of raw materials, often of low transportability, are oriented in their location to raw materials areas. For example, in the production of 1 ton of sugar from sugar beets, approximately 5 tons of raw materials are consumed. bakery on the other hand, production, in which baking 1 ton of bread consumes approximately 650 kg of flour and which produces products with low transportability, will gravitate towards the consumer in its location. In meat production, primary meat production will focus on livestock breeding areas, and the production of finished products (sausages, ham, sausages, smoked meats) will focus on major centers consumption .

One of the most important branches of the food industry is meat and dairy industry. In the geography of the meat industry at the end of the twentieth century, great changes took place. Asia became the main region for the production of meat, which was ahead of and Western Europe and North America. The top ten meat producing countries include China and the USA. Brazil, France, Germany, India, Russia, Canada, Italy and Spain.

Among the meat products, the production of pork, beef, lamb and poultry meat stands out. The countries of Western Europe account for up to 2/3 of world exports of meat products. At the same time, these same countries concentrate approximately 50% of world meat imports. As for bacon and ham, three countries in the world (Denmark, the Netherlands and Belgium) supply 70% of their world exports.

An important area of ​​the food industry is butter production. It provides the population with valuable food products based on milk processing. With the change in the structure of nutrition, the composition of the products has also changed. The production of cheeses exceeded the production of animal butter by 1.5 times. The leading countries in the production of butter products are the United States. India, Germany, France, Pakistan, New Zealand, Russia, Poland, Australia, Ukraine.

The products of the oil industry are now widely represented on world markets. The world is producing big variety vegetable oils: sunflower, rapeseed, olive, soybean, corn, palm, etc. In the production of soybean oil, the leading place in the world is occupied by the United States, rapeseed - India, olive - Italy, Greece, Spain, sunflower - Russia, Argentina, Ukraine, Hungary.

All greater value in the nutrition of the population acquires products fishing industry and seafood processing. Various marine organisms are caught in the seas and oceans. However, more than half of the total annual catch falls on 5 species of fish: herring, cod, sea pike, red fish, mackerel and related species.

The geography of the industry has undergone profound changes. Instead of the Atlantic, the Pacific Ocean became the leading fishing area, and the countries of the basin Pacific Ocean provide 70% of the world's production. As a result, the industry moved from Western Europe to Asia. The leading role in the fish catch is occupied by such countries as China, Japan, the USA, Peru, Chile, etc.

Recently, aquaculture has begun to play an increasingly important role in world fisheries, i.e. cultivation of aquatic organisms in the marine environment. Approximately 4/5 of it is given by Asian countries - China, Japan, India, the Republic of Korea. In freshwater reservoirs, mainly carp are bred, and on marine farms - fish, shellfish, shrimps, crabs, mussels, algae.

Questions and tasks:

1. What factors influence the location of the most important branches of light industry (textile, clothing, footwear).

2. What shifts in the distribution of light industry have occurred over the past century?

3. * Systematize information about the features of the placement of textile production by region and country in the form below.

Analyze the table, highlight the main factors influencing the location of the production of certain types of fabrics.

4. What industries are included in the food industry? Describe the relationship between the food industry and agriculture.

Transport

Studying the content of the paragraph provides an opportunity to:

Ø form an understanding of the transport industry as an integral part of the global infrastructure and understand the role of the transport complex in the global economy

Ø to study the features and trends in the development of transport in the regions of the world.

Transport system of the countries of the world. Transport system is a set of all modes of transport, interconnected by transport networks and nodes where the exchange of goods takes place, as well as the transportation of passengers. (What type of transport ranks first in the world in terms of cargo transportation? passenger transportation?)

The peculiarity of transport as a sphere of the economy is that it belongs to the sphere of production of services. When characterizing transport, they evaluate transport network and performed work on the transportation of goods and passengers. The transport network is characterized by its length, and the territory of the country - by the availability of transport routes.

The ratio of modes of transport in the transport systems of regions and individual countries of the world is different. For example transport system industrialized countries has a complex structure and is represented by all modes of transport, including electronic. It is the developed countries that account for approximately 85% of the domestic cargo turnover of transport.

An assessment of the level of development of the transport system by types of communication routes is carried out using indicators of the length and density of the transport network. The length of the transport network is the length of all communications in a country or region. Density of the transport network is determined by the ratio of the length of communication lines to a unit area of ​​​​the territory (usually per 1000 km2). To assess the work of transport for a year or another period of time, two indicators are used. The first is the weight of the transported goods or the number of passengers. The second is cargo turnover, i.e. the weight of transported goods multiplied by the distance (t / km) or passenger turnover, i.e. number of passengers multiplied by travel distance (passenger/km).

