In general, the following trends in the development of the transport network can be traced in the world:
- The quality of the transport network is constantly growing (the length of electrified railways, paved highways, larger diameters is growing).
- The direction of cargo flows is changing.
- The container system of cargo transportation is being developed (about 40% of general cargo is transported in containers). Transcontinental container "bridges" are being formed - a combination with block trains and road trains. The most widespread "bridges" on the routes Japan - the east coast (through Seattle and the continental United States). The largest container ports in the world are: Hong Kong, Rotterdam (), Kaohsiung (Taiwan), Kobe (Japan), Busan (Korea), Hamburg (Germany), Kelang (), New York, Los Angeles.
- Duplication of transport communications of world importance (laying oil pipelines, highways parallel to canals, other routes of communication or bypassing "hot spots" - for example, oil pipelines have been created parallel to the Suez and, the Trans-Pyrenean highway along the Strait of Gibraltar, the Trans-Arabian oil pipeline was built to avoid the passage of tankers through the controlled Strait of Hormuz and etc.);
- 5. Creation of transport corridors (polyhighways) for the transportation of goods through the territory of several states, for example, in Europe, nine are allocated, in Russia - two transport corridors: Berlin - - Minsk - Moscow -, Helsinki - - Moscow - Kyiv - Odessa with a continuation to Novorossiysk and Astrakhan).
The vast majority of all Vehicle and means of communication is concentrated in developed countries (about 80% of the total length of the world transport network). The transport system of industrialized countries has a complex structure and is represented by all modes of transport. Developed countries account for approximately 85% of the world's cargo turnover. internal transport(excluding seafaring), 80% of the car fleet, 2/3 of the world's ports performing? world cargo turnover. The passenger turnover of developed and developing countries also varies greatly. Thus, the "mobility" of the population in Western countries is 10 times higher than in Asia, Africa and Latin America.
Developing countries are much worse than developed ones, provided with transport. Their transport systems are at the stage of formation, the role of horse-drawn transport is still great, some types modern transport are poorly developed or absent at all (railroads, pipeline transport, etc.). The transport systems of these countries reflect the general territorial structure of the economy. In most cases, roads only connect mineral extraction or plantation areas with port cities. Developing countries are characterized by a significant predominance of one or two types of transport: railway (India, Pakistan,), pipeline (Near and Middle East), river (countries of tropical Africa).
Since there are differences in the development of transport between different regions, it is customary to single out territorial transport systems in the world transport system: North America, foreign Europe, the CIS, Latin America, Foreign Asia, Africa and Australia. The first three stand out the most.
The transport system of North America leads the world in terms of the total length of communications (about 30% of the global transport network) and in terms of cargo turnover of most modes of transport. Passenger traffic in North America has its own characteristics: 83% of it is provided by road transport (with 81% by cars and 2% by buses), 16% by air, and only 1% by rail. Due to the large size of the United States and the density of the transport network in North America is small.
The transport system of foreign Europe surpasses the systems of all other regions in terms of network density and frequency of movement. In terms of cargo and passenger turnover, road transport is leading here;
The transport system of the CIS countries (10% of the world transport network) ranks first in terms of total freight turnover. Here the highest freight density of railways.
AT foreign Asia there are large differences between countries in the level of transport development. Therefore, it is advisable to single out a highly developed transport system, the transport system of China, the system and, of the countries of South-West Africa.
Large differences in the development of transport are also manifested in Africa, as well as Latin America.
TOPIC:
World transport system
Lecture plan:
1. Quantitative indicators of transport operation.
Influence of scientific and technological revolution on the development of transport.
2. Transport network of the world. The structure of world transport.
Regional transport systems.
3. Land transport of the world.
4. Water transport peace.
5. Air transport of the world.
LENGTH OF COMMUNICATIONS
QUANTITATIVE INDICATORS
WORLD TRANSPORT SYSTEM:
EMPLOYED 140 MILLION CHEL.
CARGO AND PASSENGER TURNOVER
LENGTH OF COMMUNICATIONS (in thousand km)
Automotive
roads
24000
Pipelines
1900
Internal
waterways
550
Airways
9500
Railways
1250
0
5000
10000STRUCTURE OF WORLD CARGO AND PASSENGER TRAFFIC
SHARE IN CARGO TURNOVER
SHARE IN PASSENGER TURNOVER TRANSPORT AND THE SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL REVOLUTION
What impact has NTR had on various
types of transport?
