Cutting technologies originated and developed in different countries almost simultaneously. They had many similarities, but there were also differences. The craftsmen studied the experience of their foreign colleagues, adopted the best - this is how the technology of Canadian felling appeared, combining the best features of Norwegian and Russian felling. Many log houses today are built using this technology. Let's get to know her better.
Canadian felling is done by hand. This is a laborious process, so you can’t call it cheap. But on the other hand, the owner of the log house receives many advantages that fully pay off all the costs.
Distinctive features of technology
Like other types of felling, Canadian felling has its own characteristics. The main feature is a groove of a special shape, with a hidden spike (tail tail), a bowl and an external groove. For a clear match of the elements of each log, it is necessary to cut the groove very accurately. The master must have not only experience, but also a special set of professional tools - a special compass for marking and an electric saw with which wood is selected.
Manual felling requires professionalism, impeccable knowledge of technology and many years of practice from the builder. Such craftsmen work in the construction company SPK Russian Izba. How we cut log cabins according to the Canadian method: a groove with notches is cut in the upper part of the log. A spike is carefully cut out on the bottom of the log. During the shrinkage of this design, the original “locks” self-lock, and the structure is very strong, without cracks and gaps. Let us consider in more detail all stages of the construction of Canadian log cabins.
Read also about Canadian technology 
Sequence of work
The first stage of any construction is the procurement of material. We will not linger on it, because our other materials are devoted to the harvesting and drying of logs. Let's start with the stage of log selection and processing.
Before building a house using Canadian technology, you need to remember that the slightest violation of technology nullifies all the advantages of such log cabins. Therefore, do not take risks by contacting an unverified company. Masters guarantee you high quality at a reasonable price.
Canadian felling prices
Log diameter | Wood | Price |
linden, aspen | from 15000 rub/cu.m. |
|
from 15000 rub/cu.m. |
||
from 16500 rub/cu.m. |
||
from 18000 rub/cu.m. |
||
| 440-480mm | from 19500 rub/cu.m. |
|
| over 500mm | pine | negotiable |
negotiable |
In countries with a cold climate, wooden houses enjoy great and well-deserved popularity. This is explained primarily by the very low degree of thermal conductivity of the walls made of logs. In each such country, a variety of methods for erecting log houses have been developed over the centuries. This primarily concerns Russia and Norway. Canada, located on another continent, is, of course, a relatively young state. But here, for several centuries in a row, a special technique for assembling log houses has been used. Most experts consider such technology as Canadian felling to be one of the best today.
Features of the technique
Canadian houses are being assembled using a technology similar to our Russian “in a bowl”. That is, in the lower log, a groove is selected for the upper one. In this case, the edges of the logs are brought out. This allows you to make the corners of the house as warm as possible. The differences between technologies such as Canadian manual cutting and Russian felling are as follows:
In the shape of a bowl. In Russia, the groove is traditionally made semicircular - in the shape of the log itself. The Canadian bowl is formed from oval cheeks cut on the sides of the log, located at a certain angle. In this case, the bowl is not oval, but trapezoidal.
In the thickness of the log. When building log houses in Russia, material with a cross section of 20 cm or more can be used. If Canadian felling is used, the logs must have a diameter of at least 50 cm.
In the method of erecting gables. When assembling a house according to Russian technology, they are sheathed with a board. In a Canadian house, gables, as well as walls, are usually assembled from logs. In this case, segments of different lengths are simply used.
Canadian houses can be assembled from both ordinary and hewn logs. In the latter case, the processing is done manually. In this case, it is supposed to remove the bark as carefully as possible. Thus, the main layer of wood of the log remains intact. Therefore, such material, unlike rounded, fully retains all its advantages.