All types of transport are divided into three groups: land, sea and air.

Among the overland modes of transport, rail transport stands out first of all. Rail transport is less dependent on weather conditions. A railroad can be built in any direction and in any terrain, except for the highlands. It is distinguished by the regularity of movement, low cost of transportation of goods, high carrying capacity. longest length railways in the world have the USA, Russia, India, China, Germany, France. The countries of Western Europe are distinguished by the highest density of railways, where per 1000 sq. km. territory accounts for more than 100 km of railroad tracks. The lowest density of railways in Africa, Asia and Latin America.

Automobile transport It is distinguished by high maneuverability, the ability to transport goods without reloading, and a fairly high speed. However, it requires a lot of fuel and pollutes environment. In addition, the cost of transportation is high. Road transport ranks first in the world in terms of the weight of transported goods, but it is used to transport goods mainly over short distances. By total length highways in the world, the United States leads (over 5 million km), and in terms of the density of the automobile network, the countries of Western Europe and Japan.

Pipeline transport is mainly used to transport liquid and gaseous cargoes. It is one of the most economical modes of transport. Pipelines are usually laid along the shortest direct paths, they provide continuous delivery of goods, and their maintenance does not require a large number personnel. The longest pipelines in the world are laid in Russia, USA, Canada. Thus, the Druzhba oil pipeline connecting Russia with the countries of Eastern Europe and gas pipeline Western Siberia-Western Europe has a length of over 5 thousand km.

Among the water modes of transport stands out, above all, maritime. Sea transport is the cheapest mode of transport. It has the largest carrying capacity. Thanks to maritime transport, up to 80% of cargo transportation between countries is provided. Since it transports goods over long distances, maritime transport ranks first in terms of cargo turnover. The busiest maritime transport routes are in Atlantic Ocean, which accounts for about ½ of the world shipping. Velika transport role The Pacific Ocean, in the basin of which there are such large states of the world as the USA, Russia, China, Japan.

The largest merchant fleet in the world are such countries as Panama, Liberia, Greece, Bahamas, Cyprus, Malta, Norway, Singapore, Japan, China, USA. The largest ports in the world are Rotterdam, Kobe, New York, Singapore, Kaohsiung, Hamburg, Yokohama, Marseille.

River transport uses navigable rivers, canals and lakes. It serves mainly the domestic needs of individual countries. River transport is 2-3 times cheaper than rail transport, but requires quite high costs for the construction of a port facility. In addition, in the Nordic countries, navigation stops at winter time. In Europe, the major river arteries are the Rhine, Danube, Oder, Elbe; in Russia - Volga, Ob, Yenisei, Lena; in the USA - the Mississippi and the Great Lakes.

Air transport is characterized by the highest speed, there are practically no inaccessible areas for it. However, it is also the most expensive mode of transport, so it transports mainly passengers, urgent and perishable goods. The most developed air transport is in the USA (almost half of the world passenger turnover), France, Great Britain, Germany, Japan, China, etc.

Automotive, pipeline and air transport have developed the fastest in recent years. The position of railway transport has worsened in almost all countries.

Among the regional transport systems, the system of North America stands out, which is the world leader in terms of the length of communication routes (about 30% of the global transport network) and in terms of the freight turnover of most modes of transport. Transport system foreign Europe surpasses the systems of other regions in terms of the density of the transport network and the frequency of traffic. The unified transport system of the CIS countries accounts for about 10% of the global transport network.

Trends in the development of world transport. In general, a qualitative change in the transport network is taking place in the world: the number of electrified railways, paved highways, and a network of pipelines is growing. large diameter. Another manifestation of qualitative changes in the transport network is the duplication of transport communications of global importance (laying oil pipelines. Highways parallel to canals, other means of communication. For example, oil pipelines have been created parallel to the Suez and Panama canals, the Trans-Pyrenean highway along the Strait of Gibraltar. Qualitative changes include the creation of transport corridors for transportation cargo through the territories of several states (for example, nine are allocated in Europe, and two in Russia. One of them is Berlin-Warsaw-Minsk-Moscow-Nizhny Novgorod.

