Fasteners and its types. Types of furniture fasteners: categories and special options What is fasteners

Fasteners, otherwise called hardware, are one of the most widely used parts. Everyone knows what fasteners are and for what purposes they are used.

Their importance during construction work and in the economy can hardly be overestimated. The term "hardware" arose from the abbreviation of the phrase "metal products".

Fasteners are of two types: detachable and one-piece. The production of fasteners is constantly growing, and the variety of fasteners used is very wide. The reason is that these details are an indispensable attribute of any development in the field of mechanical engineering. The standard of fasteners is regulated in the GOST document “Fasteners. Terms and Definitions. GOST 27017-86”.

Let's take a closer look at what types of fasteners are.

Anchor

Anchor is a fastener designed to connect structures and products. And it is also customary to call a part that is partially concreted into any structure.

Types of anchors:

• ceiling;
• driving;
• wedge;
• frame;
• with a half ring;
• with ring;
• with nut.

These parts are united by the function performed - fasteners. So, a drive-in anchor with an internal thread and a cone-shaped wedge is needed to fasten materials and equipment to brick or concrete. Such an anchor is mounted simply: it is installed in a hole that has already been drilled earlier. The radius and depth of such a hole are selected based on the dimensions of the anchor.

Anchor wedge is used for fast fastening in concrete, a common material for structures such as strips, profiles, suspended ceilings. This type of anchor is often used to secure heavy equipment to solid foundations. To install a wedge anchor, a hole is drilled in concrete, where the anchor is hammered with a hammer, after which it is tightened with a nut. Ceiling anchors made of galvanized steel fix metal profiles, facades, railings, gratings, on a concrete or stone base without cracks.

The frame anchor is intended for fixing frames and door frames made of wood and metal to a brick or concrete base.

Bolt

Bolts - cylindrical metal fasteners with a metric external thread and a head at one end, usually designed for nuts. The head of the bolt may be shaped like a hexagon, a cylinder, or a sphere. Bolts allow you to create a connection using a nut or a pre-made threaded hole in the part to be joined.

A stepped bolt is distinguished by the fact that the diameter of its thread is smaller than the diameter of the smooth part. The foundation bolt has a specially shaped head to help secure the equipment directly to the foundation.

The most widespread was a bolt with a hexagon head for a wrench. Bolt sizes may vary.

A fastener such as a bolt is usually inserted into a pre-made through hole of the parts to be fastened, then a nut is screwed onto the thread, and the parts are tightened with a wrench. The force of friction allows you to achieve fixation of the connection. To transfer part of the load to the bolt, the maximum accuracy in the manufacture of the rod and the hole for it in the details is required. To prevent parts from deforming, washers are placed under the bolt head and nut. Bolt sizes allow you to find the right fastener for any application.

Nail

The material for the manufacture of ordinary nails is steel and steel wire. The marking of nails includes two numbers: the first is the diameter of the rod, the second is the length of the rod in millimeters. The head of the nail is both smooth and corrugated. Screw, club and corrugated nails are distinguished by the presence of helical, longitudinal and transverse grooves, burrs or dents on the rod. Such nails have more resistance to pulling out.

Hardened steel nails can be driven into brick and concrete walls. True, when working with them, it is necessary to take into account their increased fragility. For fastening to rigid bases, roofing, wallpaper, plaster nails are used. They are produced with a flat, wider head than ordinary nails, and a shorter shaft. In aggressive environments, copper nails can be used, which are almost not subject to corrosion, as well as galvanized or alloy steel.

The operation of hammering nails has its own specifics. In order for the nail to be hammered with high quality, a number of requirements must be followed.

To prevent dents on the parts during the driving in of nails, you need to use a countersink. In order for the bond to be strong, the nail shaft must go 2/3 of the length into the lower fastened part. When hammering small nails, it is best to use auxiliary devices. To make the joints of the parts to be joined stronger, it is better to hammer the nail at an angle. When using thick nails, in order to avoid splitting the board, you need to slightly blunt their sharp end. If it is planned to hang any load on the nail driven into the wall, it must be hammered not perpendicular to the wall, but at an angle from top to bottom.

The nail that has passed through must be carefully bent, resorting to the help of a trihedral file. In order not to damage the surface of the parts when pulling out nails with pliers, you need to use a plate that is placed under the pliers, reducing the pressure on the part. If further dismantling of parts is planned, it is preferable to use screws rather than nails.

