Sea passenger transportation. Abstract: Sea routes. Modern means of maritime passenger transportation

3.2.1. Types of ships and flights

As noted earlier, maritime transport is considered the most versatile mode of transport that specializes in servicing international trade. In the system of maritime merchant shipping, the main legal institutions and organizational forms of international transportation of goods and passengers were born and developed. The system of economic and legal relations between the participants in the process of transportation on other modes of transport has developed to one degree or another under the influence of the international practice of maritime merchant shipping.

Sea transportation is carried out by various types of vessels, which are divided into:

1) cargo ships, which include:

Vessels of general purpose intended for the carriage of general and bulk cargoes;

Rollers with a horizontal way of loading and unloading, used for the transportation of wheeled and tracked vehicles, as well as containers, etc.;

Container ships used for the transportation of general cargo in containers between equipped terminals on regular lines with powerful and steady flows;

Lighter carriers intended for the carriage of goods in mixed sea and river communications;

Timber trucks;

Ferries used for the carriage of goods in railway wagons on lines of relatively short length, characterized by a steady flow of goods and a high frequency of dispatch;

Vessels for the transportation of heavy and bulky cargoes to construction sites;

Bulk carriers designed for the carriage of bulk and bulk cargoes;

Refrigerated ships;

Tankers used to transport oil and other liquid chemical cargoes;

Oil bulk carriers - combined vessels designed for the transportation of bulk, bulk and liquid cargoes;

2) passenger ships;

3) icebreaking ships;

4) hydrographic vessels;

5) rescue (rescue tugs, floating cranes, etc.);

6) service and auxiliary (tugboats, bunkerers, pilot boats, etc.).

In international shipping, there are two forms of transportation organization: linear(regular) and tramp(irregular).

International liner shipping is organized by maritime carriers in stable geographic areas of international trade. The peculiarities of liner shipping are the fastening of ships in this direction and their regular calls at certain ports according to a pre-announced schedule. Transportations are paid by consignors at the rates of the tariff established by carriers. Linear tariffs are published in specialized periodicals and are usually stable for a long time. These tariffs are regulated by liner conferences, which are associations of shipowners who monopolize the transportation of goods in specific directions. Other shipowners operating ships on conference-controlled lines (outsiders) generally apply lower rates.

The main document when registering the carriage of goods in international liner shipping is a bill of lading. Bill of lading (bill of lading) is a document confirming the acceptance of goods for sea (or river) transportation and obliging the carrier to release the goods to the rightful owner.

The bill of lading is:

A receipt confirming the acceptance for transportation of the goods indicated on the front side of this document;

a contract for the carriage of goods on the terms specified therein;

Trade document.

There are several types of bill of lading:

A bearer bill of lading (bearer), which gives the right to everyone who owns it, to dispose of the goods. It is used extremely rarely, since it cannot guarantee the receipt of the goods by the person to whom it is really intended;

Nominal bill of lading (straight), issued to a specific recipient of the goods. The transfer of possession of goods to another person can be made only by means of a specially executed application for assignment (cession);

Order bill of lading (to order), according to which the carrier must deliver the goods at the direction of the designated party. This bill of lading can be transferred by the recipient to a third party by means of an endorsement, i.e. endorsement on this document. An endorsement may be nominal and bearer (in blanco).

There are also side bill of lading issued for the cargo loaded on board the ship, and bill of lading, accepted for shipment, which is used if the goods are delivered to the warehouse for subsequent shipment. In some cases, after loading, it is replaced by an onboard bill of lading.

If it is necessary to issue to the consignee a part of the cargo, issued by a bill of lading, so-called shared bills of lading can be issued - delivery orders (delivery order), which are actually not a bill of lading, but an order from the consignee to the captain to issue part of the cargo after presenting the original bill of lading for the entire cargo consignment.

Sometimes used through bill of lading- a document on the basis of which goods are transported from the port of loading to the port of destination by two or more shipping lines operating in accordance with the agreement.

Allocate also clean and unclean bill of lading. The bill of lading is called “clean” (clean) if the carrier has not made any remarks in it regarding the condition of the goods being transported, and “unclean” (fone) if the appropriate reservations are made in it.

According to Russian legislation, the following data must be included in the bill of lading:

1) the name of the carrier and its location;

2) the name of the port of loading in accordance with the contract for the carriage of goods by sea and the date of acceptance of the goods by the carrier at the port of loading;

3) the name of the sender and his location;

4) the name of the port of unloading in accordance with the contract for the carriage of goods by sea;

5) name of the recipient, if indicated by the sender;

6) the name of the cargo, the main brands necessary for identification of the cargo, an indication, in appropriate cases, of the dangerous nature or special properties of the cargo, the number of pieces or objects and the mass of the cargo or its quantity otherwise indicated. In this case, all data are indicated as they are presented by the sender;

7) the external condition of the cargo and its packaging;

8) freight in the amount payable by the recipient, or other indication that the freight must be paid by him;

9) time and place of issue of the bill of lading;

10) the number of originals of the bill of lading, if there are more than one;

11) the signature of the carrier or a person acting on his behalf.

12) by agreement of the parties, other data and clauses may be included in the bill of lading.

It should be noted that a bill of lading signed by the master of the vessel is considered to be signed on behalf of the carrier.

In contrast to the linear tramp shipping, vessels are operated on an irregular basis. They are not assigned to certain destinations, but move freely from one section of the freight market to another, depending on the demand for tonnage and the supply of cargo.

Used in merchant shipping the following types ship chartering:

1) chartering on the terms of a voyage charter, which is divided into:

Chartering for one flight (single voyage), i.e. an agreement under which the shipowner, for a certain fee (freight), undertakes to transport the specified cargo from one or more ports of departure to one or more ports of destination;

Chartering for consecutive voyages (consecutive voyages), i.e. an agreement on the carriage of a large amount of homogeneous cargo in the same direction on the same ship;

Chartering under a general contract, i.e. an agreement under which the shipowner undertakes to transport a certain amount of cargo within a certain period;

2) chartering on the terms of a time charter (time-charter), which, depending on the method of determining the duration of the lease of a vessel, is divided into a regular time charter and circular voyages;

3) chartering on the terms of a bareboat charter (bare boat charter), or demise-charter (demise-charter), i.e. rent of a vessel without a crew.

The contract of carriage by sea (ship charter contract) in tramp shipping, concluded between the sea carrier (charterer) and the consignor or consignee (charterer), has the form of a charter. In most cases, it is concluded with the help of an intermediary or a freight broker. Any charter contains mandatory conditions related to the ship, cargo, freight, stevedoring payment procedure, etc. The main articles of the charter are:

1) Place and time of imprisonment.

2) The names of the parties - the charterer and the charterer (carrier) with an indication of their location.

3) Name and characteristics of the chartered vessel: flag, class, year of construction, cargo characteristics of the vessel. The flag matters in case of a boycott, a ban on entering ports. The class affects the size of the insurance premium.

4) The seaworthiness of the ship, which consists in its ability to withstand the usual dangers of the voyage and deliver the cargo to the recipient in a safe condition.

5) Name and quantity of cargo. Sometimes collective names are also used, for example, “any legal cargo”, etc. If the charterer has not provided the required amount of cargo, then he is obliged to pay “dead freight” for underload, and in case of underload against the declared and available amount, the charterer has the right to demand compensation losses.

6) Place of loading and unloading. Sometimes not only ports are indicated, but also berths, anchorages, and sometimes only sections of the coast.

7) Vessel's position, i.e. the start date is laydays and the end date is canceling days. Before the start date, the charterer is not obliged to accept the ship for loading, and if the ship arrives after the end date, the charterer has the right to terminate (cancell) the charter.

8) Information about the arrival of the vessel.

9) Distribution of costs for loading and unloading.

10) Lay time, i.e. the period for performing loading and unloading operations, determined by the terms of the charter or the customs of the ports.

11) Demurrage (a fine paid by the charterer for the delay of the vessel in excess of lay time); dispatcher (award to the charterer for reduction of lay time (half of demurrage).

12) Freight and its payment. Freight rates are set per unit of measurement of the amount of cargo (ton, piece, etc.). Sometimes the unit of measure for the amount of cargo and the unit taken as the basis for freight calculations may not match. Freight may also be set on a lumpsum basis, i.e. as the total amount agreed in advance in the charter. Freight settlements between the shipowner and the charterer are made both in terms of the amount of cargo handed over at the destination, and in terms of loaded (bill of lading).

13) The time and place of payment may also be different (when signing the bill of lading at the port of departure, after the ship arrives at the port of destination, after unloading and after the final weight check).

14) Ice clause. Provides for the conditions for the release of the vessel from the performance of the contract in the event of an ice situation.

15) Strike clause.

16) Military clause.

17) General average clause and other conditions.

In the early 1920s, competition in the freight market led to the widespread registration of ships under “convenient” or “cheap” flags due to:

Low costs in the operation of the transport fleet as a result of a decrease in the wages of seafarers and a decrease in their number in comparison with the norms established by the laws of other countries;

Exemption from income taxes.

3.2.2. Regulation of international shipping. Activities of the International Maritime Organization

The main international agreement that defines the relationship between the parties to the contract of carriage by sea and the legal status of the bill of lading is the Brussels Convention on the Unification of Certain Rules on the Bill of Lading (1924).

The Brussels Protocol of 1968 made some changes to this Convention. Particular attention in this Convention is given to the issue of the liability of the sea carrier for the goods.

The carriage of passengers and baggage by sea is governed by the Athens Convention on the Carriage of Passengers, Their Baggage, Vehicles and Hand Luggage by Sea.

The International Maritime Organization (IMO) - International Maritime Organization was founded in 1958 according to the Convention, developed in 1948 at the UN Maritime Conference in Geneva. Until 1982 it was called the Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative Organization. IMO is one of the specialized agencies of the UN.

Over the years of its existence, the IMO has adopted over 40 conventions in various fields (marine safety, marine pollution, etc.), most of which have already entered into force. Complete list of IMO conventions with summary Contents are available from the IMO Press and Information Office in London. Below is a list of some conventions (the first date in brackets is the year the convention was adopted, the second date is the year it entered into force):

1) on security issues:

International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (1974/1980, International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea - SOLAS);

International Convention on Load Lines (1966/1968, International Convention on Load Lines - LL);

Convention on International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (1972/1977, Convention on the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea - COLREG);

International Convention for Safe Containers (1972/1977, International Convention for Safe Containers - CSC);

Convention on the International Organization for the Satellite System of Maritime Navigation (1976/1979, Convention on the International Maritime Satellite Organization - INMARSAT);

International Convention on the Safety of Fishing Vessels (1977, Torremolinos International Convention for the Safety of Fishing Vessels - SVF);

International Convention on Search and Rescue at Sea (1979/1985, International Convention on Maritime Search and Rescue - SAR);

2) on issues of prevention of pollution of the seas:

International Convention Relating to Intervention on the High Seas in Cases of Oil Pollution Casualties (1969/1975);

Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matters (1972/1975, Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matters - LDC);

3) on questions of responsibility:

Convention on Civil Liability in the Field of Maritime Carriage of Nuclear Material (1971/1975, Convention Relating to Civil Liability in the Field of Maritime Carriage of Nuclear Material - NUCLEAR);

International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage (1969/1975, International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage - CLC);

4) on other issues:

Convention to Facilitate International Navigation (1965/1967, Convention on Facilitation on International Maritime Traffic);

Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Maritime Navigation (1988/1992).