INCREASED CAPACITY
TRANSPORT ROUTES
THE APPEARANCE OF NEW VEHICLES
INCREASED CAPACITY AND
LOAD CAPACITIES
MOVEMENT SPEED BOOST World transport system
THE SET OF ALL ROUTES OF COMMUNICATION, TRANSPORT
OF ENTERPRISES AND VEHICLES FORM THE WORLD TRANSPORT SYSTEM (MTS).
HOWEVER WORLDWIDE FREIGHT AND PASSENGER TRAFFIC ARE GEOGRAPHICALLY DISTRIBUTED
EXTREMELY UNEQUAL! According to the level of development of the world transport system
can be divided into two parts:
TRANSPORT
ECONOMICALLY DEVELOPED
COUNTRIES
75 %
These countries account for 75% of the total length of the transport network,
world freight and passenger traffic. characterized by high density
transport network.
TRANSPORT
DEVELOPING
COUNTRIES
Transport is a lagging industry
economy. A monotransport system is typical (the predominance of 1-2 modes of transport.
The global transport system is made up of several
Regional Transport Systems (RTS)
RTS
North America
30% of the total length of the MTS;
1st place in terms of cargo turnover;
high level motorization.
RTS
foreign Europe
1st place in density and
frequency of movement;
high level of development of air and road transport.
RTS
Commonwealth of Independent States
10% from MTS;
high share of railway transport
in cargo turnover;
high performance by transportation distance. LAND TRANSPORT
AUTOMOBILE
RAILWAY
PIPELINE
Countries leaders in length
highways:
USA;
India;
Brazil;
Japan;
China. RAILWAY
There are railways in 140 countries of the world. Preparations have begun for the construction of the Asia-Pacific Railway:
Singapore - Bangkok - Beijing - Yakutsk - Bering Strait Tunnel - Vancouver San Francisco. EXPRESS LINES
The fastest express trains run on the lines:
Paris - Bordeaux (France) Express "Mistral"
(line length 540 km) carries passengers for
2 hours 10 minutes
Paris - London Express transports passengers under
the Pas de Calais at a speed of 250 km/h
Tokyo - Osaka (Japan) Express "Hikari" (length
line 515 km) carries passengers in 2 hours 15 minutes.
Express train
"London Paris"
Railway tunnel under
Strait of Pas de Calais (France UK) PIPELINE
Developed through growth
oil and gas production and territorial
gap between areas of production and consumption.
(The first oil pipeline was built in
USA in 1865, 6 km long.)
LEADING COUNTRIES BY LENGTH
OIL AND GAS PIPELINES:
1. USA (760 thousand km)
2. Russia (230 thousand km)
3. Canada (150 thousand km)
4. Countries of the Middle East
5. Germany
6. France
The most powerful trunk lines in the world
oil and gas pipelines are located in the CIS:
"Friendship"
"Shine of the North"
"Union" WATER TRANSPORT
NAUTICAL
LEADING COUNTRIES
BY MARITIME
TRANSPORTATION:
Panama
Liberia
USA
Japan
Greece
Norway
Germany
Great Britain
Italy
Sweden
RIVER AND LAKE WATER TRANSPORT
Serves primarily
internal needs of individual countries
But it also carries out international
transportation
The American Great Lakes system and
deep waterway of the St. Lawrence River (USA, Canada)
Marine ships pass through several locks when
rise along the St. Lawrence River and bypass channels. Ocean liners can sail from
Atlantic to all industrial centers in the Great Lakes region.
RIVER AND LAKE
Major international river
arteries of Europe:
Rhine
Danube
Audra
Elbe 5% 2%
AIR TRANSPORT
SHARE OF WORLD REGIONS IN
AIR PASSENGER TRANSPORTATION
Leading countries in
air transportation:
1. USA
2. UK
3. Japan
4. Russia
5. France
Sev. America
Zarub. Europe
6%
38%
Zarub. Asia
CIS
19%
South America
24%
Australia and
Oceania
Africa
Major airports
world:
1. Heathrow (London)
2. Los Angeles
3. New York
4. 5. Frankfurt am Main
6. Tokyo
Transport - one of the most important industries. It provides production links and Agriculture, carries out the transportation of goods and passengers, is the basis of the geographical division of labor. Exchange and structure transportation, as a rule, reflect the level and structure of the economy, while the geography of the transport network and cargo flows reflect the location of productive forces.
Types of world transport
Transport is divided into land (rail and road), water (sea and river), air, pipeline and electronic (power lines).