The main advantages of the method
Canadian felling in comparison with other similar methods has one important advantage. All are built from a log containing a small amount of moisture. A few years after construction, such buildings show significant shrinkage. Logs that have lost moisture, of course, are slightly reduced in diameter. In this case, the shrinkage coefficient in the longitudinal and transverse directions of the material is not the same. When using Russian technology, the log itself is reduced in size a little more than a bowl. As a result, a gap is formed, and the tightness of the walls decreases. The corners in this case have to be additionally insulated.
When using the Canadian technique, this does not happen due to the special shape of the bowl. The walls of the finished building look like a single monolith and do not require repeated caulking.
The procedure for assembling such a frame looks like this:
The log is turned with the removal of a layer of about 2-3 cm. The sapwood should remain intact during this operation.
Protes-cheeks are sawn from above the logs. The result should be a trapezoidal saddle.
Notches are made on the upper log and a trapezoidal bowl is cut out. A groove is selected from below along the entire length. This operation is performed in such a way that after laying a very small gap remains between the upper and lower logs - undercut. After shrinkage, it disappears, as a crack appears in the log below.
Sometimes a slightly different, improved technology is used to build Canadian houses. In this case, a spike is additionally sawn out in the bowl (along the axis of the log). At the same time, a groove of the appropriate size is made in the upper part of the saddle.
Canadian House Projects: Exterior
Wooden buildings look very impressive if a technology such as Canadian felling was used in their construction. Photos of houses built using this technique clearly demonstrate their solid and stylish exterior. The sizes of buildings of this variety can be different, just like their layout. There are projects of both one- and two-story Canadian houses. Very often, the emphasis in the exterior and interior of such buildings is on glazing. Sometimes even gables are mounted completely transparent. In this case, supports are used from the same log from which the walls are made, placed vertically.
Large forms - this is what distinguishes the Canadian felling. Projects of houses built using this technology, therefore, often involve the use of the same massive decorations. For example, in combination with a thick log, natural stone masonry looks very aesthetically pleasing. Therefore, very often Canadian houses are supplemented with various kinds of elements built from this particular material: props, built-in barbecues, chimneys above the roof, etc. The foundations of such buildings are often erected from them. Sometimes it is also used simply for the exterior decoration of the base of the structure.
In most cases, Canadian log houses are finished using a special, "breathing" acrylic impregnation. In this case, both completely transparent compositions and slightly tinted ones can be used. For example, a reddish impregnation gives a very interesting effect. After processing with such material, the wood acquires a noble dark shade.
Various kinds of architectural additions are used in the construction of Canadian houses - balconies on massive supports, bay windows, terraces, etc. The parapets of such elements can be figured.
Interior
Inside, houses built using this technology look spacious, very solid and reliable. The Canadian cabin looks beautiful not only from the outside, but also from the side of the premises. Therefore, interior decoration in such buildings is used extremely rarely.
layout
Canadian houses are designed so that living in them is as comfortable as possible. A spacious hall is added to the corridor. Living rooms in this type of building often have a large area and are very well lit due to the presence of large windows. Of course, inside the Canadian house there are all the elements that are generally inherent in log buildings: visible massive stylish staircases with reliable railings, original stoves or fireplaces.
Canadian chopped bani
Of course, not only residential buildings are being built using this technology. Very often, Canadian felling is used in the assembly of baths. Like residential buildings, they are very warm and beautiful. Steaming in a bathhouse built according to Canadian technology is a pleasure. But of course, only if it was built according to all the rules. As in any in Canada, when installing heaters, the prescribed standards are observed. The distance from the walls of the furnace to the walls of the structure is at least 50 cm. When using a protective sheathing - 30 cm. A non-combustible base is installed under the furnace. Most often it is a galvanized metal sheet.
Bath arrangement
The ceilings in the steam room of the Canadian bath should not be very high. Be sure to arrange the hood. In addition to the washing room, steam room and dressing room, a rest room is usually equipped. Often, Canadian baths are built with an attic and a wide terrace, decorated with massive railings. Doors and windows in such buildings are often mounted on pads, without the use of a frame.