In addition to the conventions, the IMO Assembly, together with the Maritime Safety Committee and the Marine Environment Protection Committee, adopts non-binding recommendations on various issues(freight transport, technology, environment, shipping, maritime search and rescue, radio communications, training).

The main objectives of the IMO are:

Expansion of cooperation between governments on all technical issues of international maritime navigation;

Promote the adoption of the best standards in the field of maritime safety, maritime navigation, prevention and control of marine pollution from ships, and environmental pollution control.

IMO has the following structure:

Fig.3.1. Structure of the international maritime organization (IMO)

Assembly, consists of representatives of member states, is the highest body of the IMO. It meets once every two years, and extraordinary sessions may be convened. The Assembly adopts the program and budget, as well as decisions on financial measures, elects the members of the Council and, on its proposal, approves the candidacy of the Secretary General.

Advice consists of representatives of 40 Member States, elected for a term of two years on the following basis:

10 from the group of countries most interested in international shipping;

10 from the group of countries most interested in international maritime trade;

20 from a group of countries with special interests in the field of maritime navigation, the election of which should simultaneously ensure the representation in the Council of all geographical regions of the world.

The Council is the executive body of the IMO, meets twice a year and between sessions of the Assembly is the main body of the IMO. It is not authorized to advise governments on matters of maritime safety and the prevention of marine pollution. The Council coordinates the activities of the IMO bodies, reviews the program and budget, comments on committee reports before they are submitted to the Assembly for consideration, and appoints the Secretary General.

Committees open to all Member States. The Maritime Safety Committee discusses all issues related to the safety of ships. 11 subcommittees have been set up to address special issues (on ship safety, maritime communications, search and rescue, fire safety, etc.). The Legal Affairs Committee decides on legal matters in carrying out the tasks of the IMO. The Marine Environment Protection Committee is mainly concerned with the problems of marine pollution from ships, coordinates IMO activities in this area and works in close cooperation with the United Nations Development Program. The Technical Cooperation Committee coordinates assistance projects for developing countries.

Secretariat, consisting of six departments (ship safety, marine environment, legal issues and international relations, conferences, technical cooperation and management) is headed by a general secretary who has a deputy.

IMO pays special attention to the implementation of such projects as the World Maritime University in Malmö (Sweden), the IMO Maritime Transport Academy in Trieste (Italy), the IMO Maritime Transport Academy and the IMO International Institute of Maritime Law in La Valletta (Malta).

APPROVED

order of the Ministry of Transport of Russia

dated _____________ No. _____

Rules

sea ​​transportation of passengers

I.General provisions

1. The Rules for the carriage of passengers by sea (hereinafter referred to as the Rules) are developed in accordance with the Athens Convention on the Carriage of Passengers and Their Luggage by Sea of ​​19741 and Chapter IX of the Federal Law of 01.01.01 "Code of Merchant Shipping of the Russian Federation"2 (hereinafter referred to as the CTM of Russia ).

2. These Rules shall apply when carrying out international sea transportation of passengers and their luggage, as well as when carrying out sea transportation of passengers and their luggage between the seaports of the Russian Federation on ships flying the State Flag of the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as transportation).

3. Carriers have the right to establish rules (standards) for passenger service, as well as for the performance of sea transportation of passengers (hereinafter referred to as the carrier's rules), which should not contradict these Rules and worsen the level of passenger service.

4. The passenger is obliged to comply with the legislation of the Russian Federation, international treaties of the Russian Federation and the legislation of the country, to the territory, from the territory or through the territory of which the carriage of passengers and baggage is carried out, concerning the carriage of passengers, requirements related to border, customs and other types of control.

II. Registration of transportation of passengers and baggage

5. In accordance with Article 177 of the CTM of Russia, under a contract for the carriage of a passenger by sea, the carrier undertakes to transport the passenger to the destination point and, if the passenger checks in the baggage, also deliver the baggage to the destination point and hand it over to the person entitled to receive the baggage; the passenger undertakes to pay the fare established for the journey, when checking in the baggage and the baggage fee.

6. The conclusion of a contract for the carriage of a passenger by sea is certified by a ticket, the delivery of baggage by a passenger - by a baggage receipt. The ticket and baggage check are transportation documents and must be kept by the passenger until the end of the trip.

7. When transporting passengers and baggage, these Rules, the rules of the carrier and the tariffs for the carriage of passengers and baggage, which are valid on the day of purchase of transportation documents, apply.

The carrier's rules may be changed by him without notifying the passengers, provided that the changes do not apply to the passenger after the conclusion of the contract for the carriage of the passenger by sea.

8. A passenger has the right to purchase a ticket for any passenger seat if there are free passenger seats on the ship for travel to any destination along the route of the ship.

9. Information about the name of the ports between which the carriage of passengers is carried out, the time of departure and arrival of the vessel from / to the ports along the route of transportation, the name of the vessel, the carrier shall place at the places of passenger service, including at points of sale of passenger tickets and on ships. Information about all changes is also posted there.

10. A separate ticket is issued for each passenger, which can be issued in electronic or paper form. Tickets are sold according to the number of seats available on the ship.

11. Forms and procedures for passenger fares and baggage fees shall be established by the carrier.

12. Transportation documents are checked when boarding a passenger on a ship.

If the registration of transportation documents is carried out on the ship, then their verification can be carried out when the passenger is placed on the ship, along the route of the ship or when the passenger disembarks from the ship.

13. Registration of transportation documents at special or reduced rates is carried out on the basis of documents provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation, confirming the passenger's right to a benefit or the use of a special rate.

The absence or incorrect execution of these documents serves as a basis for refusing to issue transportation documents at reduced or special rates.

14. The age of the child is determined on the date of commencement of his transportation from the port of departure indicated on the ticket.

15. The passenger has the right to carry free cabin baggage with him within the established norm (hereinafter referred to as the free cabin baggage allowance).

The free cabin baggage allowance is set by the carrier depending on the type of vessel and cannot be less than 10 kilograms per passenger.

16. Cabin baggage in excess of the free cabin baggage allowance must be paid at the baggage rate.

17. If passengers are traveling in a group, then, at the request of the passengers, the carrier applies to these passengers the amount of the free cabin baggage allowance for each of the passengers.

18. When concluding a contract for the carriage of a passenger by sea, the carrier is obliged to provide the passenger with reliable and complete information about the conditions of carriage, including:

the information specified in the ticket;

about the name of the vessel;

on the norms of free carriage of cabin baggage, items and things prohibited for transportation, conditions for the carriage of baggage;

on tariffs for the carriage of passengers and baggage;

about these Rules;

about the rules of the carrier;

about the actual carrier;

about the place and time of the beginning and end of boarding passengers on the ship;

on the requirements of the legislation of the Russian Federation related to border, customs and other types of control along the transportation route;

about the conditions of service on board.

19. If the ticket was declared lost by the passenger, or the ticket was issued incorrectly or damaged, the carrier is obliged to immediately take all measures in his power to establish the fact of concluding a contract for the carriage of a passenger by sea.

If it is established that the contract for the carriage of a passenger by sea has indeed been concluded, then the carrier carries out the carriage of the passenger in accordance with the terms of the contract for the carriage of a passenger by sea and issues a duplicate ticket.

III. Transportation of certain categories of passengers

20. A minor citizen of the Russian Federation, as a rule, leaves the Russian Federation together with at least one of the parents, adoptive parents, guardians or trustees. In the event that a minor citizen of the Russian Federation leaves the Russian Federation unaccompanied, he must have, in addition to his passport, the notarized consent of the named persons for the departure of a minor citizen of the Russian Federation, indicating the date of departure and the state (states) he intends to visit1 .

21. Children under two years of age are transported accompanied by an adult passenger or a passenger who, in accordance with the civil legislation of the Russian Federation, has acquired full legal capacity before reaching the age of 18.

Children aged two to 12 years old may be transported accompanied by an adult passenger or a passenger who, in accordance with the civil legislation of the Russian Federation, has acquired full legal capacity before reaching the age of 18, or unaccompanied by the specified passenger under the supervision of the carrier, if such transportation provided by the rules of the carrier.

Children over the age of 12 may be transported unaccompanied by an adult passenger or by a passenger who, in accordance with the civil legislation of the Russian Federation, has acquired full legal capacity before reaching the age of 18.

22. Unaccompanied children aged 2 to 12 years old may be transported under the supervision of a carrier only after the parents, adoptive parents, guardians or custodians, in accordance with the rules of the carrier, issue a written application for the transportation of a minor child. At the request of parents, adoptive parents, guardians or custodians, carriage under the supervision of a carrier may be extended to children under 16 years of age.

23. The passenger has the right to carry with him free of charge in foreign traffic in accordance with the reduced fare one child under the age of two years without providing him with a separate seat. Other children under the age of two years, as well as children between the ages of two and 12, are transported in accordance with a reduced fare with the provision of separate seats for them1.

24. Transportation of a passenger recognized by the court as legally incompetent is carried out upon a written application of parents, adoptive parents or guardians and accompanied by an adult passenger who is able to ensure the safety of the incapacitated passenger and the safety of the surrounding people.

25. Transportation of a passenger in a wheelchair who is unable to move independently, or a patient on a stretcher, is carried out accompanied by a person providing care for this passenger during transportation.

The carrier's rules may provide for the carriage of a passenger in a wheelchair who is unable to move independently, or a patient on a stretcher under the supervision of the carrier.

Transportation of a patient on a stretcher can be carried out with the provision of additional seats on the ship at the rates established by the carrier.

The carrier has the right to refuse to transport a passenger in a wheelchair who is unable to move independently, a sick person on a stretcher in the absence of the conditions necessary for the transportation of such passengers on the ship.

26. The carrier must provide the necessary conditions for the accommodation and movement inside the vessel of passengers in wheelchairs (special doors, platforms, seats, fixation and fastening devices, special handrails and other equipment, as well as luggage compartments for storing wheelchairs), if such premises and equipment provided by the design of the ship.

27. A passenger deprived of sight and / or hearing is transported with an accompanying person or without an accompanying person under the supervision of the carrier, if such transportation is provided for by the rules of the carrier.

28. A visually impaired passenger may be transported accompanied by a guide dog upon presentation to the carrier of a document confirming the disability of this passenger and a document confirming the special training of the guide dog.

A guide dog accompanying a visually impaired passenger is transported free of charge in excess of the free cabin baggage allowance.

29. A deaf passenger, in agreement with the carrier, may be transported without an accompanying person.

30. An unaccompanied passenger deprived of sight and / or hearing, a passenger in a wheelchair who is unable to move independently, or a sick person on a stretcher is accepted for transportation under the supervision of the carrier in agreement with the carrier and after issuing, in accordance with the rules of the carrier, a written application for carriage under supervision carrier.

IV. Embarkation (disembarkation) and stay on the vessel of passengers

31. In case of international transportation, the passenger must have exit, entry and other documents issued in accordance with the established procedure, required in accordance with the legislation of the country, to the territory, from the territory or through the territory of which the transportation will be carried out.

32. The passenger must arrive in advance, no later than the time set by the carrier and at the address indicated by the carrier to check in baggage if necessary to fulfill the requirements related to border, customs and other types of control, as well as to the place of boarding the ship.