Automobile transport often called the transport of the 20th century, because, having originated at the beginning of our century, it has become the leading type of land transport. The length of its network is growing and has now reached 24 million km, and about 1/2 falls on the USA, India, Russia, Japan, and China. The United States and a number of Western European countries are leading in terms of motorization in the world. Road transport leads in terms of passenger traffic - 80% of the world volume.
Railway transport, despite the decline in its share in transportation, it still remains an important mode of land transport, especially in terms of the volume of goods transported (10% of the world volume). The world railway network as a whole was formed at the beginning of the 20th century, its length is now 12.5 million km. But its placement is uneven. Although there are railways in 140 countries of the world, more than 1/2 of their total length falls on the "top ten countries": the USA, Russia, Canada, India, China, Australia, Argentina, France, Germany and Brazil. European countries stand out especially in terms of network density. But along with this there are vast areas where the railway network is very rare or non-existent.
Pipeline transport - is actively developing due to the rapid growth of oil and natural gas production and the territorial gap that exists between the main areas of their production and consumption. Pipeline transport accounts for 11% of the world freight turnover.
First of all, it is characterized by the outstanding role of maritime transport. It accounts for 62% of the world's cargo turnover, it also serves about 4/5 of the entire. It is thanks to the development of maritime transport that the ocean no longer separates, but connects countries and continents. The total length of sea routes is millions of kilometers. Sea vessels transport mainly bulk cargo: oil, oil products, coal, ore, grain, and others, and usually over a distance of 8,000 to 10,000 km. The "container revolution" in maritime transport has led to a rapid growth in the transportation of so-called general cargo - finished goods and semi-finished products. Sea transportation is provided by the sea merchant fleet, the total tonnage of which exceeds 420 million tons. shipping occupies the Pacific Ocean, the third - the Indian.
Highly big influence the geography of maritime transport is influenced by the international sea channels (especially the Suez and Panama) and the sea straits (the English Channel, Gibraltar, etc.).
Inland water transport - oldest species transport. Now it occupies the last place in the world transport system along the length of the network.
The development and deployment of inland water transport is primarily associated with natural prerequisites - the presence of rivers and lakes suitable for navigation, the Amazon, Mississippi, Ob, Yenisei, Yangtze, Congo have a greater capacity than the most powerful railway lines. But the use of these prerequisites depends on general level economic development. Therefore, in terms of cargo turnover of inland waterways in the world, the United States, Russia, Canada, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, and China stand out.
Navigation on artificial routes and lake navigation are also of great importance in some countries.
Air Transport. This type of the fastest, but quite expensive transport plays an important role in international passenger traffic. Its advantages, in addition to speed, are the quality of supplies, geographic mobility, which makes it easy to expand and change routes. The network of scheduled airlines now encircles the entire Earth stretching for millions of kilometers. Its reference points are 5,000 airports. The main air powers of the world are the USA, Russia, Japan, Great Britain, France, Canada, Germany.
World transport system
All means of communication, transport enterprises and vehicles together form world transport system. It was formed in the 20th century. and is strongly influenced by the scientific and technological revolution, which is expressed in the "division of labor" between certain types transport, increase bandwidth transport routes, the emergence of fundamentally new vehicles, for example, high-speed hovercraft trains. The "container revolution" had a huge impact on the development of all types of transport, as a result of which the transportation of goods is carried out in special metal containers- containers. There were also new vehicles - container ships and special transshipment stations - terminals. This made it possible to increase labor productivity in transport by 7-10 times.
The world transport system is heterogeneous, and it is possible to distinguish between the transport systems of economically developed and developing countries. The first of them accounts for 78% of the total length of the world transport network and 74% of the world freight turnover. The density of the transport network, which best characterizes its availability, in most developed countries is 50-60 km per 100 km of territory, and in developing countries - 5-10 km.
Along with this, in the global transport system there are also several regional transport systems: North America (it accounts for about 30% of the total length of all world communications), CIS countries, Europe, Asia (divided into several subsystems), Latin America, Australia, North Africa.
Since its inception, transportation has had a strong influence on environment. With the growth of the length of the transport network, the intensity of traffic, the negative impacts are increasingly increasing, while different kinds transport have, as it were, their own "specialization". Thus, the main air pollutant is road transport, air transport and rail transport, these modes of transport also create "noise pollution" and require large areas for the construction of highways, gas stations, parking lots, train stations, etc. (excluding air). Water transport is the main source of oil pollution in oceans and inland waters.