The most striking manifestation of the trends in the development of world transport is the formation of a container system for the transportation of goods. 40% of cargo is already transported in containers. Transcontinental transport container "bridges" are being formed - a combination of maritime transport with block trains, road trains. The most widespread such "bridges" on the routes Japan - the East coast of the United States.

Questions and tasks.

1. What is a transport system?
2. What is the main indicator of the efficiency of the transport network?
3. How is the passenger turnover and freight turnover of the transport network determined?
4. Why does sea transport take the leading place in the world in terms of cargo turnover?
5. *Using a geographic map, determine the density of the transportation network in North America.

Similar information.

INTRODUCTION

Relevance work is determined by the role and importance of the food industry both in shaping the structure of the country's economic complex and in solving the food problem.

The food industry is one of the significant branches of modern industrial production. In terms of gross output, it ranks second after mechanical engineering.

The role of the food industry in the development of productive forces is determined, first of all, by the fact that it satisfies the prevailing part of the population's needs for food. The food industry ensures more rational nutrition of the population, helps to eliminate uneven consumption food products both in time and in the regional context, allows you to effectively use agricultural raw materials, reduce its losses.

Target The work consists in identifying the patterns of territorial organization and substantiating ways to optimize the territorial concentration of food industries in the Kursk region.

Main tasks solved in the work are:

1) study and assessment of natural and socio-economic conditions and resources that determine the territorial differentiation of the food industry;

2) analysis of the development and state of the food industry in other regions of the Russian Federation and foreign countries, to determine the possible prospects and directions of this industry in the Kursk region;

3) analysis of the comparative economic efficiency of the main branches of the food industry in the region under study.

Choice as object of study The territory of the Kursk region is due to the fact that this is one of the most ancient agricultural areas, which has a high natural agro-potential and, at the same time, a relatively low efficiency of processing industries.

Subject research are the features of the development and territorial concentration of food industries.

The received and processed materials created the basis for the application of various economic and geographical methods analysis and synthesis. Comparative geographical the method was used in studying the patterns of localization of individual industries, identifying differences in the efficiency of production of the main types of products. Cartographic the method was used to identify links between the characteristics of the organization of the studied industries and the socio-economic and natural factors that determined their development. Application historical and geographical The method made it possible to identify the reasons for the localization and concentration of food industry enterprises in the study area. Method zoning was used to study the territorial differentiation of the sectoral structure of the food and flavor industries.

The first chapter is devoted to the peculiarities of the development and location of food industries abroad and in the Russian Federation as a whole.

Chapter I GEOGRAPHY OF THE WORLD FOOD

INDUSTRY

general characteristics

The food industry is designed to meet the basic needs of the population in the most important food products. It is closely connected with agriculture, which is the main source of raw materials for the industry. The processing of agricultural raw materials into long-term storage products, the large capacity of refrigerators of food enterprises ensure a constant uniform supply of food to the market, in particular perishable products. Waste production of the industry is used both in agriculture and in other industries (light, pharmaceutical, etc.).

In parallel with the food industry, the food and flavor industry operates, using food raw materials for the manufacture of alcoholic beverages, juices, as well as supplying various spices and spices both for the food industry and for direct consumption by the population. An important role in the industry is played by the processing of tobacco, tea, coffee, cocoa and other products. Agriculture into finished products after passing the relevant technological operations(for example, fermentation of tea, tobacco raw materials, etc.).

The food and flavor industries have a complex structure that includes dozens of different processes in terms of the use of raw materials and technology. At present, there are several groups of them. Among them, basic industries stand out, the products of which require further deep processing (for example, flour milling, raw sugar production, pasteurization of milk, followed by the manufacture of bakery, confectionery and sour-milk products, respectively). The basic industries also include the primary processes of slaughtering livestock, catching fish, the products of which can be sent directly to the market. However, more and more often such products are upgraded to obtain more qualified semi-finished products (semi-finished products for fast food at home) or finished end products of the industry (sausages, fish products, canned food, preserves, deli products, etc.). These processes of improving the consumer qualities of products of basic industries are becoming the main ones in the industry, as they provide the highest cost of commercial products.

The food and flavor industries meet the daily needs of the population in a very diverse range of products (for example, only hundreds of varieties of cheese or beer). This led to the formation of many enterprises in the industry (about 50 thousand companies in the world are engaged in the production of confectionery products alone), specializing in the production of certain food or food flavoring products. At the same time, the range of products is constantly updated, it is given new consumer qualities.