33. In the port, the carrier shall ensure:

embarkation (disembarkation) of passengers on the vessel, delivery of passengers to the vessel's parking place, if necessary;

baggage clearance, delivery of baggage to the ship's parking place, loading, placement and securing of luggage on board the ship, as well as unloading, transportation and delivery of luggage to passengers.

34. The carrier is obliged to ensure the organized and safe embarkation (disembarkation) of passengers, as well as control over the exit of passengers to the shore and their return to the ship in the ports along the transportation route.

35. The sequence of embarkation and disembarkation of passengers, as well as the possibility of being on the ship of the escort/greeter shall be established by the carrier.

36. Start boarding and disembarking of passengers at the berth is allowed only after the vessel is fully moored and a gangway is installed. The boarding of passengers on the ship is carried out after the disembarkation of passengers.

37. The delivery of passengers and baggage to the shore from a vessel in the roadstead, as well as from the shore to a vessel in the roadstead, is provided in accordance with the requirements for the safety of navigation established by the General Rules for Navigation and Mooring in the Seaports of the Russian Federation and on the approaches to them 1. The cost of such delivery is included in the cost of passenger transportation.

38. After boarding the ship, passengers must be informed:

on the procedure for using passenger premises;

on the layout of the ship's premises intended for use by passengers;

on the rules of conduct for passengers on board the vessel;

on the procedure for the use and location of rescue individual and collective means, the procedure for evacuating passengers;

on the working hours of the ship's passenger service points;

about the place of baggage claim at the port of destination.

39. Information on the ship must be transmitted in Russian. Additionally, at the discretion of the carrier, information may be transmitted in other languages.

40. The passenger must have with him:

transportation documents and documents giving the right to transportation at special or reduced rates;

documents proving the identity of the passenger;

documents allowing entry (passage) to the border zones2, and visas.

41. The carrier is obliged to announce to passengers in advance the approach of the ship to the berth for disembarkation, indicating the duration of the stay in case of stopping at an intermediate port.

42. In case of delay in the arrival of the vessel at the port and reduction of the duration of the stay, the carrier is obliged to notify the passengers in advance of this by means of sound and / or visual information.

43. In accordance with paragraph 3 of Article 67 of the MTC of Russia, the captain of the ship has the right to isolate a passenger whose actions do not contain signs of a crime under the criminal legislation of the Russian Federation, but pose a threat to the safety of the ship or the people and property on it .

44. If a passenger needs urgent medical care which cannot be provided while the ship is at sea, and at the same time the passenger’s further journey is dangerous for himself or others, the captain of the ship is obliged to call at the nearest port where there is a medical facility.

On the removal of such a passenger from the vessel, an act is drawn up signed by the representative of the carrier, the ship's medical officer (if any) and the representative of the seaport administration, and a note is made on the ticket. In this case, the passenger has the right to a refund of the fee paid by him in an amount proportional to the distance for which the passenger was not transported.

The baggage of a passenger who has left the ship, at his request, is unloaded at the port where the passenger was picked up, or at the destination. In this case, the passenger has the right to a refund of the fee paid by him for the carriage of baggage in an amount proportional to the distance for which the carriage of baggage was not carried out.

45. A passenger who is late for a ship or left behind on the route may continue the trip on this ship to the port of destination from any port of call along the route of the ship, where he will have the opportunity to return to this ship. In this case, the passenger is not reimbursed for the costs associated with his absence on the ship.

46. ​​If, through the fault of the carrier, the passenger is not provided with a seat according to the ticket, he must be provided with another seat with his consent. In the absence of such a place on the ship, the carrier must, with the consent of the passenger, provide him with a place on another ship.

47. The carrier has the right to delay the departure of the ship, change the route of passenger transportation, the place of embarkation and (or) disembarkation of the passenger, if such actions are necessary due to natural phenomena, unfavorable sanitary and epidemiological conditions at the point of departure, point of destination or along the route of passenger transportation, as well as due to other circumstances beyond the control of the carrier.

In the cases specified in this paragraph, the carrier is obliged at its own expense to deliver the passenger at his request to the point of departure or reimburse the passenger for the actual expenses incurred by him1.

V. Carriage of baggage and cabin baggage

48. When registering baggage, the passenger is obliged to present to the carrier for weighing the baggage and cabin baggage intended for transportation.

49. Passenger's cabin baggage must be placed in the places provided for this purpose or in the hands of the passenger, without creating inconvenience for other passengers.

50. The passenger is responsible for the safety of cabin luggage. The carrier is responsible for damage or loss of cabin baggage in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.

51. Baggage is transported on the ship and on the flight on which the passenger is carried. By agreement between the passenger and the carrier, the baggage may be transported on another ship that has a stopover at the passenger's destination.

52. Items that can cause harm to the vessel, persons or property on board, as well as items and substances whose transportation as baggage and cabin baggage is prohibited by the legislation of the Russian Federation, international treaties of the Russian Federation are not allowed for carriage as baggage and cabin baggage. Federation, as well as the legislation of the country, to the territory, from the territory or through the territory of which the transportation is carried out.

53. Baggage must be properly packaged to ensure its safety during transportation and exclude the possibility of harm to passengers, crew members, third parties, damage to the ship, luggage of other passengers or other property.

54. Baggage that has external damage that does not affect its safety during transportation and cannot harm passengers, crew members, third parties, or damage the ship, may be accepted for transportation with the consent of the carrier.

55. For each baggage checked in for transportation, the carrier or an organization authorized by the carrier attaches a sticker or hangs a tag indicating on it: the last name, first name and address of the owner of the baggage, the port of departure, the port of destination, information about the carrier, the name of the ship.

The carrier may indicate additional information on the sticker or tag.

56. To indicate special conditions of carriage, a baggage tag with special marking signs is additionally attached to the baggage: “Top”, “Do not turn over”, “Caution”, “Do not drop”, “Afraid of dampness” and other signs of special marking.

57. Baggage with glass must have an inner package that guarantees the integrity of the glass during loading and unloading, as well as a special marking: “Glass”.

58. Perishable products (meat, fish, dairy products, vegetables, fruits, whey and other types of perishable products) are accepted for carriage provided that their storage period exceeds the period of baggage delivery to the destination.

The carrier is not responsible for the natural deterioration of perishable products checked in baggage.

59. Based on the weight of the baggage, when checking it out, the passenger pays the cost of baggage transportation. After payment and in confirmation of baggage acceptance, the passenger is issued a baggage receipt, and the ticket is marked “Baggage”.

60. Baggage is issued to the passenger upon presentation of the baggage receipt.

61. In case of loss of the baggage receipt, the baggage is issued to the passenger on the basis of a written application and presentation of evidence that the baggage belongs to him.

62. The passenger is obliged at the port of destination specified in the ticket to take with him the baggage and cabin baggage placed on the ship. The baggage claim is made at the port to which the baggage was accepted for transportation.

63. From the moment the baggage is checked in for carriage and until the moment it is issued, the passenger's access to the baggage is prohibited.

64. If it is necessary to receive luggage at an intermediate point of the route, the passenger must inform the carrier in advance about this. At the same time, baggage is issued to the passenger at the intermediate point if the vessel stays in this port for a sufficient time.

65. Baggage not received by the passenger upon the ship's arrival at the port of destination shall be stored by the carrier or a service organization authorized by the carrier. Expenses for luggage storage are reimbursed in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.

66. If the carrier has not released the baggage to the passenger at the port of destination, to which the baggage must be delivered in accordance with the contract for the carriage of the passenger, on the baggage receipt presented by the passenger, a person authorized by the carrier shall make a note “The baggage has not arrived”, certified by his signature with the date.

Upon a passenger's written application, drawn up on the basis of transportation documents, the carrier provides the necessary measures to search for baggage.

If the baggage is found, the carrier notifies the passenger and ensures the delivery of his baggage to the port of destination in accordance with the contract of carriage of the passenger by sea or, at the request of the passenger, at the address indicated by him without charging an additional fee.

67. In all cases of discovery of forgotten or lost things of a passenger on a ship, an inventory of such things is drawn up.

At the direction of the captain of the ship, forgotten or lost items are handed over to a person authorized for this purpose by the carrier at the port closest to the route of the ship. Transfer is carried out according to the compiled inventory.

68. Issuance, storage, as well as the subsequent sale of forgotten or lost items by a passenger is carried out in the manner prescribed by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

VI. Transportation of animals

69. In the case of transportation of animals (dogs, cats, birds, fish, reptiles, reptiles, insects and other types of animals) (hereinafter referred to as animals), the places for their placement are determined by the carrier, taking into account the design features of each particular ship. In this case, the carrier is obliged to provide the passenger carrying animals with the opportunity to visit them for the purpose of feeding, caring for and observing them.

70. Feeding and caring for animals is not the responsibility of the carrier.

71. A passenger carrying animals is obliged to provide the necessary documents provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation, international treaties and the legislation of the country, to the territory, from the territory or through the territory of which the carriage is carried out.

72. Animals, with the exception of animals provided for in paragraph 73 of these Rules, during transportation must be placed in a strong container (cage), restricting freedom of movement, providing the necessary convenience during transportation, with air access and securely closed. The bottom of the container (cage) must be tight, waterproof and covered with absorbent material. The container (cage) must prevent spillage of the absorbent material.

73. Dogs not placed in containers (cages) and guide dogs must be muzzled and on a short leash under the constant control of the passenger.

74. The bird cage must be covered with a dense light-tight fabric.

75. The weight of the animal and the weight of the container (cage) are not included in the free cabin baggage allowance and are paid by the passenger in accordance with the tariff set by the carrier.

76. Animals must be removed by the passenger from the vessel upon arrival at the port of destination.

VII. Cancellation of the contract of carriage by sea

77. Before the departure of the ship, as well as after the start of the voyage in any port where the ship calls for embarkation or disembarkation of passengers, the passenger has the right to cancel the contract of carriage of a passenger by sea1.

The provisions of paragraph 7 of these Rules do not affect the passenger's right to withdraw from the contract of passenger carriage by sea.

78. If the passenger canceled the contract of passenger carriage by sea no later than 24 hours before the ship's departure, or did not appear at the ship's departure due to illness, or before the ship's departure canceled the contract of passenger carriage by sea due to illness or for reasons depending on the carrier , the passenger is refunded all the fare paid by him and the baggage fee.

79. Cancellation of the contract of carriage by sea is declared to the carrier by the passenger or his authorized representative.

80. The refund of the amounts paid for transportation (hereinafter referred to as the amounts) is made by the carrier at ticket sales points, as well as in other places, provided by the rules carrier.

81. In accordance with Article 184 of the CTM of Russia, the carrier has the right to refuse to perform the contract for the carriage of a passenger by sea upon the occurrence of the following circumstances beyond the control of the carrier:

1) military or other actions that create a threat of seizure of the ship;

2) blockade of the point of departure or point of destination;

3) detention of the ship by order of the relevant authorities for reasons beyond the control of the parties to the contract;

4) attracting a ship for state needs;

5) loss of a ship or its capture;

6) recognition of the ship as unseaworthy.

If the carrier refuses to fulfill the contract of carriage of a passenger by sea before the departure of the ship, the passenger shall be refunded the entire payment for the carriage of the passenger and the payment for the carriage of his luggage, after the start of the voyage - their part in the amount proportional to the distance for which the passenger was not carried.