World transport system- a global set of national transport systems interconnected by common cargo and passenger flows. This system has a strong material and technical base, which is being developed and improved through large-scale investments that ensure sustainable growth in traffic and improve the quality of transport services.
Approximately 75% of the total length of world transport communications (excluding sea lines) fall on car roads; 16% on the civil aviation line; 4% for pipelines, 3% for railways; 2% - for navigable rivers and canals.
Countries and continents have varying degrees equipping with transport communications. The densest network in Western Europe and North America. The countries of Asia and Africa are worse equipped with transport communications.
In general, the global volume of transportation of goods and passengers is constantly increasing. The distribution of traffic between modes of transport has noticeably changed. For example, the share of pipeline transport in the global cargo turnover has doubled (11%). In mastering the world passenger turnover, air transport is approaching the level of rail transport (9% and 11%, respectively).
Sea transport plays a leading role in the global transport system (80% of the total turnover of world trade).
River transport - more than 1.5 billion tons of cargo is transported annually, but due to competition with road transport, there has been a tendency to reduce the volume of traffic.
Railway transport - the total length of railways in 42 major countries of the world is 915 thousand km. (more than 3.7 billion tons of cargo are transported). On a global scale, an increase in rail traffic is not expected due to competition from road transport. A reduction in the length of railways by 100 thousand km in the global sense was noted. At the same time, the length of electrified lines has tripled.
Automobile transport- the global car fleet is constantly growing and the volume of traffic is developing dynamically. According to experts, the estimated figure is 160 million. units by 2010 will increase annually by 4-4.5%. Approximately 75% total strength of the truck fleet is accounted for by the countries of Western Europe and North America.
Air Transport - rapid development over the past 10 years: the length of routes has almost doubled and the volume of passenger and cargo traffic along them has doubled.
Almost 90% of the world's air transport cargo turnover is in industrialized countries.
Pipeline transport - the total world length has reached 450 thousand km. The largest countries owning oil pipelines are the USA and Russia.
Geography of transport of the world. Structure and location of the transport complex of Russia. Rail, road, water, air and pipeline transport - the formation and direction of cargo flows.
General characteristics of the world transport system
Transport is a special sphere of material production. Unlike agriculture and industry, it does not create a new product in the production process, does not change its properties (physical, chemical) and quality. The products of transport are the movement of goods and people in space, changing their location. Therefore, the performance indicators of transport are, respectively, cargo turnover in ton-kilometers (t-km) and passenger turnover in passenger-kilometres (pass-km), which is the product of the volume of traffic (in t or pass.) and the distance (in km). The sum of tonne-kilometres and passenger-kilometres is called normalized tonne-kilometres, or transport products .
The main types of modern transport are rail, water (sea and river), road, air and pipeline. Together they form a single transport system of the world.
The level of development of the transport system by types of communication routes is assessed using the following indicators: length (length) and transport network density (the latter is defined as the ratio of the length of paths to a unit area of the territory or to a certain number of inhabitants); shares one or another mode of transport (in %) in general cargo turnover .
If we talk about the global transport system, then the fastest in recent times road, pipeline and air transport developed. The importance of sea transport has increased and the position of rail transport has deteriorated.
The vast majority of all means of transport and means of communication are concentrated in countries with developed economies. They account for a significant share of the freight and passenger turnover of world transport. The countries of Africa, Asia and Latin America are much worse provided with transport, since the level of development of their economies is lower.
Among the regional transport systems, the system stands out
North America, leading in the world in terms of the total length of communications (about 30% of the global transport network) and in terms of cargo turnover of most modes of transport;
the transport system of Europe, surpassing the systems of all other regions in terms of network density and frequency of traffic;
one system CIS countries (10% of the global transport network), which ranks first in terms of total freight turnover.
In other regions of the world - in the countries of Africa, Asia and Latin America, transport systems are in the process of formation, the role of horse-drawn transport is still great, some types of modern transport are poorly developed or do not exist at all (railways, pipeline transport, etc.).
In general, there is a qualitative change in the transport network in the world:
The length of electrified railways, paved highways, pipeline networks is growing large diameter;
There is a duplication of transport communications of world importance: the laying of oil pipelines, highways parallel to water channels, other means of communication (for example, oil pipelines have been created parallel to the Suez and Panama canals, the Trans-Pyrenean highway has been built along the Strait of Gibraltar, etc.);
A container transportation system is being formed (about 40% of general cargo is transported in containers), transcontinental container “bridges” are being formed, which are a combination of maritime transport with block trains and container road trains (Trans-Siberian: Japan - East Coast of the USA, Trans-American: Western Europe – Near and Middle East);
There is a creation of transport corridors (polyhighways) for the transportation of goods through the territory of several states (for example, nine are allocated in Europe, two transport corridors pass through Russia:
Berlin – Warsaw – Minsk – Moscow – Nizhny Novgorod,
Helsinki - St. Petersburg - Moscow - Kyiv - Odessa with continuation to Novorossiysk and Astrakhan).