In some cases, liquid nails are used to fasten products. They are made from polymer materials and rubber. Liquid nails are able to provide sufficient fastener strength no worse than metal ones. One drop of nails of this type can withstand a force of 50 kg. But their main advantage is the preservation of the integrity of the decorative surface. The scope of liquid nails is very wide. They are used for gluing wall and ceiling panels, drywall, chipboard, fiberboard, wood, cardboard, ceramics, stucco decorations, glass, metal and many other materials to a variety of surfaces.

When buying liquid nails, you need to be careful. Different grades of this material have a certain degree of adhesion.

Liquid nails are advisable to use:

• at high humidity of the room;
• for temperatures not lower than -10 0 C.

For example, neutral nails are harmless because they are based on a water solution. However, they cannot glue metal. They also dislike sub-zero temperatures. Nails based on organic solvents have an increased setting speed and withstand temperatures down to -20°C. Their disadvantage is the presence of volatile harmful substances in the composition. Within 5 days after application, they emit an unpleasant odor. The setting of liquid nails occurs within 15 to 30 minutes, depending on the brand. However, they completely polymerize only after a day.

screws

In order for the screws to perform their function as reliable fasteners to the fullest, it is necessary to choose their size and type correctly. So, screws are fasteners for wooden structures. Their rod tapers towards the end and performs the function of a drill. This type of fastener cannot be hammered in like nails - they are twisted completely. Before using small screws, a puncture is first made with an awl. Large screws will be easier to screw if you first make a slightly smaller diameter hole with a drill.

Screws are used to connect metal structures. The head of the screw contributes to the clamping of the parts to be joined, and its shape is chosen so that the screw can be easily tightened using a wrench or screwdriver. Screw heads can be hexagonal, semicircular or countersunk. The flat end of the screw has a chamfer to prevent thread entry.

A screw is a fastener that is screwed into a threaded hole. In some cases, a hole is drilled at the end of the screw for the use of a cotter pin - a wire rod with a semicircular cross section, bent almost in half. The cotter pin serves to prevent spontaneous unscrewing of the fastener.

Often a washer is installed between the part and the nut, the inner hole of which allows the screw shaft to pass into it. If the screw is rusted, a striker or special crimps are used to remove it. Often this can be helped by heating the nut with a gas burner or blowtorch. If open fire is forbidden for any reason, you can use a red-hot iron rod or a large soldering iron.

screw

A nut is a type of fastener with a threaded hole inside. The most widely used galvanized nuts. The shape of the nuts is hexagonal, round with a notch, square, with protrusions for fingers. The main purpose of a nut is to connect parts using a bolt.

Types of nuts:

• hexagonal;
• square;
• "lamb";
• flanged with a groove for a cotter pin in the form of a cap;
• T-shaped, with plastic insert.

It is also worth noting that the nuts are also divided according to the strength class in accordance with the bolts with which it is used.

Dowel

Dowels are used for fastening in solid wall bases. The fastening of the dowel is based on the principle of friction, which occurs due to the expansion of the fastener during installation with the occurrence of a holding force. The dowel is able to withstand large static loads. During dowel installation, the fasteners are destroyed during the pulling process. The dowel is made of polymers. Their physical and mechanical properties can vary greatly depending on various factors. These are the characteristics of the filler, the ratio of components, the parameters of the binder. The disadvantages of polymers include low heat resistance, a tendency to deformation under load, and aging.

Only screws properly matched to the dowel can withstand the maximum load. They must have a maximum allowable length and a diameter corresponding to the length and thickness of the dowel. When using other fasteners, the thread profile is of great importance, since it determines the expansion effect. The use of self-tapping screws and screws for fixing drywall sheets is not recommended.

A number of manufacturers are engaged in the manufacture of dowels that allow the installation of screws with metric threads. The greatest locking is achieved with a dowel in concrete, stone and other solid solid materials. It should be borne in mind that the hole for installing the dowel must be drilled in accordance with the recommendations for depth, diameter and distance from the edge. As a result of drilling a hole, cracks or chips should not occur. The hole must also be cleaned of debris and dust.

Among the proposals of manufacturers, one can find varieties of dowels with an increased length, necessary for soft and hollow materials. When installed in such a base, fixing can be achieved by fixing the internal stop of the parts. For insertion occurring in hollow materials, anchoring is based on a combination of friction and internal stop. It is necessary to take into account all the factors that determine the reliability of fastening in all their relationship.

Rivet

A detail such as a combined type blind rivet consists of an aluminum body and a rod made of galvanized steel. This design is the most common. The purpose of a rivet is to join two or more surfaces of a thin sheet. The need for a rivet arises in cases where a permanent connection is required using a power tool, when access on the side of the closing head of the rivet is limited or closed.