The carrier, which has refused to fulfill the contract of carriage of a passenger by sea upon the occurrence of the circumstances provided for in this paragraph, is obliged at its own expense to deliver the passenger at his request to the point of departure or reimburse the passenger for the expenses actually incurred by him.

82. Refunds are made on the basis of unused (partially used) transportation documents to the passenger upon presentation of an identity document, or to an authorized person upon presentation of an identity document and documents confirming the right to receive the amounts. In cases where the refund is related to the passenger's illness, an additional medical document confirming the fact of the passenger's illness is presented.

1 Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of April 5, 1983 "On the accession of the USSR to the Athens Convention on the Carriage of Passengers and Their Luggage by Sea, 1974" (Bulletin of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of 01.01.01, No. 15, art. 222).

2 Federal Law of 01.01.01 "Code of Merchant Shipping of the Russian Federation" (Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation, 2001, No. 22, Art. 2125; 2003, No. 27 (Part 1), Art. 2700; 2004, No. 15, Art. 1519; No. 45, item 4377; 2005, No. 52 (part 1), item 5581; 2006, No. 50, item 5279; 2007, No. 46, item 5557; No. 50, item 6246; 2008 , No. 29 (part 1), item 3418; No. 30 (part 2), item 3616; No. 49, item 5748; 2009, No. 1, item 30; No. 29, item 3625; 2010, No. 27, item 3425; No. 48, item 6246; 2011, No. 23, item 3253, No. 25, item 3534; No. 30 (part 1), item 4590, 4596; No. 45, item 6335 ; No. 48, item 6728; 2012, No. 18, item 2128; Rossiyskaya Gazeta, 2012, No. 000).

Clause 2 of Article 181 of the Federal Law of 01.01.01 "Code of Merchant Shipping of the Russian Federation".

1 Article 20 of the Federal Law of January 1, 2001 “On the procedure for leaving the Russian Federation and entering the Russian Federation” (Sobraniye Zakonodatelstva Rossiyskoy Federatsii, 1996, No. 34, Art. 4029; 1998, No. 30, Art. 3606; 1999, No. 26, item 3175; 2003, No. 2, item 159; No. 27, item 2700; 2004, No. 27, item 2711; 2006, No. 27, item 2877; No. 31 (part 1), item 3420; 2007, No. 1 (part 1), item 29; No. 3, item 410; No. 49, item 6071; No. 50, item 6240; 2008, No. 19, item 2094; No. 20, 2250; No. 30, 3616, 3583; No. 49, 5735, 5748; 2009, No. 7, 772; No. 26, 3123; No. 52, 6407, 6413, 6450; 2010 , No. 11, item 1173; No. 15, item 1740, 1756; No. 21, item 2524; No. 30, item 4011; No. 31, item 4196; No. 52, item 7000; 2011, No. 1, Articles 16, 28, 29; No. 13, Article 1689; No. 15, Article 2021; No. 17, Article 2321; No. 30 (part 1), Articles 4578, 4589; No. 50, Article 7339; 7340, 7342).

1 Clause 2 of Article 181 of the Federal Law of 01.01.01 "Code of Merchant Shipping of the Russian Federation".

1 Order of the Ministry of Transport of Russia dated 01.01.01 No. 000 “On approval of the General rules for navigation and mooring of vessels in the seaports of the Russian Federation and on approaches to them” (registered by the Ministry of Justice of Russia on September 24, 2009, registration No. 000), subject to changes, introduced by the Order of the Ministry of Transport of Russia dated March 22, 2010 No. 69 "On Amendments to the Order of the Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation dated 01.01.01 No. 000" (registered by the Ministry of Justice of Russia on March 29, 2010, registration No. 000).

2 Article 17 of the Law of the Russian Federation of April 1, 1993 No. 000-1 “On the State Border of the Russian Federation” (Vedomosti of the Council of People’s Deputies and the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation, 1993, No. 17, Article 594; Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation, 1994, No. 16, item 1861; 1996, No. 50, item 5610; 1997, No. 29, item 3507; No. 46, item 5339; 1998, No. 31, item 3805, 3831; 1999, No. 23, item 2808; 2000, No. 32, item 3341; No. 46 item 4537; 2002, No. 1 (part 1), item 2, No. 52 (part 1), item 5134; 2003, No. 27 (part 1) 1), Article 2700; 2004, No. 27, Article 2711; No. 35, Article 3607; 2005, No. 10, Article 763; 2006, No. 17 (part 1), Article 1784, No. 27, Article 2877; 2007, No. 1 (part 1), article 29; No. 27, article 3213; No. 50, article 6245; 2008, No. 29 (part 1), article 3418; No. 49, article 5748; No. 52 (part 1), article 6246; 2009, No. 1, article 17; 2010, No. 23, article 2792; 2011, No. 1, article 6; No. 7, article 901; No. 15 , Article 2021; No. 17, Article 2313; No. 23, Article 3256; No. 49 (part 1), Article 7022; No. 50, Article 7366).

The definition of the concept of a contract for the carriage of a passenger, given in Art. 177 KTM, essentially repeats the rule of paragraph 1 of Article 786 of the Civil Code. This means that the basic rights and obligations of the parties under the contract for the carriage of passengers by sea are similar to the rights and obligations of the parties when transporting a passenger by other modes of transport. The presence in these cases of common features and great similarity of contracts does not exclude the well-known specifics inherent in passenger transportation by sea. With the current level of development of the transport network, it is more efficient (in terms of speed) for business and household transportation to be carried out by air, rail or by car. Sea vessels are increasingly used to carry out tourist, pleasure trips and turn into a "floating hotel", which, along with transport, which aims to move a passenger from one port to another, also has a cruise function. Marine passenger ships often alternate sea passages with long-term stops at port points. Passenger transportation services are complemented by excursions, cultural and entertainment events, the provision of consumer services and increased services for places of residence and entertainment on the ship.

The subject composition of the contract for the carriage of passengers by sea is represented by the carrier and the passenger.

The term " carrier" means any shipping company or port by which or on behalf of which a contract of carriage is concluded. Both the owner of the vessel and the charterer who leases the vessel with a crew (time charter owner) or without a crew (bareboat charter) can also act as a carrier.

Passenger- this is a person who is in a contractual relationship with the carrier and is indicated as such in a ticket or other document confirming his right to travel.

Cruise transportation is usually carried out on ships rented by tourist organizations on terms agreed between the carrier and the travel company. Travel of participants of the cruise in these cases is carried out on tourist vouchers; a person on board a vessel may be referred to as a passenger, tourist, excursionist. Tourists and sightseers make excursions through the line of tourist and excursion organizations, using the services of which they enter into transportation relations with a sea carrier. If a tourist and excursion organization draws up relations with a carrier on its own behalf, then for a tourist and a sightseer, a sea carrier may turn out to be an actual, rather than a contractual carrier.

Depending on the nature and purpose of passenger transportation, transportation carried out by public transport can be distinguished, when, according to the law, other legal acts or an issued permit (license), the carrier is obliged to carry out the transportation of a passenger and his luggage at the request of any citizen or legal entity(see Article 426, 789 of the Civil Code). Lists of organizations obliged to carry out transportation recognized transportation general use, are published in the prescribed manner (paragraph 2 of clause 1 of article 789 of the Civil Code). Clientele information on transportation by public transport should be published in collections of transportation rules (tariffs) and announced at all points of departure. These are usually transport ships operating on scheduled lines.

Regular passenger lines by type of communication are divided into:

a) inland (coastal) links between Russian ports;

b) foreign (international), linking Russian and foreign ports;

c) local, supported by ships of the port passenger fleet between points within the territory administratively subordinate to the city (district);

d) suburban, connecting port points located on the territory administratively subordinated to the city (district).

Coastal lines, depending on the nature of the trip and the conditions of service, can be:

a) transport;

b) transport high-speed, serviced hydrofoils or hovercraft;

c) ferry crossings;

d) with comprehensive passenger service.

On tourist (cruise) lines and flights for the transportation of organized groups of passengers, ships operate on the terms of special contracts (agreements) according to a special schedule.

Passenger means any person who, in pursuance of a contract of carriage concluded by him or on his behalf, is transported for a fee or free of charge in cases provided for by applicable law.

Passenger - a person who is a party to the contract of carriage of a passenger by sea and has the right to travel on this sea vessel on the basis of this contract. Since the conclusion of a contract for the carriage of a passenger by sea is certified by a ticket (Article 179 of the CTM), a passenger is a person who has a ticket for travel on a sea vessel or another document of the established form that gives the passenger the right to travel by sea free of charge.

The legitimacy of the citizen's stay on the ship is confirmed by the presentation of a travel ticket or a document equivalent to it. Ticketless travel does not give rise to contractual relations, and a person who does not have a ticket is not entitled to require the carrier to deliver him and his luggage to any of the destinations indicated by him, even if they are ports (points) of the vessel’s call, to provide a place on the vessel and etc. For travel without a ticket, a fine is imposed, the payment of which does not give rise to a contractual relationship between the person from whom the fine has been collected and the carrier. The person who paid the fine must purchase a ticket for further travel to the point of destination.

The rights of a passenger are also enjoyed by children whose right to free transportation (or transportation on other preferential terms) is used by the passenger. In cases where a child travels with a parent without providing him with a separate bed, he is considered to be traveling under an agreement concluded by an adult passenger for his own travel.

The passenger is obliged to comply with the order in force in maritime transport, the rules for the use of ships and passenger premises and take care of the property of maritime transport (General Rules of Transportation, Art. 67). Damage caused to the property of sea transport through the fault of the passenger must be compensated. A passenger, if his behavior on the ship endangers the safety of other passengers (tourists), crew, ship owner, property and the ship, may be disembarked at the nearest port of call of the ship without paying him the difference in the ticket price from the place of disembarkation to the final port indicated on the ticket.

The main responsibility of the carrier is the obligation to deliver the passenger and the checked-in baggage to the destination.

The carrier is obliged to provide the passenger with the seat indicated on the ticket on the ship. If the passenger is not provided with a seat of the category indicated on the ticket, the passenger has the right, at his choice, either to refuse the trip and consider the contract void, or to demand an extension of the ticket validity period and granting the right to travel on the next flight. When a passenger is placed, with his consent, on a lower paid seat, an act is drawn up, according to which the difference in the fare must be paid to the passenger.

Under the contract for the carriage of passengers by sea, the carrier undertakes, in the event that the passenger checks in the baggage, to deliver the baggage to the point of destination and issue it to the person authorized to receive the baggage. Carriage of baggage in many ways resembles the carriage of goods and differs from the latter in that it is carried out in connection with the carriage of a passenger if he has a ticket. Baggage is transported on the ship and on the flight for which the ticket was purchased. Carriage of luggage on hydrofoils or hovercraft is carried out only if there is a special luggage compartment.

Since the baggage is carried on the same ship as its owner-passenger, and the passenger’s transportation document makes a note that the baggage has been checked in for transportation, this allows us to conclude that the baggage is carried under an additional (accessory) obligation to the contract of carriage of the passenger issued by the issuance of a baggage receipt.

Both the contract for the carriage of a passenger and the contract for the carriage of luggage are paid. The baggage fee is charged at the time of departure.

Issuance of travel documents on international lines is carried out only upon presentation of a document proving the identity of the passenger. A direct ticket is issued in Russian and English, a return ticket - in English, blots and corrections are not allowed. The ticket is always personal, containing approximately the same details as the ticket used in cabotage. If a child is accompanying the passenger, the age of the child is indicated. The ticket issued to the passenger is not transferable to other persons.