Railway transport ranks second in terms of cargo turnover (after maritime) and passenger traffic (after automobile). In terms of the total length of the road network (about 1.2 million km), it is inferior not only to road transport, but also to air transport. Main function rail transport - transportation of bulk industrial and agricultural goods (coal, steel, grain, etc.) over long distances. Distinctive feature– regularity of movement regardless of the weather and season.
There are great differences in the level of development of railway transport (extent, density of the network, degree of electrification of railways, etc.) by regions and countries of the world. In general, the world is reducing the length of the railway network, especially in countries with developed economies.
By network length railways, the leading positions in the world are occupied by the largest (in terms of territory) countries: the USA (176 thousand km), Russia (87.5 thousand km), Canada (85 thousand km), India, China, Germany, Australia, Argentina , France, Brazil. These countries account for more than half of the total length of the world's railways. The countries of North America and Western Europe are oversaturated with railways, and some countries in Africa and Asia do not have them at all.
By network density European countries are leading the railroads (their density in Belgium is 133 km per 1,000 sq. km). The density of the railway network on average in African countries is only 2.7 km per 1 thousand square meters. km.
By the level of electrification of iron roads are also ahead of all European countries (in Switzerland, about 100% of railways are electrified, in Sweden 65%, in Italy, Austria and Spain more than 50%, in Russia 43%).
In some regions and countries of the world, railways have different gauges. In the CIS countries, the gauge is wider than in the countries of Eastern and Western Europe, North America, and Asia. Does not correspond to the Western European gauge of some other states (for example, Finland, the states of the Iberian Peninsula). In general, the Western European track accounts for up to 3/4 of the length of the world's roads.
By cargo turnover The leading positions in the world are occupied by the USA, China and Russia,
on passenger traffic Japan (395 billion pass-km), China (354 billion pass-km), India (320 billion pass-km), Russia (192 billion pass-km), Germany (60 billion pass-km).
In a number of developed countries (USA, Japan, Germany, France, etc.) ultra-high-speed (more than 200 km / h) railways have been created.
The railways of the CIS countries, foreign Europe, North America within their regions are connected into a single transport system, i.e. form a region-wide railway system.
Automobile transport plays a leading role in the transportation of passengers (provides 80% of the world's passenger traffic), as well as cargo over short and medium distances. Among other modes of transport, it is also the leader in terms of the length of the road network (24 million km, or 70% of the global transport network).
Most of the car park and network, highways are concentrated in countries with developed economies. With the total number of cars in the world exceeding 650 million, about 80% of them are concentrated in North America (about 250 million cars, of which 200 million in the USA), Western Europe (more than 200 million cars) and Japan (over 50 million) .
The United States (1/4 of the entire length), China, Japan, India, Russia, and European countries have the most developed road network. The latter in terms of road density surpass the countries of all regions of the world. In terms of freight turnover of road transport, the United States occupies the first place.
In some countries and regions of the world (CIS, overseas Europe, North America) highways form a single transport system (state, interstate).
Pipeline transport, relatively young, but rapidly developing, is used to transport liquid, gaseous and solid types of products. AT largest volumes moving through pipelines natural gas, oil and oil products. Gas and oil pipelines (their total length in the world is 1.8 million km) are most widely used in the oil and gas producing countries of North America (USA, Canada), Russia, the Middle East, as well as in the countries of Western and of Eastern Europe, poor in oil and gas resources, but consuming in in large numbers these fuels. In terms of the volume of work of pipeline transport, Russia surpasses all (more than half of the world cargo turnover of this type of transport is concentrated here).
Sea transport is of paramount importance for the implementation of foreign economic (interstate, intercontinental) relations. It provides more than 3/4 of all international traffic. In their composition, the share of bulk cargoes (oil, oil products, ores, coal, grain, etc.) is especially large.