There is also an exhaust rivet nut - a fastener that is widely used in mechanical engineering and electronics. The rivet nut is designed to create threaded connections in metal materials and other thin materials of high strength. Among rivets, steel rivets are the most durable. Steel rivets are protected from corrosion by galvanizing.

Threaded rivets differ from ordinary exhaust rivets in that they not only connect sheet materials to each other, but also have an internal screw thread.

High-quality threaded rivets are installed in places that are difficult to reach using such a simple tool as a riveter.

Since the choice of lengths and diameters of rivets is very wide, the search for the best one for the task must be carried out by marking on the product.

self-tapping screw

To fasten metal parts of small thickness to wooden or plastic surfaces, self-tapping screws with frequent threads are used. Insulation, fiberboard, wooden parts are fastened with self-tapping screws with large threads. Having a tip in the form of a drill, it is able to independently make holes in the parts to be fastened. If the self-tapping screw is screwed into a hole drilled in advance, self-tapping screws with a sharp tip are used. A universal black self-tapping screw is used to fasten drywall sheets with tin profiles. A universal white self-tapping screw is used for fastening steel, plastic and wood materials. Self-tapping screws are the most widely used fasteners for wooden structures.

Washer

The washer is made from cold rolled steel strip. It is a round plate with an internal hole and is used to increase the strength of bolted joints by placing it under the bolt head or nut. Thanks to the rivet, the clamping surface of the parts to be fastened increases, which makes it possible to protect the surfaces to be joined from deformation when the nut is tightened.

Hairpin

Stud - fastener, which has the form of a cylindrical rod, which has an external thread cut either along the entire length or at the ends. Such a connection is used if none of the materials involved in the connection has a thread. Further, the connection is fixed by means of a nut, sometimes supplemented with a washer. The use of studs as a fastener harms the appearance of the product.

Screw

A screw is a fastener in the form of a rod with an external thread with a conical tip and a head at the other end. It has the ability to create new threads in plastic or wood products. Screws - hardware, fasteners, which have found the widest application in construction and decoration works. They cannot also be replaced during the installation of drywall sheets on a frame made of metal or wood.

Various types of screws are also used in roofing, facade work to connect metal sheets. The roofing screw has a hexagonal head and is supplied with an ordinary washer and a sealing washer, the latter being made of weather-resistant rubber. This type of screw is dyed and available in 18 colors, helping to give the building an aesthetic appearance.

Each type of fastener is made to perform certain functions. This explains the wide variety that fasteners delight. The price of hardware is different and can range from 2-3 rubles to several thousand rubles apiece, but they are often sold in kilograms.

Fasteners are designed for specific materials and parts. So, using certain types of fasteners, you can connect metal with drywall, two metal products or metal with wooden parts.

Interstate standard GOST 27017-86 fully complies with ISO 1891-79 and should be used in conjunction with GOST 11708-82 “Thread. Terms and Definitions".

Bolt- a fastener with a metric external thread in the form of a rod or cylinder, with a head on the opposite end. The bolt head can be hexagonal, cylindrical - imbus bolt, or spherical - furniture bolt. Bolts form a connection using a nut or a prepared threaded hole in the product to be joined. Bolts come with full or partial threads.

Screw- one of the fasteners designed to form a connection and fixation. It is made in the form of a cylinder with an external thread and a structural element on the other, to transmit the translational movement of torque. Heads come with a spitz, knurled or just a slot in the end of the rod in the absence of a head.

Screw (Wood screw)- a popular fastener, in everyday life it is called a self-tapping screw. It has the form of a pointed, conical rod with an external special thread, and a head at the other end. The screw thread has a large root width compared to the width of a tooth with a triangular pointed profile. A thread is formed in the hole of the wooden or plastic product to be connected by screwing.

Hairpin (Stud)- a fastener in the form of a rod or a cylindrical rod with an external thread cut along the entire length of the product or only at the ends on both sides.

Pin- a special fastener having the form of a cylindrical or conical rod. It is intended for fixing various products in the assembly process.

Nut- a fastener with a metric threaded hole. For a constructive transmission of torque, nuts can be multi-sided, hexagonal, knurled on the side surfaces, with a slot, end and radial holes, etc. The design of the nut can be different: cap, extension nut (coupling), mustache, etc.

Washer- type of fastener, a product with a hole placed on the head of a bolt, screw or nut to increase the supporting surface of the fastener structure and prevent self-unscrewing.