Cabin baggage is in the possession of the passenger and is transported under his protection and control. However, if there is fault, the carrier may be held responsible for the failure of the cabin baggage that occurred during the carriage. The grounds and limits of such liability are determined by the contract of carriage of the passenger, under which the cabin baggage was transported.

Unlike "cabin luggage", "baggage", if it is checked in by a passenger, is issued by the issuance of a baggage check and transferred to the possession of the carrier under his responsibility. Each piece of baggage must be prepared for transportation based on the requirements for ensuring safety during storage, loading, transportation and unloading. Packed or unpacked items must have provisions for their transportation. Each item checked in as baggage is accepted separately. The passenger can declare its value - both common for all seats, and each seat separately. The amount of the declared value is entered into the baggage receipt. At the port of destination, baggage is issued to the passenger upon presentation of a baggage receipt.

For the carriage of a passenger and his luggage is charged freight charge established by agreement of the parties, unless otherwise provided by law or other legal acts (clause 1 of article 790 of the Civil Code). The fee for the transportation of passengers and luggage by public transport is determined on the basis of tariffs approved in the prescribed manner (clause 2 of article 790 of the Civil Code). Thus, a twofold procedure for determining the freight charge has been established: 1) according to the approved tariffs for public transport and 2) by agreement of the parties - for other transportation. Both orders formed as general position, do not exclude their more detailed settlement in the rules for the operation of ships on certain lines and directions. The legislation in force in Russia on the state regulation of prices (tariffs) provides for a different procedure for establishing carriage charges depending on the mode of transport and the type of services it provides. So far, there is no single law on pricing at the level of the Federation, and the general regulatory regulation of pricing (tariffs) is formed at the level of presidential decrees and resolutions of the Government of the Russian Federation.

The amount of the fare depends on the distance of sea transportation, the type of navigation (coastal, foreign traffic), on the speed of delivery of the passenger (by express, ambulance or passenger-and-freight lines), on the comfort of the vessel, as well as on the place occupied by the passenger (in cabins I, II, III classes, etc.).

The establishment of regulated prices, as well as control over their execution, is carried out by various government bodies executive power. The federal executive body that carries out state regulation of the establishment and application of prices and control over them is the Ministry of Economy of Russia (SZ RF. 1995. N 36. Art. 3551), as well as the Ministry for Antimonopoly Policy and Entrepreneurship Support. In the constituent entities of the Federation, similar functions are assigned to the relevant committees (departments) of the administration's economy. Other federal executive bodies and bodies of the constituent entities of the Federation perform the functions of pricing, price application and price control within their powers. A special role in this belongs to the antimonopoly authorities.

Passenger transportation on ships operating on lines joint with foreign shipowners is subject to the tariffs of these lines.

Payment for transportation of children depends on the type of voyage (cabotage or overseas communication) and the age of the child, which is determined on the day of the start of transportation at the initial port of departure indicated on the ticket, based on his birth certificate or a mark in the parents' passport.

One child under two years of age, if not provided separate place, transported in coastal navigation free of charge. This is noted on the ticket of an adult passenger. For the travel of children aged 2 to 12 years, a ticket is issued, according to which the child is provided with a separate seat. The tickets of children with a separate seat shall include the surname, name, patronymic of the passenger, accompanied by them on the ship. In practice, depending on the seat category, a child between the ages of 2 and 12 is charged from 50 to 75% of the fare of an adult passenger. A child over 12 years of age is charged the same as an adult passenger.

The passenger has the right to carry cabin luggage for each full or children's ticket, the norms of which are determined by the rules for the carriage of passengers and luggage by public transport, or the rules for working on lines or an agreement for single or irregular flights, adopted in the prescribed manner.

The procedure and conditions for the transportation of tourists on foreign cruises are determined by the relevant provisions stipulated by the contracts. When conducting cruise voyages on ships leased by foreign companies or Russian tourist organizations, the procedure and conditions for the transportation of tourists are established by separate agreements.

Carrier liability established by Article 186 of the KTM, its rules apply:

a) when carrying passengers in foreign traffic, unless the carrier and the passenger are organizations or citizens of the Russian Federation;

b) when carrying baggage in foreign traffic, regardless of whether the passenger and the carrier are organizations or citizens of the Russian Federation.

The basic rule on the liability of the carrier for the death of a passenger and damage to his health, as well as for the loss or damage to luggage, corresponds to Article 3 of the Athens Convention.

The carrier bears the liability provided for in Article 186 of the CTM if the incident occurred during the carriage of a passenger and his luggage.

Carrier's fault, its employees or agents acting within the limits of their duties (powers), it is assumed, unless proven otherwise, in cases where the death of a passenger or damage to his health occurred as a result of a shipwreck, collision, grounding of a ship, explosion or fire on a ship or ship's shortcomings. In this case, the carrier must prove the absence of his fault. The commented article distributes the burden of proof between the participants in the process in some detail. As a general rule, the plaintiff proves the circumstances to which he refers, in particular, he must prove the amount of damage caused to him and that the damage was caused during transportation.

The terms of the carrier's liability for loss or damage to valuables (Article 188 of the KTM) correspond to Article 5 of the Athens Convention. If an agreement on the storage of valuables is not concluded with the carrier or a service organized by him and the passenger’s things in the form of money, securities, jewelry, etc. are in the cabin, the carrier is subject to general rules responsibility for cabin baggage.

The carrier is liable to the passenger for losses caused by the loss or damage to valuables, according to the rules of general civil liability provided for in Article 393 of the Civil Code, i.e. for guilt, if there are no grounds for recognizing him as a professional custodian. He can be recognized as a professional if the occupation of storage is his entrepreneurial activity, i.e. systematic, independent and aimed at making a profit. Then the responsibility of the carrier for the safety of the values ​​accepted for storage should be based on the rules of Article 401 of the Civil Code.

The amount of liability of the custodian-carrier differs depending on whether the storage is paid or free of charge. In the case of paid storage, the custodian is liable for the losses incurred in full in accordance with Articles 15 and 393 of the Civil Code, unless otherwise provided by the agreement. In case of gratuitous storage, the liability of the custodian-carrier, who carries out storage as an additional service to the contract of carriage, is limited to the actual damage of the bailee-passenger. The carrier's liability shall not exceed the limit established by the Athens Convention, i.e. 2.7 thousand units of account per passenger in respect of the carriage as a whole.

The grounds for the carrier's liability for the delay in the departure of the vessel or the arrival of the vessel late are established by Article 196 of the Code.

The presence of circumstances beyond the control of the carrier, if they were the reason for the delay of the vessel, indicates that the carrier is liable only if there is fault. The burden of proving the absence of fault rests with the carrier.

The amount of the fine paid by the carrier for the delay in the departure of the ship or the arrival of the ship late may be established by the rules under which the carrier operates, or by agreement of the parties, but the amount of the fine should not exceed half (50%) of the passenger's fare and the baggage fee, if luggage was handed over for transportation.

Russia has a large-scale water transport infrastructure: thirteen seas and over 100,000 km of navigable rivers. Seas and rivers began to serve as communication routes for man in prehistoric times. Unfortunately, during the period of radical economic transformations, water transport in Russia practically did not develop. In the 1990s, the issue of the need to revive the domestic merchant fleet was raised, and today it is time to revive the passenger fleet as well.

S. Buyanov, General Director of ZAO TsNIIMF, Ph.D.

L. Buyanova, leading researcher of CJSC "TsNIIMF", Doctor of Economics

Marine passenger fleet

At the beginning of 2013, the Russian marine passenger fleet consisted of 39 vessels with an average age of 26.7 years.

In terms of quantity, the most representative group of non-berthed ships: passenger displacement ships, hydrofoils (SPK), catamarans. The deadweight of these vessels is 14-80 tons. Average age - 26 years. They mainly work on local lines of coastal navigation in the Far East and South basins.

The group of passenger ships is represented by four ships: Polaris (built in 1968), Klavdiya Elanskaya (1977), Belomorye (1980), Anna Akhmatova (1988). Cargo-passenger ships: "Gipanis" (1992), "Igor Farkhutdinov" (1991). They carry out transportation of passengers between the points of the Northern and Far Eastern basins.

The domestic cruise fleet is represented by seven converted research vessels with a passenger capacity of 45 to 117 people. The class of ice reinforcements according to the classification of the Russian Maritime Register of Shipping is Arc4 and Arc5.

All Russian expeditionary cruise ships were built in the 80s and even with the conversion they do not satisfy modern requirements for safety, comfort and economy. Having a small passenger capacity and outdated equipment, they lose to the existing and modern cruise fleet of foreign companies under construction. The owners of the ships - Russian scientific organizations - have been leasing these ships to foreign companies for many years. Each such vessel performs 10 to 20 voyages per year in regions with difficult ice conditions (Arctic, Far East, Antarctica).

In general, according to official statistics, in 2012, 1.1 million passengers were transported by sea.

Table 1. Dynamics of volumes of passenger transportation by sea by basins, thousand people

Table 1 shows data on the dynamics of passenger transportation by sea in the basins for 2008-2012, which confirm the existence of a major industry problem for updating the marine passenger fleet and increasing its competitiveness in all business segments.

Inland water passenger fleet

As of January 1, 2012, 1526 passenger ships of various types and purposes were registered in the Russian River Register of Shipping.

The average age of high-speed passenger ships is 26 years. The main projects of this group of vessels are: the Rocket type (project 340 with modifications, passenger capacity 60-65 people), the Meteor type (project 342 with modifications, passenger capacity 120 people), the Voskhod type (project 352 with modifications, passenger capacity 70 people), Zarya type (Project 946 and R-83, passenger capacity 60-66 people). The ships of these projects were built in the Soviet years; in the early 90s, their construction was stopped. In 2006, the first planing vessel of the A45 Lena project was built (passenger capacity 150 people). The vessels of this project are designed to replace the outdated fleet of high-speed hydrofoils. In the period 2005-2009. 4 ships were built according to the modified A45-1 project: Yeniseysk, Krasnoyarsk, Ivan Nazarov, Mikhail Godenko. The vessels of these projects are characterized by shallow draft (0.6 m in planing mode), high maneuverability, and, consequently, the ability to approach an unequipped shore.

The average age of passenger ships for local lines is 36 years. A list of the main projects of river passenger ships for local lines is given in table 2.

Table 2. Main projects of river passenger vessels for local lines

As the analysis of the data shows, the largest number of vessels of this purpose belong to the types "Moskva", "Moskvich", "Neva" (pr. R-35) and "OM". They account for more than 70% of the total passenger fleet for local and suburban lines.

The largest shipowners of river passenger ships for local lines (more than 20 vessels): Passenger Port OJSC (Moscow), Volgograd River Port OJSC, Amur Shipping Company OJSC, Tatflot OJSC.

The river cruise fleet is represented by motor ships of projects 588, 302, 301, 26-37, 92-016, etc.