A feature of the food and flavor industry, which produces hundreds of millions of tons of products, is the need to package them in small containers that correspond to physical properties product. From here, this industry has become a major consumer of glass, paper, metal, and polymer containers. This led to the connection of the industry with the relevant industries: glass, paper, metallurgical, chemical, etc. The packaging of the industry's products required the development of automatic packaging machines for enterprises. different industries. The costs for high-quality printing products for packaging design are high.

Scientific research in the field of nutrition contributed to a change in its structure. Special attention paid to increase the share of vegetables and fruits, reduce the calorie content of food (use of skimmed milk, use vegetable oils instead of animal fats, reduce sugar intake and confectionery with him, the rejection of alcoholic beverages in favor of non-alcoholic: mineral waters, juices, etc.), unconditional cessation of smoking, etc. All this is intended to preserve human health. However, there are also problems in the development of relevant industries, where TNCs resist these trends in the introduction of a healthy lifestyle (especially tobacco companies). At the same time, nutrition problems are both socio-economic and national, the solution of which is individual for different countries and regions.

Trends and traditions in the consumption of food products in the world can be judged by the production of wheat flour and the consumption of bakery products. Flour production for the period 1960-1988 more than doubled and reached 205 million tons. However, in the late 80s. began to reduce its output and by the mid-90s. it amounted to about 130 million tons. Consumption of products made from it also decreased, but still differed greatly by country: from 6-10 kg per person per year in Japan and the Republic of Korea, to 100-150 kg in the states of the former USSR and Bulgaria (USA - 30 kg in 2004).

Sectoral and territorial structure

Meat industry. The role of the industry is determined by the importance of meat products - the main source of high-value animal proteins and other important components. The growth in the consumption of meat products in the world is one of the indicators of an increase in the living standards of the population. The vast majority of the population the globe consumes meat, and its production is growing faster than the number of inhabitants of the planet. For 1950-2000 The world's population has grown 2.3 times, and meat production - 5 times. Accordingly, the production of meat per capita on average in the world increased from 16 to 36 kg, but the differences between countries are very large: from 365 kg per year in Denmark to 4.6 kg in India (due to the Muslim population, because Hindus do not eat meat) .

The problems of rational nutrition have significantly affected the production and consumption of certain types of meat, although national, religious traditions, as well as economic opportunities for using meat among different peoples peace. The general trend is an increase in the consumption of dietary meats (primarily poultry). This was reflected in the structure of meat production in the world.

In some countries, the structure of meat products produced has undergone even greater changes. So, in the USA for 1960-2000. pork production per capita decreased from 37 to 31 kg, while poultry meat production increased from 21 to 53 kg (in 2005, the global figures were 15 kg for pork and 9 kg for poultry).

The growing demand for meat products in individual countries and regions of the world has determined the main territorial shifts in meat production. This was facilitated by achievements in crop production, which ensures the supply of animal feed.

The food industry is designed to meet the basic needs of the population in the most important food products. It is closely related to, which is the main source of raw materials for the industry. The processing of agricultural raw materials into long-term storage products, the large capacity of refrigerators of food enterprises ensure a constant uniform supply of food to the market, in particular perishable products. Waste production of the industry is used both in agriculture and in other industries (light, pharmaceutical, etc.).
In parallel with the food industry, it operates, using food raw materials for the manufacture of alcoholic beverages, juices, and also supplying various spices and spices both for the food industry and for direct consumption by the population. An important role in the industry is played by the processing of tobacco, tea, coffee, cocoa and other types of agricultural products into finished products after passing through the relevant technological operations (for example, fermentation of tea, tobacco raw materials, etc.).

The food and flavor industries have a complex structure, including dozens of different processes in terms of the use of raw materials and technology. At present, there are several groups of them. Among them, the basic industries stand out, the products of which require further deep processing (for example, flour-grinding, obtaining raw milk, pasteurization of milk, followed by the manufacture of bakery, confectionery and sour-milk products from them, respectively). The basic industries also include the primary processes of slaughtering livestock, catching fish, the products of which can be sent directly to the market. However, more and more often such products are upgraded to obtain more qualified semi-finished products (semi-finished products for instant home cooking) or finished end products of the industry (sausages, fish products, canned food, preserves, gourmet products, etc.) - These processes of improving consumer qualities products of basic industries become the main ones in the industry, as they give the highest cost of commercial products.