Split pin- a special fastener is a form of a wire rod of a semicircular cross section, folded in half at the bend to form a head.

Rivet- a fastener of a smooth cylindrical shape in the form of a rod with a head, used to obtain a permanent connection, forming a head at the opposite end of the rod through plastic deformation.

Hardware- abbreviated phrase "metal products". The concept of Hardware, combines a very wide range of different goods obtained and made of metal. Conditionally divided by purpose: general purpose and industrial.

General purpose hardware- metal products used in everyday life: scissors and knives, agricultural items: pitchforks, shovels, rakes, various saws, hacksaws and much more.

Industrial hardware- metal wire, steel ropes, steel tape, nails, metal mesh, spring washers, split pins, crutches and rivets used in railway construction, railway rails, telegraph hooks.

fasteners- this is a type of product that allows you to fasten parts together. The more durable the material from which the various fasteners are made, the strength and durability of the product as a whole depends.

In general, such a concept as fasteners appeared long before the reckoning and our birth. For example, historians and archaeologists say that the first nail was not metal at all, but from fish bone, sometimes from plant thorns, or simply carved from hardwood. By the way, the original building fasteners were wooden and at the same time quite strong, as evidenced by the structures of Kizhi that have survived to this day and still amaze tourists with their fortress. At the same time, until the 15th century, inclusive, all threaded connections were made individually, manually. At the same time, the bolt and nut were quite expensive and one nut fit only one bolt. Bolts and nuts, as the most effective and time-tested fasteners in the form of a bolted joint, became widespread along with the development of electrical metalworking.

The main types of building fasteners and fasteners indispensable in the construction of buildings and repair work in the premises.

Construction fasteners- the direction of fasteners used in construction to connect building structures and various structures. This group includes such fasteners: self-tapping screws, bolts, screws, anchors, studs, nuts, clamps, couplers, nails, screws, dowels, screws, cotter pins, washers and similar products.

Metric fasteners- these are fasteners of a product that have a thread pitch of a certain size (thread pitch is a rule for determining a particular distance between any two points). This type of fastener includes bolts, nuts, screws, studs.

Stainless fasteners has a high degree of corrosion resistance and thus has an advantage over other types of fasteners. Corrosion resistance under adverse conditions for stainless fasteners is much higher, in addition, it perfectly resists oxidation in alkaline, acidic environments, and in chloride solutions.

Due to the long service life of hardened stainless steel fasteners, they are classified as high-strength fasteners. High strength fasteners one of the types of machine-building fasteners, so called because it can withstand more significant loads and has a strength class of 8.8, 10.9, 12.9, does not lose its strength characteristics at high temperatures.

Anchor- a fastener of the category of building fasteners, there are varieties: anchor bolt and anchor nut. The anchor is able to stay inside foundations or a solid wall, (strong, inelastic, non-fragile construction). Designed for fastening construction and other equipment as well as various designs. Anchors are usually used in all construction subjects, from dams, nuclear power plants, to a typical building, inclusive.

Classical dowel used for fastening any parts in a solid, non-fragile and durable wall or ceiling panel. The principle of fixing the dowel is a thrust during installation from a screw or screw, which causes a holding force of friction.

collar- another type of fastener. Clamps are mostly made for connecting any types of pipes made of metal and plastic. Plastic clamps are used for fixing less durable material than metal clamps, however, they provide greater pipe mobility.

Modern construction rigging makes it possible to choose fasteners for various types of construction work. Such a type of rigging as an eye nut and an eye bolt are used to organize the lifting and movement of goods during lifting and rigging operations. A steel rope or cable is used for lifting heavy objects in construction, these positions are an important part of the current lifting mechanism, both for manual hoists and for cranes. The chain is also one of the types of rigging. Steel chains are used in various lifting mechanisms, from manual to cranes. Steel chains, like steel ropes, are used to lift and move loads for various purposes and structures.

Each fastener is made for specific purposes, so there are a great many types of fasteners, because fasteners are developed and used for a specific material and from specific parts. For example, using certain types of fasteners, you can connect metal to drywall, metal to metal, metal to gypsum fiber, and metal to wood.

Alternative types of connections have both advantages and disadvantages. For example, the so-called "liquid nails" - due to the ease of fastening, it is really easy to connect the parts together. However, what is glued together cannot last happily ever after. Glue - has a chance to peel off in one day, that's why it's glue! Fasteners or hardware has not been canceled!

For the use of various wood compounds in the field of construction, not only tools are indispensable, but also without appropriate experience. That is why for inexperienced craftsmen such connections are not always obtained accurately. One of the best options is for professionals to use a variety of array fasteners that are made of metal.