Vessels of project 588 are three-deck passenger (cargo-passenger) long-distance motor ships built in the GDR. Vessel class according to the Russian River Register - "O" (inland waterways, rivers and reservoirs, passage through Lake Ladoga and Onega with wave height limitation). Passenger capacity - up to 230 people. The first vessel of the series of this project “V. Chkalov" was built in 1954, the construction of ships was carried out until 1964. A total of 49 motor ships were built during this period. Most of the ships are still in operation after reconstruction and modernization, which took place in the late 1990s - early 2000s. As of August 2012, 30 vessels are in operation. Eleven vessels have been decommissioned, some of which are being upgraded. The rest of the ships were decommissioned in different years.

Project 301 ships are four-deck motor ships built in the GDR in 1974-1983. Passenger capacity - up to 360 people. The lead ship is "Vladimir Ilyich" (currently "St. Petersburg"). Vessel class according to the Russian River Register - "O". A total of 22 ships of three different series of this type were built. Today, ships of this project, after modernization, make tourist cruises between Moscow and St. Petersburg, along the Volga, one ship operates on the route Kyiv - Odessa.

Project 302 ships (a modernized continuation of project 301) are four-deck passenger ships built in Germany in 1983-1992. Passenger capacity - up to 332 people. The class of the vessel according to the Russian River Register is “M (ice)”, which allows these vessels to operate in broken ice of Ladoga and Onega lakes. The lead ship of the series, Dmitry Furmanov, was launched in 1983. A total of 27 motor ships of this project were built, including 2 motor ships of project 302M, 4 motor ships of project 302MK, distinguished by elements of exterior decoration and increased comfort. The last three motor ships of project 302MK were sold to China in the early 90s. The remaining vessels of this project continue to operate mainly on the route Moscow - St. Petersburg.

Vessels project 26-37 - three-deck motor ships built in Czechoslovakia in 1957-1962. The project is almost identical to project 588. A total of 14 vessels of this project were built. The lead ship is the October Revolution. In the 2000s, most of the ships underwent modernization in order to increase their comfort. As of January 2013, 11 vessels are in operation.

Project 92-016 ships are four-deck motor ships built in Czechoslovakia in 1976-1983. Passenger capacity - up to 360 people. A total of 9 motor ships of this project were built, which are still in operation. These are the largest river passenger ships. All ships of this project belong to the Volga Shipping Company (tour operator "Vodokhod").

As of 2012, the number of cruise river vessels is 135 units, 112 of which fall on the projects presented above.

Table 3 Dynamics of volumes of passenger traffic and passenger turnover by inland water transport

According to official statistics, in 2012, 13.6 million passengers were transported by inland waterways. Analyzing the dynamics of traffic volumes for the period 2003-2012 (Table 3), we can note the following:

- the volume of passenger transportation by river vessels decreased from 24.4 million people. in 2003 to 13.6 million people. in 2012, i.e. by 44.3%;

- The passenger turnover of the river fleet for the analyzed period decreased less - by 27.1%, which is explained by an increase in the average transportation distance of one passenger.

The given statistical data testify to the presence of problems in each segment of the activity of passenger sea and river transport. Of course, there are system-wide reasons for the decline in passenger traffic in recent years (decrease in real incomes of the population and its business activity in the context of the global financial crisis), but there are also sectoral reasons.

Table 4 Factors reducing the volume of passenger transportation by water transport

Table 5 Composition of passenger ships built in 2012, by type of transportation

1. Sea routes 3

2. Modern means of maritime passenger transportation 4

3. Liner transportation 4

4. Cruise tourism 5

5. Ferry lines and crossings across the straits 9

6. Sailing cruise ships 10

7. Cruises on vintage and traditional sailing ships 11

8. Cruise yacht tourism 11

9. Charter cruise on a motor yacht 12

The Eurasian and African continents are in close proximity to each other, and travel is possible by land routes. Australia, the islands of Oceania and the American continents are located at considerable distances from them, surrounded by oceans, and until the creation of an efficient air transportation system at the end of the 20th century, maritime communications were the only ones for travel. Land routes of trade routes, in the absence of a modern road network, were extremely laborious and took long time periods, and were far from safe. That is why, in the Age of Discovery, people were looking for a short trade sea route from Europe to India, and discovered America and Australia.

Water transport, both river and sea, pursued uniform goals, most of which are present directly or indirectly in this activity today:

territory opening. At first, man mastered land territories, and it can be stated with confidence that today, at the turn of the 3000th millennium, there are no unknown land territories on the planet.

military - for robbery, export of slaves, forcible seizure of new territories or redistribution of existing borders, change of the existing state system or religion, most of the land territories are divided (fairly or not fairly) between nations with the fixing of borders between states, change of religion or state system (or objectionable leader), protection of strategic interests;

colonization of new continental and insular territories.

The territory captured by military force needed management and economic development, colonists and emigrants, belongings and domestic animals were delivered by waterways, gold, spices, raw materials and goods, mineral and other resources were transported back.

The stages of colonization of coastal and overseas territories are rooted in the deep past. AT ancient history Humanity stands out colonization: Egyptian, Phoenician, Indian, Roman, Norman and many others, not even known to us today. Modern history is known for the colonization of the lands of the North American and South American continents, South Africa, Australia and others. The stages of global colonization ended at the beginning of the 20th century with waves of emigration to the United States, although the last two world wars generated powerful waves of emigration. Each new local conflict or redistribution of state borders in connection with a change in the state system causes waves of refugees, internally displaced persons and emigrants;

trade - finding new safe and efficient ways to transport goods, such as tea from China, spices from India and wool from Australia to England and other European countries;

development of water spaces in order to allocate, protect, protect and exploit economic zones (mainly fishing);

study of the underwater spaces of the World Ocean in order to develop living and mineral resources sea ​​bottom. If the space at shallow depths is partially developed, then the deep-water areas are under study and the beginning of the international division. This activity is carried out today and is adequate to the discovery of new lands, since this space is practically unexplored.

However, military and colonial goals, followed by intensive migration of people, as well as scientific and commercial ones, do not belong to the goals of tourism.

One can start talking about water transport for mass tourism only under certain conditions. First of all, it is:

(a) the indispensable return of the traveler to his place of residence,

(b) traveling for tourism purposes,

(c) time limits. These conditions, first of all, satisfy the pilgrimage and nostalgic purposes of travel. Since the time of the ancient Romans, travel has been preserved for the purposes of recreation and idle time spent in health improvement and treatment at resorts for a small elite of society. It is in this case that the fulfillment of the conditions of a temporary, or even more precisely short-term, visit to the destination and the return of the traveler to the place of permanent residence is achieved. Only with the creation of sufficient political, economic and social conditions in society does the need for travel and tourism arise.

A striking example of this is the history of transatlantic transportation - the fate of the large passenger ocean liner Great Esatern, capable of taking on board up to 4,000 people. The ship was created without an objective analysis of the prospects for passenger traffic in transoceanic passenger traffic and did not find proper application. There was simply no one and nothing to transport. Recall that ships that sailed across the Atlantic at that time could only carry 60-100 passengers. Due to the lack of loading, the ship was used for other (technical) purposes. Only 50 years after its creation, conditions for tourism arose - a steady flow of travelers formed, and then ships of this class began to be intensively built.

The means of maritime passenger transportation can be classified as follows:

passenger liners of regular coastal navigation lines - within the coastal territorial waters of the state;

passenger liners of regular lines of international flights between ports of different states or between ports of one state, but with a call at a port of a foreign state;

passenger liners of regular transoceanic lines;

cruise ships (cruises ships) making 5-15-day and longer voyages calling at several ports of different countries and with a short-term (1-2 days) parking;

ferries (ferries) performing regular cargo and passenger transportation;

ships for transportation special categories passengers, such as pilgrims (special trade passenger ship). Their equipment and operation are regulated by special requirements - Special Trade Passanger Ships Agreement;

high-speed vessels (fast ferry) for passenger ferry transportation - hovercraft, catamarans, hydrofoils;

sailing vessels, including training and excursion ones; yachts (sailing, sail-motor and other types);

cruisers and motor boats of all types;

special excursion vessels, including those with a transparent bottom, and tourist submarines;

sea ​​floating hotels (botels).

Based on the availability of effective demand for passenger transportation, shipping companies on the busiest routes organize regular flights of sea passenger ships between ports in various sea basins.

Regular sea transportation is carried out:

between ports located on the shores of the same continent, in cases where there are no land routes or they are not effective. Norway is a country that stretches along the Atlantic coast of Scandinavia. mountainous terrain terrain, cut by deep skerries and fjords, the coast makes it difficult to establish land routes. Therefore, maritime means of communication have a significant weight in the overall structure of transportation. The situation is similar on the Northern Sea Route, there are no land transport routes, although there are no mountain ranges.

for communication between ports of territories separated by water spaces, in the absence of surface (underground) means of communication and under conditions of impossibility or irrationality of using air means of communication. This is usually for island states, states, archipelagos, etc. Regular sea passenger measures ikn are actively used in Greece, Turkey, Japan, Britain, Indonesia, in the Caribbean, in the Mediterranean Sea. If these are transportations within the same basin, for example, the Baltic Sea, then they are often combined with freight and are actually equated to ferries.

Line transportation services are used by individual travelers, for example, traveling with personal cars; persons following with large quantity baggage (for example, for permanent residence); much less tourist groups. It should be noted that the cost of sea transportation, taking into account the duration of the transition and the total costs, is comparable, and often higher than the cost of traveling by air. Due to the fact that the main goal is transportation, and not recreation, much less attention is paid to the entertainment of travel on these ships, although such programs may take place. The main liner transportation is carried out by five groups of shipping companies, referred to as conferences: Atlantic Passenger Steamship Conference, Australia & New Zealand Passenger Conference, British Lines Passenger Conference, Far East Passenger Conference, South American Passenger Traffic Conference, South Africa Passenger Conference.

Liner ships follow seasonal schedules and tickets are booked and sold in advance. At present, most of the passenger and freight traffic on such routes is accounted for by ferry transportation.

Let's note one more possible view sea ​​travel for individual tourists. The number of maritime freight traffic is many times greater than passenger traffic. Any cargo ship can carry up to 12 passengers not included in the crew list. Such services are offered in any port and are convenient for a certain category of travelers, for example, when there is no regular passenger service to the port of destination. Of course, the comfort is significantly less and there is no entertainment, but the cost of transportation is adequately reduced.

The idea of ​​recreation on the water and sea travel has been known since the time of the ancient Romans and Greeks. Island countries and countries with archipelagos and archipelagic spaces and a long coastline, such as Greece, actively used maritime transport for passenger traffic. The activation of the cruise business began in the middle of the 19th century in the era of the formation of tourism. The beginning of sea recreation was laid in England. In 1835 pleasure flights between Britain and Ireland were organized and made regularly. In the future, specialized cruise companies were organized, including in the Mediterranean basin. The German company "Reisenbureau Schtangen" (established in Breslau in 1863) organized cruise trips for wealthy Germans. Thomas Cook actively used in his practice the organization of all types of sea travel, and one of the most popular flights was the route from the UK to Black Sea.

During the period of Nazi Germany in 1933-1938. the idea of ​​"folk tourism" was realized, which marked the beginning of social tourism. The rich must provide rest for another (the poor), subsidized (budgetary) and trade union funds were used. Cruise vacation opportunities for German tourists were actively used. After the war of 1941-45. cruise routes were resumed, however, due to the very high cost, they became the lot of only the wealthy class of Europeans.