Benches can be assembled on beams, but more often they are also made massive, with log supports and seats made of very thick boards. A massive table and chairs can be installed in the rest room.
Despite the fact that this cutting method is called Canadian, many experts believe that it was most likely invented many centuries ago by Russian Pomors. After all, this technology was brought to Canada from Europe. And most of the felling methods that exist in this part of the world were borrowed from the Pomors. In Russia, a rather similar to the Canadian method of felling "in the saddle" is still practiced. When it is used in logs, cheeks and bowls are also selected and turned.
The Canadian felling of a bathhouse and a residential building has recently been gaining more and more popularity. After all, this technology allows you to build truly solid and at the same time very durable structures. It is comfortable to live in such houses both in summer and in winter, and they actually look very prestigious.
The Canadian frame is one of the varieties of the Russian traditional frame "in the bowl". Interestingly, this technology was originally used in Russia, but due to the high complexity, it was not widely used. On the contrary, in Canada it began to be used very widely, which is why it acquired such a name. Canadian felling of a log house involves the manufacture of self-jamming locks, as a result of which the corners will not be blown through, and the log house will not require constant caulking. How else is this technology beneficial?Features and benefits of Canadian felling
It is quite difficult to make a log house using Canadian technology, and only high quality material can be used for it. Traditional Canadian houses are built from round logs, which are pre-finished by hand.The surface is carefully sanded, the top layer of bark is removed from it, and longitudinal grooves for insulation and a bowl for fastening logs are manually worked out. For such buildings, rounded logs are not used, therefore, when laying, it is necessary to alternate the butt-top so that the wall is even.
Log cabins in the Canadian bowl have several advantages compared to the traditional Russian cabin: - The bowl is not round, but trapezoidal, which ensures a strong connection of logs with a minimum possibility of blowing. The gaps between the logs of the walls are almost completely absent: the insulation is not visible, the wall looks solid from the side. As a result, the energy efficiency of the house increases: less fuel is needed, and the house will be warm even in the most severe frosts.
- Houses look solid and are highly durable. Sturdy solid log walls without gaps provide room for a variety of exterior finishes. Since the insulation is not visible from the outside and from the inside, you can do any decoration and decorate the house in different ways.
- Log houses using Canadian technology can stand for hundreds of years, and they will not need constant caulking. A chopped log building has been highly valued for many hundreds of years, and since the climate in many parts of Canada is similar to Russia, there is no doubt that the building will be warm.
- Only the first outer layer is removed from the tree, which allows the natural protective coating of the wood to be preserved. This further extends the period of use, the house will be most reliably protected from temperature changes and wind.
What kind of wood is better to prefer
Actually, Canadian log houses are built from the northern forest, which grows in severe cold conditions. This suggests that the wood will be as dense and durable as possible, which means that it will be durable. In Russia, for houses using Canadian technology, a winter forest of one of several common species is chosen:- The cheapest option is northern pine houses. This is a fairly inexpensive material, while pine is easy to process. Houses made of logs, processed by hand, will be very warm, and the wood itself has a pleasant golden hue.
You can leave it without additional processing, or you can process it with translucent compounds to provide additional protection. Pine wood is also good because it releases phytoncides that cleanse the atmosphere of the house from bacteria. There will always be a pleasant light atmosphere in the rooms.
These and other northern breeds become the best solution for the construction of Canadian houses - log cabins with high precision joints and a special shape of the bowl. The construction of such houses requires high professionalism; without well-developed skills, it will be extremely difficult to achieve the perfect accuracy of the connections. Cutting technology "Canadian bowl"
The log house with a Canadian felling is very similar to the Norwegian way of building. The main difference lies in the material used: for Norwegian houses, a gun carriage is used - a log with sawn side surfaces, while Canadian houses are built only from round timber. The construction of a log house has several features at once.The basis of the lock when connecting logs is a bowl with a release - a ledge that ensures reliable jamming of the lock. The left thermal spike creates a barrier to the cold and prevents the walls from freezing. The clasps and spikes allow you to fix the structure, and after the walls have dried and settled, the logs will be firmly connected to each other.