Many surviving architectural monuments made of wood were built without nails, using only an axe. This fact causes true pleasure to this day. However, centuries later, fasteners erected from metal, used to build solid wood structures, have changed radically, for this very reason it is pointless to repeat the experience of our ancestors today.

It is preferable to erect quickly and without difficulties. Let's talk in more detail about the fasteners offered by manufacturers, taking as an example the details that make it possible to simplify the connection of beams with floor logs or solid wall surfaces as much as possible.

Fasteners with perforation

When beams, as well as logs of the floor surface are hidden in the interior space, it is possible to connect them using beam shoes. This fastener for wood structures is suitable for fixing the array not only to wood, but also to concrete, brickwork. It is made from durable steel.

Manufacturers advise fastening such fasteners to the parts to be joined with special screws, and in case of excessive load, or fixing to stone material, use the holes for the necessary bolts. In addition to anchor shoes, today you can purchase special clamps, and much more.

tenon groove

This galvanized wood fastener consists of a tenon part and a groove part, which are joined together to ensure better transmission of horizontal as well as vertical forces.

The connection can be visible or hidden; for this purpose, steel parts are recessed in advance into special grooves.

Reiki three-dimensional

A modern Italian company produces fasteners that are placed perpendicularly and vertically at an angle, using T-type rails, created by extrusion from a high-strength steel alloy. They are produced in several modifications, provided for multi-level loads.

The fastening system must be selected according to the size range of the cross-sections of the combined beams and the dynamic and static loads acting on them.

During installation, the rack base is attached to the beam by means of self-tapping screws. Then, on the end part, attached to the base of the log beam, a groove is created of the same size as the rack shelf. In the absence of perforation, the shelf is equipped with a lag and the connection is fixed with self-tapping screws.

Hidden details Hedgehog

These connectors are steel washers, the base of which is equipped with holes drilled under the slope. These holes are for self-tapping screws. There is a threaded hole in the center of the washer into which a pin is inserted. Its free end is threaded into a special hole and fastened on the back side of the beam with a part with a washer.

The created connection works perfectly not only for pulling, but also for shearing. With excessive load in the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe end part of the log, it is possible to install several elements at the same time.

Fasteners with complex thread

Unusual self-tapping screws, which make it possible to save time, money, since this option does not require metal parts. The self-tapping screws are threaded to help create a high degree of pull-out resistance, as well as being tightly screwed into an array that completely changes their traditional function.

In this case, the work of the screws is exclusively for pulling out, which gives them the opportunity to take most of the effort that falls on the connection. So, you can fasten elements at an angle, combine parts, minimizing their deflection, as in the photo of wood fasteners below.

Self-tapping screws for special purposes

Using such elements, rather massive wooden products are fastened. The hat has milled ribs and is easily recessed into the product, while the tip is created like a drill. In the middle of the screw, the cutter makes a larger hole, helping to pull the element as tightly as possible.

Self-tapping self-tapping screw will be useful for fastening door frames, window openings, solid wood sheathing to wood, metal. The self-tapping screw is screwed directly into the box, as well as the wall surface located behind it, or a power part.

The self-tapping screw acts as a weather vane for high-quality fastening of solid wood sheathing to a base made of steel. It has a tip in the form of a drill and wings placed above it to expand the hole in the tree.

When drilling metal products, the wings break. As a result, having made a thread in a metal part, the self-tapping screw fits snugly against it, while the element from the array is attracted by the cap to the metal.

Photo of wooden fasteners

To qualitatively assemble and install interior elements, furniture fasteners are used. Depending on the place of fixation and the method of connection, there are several varieties. These elements allow not only to facilitate the assembly and installation procedure, but will also be invisible after the process is completed.

The design and type of fasteners will depend on the purpose of the furniture on which it is fixed. Elements can fasten the product inside, creating its frame, as well as fasten the base of the furniture to the wall or floor. Today, the following types of fasteners are used:

• Furniture corner;
• Confirmant;
• Shkant;
• Ties;
• Shelf holders;

Each of these species has its own characteristics and features that distinguish them from each other. To find out which element is needed to assemble furniture, it is recommended to consider in detail the advantages and disadvantages of each category.

furniture corner

Such an element belongs to a simple and outdated type of furniture fastener. It would seem that if the item is outdated, then why talk about it? It's simple - such a corner is useful for beginner assemblers. He will also become an assistant in the independent design of furniture products and subsequent assembly. In addition, no special equipment or skills are required for its installation. According to the production material, 2 types of furniture corners are distinguished:

1. Plastic - fastened with self-tapping screws, has a more miniature appearance and relatively light weight. It is convenient to use such a corner for screeding light furniture panels or for supporting furniture parts;
2. Metal - has stiffeners and is produced at an angle of 90 degrees. To fix the part, plastic or metal screws and couplings are used. Holes are located on one side of the corner, grooves are on the opposite side.