But the true flourishing of the cruise business was only in the 70s of the XX. It was then that the idea of ​​cruise trips, very attractive and full of entertainment, was realized in the USA. This program was aimed at middle-class Americans, who once again gave the shipping companies a lucrative job. Cruise ships began to be built of the same type, which simplified their operation. The organization of sea cruises quickly turned into a profitable tourism business. This was due to the new concept of the methodology for serving cruise tourists, which was put forward and implemented by the chief marketer of the Carnival cruise company, Bob Dickenson, who previously served in the Ford company.

By this time, a highly solvent demand for elite tourism had also formed, cruise tourism met these requirements and found its specific segment of the sustainable consumer market, primarily in the United States. New concepts of tourist service were developed with a high level of service and, most importantly, a variety of entertainment on board. Ground handling technology has undergone significant changes, new high-capacity port terminals and methods for efficient ground handling of large flows of cruise passengers have been required.

The principles of organizing cruise routes have also been formed. The actual cruise itineraries can be divided as:

ring routes in a certain basin, for example, the Mediterranean Sea, calling at 8-12 ports of various coastal countries and popular sea resorts;

open jaw routes, for example, around Europe, Scandinavia and others, when tourists follow only one end of the route;

short-term exits to the sea for 2-3 days. These are the so-called flights to nowhere. Quite often, such flights are used for special purposes, for example, for organizing a gambling business. For example, in Israel, gambling is prohibited, but on ships leaving the boundaries of the territorial sea, such gambling entertainment is permissible.

coastal sea excursions and pleasure voyages;

long routes and round-the-world trips lasting up to six months.

According to the geography of active cruise activity, the following are distinguished: the basin of the Gulf of Mexico, the Caribbean Sea, the Panama Canal; the Mediterranean basin; cruises around Scandinavia with deep Norwegian fjords; cruises around Europe with visits to capital cities, cruises in the Baltic and long cruises from North America around the Cape of Good Hope, the Indian Ocean and further to Indonesia and Australia; cruises in Oceania; cruises and area of ​​Australia.

One of the largest cruise companies is Carnival Corp. It includes several cruise companies: Carnival Cruise Line (11 cruise ships), Holland America Line (8 cruise ships), Windstars Cruises (3 cruise ships), Seaborn Cruses 50% (3 cruise ships), Holland America Westours (excursions, hotels, small boats in Alaska), 13 private car rental companies in Alaska, 50% of US riverboat casino companies, 50% Airtours (UK tour operator + 3 cruise ships), 65% Costa Crociere (7 cruise ships). In general, the corporation offers almost 20,000 seats on cruise ships in the consumer markets.

Only slightly behind is the Royal Carribean Corporation, which owns 19,000 seats on cruise ships on 550 cruise routes. Royal Caribbean has been operating in the tourism market for over 25 years. The central office is in Miami (Florida, USA). It has its own fleet of 9 unique top-class ocean cruise liners. Owns the island of CocoDay in the Caribbean, intended exclusively for members of cruise tours. The company offers 40 cruise tours in the Caribbean, the Panama Canal, along the Mexican coast. All types of food are provided to tourists on the liner free of charge, with the exception of alcoholic beverages. In total, the company uses more than 130 ports of call for tourism purposes and provides many interesting sightseeing and entertainment programs. Tours have different duration - from 3 to 15 days. All passengers for the period of the tour are provided with credit cards of the company. The company annually serves more than 800 thousand tourists and offers a wide range of seasonal discounts.

In 1995, RCCL served over 900,000 tourists. The fleet includes modern super-giant comfortable liners: Splendor of the Seas with a displacement of 70 thousand tons, 2040 passengers, which, among other things, has an 18-hole golf course and a museum with an expensive collection of 2000 exhibits, Legend of the Seas, capable of transporting more than 1800 tourists.

SEABOURN Cruise Line is an American cruise company (one of the best in the world), specializing in luxury sea travel to all parts of the world. The duration of cruises is from 5 to 120 days, respectively, the cost is up to 30 thousand USD. The list of cruise destinations includes: transatlantic cruises, cruises around the Caribbean and the Panama Canal, the Mediterranean, the Baltic Sea and the Baltic countries, Scandinavia and Europe, cruises along the African continent with a visit to South Africa, including safari on the largest national parks, crises to the coasts of New Zealand and Australia. Each cruise has its own professional rating among cruise companies, such as Top Rating Vendors Cruises & Ports of Call and others published in the Frommers Cruisers Guide. The company runs several large tourist discount programs: a significant part of the voyages is accompanied by prominent scientists, artists, celebrities from Hollywood, etc. Some of the cruise programs have an increased component of interesting shore excursions, visits to ports are connected in time with major sporting events, festivals, carnivals, national and religious holidays of interest to tourists. Safaris are practiced, tourist trips deep into the port country for several days.39

It should be noted that the main consumers of cruises are Americans, with the largest volume of cruises in the Caribbean (55%), and much less in the Mediterranean (10%). Exotic cruises to the Alaska region - criuse in Alaska - stand out separately. They steadily occupy 8.5% of the cruise market in North America. Holland America Line carries out 88% of all cruise transportation in the Alaska region and serves up to 350,000 tourists annually. Tourists are served by 12 cruise lines. The largest port of Vancouver accepts cruise ships in Canada, there are two powerful terminals with deep-sea berths for ocean cruise ships Canada Place and Ballantyne Pier.

Of the major port centers where cruise business is developed, Miami (USA), Genoa (Italy) should be mentioned. In the Indian Ocean, Singapore holds the lead, but is actively claiming the title of the UAE cruise center, where a new port with a deep-water harbor is being actively built. If in 1993 one cruise liner made a call to Dubai, then in 2000 the number of calls was 170 (25 thousand passengers), and in the 2001 schedule it was planned to receive 340 flights (75 thousand passengers). Dubai is included in the grand tour program and is becoming a popular cruise destination.

Vancouver is a popular cruise ship port in Canada. pacific ocean- Hawaiian Islands, and in Russia - Murmansk (the main port of the nuclear fleet). Cruises to the coast of Antarctica and on nuclear icebreakers to the North Pole are popular.

For a certain part of the tourists, the icebreaking safari tour is popular - a cruise on an icebreaker to the Arctic or Antarctic beyond the Arctic Circle with a passage through the ice. Cruises to Antarctica are known and quite widespread, with tourists disembarking on the southern mainland and nearby islands. Such cruises are organized by Exodus from the southern Argentine port of Ushuaia to nearby areas of Antarctica with visits to a number of islands (Galapagos, Falkland, South Georgia, King George Islands, Livingston and others) and part of the ice continent located north of the Antarctic Circle. This is the most accessible part of the maritime spaces in Antarctic waters. For navigation, the Russian ice-class research vessel Akademik Ioffe (6050 tons displacement, 53 crew, 100 passengers) is used. The ship is specially equipped for tourist purposes, passengers are provided with comfortable cabins. Tourists in small groups of 12-15 people. on powerful inflatable boats with motors, they land on the coast of the islands, fast ice and icebergs. An Antarctic cruise costs between £2,500 and £7,000. The periods of expeditions are from November to May annually. The duration of cruises is from 10 to 40 days depending on the route. The cruise is accompanied by experienced polar explorers-scientists, guides, photographer, who have a long experience of working in Antarctica and sailing in the area. Tourists can see live penguins, sea lions, sperm whales and other exotic marine animals in their natural habitat, huge icebergs, beautiful panoramas of the ice continent. Reservations for ice cruises are made almost a year or more in advance.

No less popular are cruises to the Arctic, including the North Pole, which is closer to Europeans. In 1991, a Soviet nuclear-powered icebreaker made an ice voyage for scientific purposes to the North Pole and, in an atmosphere of the strictest secrecy, a tourist group consisting of an Arab sheikh and accompanying persons (and a harem) of almost forty people proceeded on it. This was the first experience of using nuclear icebreakers for tourism purposes, to the detriment of scientific programs, but which made it possible to solve the issues of financing expeditionary work in an unconventional way for post-Soviet science.

At present, even during the construction of nuclear icebreakers, the possibility of transporting tourist groups on them is planned in advance, superior cabins are being built, and other tourist services are provided. The Yamal nuclear-powered ship is actively used for tourist cruises to the North Pole. Tourists are offered 50 comfortable cabins on the ship. In total, the vessel accepts no more than 100 tourists, the crew is 150 people. The route passes from Murmansk through Franz Josef Land, to the North Pole and then returns with a stop at the northern and southern extremities of the Severnaya Zemlya islands - back to Murmansk. At the North Pole, a day stop is organized for tourists and a wide range of entertainment, up to winter swimming in the polynya. Such cruises are represented in the tourist market by the Poseidon company. On average, the cost of a cruise to the North Pole is from 15,000 USD and above, the demand for tours is exceptionally high, tours are partially booked for three years in advance.40

No less exotic are sea cruises to Iceland, the regions of Greenland and the subpolar regions of Northern Canada. These cruises are also operated by Exodus on the Russian ship Akademik Ioffe, which leaves Antarctic waters for seasonal cruises in Arctic waters. The ship receives tourists in Edinburgh in the UK, then proceeds through the Faroe Islands to the coast of Iceland. Tourists visit Reykjavik and other northern ports of the island, as well as Greenland - the port of Kangerlussak. Separate routes include a visit to the Hudson Bay. Tourists try their hand at kaishing, watch the birth of icebergs, and land on the islands.

In Finland, for the winter tourist season, an original route is offered with a visit to Rovaniemi, the birthplace of Santa Claus, and then a two-day cruise on the icebreaker Sampo from the port of Kemi to the north of the Gulf of Bothnia beyond the Arctic Circle with tourists going out on the ice, diving under the ice for diving enthusiasts. Those who do not want to dive under the water are given the opportunity to swim in the icy water in a special wetsuit. These tours are organized by Finnish company Long Tour Ltd.

A striking example of a sea ferry crossing is the English Channel crossing, which is considered to be the busiest in the world. Vessels of almost all designs and types operate at this crossing. The transportation of both passengers and land transport is actively carried out - from bicycles to trains. The shortest route Dover - Calais is the most popular. But for tourist routes, lines are also used that connect other ports on the coast of Great Britain and France, for example, Poole and St.Malo. Huge high-speed Condor trimarans are used on this track in the summer season from May to the end of September, capable of taking on board cars and motorcycles with tourists. Along the way, the ferry enters the popular islands of Jersey and Guernsey, which are offshore zones with all the ensuing consequences66, and therefore very attractive for tourists. The ships have a duty free shop, club class67, Frequent Traveler Club program. For tourists traveling back and forth, a ticket costs up to £ 44, for two passengers with a car - £ 154. There is an option for a tourist route to the popular port of Mont St.Michel in Normandy. Travelers are offered a variety of personal insurance programs AA Five Star Europe Personal Insurance £4.5 per day and A A Five Breakdown Assistance £10.5 per day for motor vehicle owners. These programs provide a 24-hour travel assistance service, reimbursement for insured events up to £ 25,000 (life insurance) and £ 75,000 (for vehicles).

Regular ferry lines are active and almost all-season, connecting the islands of Britain and Ireland and the continent. No less stressful is the crossing in the Strait of Messina (between continental Italy and the island of Sicily). Many ferries run between the islands of Greece, in Indonesia, in the archipelago states.