The food and flavor industries meet the daily needs of the population in a very diverse range of products (for example, there are hundreds of varieties of cheese or beer alone). This led to the formation of many enterprises in the industry (about 50 thousand companies in the world are engaged in the production of confectionery products alone), specializing in the production of certain food or food flavoring products. At the same time, the range of products is constantly updated, it is given new consumer qualities.

A feature of the food industry, which produces hundreds of millions of tons of products, is the need to package them in small containers that correspond to the physical properties of the product. From here, this industry has become a major consumer of glass, paper, metal, and polymer containers. This led to the connection of the industry with the relevant industries: glass, paper, chemical, etc. The packaging of the industry's products required the development of automatic packaging machines for enterprises of various industries. The costs for high-quality printing products for packaging design are high.

Powerful national firms and international corporations have developed in the food and flavoring industries in the production of various products, for example, the well-known Nestle, Coca-Cola, Unilever and many others. Each owns hundreds of enterprises in different countries of the world, their turnover is one of the highest in the industry. They control almost all markets for similar products.

Scientific research in the field of nutrition contributed to a change in its structure. Particular attention is paid to increasing the share of vegetables and fruits, reducing the calorie content of food (using skimmed milk, using vegetable oils instead of animal fats, reducing the consumption of sugar and confectionery products with it, refusing alcoholic drinks in favor of soft drinks: water, juices, etc.) , unconditional cessation of smoking, etc. All this is intended to preserve human health. However, there are also problems in the development of relevant industries, where TNCs resist these trends in the introduction of a healthy lifestyle (especially tobacco companies). At the same time, nutrition problems are both socio-economic and national, the solution of which is individual for different regions.
The trends and traditions in the consumption of food products in the world can be judged from the production of wheat flour and the consumption of bakery products. Flour production for the period 1960-1988 more than doubled and reached 205 million tons. However, in the late 80s. began to reduce its output and by the mid-90s. it amounted to about 130 million tons. The consumption of products made from it also decreased, but still differed greatly by country: from 6-10 kg per person per year in the Republic of Korea, to 100-150 kg in the states of the former USSR and ( - 30 kg in 1993).

The food industry of the capitalist world consists of branches of two categories, differing in scale and, most importantly, in the nature of their location. The first group: these are industries that, as a rule, work on imported raw materials and are not directly connected with the raw material base. Such enterprises focus primarily on ports of import of raw materials, railway junctions, as well as metropolitan centers. As a rule, they are of very large scale and produce highly transportable products that do not require immediate consumption at the point of production. Such enterprises include margarine, chocolate, flour mills, the production of alcoholic beverages and beer, confectionery factories, and sugar refineries. In some cases, especially in developing countries that export meat, these may also be meat processing plants. In the second group of enterprises, which are noticeably smaller in scale, there are two types of enterprises: first, those that are oriented towards raw materials, and, secondly, those that are oriented towards the consumer. The former include sugar, canning, most meat processing plants, butter and cheese making. To the second - the baking industry, the production of soft drinks and a very developed last years production of semi-finished products that reduce the time spent in the household. This industry has gained particular importance in developed countries and is almost non-existent in developing countries, while the production of food concentrates is usually concentrated in very large enterprises and such factories working for export, such as the production of instant coffee, bouillon cubes, which are also available in developing countries.

As a rule, almost all types of food industry are represented in developed countries, and in developing countries highest value still have export branches of the food industry, and the range of food products is much smaller than in the leading countries.

A typical representative of the first category is the tobacco industry. Tobacco as a raw material does not require local processing and is a traditional export commodity. In the capitalist world, three types of countries producing tobacco products can be distinguished: the first is the United States, the world's largest producer of tobacco products and tobacco, which exports both tobacco and cigarettes to the world market. The United States is characterized by the location of the tobacco industry in areas of tobacco production, i.e. in the South Atlantic states of the USA.

The second type - Western European industry, in terms of the scale of its production and the size of individual enterprises, is almost not inferior to the United States, is characterized by a completely different location, since it mainly works on imported tobacco. The location of Western European enterprises is characterized by concentration primarily not only in major cities, but mainly in the capitals. And to a relatively small extent - in the ports of import of tobacco.