Such fasteners are used for screeding the roof or bottom of a sliding wardrobe with its walls or when assembling cabinet kitchen furniture. Plastic options are equipped with a special plug that gives the product a finished look. Metal are considered affordable and very durable. Of the minuses of fastening, one can single out the gradual loosening of surfaces fixed with the help of corners, as well as an unattractive appearance.

Plastic

Confirmate

This name is commonly used to refer to ordinary screws for furniture. In another way, they are called euro screws, as well as euro screws. Fasteners are easy to install and do not require precision; a screwdriver or drill is needed to fix it. In the head of the screw there is a hole for a hex key, which is also necessary for work.

To install this part, it is necessary to drill two holes: one in the end of the part, and the other in the element that will be attached. The simplicity of assembling furniture with the help of a confirmation allows the furniture maker to drill holes on the spot. It takes a minimum of time to complete the job. You can simplify the process as much as possible if you use a special drill for confirmation for installation. However, many furniture makers claim that over time this fixture becomes loose, and the cutters become clogged with wood shavings. Therefore, for frequent use, standard drills are used.

The most popular and used confirmation is the size of 7x50 mm. Below are the pros and cons of using this fastener.

Based on this information, it is worth noting that these furniture mounts are comfortable and reliable. But if you can use them, then it is better to give preference to an eccentric screed.

Shkant

Hidden fasteners are a feature of furniture assembled with dowels. This is a small wooden cylinder, its dimensions are often 35x8 mm. The first number indicates the height of the element, and the second indicates the diameter of the fastener. The essence of fastening with dowels is as follows:

• Holes are drilled in each of the two parts;
• The holes must be coaxial - that is, coincide in the location of the axis;
• A dowel is inserted into one hole, which only goes halfway deep;
• On the protruding from the furniture piece, the second piece of furniture is mounted - this is how their screed occurs.

In order for the connection to have increased strength, the hole is treated with PVA glue, which additionally fixes the dowels and makes them immobile. A big plus of this type of furniture fastener is that it remains invisible: it cannot be seen from the outside or from the inside. The dowel connection has some disadvantages: it is done once, so it is extremely difficult to disassemble such furniture without damage. The second disadvantage is that precise drilling of holes is required for a perfect fit of the two components. This nuance gives rise to the need for the use of special devices.

Devices for installing dowels are called conductors. They are factory or homemade. The former are considered the best in quality, but the latter can be made independently.

Screeds

To date, there are two main types of furniture screed - eccentric and intersectional. It is necessary to consider in more detail each of these types separately:

1. Eccentric coupler - this element is used only in the conditions of factory assembly of furniture. To put it on a furniture board, you must use a device for drilling an exact hole. The main advantage of such fasteners is the ability to remain invisible, then the furniture acquires a neat and attractive appearance. Another advantage, compared with confirmations, is that such furniture fasteners allow you to assemble and disassemble furniture several times without losing rigidity. In addition, with the help of an eccentric tie, it is possible to fasten parts at an angle;
2. Intersection screed - represented by a screw and a nut, with the help of which two perpendicular furniture elements are pulled together. It is convenient to fix the headboard and the bottom of the bed, as well as the tabletops, with an intersectional screed. It is necessary to choose fasteners based on the dimensions of the thickness of the chipboard.

The most popular size of ties is 32 mm, but this figure can reach 50 mm.

Eccentric

Intersectional

Shelf holders

A large number of shelf holders allows us to divide them into 2 subgroups: for parts made of chipboard and glass. In furniture stores you can find many models where glass is in harmony with a wooden base. To qualitatively pull together two materials of different composition, shelf holders are used.

Each of the types can be separately divided into two more categories: with and without fixation. Let's take a closer look at how to fix glass in furniture, as well as how to use a shelf support for chipboard.

When installing shelves in a cabinet or cabinet, you can not do without shelf holders. They should ideally fit the style of furniture, combined with the general principles of the interior.