Almost all cities located in river deltas or in skerry spaces have ferries for crossing rivers, channels, bays. More than 100 ferry crossings are concentrated in the North and Baltic Seas. Within the boundaries of the former USSR, the oldest railway ferry crossings operate on the Caspian Sea and in the Kerch Strait. There is a ferry across the Black Sea on the line Odessa (Ukraine) - Varna (Bulgaria). There is an active ferry service between the continent and Sakhalin Island. A large number of ferries ply between the islands of Japan.

Vessels and special double-ender ferries (entry and exit to the transport deck from both sides) are used for crossing short distances; these vessels do not require a turn for mooring and unloading vehicles.

On a number of busy routes, special high-speed small and large ferries are used various designs, including hovercraft, hydrofoils, catamarans. Ferry designs differ in purpose and duration of flights. If they occur within a day, then ships, as a rule, do not have sleeping cabins, but deck spaces are actively used. Passenger compartments are arranged with panoramic panoramic windows, with soft seating chairs. On ships intended for short ferry trips, a minimum of services for passengers is provided, if the flight is delayed for several hours or is international, then entertainment and duty free and tax-free shops are arranged.

Monohull68 ferry Silvia Ana (Argentina, Buenos Aires) has impressive dimensions: 125 m long, 18 m wide, only 4 decks (two for passengers and two for cars), the ferry takes on board 1228 passengers and 244 cars and 4 buses, speed up to 40 knots, the ferry serves 27 crew members.

The high-speed giant catamaran ferry Stena Explorer, plying between Ireland and Britain, has dimensions of 126 m in length, 40 m in width, takes on board 1,500 passengers, 375 cars or 100 cars and 50 buses or cargo trailers. Drive - gas turbines. Movement speed up to 40 knots. Vessel making passage 60 nautical miles in 99 minutes. The vessel was built in a shipyard in Finland and is manned by a crew of 45-75 people.

Wave Piercing Catamaran - WPC ocean-going catamaran - is a gigantic offshore car-passenger ferry created in Great Britain in 1990 and widely known as SeaCat. The ship is high-speed, easily moving at a speed of 35 knots even with a fairly large wave, in calm weather the speed can reach 40 knots. It can accommodate 450 passengers and 84 cars. Designed (originally) for operation in the English Channel. On June 23, 1990, SeaCat set a record for sailing across the Atlantic - it crossed the ocean at an average speed of 36.6 knots in 3 days, 7 hours and 48 minutes.

Special consideration should be given to the sale of tickets for ferry flights. For short shuttle flights on local regular lines with a massive passenger flow, for example, through the bay that separates the two parts of the seaside city, tickets are sold immediately before the ship leaves on the shore or immediately upon loading and on the ship.

This principle of service when selling tickets is called first come first served. In Russian, it sounds something like this: “Whoever didn’t have time is late” or “The one who came first is the first and will be served.” In booking systems, when requesting the availability of tickets, unambiguous information is given about the availability of seats at the time of the request. For residents who frequently use ferry crossings due to circumstances, tickets are sold for multiple trips or seasonal tickets. For international ferry lines, tickets, taking into account the class of accommodation, are sold in advance through agencies or automated booking systems. For residents of visa-free travel countries, international ferry transportation is easier than for residents of other countries that require visas.

For ferries, the problem of increased safety and a large number of life-saving equipment is relevant. Ferry accidents happen every year and are accompanied by the death of a large number of people. In the technology of organizing ferry crossings, great importance is attached to the arrangement of properly equipped berths for the rapid loading and unloading of vehicles and other loading and unloading operations. In seaports where the tide is high and low, complex devices are used to change the height of the quay wall.

Sailboats do not lose their attractiveness as cruise passenger ships today. Cegelec operates the Club Med 2 cruise ship, which is not a sailing vessel but nonetheless has five large masts with sails and a sophisticated electronic sail control system.

The Star Clippers company is actively operating, carrying out cruises in the Mediterranean, the Caribbean, ocean crossings, sailing in the Far East on three luxurious sailing ships Royal Clipper, Star Clipper & Star Flyer. Vessel Royal Clipper - 5000 tons, 120 m length, five masts, 106 people. crew, 226 people passengers, Star Clipper & Star Flyer - 107 m length, four masts, 70 people. crew, 170 people passengers.

The sailing region is determined by seasonal weather conditions. The duration of cruises is from 7 and 14 days. The cost of cruises is from 2000 to 5000 USD. Cabins are divided into six categories (including the DeLux class with a double bed), with twin beds or bunk beds, there are triple cabins. The Royal Clipper has single cabins. All cabins are equipped with a shower and a bathroom of various comfort. Cruise programs are announced for the whole year and include calls to many ports and tourist centers appropriate to the area of ​​navigation. The company cooperates with British Airways and carries out replanting of passengers in intermediate ports. The capacity of ships is up to 170 passengers. We offer special programs for newlyweds, organization of conferences and holidays. Passenger service is very elite, varied and exotic food, non-smoking salons, opportunities for water sports, interesting excursions and much more.

This type of tourism is actively developing in Europe and the USA. In private ownership and in the possession of various companies, a large number of class “B” sailing ships (which can accommodate from 6 to 40 passengers) have been preserved, built at the beginning of the century, or today, but according to old drawings and in compliance with traditional construction methods. Cruises on such vessels are an independent tourist product for people who love travel, nature, the sea, peace and cultural and historical surroundings. There are two ways to go on a trip: either buy an individual tour and join a planned itinerary, or rent a boat with a captain and choose your own destination and theme for the trip.

The Danish company Danish Schooner Charter organizes a number of different themed cruises in which you can be both a passenger and a participant: participation in local and international regattas, a “three generations” cruise (family), a golf cruise, a gourmet cruise, etc. the cruise varies depending on the vessel, the duration of the voyage and the services provided: participation in the Cutty Sark-2001 regatta (one passage, 6 days), for example, costs 551 USD for an adult, 420 USD for youth (15-25 years old) . If a company or a group of friends wants to go on an independent trip, they can take the ship on a full lease. For example, the cost of a daily rental of a 24-seater high-class schooner Najaden in the Stockholm archipelago costs 5700 USD.

Another company "de Zeilvaart" (Netherlands) operates 70 traditional schooners, ranked by the quality of the services provided from to.

The company provides charter sailboats for groups from 8 to 34 people for sailing in the Baltic. off the coast of Great Britain, France, the Canary and Bolearic Islands. The demand for such cruises is quite large - the company serves up to 70,000 guests annually. The cost of a day cruise on a ship (30 people) is about 15,000 US dollars. Additional, but no less intensive tourist products on sailing ships are business receptions, intensive programs for companies, organization of presentations of new products and services.

A significant part of sailing yachts are private vessels. A yacht is an expensive purchase, comparable in cost to a high-end car, and is available to people of the wealthy middle class. In addition, yacht maintenance is a troublesome business, it requires special knowledge and skills, and, most importantly, a great desire. Rest on a yacht is a fascinating and romantic entertainment, sung by poets and writers, and is widespread in most of the developed countries of the world, especially in Europe, America and Australia.

Professional yachtsmen and amateurs are united by yacht clubs - communities of people who are close in spirit and interests. Yacht clubs organize communication between people, arrange competitions, long and short cruise voyages. Yacht clubs in various European countries are united in Cruise Associations. For example, the Swedish Cruise Association has 150,000 yachting members. The first yacht club in the history of sailing was the Cork Irish Club. In Russia, the first yacht club was the imperial one in St. Petersburg (1846), currently the St. Petersburg River Yacht Club of Trade Unions.

Yacht parking (marinas) provide services for the storage and repair of yachts and boats. In freezing waters, yachts are stored ashore; for this, marinas have special slipways and ship-lifting devices, workshops for repairing ships, sailing equipment, and navigational instruments. The companies located in the marina offer services of training and improvement of navigation skills, yacht charter and boats, special and current repair yachts and boats, salvage, booking services and freight, in effect through computer networks. Maintenance of parking in the harbors of seaside and lake centers for yachts and motor boats is a whole industry. These are guarded parking lots, in spaces protected from waves by the pier, with power supply on board, refueling services, food, repair services and others. Parking lots are usually maintained by special firms - marina operator. The cost of parking a boat 10-12 m long costs the owner 10-15 USD per day. Not everyone gets a place at the pier, some yachts and boats are in the harbor on a buoy, they are reached from the shore by boat, for example, on the widespread dinghy inflatable boat. A small inflatable boat or raft is used on ships in the roadstead or near the shore (if there is no sufficiently deep-water and mole-protected berth) to communicate with the shore.

The vast majority of private yachts belong to family owners. This determines the specifics of yacht travel. A significant part of the yachts is in corporate ownership of large international companies.

Family yacht cruises are characterized mainly by short sailings, on weekends, during school holidays. Cruises on inland waterways are very popular (Göta Canal in Sweden, the Saimaa water system in Finland, inland waters Europe, etc.). They are attractive because you can visit many interesting places in a short period of time, as well as avoid the need for long sea passages. Archipelago cruises are also a preferred itinerary.

Every year, cruise associations of various countries help their members organize long-distance yacht trips. In 2000 a flotilla of English yachts The Millennium Rally 2000, organized by the British Cruise Association, visited St. Petersburg. 40 motor and sailing yachts overcame hundreds of sea waves in order to come to St. Petersburg. 10 yachts continued to navigate the inland waterways of the North-West of Russia, took part in the Blue Onego-2000 regatta.

Scandinavia, returned to Great Britain by the northern route. This project was the first such large organized trip of foreign yachtsmen to the North-West of the Russian Federation.

The acquisition and operation of a motor yacht (cruiser) is a very costly undertaking. The cost of some production models is close to 1 million USD, a yacht built and equipped according to an individual project exceeds the figure by 2-3 times. A motor yacht is a small private cruise ship where the crew often exceeds the number of guests. The conditions and service on board a motor yacht make guests feel like V.I.P. Cruiser owners use their ships in two ways: they rest themselves and rent them out to special brokerage charter companies. These types of companies are especially common in the US, UK and Australia. The company operates a group of motor yachts in various regions of the world, which are transferred to its management by private owners.

Usually such motor yachts are offered with a full crew, which in without fail includes a high-class chef and stewards. The duration of the cruise depends on the desire of the client and averages 1-2 weeks. The cost of a cruise on a motor yacht varies depending on the type and capacity of the yacht, the number of working crew and the duration of the voyage. It is usually presented on an all-inclusive basis, although other options are possible, then the cost of food, fuel, parking fees, communications and other services is up to 20% of the total charter cost. As an example of cost, we can quote the prices of the American company Yachtsore for a weekly charter of a 37 m long motor yacht (7 guests / 4 crew) - 35,000 USD; yachts 43 m long (10 guests / 7 crew) - 75,000 USD; 52 m long (12 guests / 9 crew) - 185,000 USD; 68 m long (12 guests / 16 crew) - 245,000 USD.

The route of the cruiser will be planned according to the wishes of the guests. The charter company can offer a range of interesting ideas: adventure charter - a cruise to exotic corners of the earth, a round-the-world cruise, cruises to Alaska or the Amazon River; sports charter - participation or observation of competitions, underwater photo safaris, ocean fishing; corporate charter - use of motor boats as representative yachts during major exhibitions, competitions, festivals (Cannes Film Festival, Monaco Grand Prix, golf competitions), incentive programs, organization of trade missions. Despite the high cost, the charter of such vessels is very popular; yacht booking, for example, for Christmas or New Year holidays, takes 1-1.5 years.