The third group is tobacco exporting countries, mainly from developing countries. The importance of tobacco export ports is very great here, in which, as a rule, the tobacco industry is also concentrated, even if it is not created specifically for export, but works only for the domestic market. This placement is still typical of China, partly India and Brazil. These countries are also the main source of raw materials for the European tobacco industry. Tobacco companies tend to be very large, not only in developed countries, but also in developing ones. The last quarter of a century has been a period of significant changes in the location of this industry. On the one hand, US production began to stagnate, caused by trends in consumer demand, which is typical for highly developed countries. In the United States, tobacco use has dropped sharply as part of the "healthy lifestyle" campaign. On the other hand, developing countries are experiencing a dramatic increase in tobacco consumption as a reflection of rising living standards, but they are far from reaching European and American tobacco consumption norms. The growth in domestic consumption of tobacco products in these countries is accompanied by an increase in production. So at present, the main increase in cigarette output in the capitalist world is in developing countries, i.e. there is a clear trend of shifting the global tobacco industry to developing countries.

Sugar production can be considered as a representative of the second category of industries that are oriented in their placement on raw materials. It consists of cane and beet production. Approximately from 75-85 million tons of annual total production sugar in the capitalist world: beet sugar accounts for approximately 20-25 million tons, cane - 55-60 million tons, respectively. Of these, approximately 30 million tons of sugar are produced in developed capitalist countries (including 6-7 million tons of half of which is in Western Europe, and in developing countries - 50 million tons, of which 95% falls on cane. The largest sugar producers among developing countries are: India - about 10 million tons and Brazil - about 9 million tons. These countries are the largest exporters of sugar, but in addition to them, Australia, France, South Africa, as well as Belgium and Holland, the importance of Thailand has grown markedly.

The most notable shift in the post-energy crisis has been the sharp increase in sugar production in developed countries. It is during the period high prices following the energy crisis, the first large-scale production of cane sugar in Australia and South Africa began as a counterbalance to suppliers, i.e. developing countries. In the same years, for the same purpose, the production of beet sugar was sharply increased not only in France, but also in Holland and Belgium, which for the first time became exporters on the world market, as well as in Germany, which also turned from a consumer into an exporter in those years. As a result, there is a significant overproduction of sugar in the capitalist world, it is necessary to limit its production and export, although all developing countries strive to increase its export, since this is one of the possible sources of hard currency, because the main importers in the capitalist world are the USA, Japan, Canada, countries northern Europe.

Among the typical consumer-oriented industries is the bakery industry. There have been opposite trends in developed and developing countries. Firstly, the production of bread was reduced in the process of the struggle for a "healthy lifestyle", bread was replaced by other products containing less starchy substances. And in developing countries, on the contrary, not only did the overall consumption of bread grow, but there was also a transition from home-baked bread to bread produced in industry. All this in total contributed to a reduction in the scale of bakery production in developed countries and an increase in its output in developing countries. Thus, there has been a bread-making shift in developing countries. This process is difficult to notice in the "accommodation plan", since the industry is very dispersed, and even now it is distinguished by the small scale of individual enterprises. However, statistics on exports and consumption of bakery equipment clearly show a "shift" towards developing countries.

The above industries are shown only as "keys", they are far from exhausting the whole variety of industries and processes that exist in the global food industry. However, they reflect the general tendencies for the capitalist world of the growth in the size of the food industry as a whole, the further "industrialization of the kitchen" and the transition from the category of domestic activities to rails. industrial production, all more types of food preparation and, finally, a clear trend towards the accelerated development of the food industry in developing countries.

The general trend in the development of the food industry does not exclude the presence of separate stagnant industries in it. As a rule, their appearance is associated with a change in the structure of demand due to general trend in modern world to improve dietary patterns for health. The largest industry of this kind is winemaking, which has been experiencing a systematic crisis of overproduction since the postwar period. Significant areas of vineyards were liquidated in Algeria and Tunisia, producing low-quality wine, which no longer finds a market for itself in the European market. A permanent phenomenon is the "wine war" between Italy and France. The production of strong alcoholic beverages (especially whiskey) has noticeably decreased in many Western European countries, although their production has increased simultaneously in Japan, where it was not previously produced. The most surprising thing is that the drop in demand in developed countries is not offset by its growth in developing countries.

Under these conditions, of course, there are no shifts, except for negative ones, i.e. a drop in production in North Africa did not occur in the placement.