Previously, the bolt-nut system was widely used to fix furniture parts. With such a connection, a hole was drilled in both surfaces, where the bolt was threaded. On the other side of the cabinet wall, this bolt was fixed with a nut. Today, a screw with a nut is also used - it is the simplest type of connection for furniture parts. The screw is equipped with a semicircular head, which, after being connected to the nut, does not scroll, but remains motionless. This fastener is easy to use, but with the advent of new materials, it has faded into the background. Bolts with nuts are suitable for use by craftsmen at the initial level of assembly.

The advantages of such fasteners are:

• Possibility of self-assembly;
• Availability of parts;
• Possibility of reusable assembly and disassembly of furniture.

Among the minuses, one can single out the visibility of the mounts, which is why they have ceased to be relevant. Another significant drawback is the ability to connect only parallel surfaces.

Types, depending on the material to which it is attached

Modern manufacturers today use not only chipboard for the manufacture of furniture. Glass, metal parts, as well as plastic elements are widely used. Fasteners for furniture made of chipboard have been considered throughout the material, and options for screeding items from other raw materials are discussed below:

1. Glass - self-tapping screw holders are used, which are screwed into a wall of concrete or drywall. With their help, shelves and mirror surfaces are fixed without damaging the coating of the part. For glass doors on the cabinet, the use of furniture hinges is suitable;
2. Metal - screw fasteners are used to connect the shelves of metal racks. They are screwed into the racks with a drill or screwdriver. An attractive plug is installed on the front side;
3. Plastic - plastic parts can be fixed with any chipboard fastener.

Separately, it is worth highlighting the dovetail mount - it is used to connect boxes. The essence of the connection is to cut out a comb surface on each part, which is inserted into another part, as a result, end-to-end fixation is obtained. Choose only the type of attachment that suits you best. Before buying, be sure to calculate the thickness of the material so that during the assembly process, screws and self-tapping screws do not protrude on the surface.

Fixed joints widely used in mechanical engineering are divided into two types: detachable (performed mainly with the help of threaded fasteners - bolts, screws, studs and nuts) and one-piece (performed by various types of rivets, welding, soldering, gluing).

Threaded and riveted joints are widely used in all branches of engineering, and they account for up to 35% of the total labor intensity of assembly work. The range of used fasteners is large and tends to grow. This is due to the fact that the creation of new progressive products, usually more expensive, does not exclude the possibility of using traditional cheap fasteners (bolts, screws, nuts, rivets, washers) in simple low-loaded assemblies that guarantee the required consumer qualities of machines. For example, the US industry produces more than two million types of fasteners, including more than 50 thousand standard (according to US terminology), for a total amount of several billion dollars a year.

The classifier of state standards refers fasteners for general machine-building use to the GZ group, which includes the following classes: G31 - bolts; G32 - screws, studs; GZZ - nuts; G34 - rivets; G36 - washers, cotter pins; G37 - pins; G38 - other industrial hardware. At present, many types of progressive fasteners have been developed and mastered in various branches of the machine-building complex, which are not in the State Standards Classifier. A variety of fasteners in terms of design, technological, functional and other features makes it difficult to exhaustively classify and describe them. However, all fasteners can be divided into five groups. The classification is based on one of the most characteristic features that determined the name of each group, namely: fasteners for mass use; high-strength threaded fasteners; fasteners for one-sided setting and shockless riveting; fasteners for high-life and hermetic connections; fasteners for joining polymer composite materials.

The conditionality of the proposed classification lies in the fact that in each group there is a certain range of fasteners that can be attributed to another group. For example, in the group of fasteners for one-sided setting and impactless riveting, some designs of bolt rivets are designed for high-life joints or for joints of composite materials. At the same time, each of the groups includes fasteners of several classes according to the State Standards Classifier. For example, the group of high-strength fasteners includes classes of bolts, screws, nuts, and the group of high-strength fasteners includes classes of bolts, rivets, etc.

However, the proposed classification allows designers and technologists to relatively easily understand a wide variety of fasteners and take into account their specific features when designing and developing technological processes for assembling detachable and one-piece joints, and will also assist specialists involved in the design and organization of specialized production of fasteners.

Correctly naming a fastener is often very difficult. What is it? Bolt or screw, anchor or dowel. Considering the great diversity of this class of products and the complexity in their correct name, we turn to GOST, which regulates the names and terms.

Below are some of the most commonly used terms and definitions in accordance with GOST 27017-86 for fasteners and their structural elements.