Along with intercontinental, interstate transportation, maritime transport carries out in large sizes transportation of goods by large and small cabotage within their own country. Big cabotage - this is the navigation of ships between ports of different sea basins (for example, Vladivostok - Novorossiysk, Novorossiysk - Arkhangelsk). Small cabotage - transportation between ports of the same sea (Novorossiysk - Tuapse).
In terms of freight turnover (29 trillion t-km) and labor productivity, maritime transport significantly outperforms other modes of transport. The cost of transporting goods by sea is the lowest in transport. The most efficient use of maritime transport is when transporting goods over long distances. Maritime transport inland (small cabotage) is less efficient.
For the implementation of transportation, maritime transport has a complex diversified economy; fleet, seaports, shipyards, etc.
Sea transportation serves several tens of thousands of ships with a total tonnage of 500 million gross register tons (GRT) .
The largest fleets have Panama (72 million BRT), Liberia (60), Greece (30), Cyprus (25), the Bahamas (a state in the West Indies) and Japan (20 each), China (17), Russia (15), Norway (15), USA (13 million BRT). However, the world leadership of Panama, Liberia, Cyprus and the Bahamas is very conditional, since a significant proportion of their fleets are owned by the United States and Western European countries (including France, Great Britain, Germany), which use the flag of convenience policy to evade high taxes.
Approximately 40% of the entire fleet of the world are tankers carrying out international shipping oil and oil products. The main directions of maritime transportation of oil are from the Caribbean Sea to the United States and Western Europe, from the Middle East to Western Europe, USA and Japan.
Among the ocean basins first place in terms of sea freight takes Atlantic Ocean , along the coast of which the largest seaports of the world are located: Rotterdam (Netherlands), Antwerp (Belgium), Hamburg (Germany), London (Great Britain), Marseille (France), Genoa (Italy), New Orleans, New York, Philadelphia (USA) ). Many large ports and on the coast Pacific Ocean (Kobe, Chiba, Yokohama, Nagoya (Japan), Shanghai (PRC), Busan (Republic of Korea), Sydney (Australia), Vancouver (Canada), etc. indian ocean (Karachi (Pakistan), Bombay and Calcutta (India), Colombo (Sri Lanka), etc.
Along with universal ports, there are specialized ones:
for the export of oil(for example, in the Persian Gulf Ras Tannura (Saudi Arabia), Mina El Ahmadi (Kuwait), Amuay and La Salina (Venezuela),
ores(Tubaran in Brazil), coal (Richards Bay in South Africa),
grain, timber and other cargo.
Sea channels have a great influence on the geography of maritime transport. The Suez and Panama Canals are of international importance.
River transport. Positive Features This mode of transport is characterized by a high carrying capacity (on deep-water rivers), a relatively low cost of transportation and the cost of organizing navigation. The development and geography of river transport is largely determined by natural conditions. In this regard, many countries of North and Latin America, Europe and Asia have great opportunities for organizing river navigation.
In Europe a network of transport routes form rivers Seine, Rhine with tributaries, Elbe, Odra, Vistula, Danube, Dnieper, Volga, Don, etc.
In Asia - the Ganges, the Indus, the Irrawad, the Yangtze, the Ob with the Irtysh, the Yenisei with the Angara, the Lena, the Amur, and others.
In North America - Mississippi with tributaries, St. Lawrence, Mackenzie, etc.
In Latin America - the Amazon and Parana.
In Africa - Congo, Niger, Nile.
In Australia - Murray with a tributary of the Darling.
The total length of the world's navigable rivers and canals is 550,000 km, of which almost half is in Russia and China (over 100,000 km each), the United States (over 40,000 km) and Brazil (30,000 km).
In terms of total cargo turnover of inland waterways, the United States ranks first, China second, Russia third, followed by Germany, Canada and the Netherlands.
Air Transport, high-speed, but expensive, has highest value in international passenger transportation for communication with remote and hard-to-reach areas of the world. The air transport infrastructure is represented by a network of international and local airports. Airports provide flight control, reception of passengers, organization of their service, etc. More than 1,000 airports participate in international air communications. The largest airports in the world (from 30 to 70 million passengers per year) are located in the USA (Chicago, Atlanta, Dallas, Los Angeles), Great Britain (London), Japan (Tokyo), France (Paris), Germany (Frankfurt-on- Maine). These same countries, together with Australia, China, Russia, Canada and the Netherlands, form the top ten air powers (in terms of passenger traffic) in the world.
Air transport mainly carries out passenger transportation. Air cargo, despite fast growth, in general, the volume of cargo turnover of all modes of transport is insignificant specific gravity(fractions of a percent).