The situation was different with the winemaking of Eastern Europe, which had a huge sales market in the USSR. It did not experience any particular difficulties in its development, except for Yugoslavia. But in general, on a global scale, it is insignificant, since the average annual production of wines in Italy and France is 20-25 million hectoliters (of which almost half is exported), the USA - about 20 million, Spain - 15-18 million, Portugal - 10-12 million, Germany - 8-10 million, Argentina - 6-8 million, and the total production of all countries of Eastern Europe taken together is about 25 million, including in Romania - 7.5 million, Bulgaria - 3 million, Hungary - 2.5 million hectoliters. The CIS also exports high-quality wines to the world market, importing mass ones, but during the perestroika period, Soviet winemaking greatly reduced its production and now does not represent a serious value in the world economy.

A characteristic feature of the food industry is that its production is mass character. It, to a greater extent than all other industries, is connected with agriculture. The subject of labor of this industry is agricultural raw materials, which occupies a large specific gravity in the costs of food industry products (over 85%).

Agricultural raw materials have a number of specific properties, which leave their mark on the formation of costs and on the methodology for planning and calculating the cost of production in the food industry. Many types of raw materials of plant and animal origin are perishable. Therefore, there is a need for accelerated processing in order to increase the economic efficiency of production. In addition, various products are produced from many types of agricultural raw materials. Complex processing of this raw material is the most important condition for reducing the cost of production.

A significant impact on the calculation of the cost of production in this industry has nature of products. Many types of finished food products, unlike the products of other industries, have a greater specific gravity than the feedstock. For example, the yield of beer by weight exceeds the weight of the feedstock by 4 times, and soft drinks - by more than 7 times. When transporting drinks in glass containers (bottles) and boxes, the weight of the container sometimes exceeds the weight of the product itself.

In this regard, in a number of industries, it becomes expedient to subdivide the production process into two technological, spatially separated stages. Thus, the process of wine production is divided into the production of wine materials in the places of sources of raw materials and the packaging of wine - in the places of consumption.

Depending on the influence of the weight ratios of raw materials and finished products on the level of production costs, all production in the food industry are divided into three groups.

First group characterized by high standards of raw materials per unit of output. Thus, the consumption of raw materials per 1 ton of finished products in the production of butter is about 22.5 tons, cheese - 10, dry milk - 8.5, granulated sugar - 7.2, meat - from 1.7 to 2.5 tons. this group of products has a significant impact on the formation of production costs fare for the delivery of raw materials.

Second group enterprises is characterized by low consumption of raw materials per unit of output. These include urban dairy plants that produce pasteurized milk, kefir; pasta, confectionery and other industries. The products of these industries are less transportable than raw materials.

Third group enterprises covers production with the output of finished products above the consumption rates of raw materials. This group includes enterprises of the baking, brewing and other industries. For example, the consumption rates of raw materials per 1 ton of finished products are 0.62 tons when baking rye bread, 0.25 tons of beer in bulk, and 0.1 tons of beer in bottles. In accordance with this, the total costs of transporting finished products and raw materials will be the smaller, the closer to consumers are located enterprises.

Branches of the food industry differ significantly in the technology of manufacturing products, the degree of technical equipment of production, the organization of labor and production. For example: canning industry includes fruit and vegetable, vegetable-drying, food-concentrate production, etc.; meat– production of meat, sausages, smoked meats, canned meat and other products.

All food productions are multipartitioned and are divided into a number of phases, processes (operations) that follow directly one after another. According to the features of the technological mode of production are divided into continuous and discontinuous.

Continuous production is characterized by continuous processing of raw materials and materials from the moment of loading to the finished product (for example, the production of granulated sugar, alcohol, bread). A break in the work of such enterprises immediately causes marriage, damage to raw materials and starting materials. If a break in the technological mode of production does not cause such processes, the mode is called discontinuous (pasta, perfumery, tobacco production). At the same time, semi-finished products and semi-finished products are formed at individual stages of production (processing stages, operations), which makes it possible to organize the calculation and accounting of costs by limits (phases, operations, stages) and calculate the cost of production at each of them. But production stages (phases) do not always correspond to accounting (calculation) ones. For example, the production of beer consists of nineteen production phases. However, only after four is it possible to measure the amount of intermediate, i.e. only at these stages it is possible to organize accounting and control of the production process.

The presence or absence of work in progress is also of some importance. In the presence of such production, there is a need to evaluate it, as well as to allocate costs between the cost of finished products and work in progress. On this basis, food production is divided into those operating according to completed cycle(having no work in progress) and working on transition cycle(having work in progress).

In the food industry, work in progress is characterized by a relatively simple structure and small size.