	A fastener in the form of a rod with an external thread at one end, with a head at the other, forming a connection with a nut or a threaded hole in one of the connected products.
	A fastener for forming a connection or fixation, made in the form of a rod with an external thread at one end and a structural element for transmitting torque at the other. Note: The structural element of the torque-transmitting screw may be a slotted head, a knurled head, or, in the absence of a head, a slot in the end of the rod.
	A fastener in the form of a rod with an external special thread, a threaded conical end and a head at the other end, forming a thread in the hole of a wooden or plastic product to be joined. Note: The special thread has a triangular pointed profile and a large root width compared to the width of the tooth.
	Fastener in the form of a cylindrical rod with external threads at both ends or along the entire length of the rod.
	Fastener in the form of a cylindrical or conical rod for fixing products during assembly.
	A fastener with a threaded hole and a structural element for transmitting torque. Note: A structural element of a nut for transmitting torque can be a polyhedron, knurling on the side surface, end and radial holes, slots, etc.
	A fastener with a hole placed under the nut or head of a bolt or screw to increase the bearing surface and/or prevent them from self-loosening.
	A fastener in the form of a wire rod of a semicircular cross section, folded in half to form a head.
	Fastener in the form of a smooth cylindrical rod with a head at one end, which serves to obtain a permanent connection due to the formation of a head at the other end of the rod by plastic deformation.
	A bolt whose smooth shank diameter exceeds the nominal thread diameter.
	Bolt, the head of which is made in the form of a movable part of the swivel joint.
	A bolt, the diameter of the smooth part of the rod of which is determined from the condition of ensuring the shear operation of the connection.
	A bolt with a specially shaped head used to fasten equipment to the foundation. Note: The special shape of the head may represent the extended legs of the slotted part of the rod, the bent part of the rod, etc.
	A screw whose smooth shank diameter is smaller than the inside diameter of the thread.
	A screw that forms a special thread in the hole of one of the connected plastic or metal products.
	Self-tapping screw with drill shape end.
	A screw with a specially shaped end used to fix products relative to each other. Note: Special end shape can be cylindrical, conical, flat, etc.
	Pin of cylindrical section with a longitudinal groove along the length, made of spring steel.
	Hexagonal nut with radial slots for the cotter pin on the side of one of the end surfaces.
	Hexagonal nut, part of which is made in the form of a cylinder with radial slots for the cotter pin.
	Nut with spherical and flat end surfaces and blind threaded hole.
	Nut with flat protrusions for torque transmission.
	Washer with a flat bearing surface.
	A split round washer, the ends of which are located in different planes, which serves to prevent self-unscrewing of fasteners during its elastic deformation under load.
	A washer used to prevent self-unscrewing of fasteners using structural elements. Note: The structural elements of the washer are paws, socks, teeth, etc.
	Rivet with a rod of tubular section.
	A rivet, the end part of which has a tubular section.

Elements of fasteners

Kernel. Part of a fastener that enters directly into the holes of the products to be joined or is screwed into the material of one of them.

Fastener head. A part of a fastener having a rod that serves to transmit torque and (or) form a supporting surface.

Bolt head. The smooth part of the shaft of a bolt, cylindrical, oval or square, directly adjacent to the head and used to center the bolt or prevent it from turning.

Fastener collar. A protrusion on the bearing surface of a polyhedral nut, bolt head or screw, made in the form of a cylinder or a truncated cone with a diameter greater than the diameter of their circumscribed circle.

Supporting protrusion of the fastener. An annular protrusion on the bearing surface of a polyhedral nut or bolt head whose diameter is less than the spanner size.

Note: Wrench size refers to the distance between opposite faces of a polyhedral nut or bolt head, screw, measured in a plane normal to their axis.

Fastener slot. A recess of a special shape in the end of the head of a bolt, screw or screw, in the end of a headless set screw, along the generatrix or in the end of a nut.

Note: The shape of the slot can be hexagonal, cross-shaped, in the form of a through or blind slot, etc.

Bolt spike. A protrusion on the bearing surface of the bolt head that serves to prevent it from turning.

The mustache of the bolt. A protrusion on the bearing surface of the head and shaft of the bolt, which serves to prevent it from turning.

Gimlet. The threaded, tapered end of a screw used to cut a thread in a wood or plastic product to form a joint.

GOST 27017-86 fully complies with ISO 1891-79 and should be used in conjunction with GOST 11708-82 “Thread. Terms and Definitions". GOST 27017-86 establishes terms and definitions for fasteners for general machine building applications. Standards establish only basic terms. Today, when new types of fasteners appear in Russia, the process of the formation of terminology is observed, strictly speaking, this is a constant process. The desire of market participants to avoid discrepancies in the names is quite natural.