A complex connection with a notch, a groove and a tenon requires highly qualified builders: all work is carried out with hand tools, and it is important that all elements fit together as accurately as possible. Felling can take several months, as each element of the house must be tightly fitted to the other in accordance with the project. During the draft, the bowl does not expand, as in the Russian felling, but, on the contrary, narrows, providing a strong connection.A Canadian log house will be expensive, and not every construction company undertakes to manufacture it. Now a new service is gaining popularity: logs are pre-processed, bowls and thermal spikes are cut into them. The finished house kit is brought to the site and already assembled on site: this allows you to build walls faster, the numbered parts will take their place, providing a strong connection and high energy efficiency of the entire building.
The construction of buildings using Canadian technology continues to gain popularity, despite the high price. The technology worked out for centuries makes it possible to build cozy and warm houses, which are guaranteed many years of service.
Canadian felling involves the use as a building material for the manufacture of log cabins from round planed logs of coniferous wood. Forest for these purposes is used such, the wood of which is endowed with a dense structure and unsurpassed quality.
Scheme of processing logs by Canadian felling.
Canadian felling technology is actually a kind of Russian, since it originated in ancient times in our country. Even if we recall the traditional dwellings of the indigenous inhabitants of Canada (from the north - the Eskimos, from the south - the Indians), then there is their obvious external difference from the log hut. The name appeared much later than the Canadian felling itself. Having originated with us, the technology has not taken root in the Russian expanses. In Canada, on the contrary, it gained particular popularity and began to be used everywhere, which is why it acquired its current name.
The corners are most susceptible to rotting in a log house made of wood. This is due to the fact that in the traditions of Russian felling "in oblo" it is customary to place the bowl upside down. Due to this, storm water easily penetrates into the bowl, which absolutely cannot happen when cutting in Canadian style.
All over the world today felling of log cabins is carried out according to the Russian-Canadian technology "into a bowl". Buildings erected using this technology are distinguished by reliability and entertainment, durability and practicality. Private construction of wooden log cabins for baths and houses is gaining momentum more and more. But in our country, Canadian technology is not considered widespread due to the insufficient number of craftsmen for its implementation. Much more often they use the usual Russian felling.
However, among practical people who want to see their home built according to all the rules, felling in the Canadian way is gaining more and more popularity.
Canadian technology
When the classic style with a traditional round log is preferred, but you do not want to get blown corners and constant caulking, then it makes sense to choose the Canadian manual cutting technology. The main difference between the Canadian felling and the Russian felling is the presence of notches, a feature of the device of self-locking corner locks that exclude blowing, a high degree of accuracy in the manufacture of the wooden parts of the log house. Even after decades, log cabins built according to the rules of Canadian technology do not lose the unique beauty of their appearance and consumer characteristics. Canadian technology felling combines the traditions of style and the best methods in wooden housing construction.
The main advantages of felling using Canadian technology:
- The selection of each log is carried out very carefully. Sanding and planing is carried out exclusively by hand. What can not be said about a log rounded, because it is impossible to compare such a different material.
- The bowl and the groove for laying the insulation are chosen exclusively by hand.
- High-precision fit of the log eliminates gaps between the elements. Trapezoidal bowl. The walls of a chopped log house look like a solid array, and the insulation is not noticeable at all.
- Manual felling in Canadian style has the peculiarity that it preserves the strength of the outer layer of wood, which significantly increases the period of operation of the chopped structure.
- There are no gaps between the logs due to the special location of the insulation along the log. It fits into the groove and is not visible from the outside. Moreover, the log house preserves the naturalness of the log bends. Therefore, each log house has a unique appearance.
- Carpenter's skill is crowned by tightly fitting log joints at the corners, accurate to the millimeter. The own weight of logs, combined with a tight fit, makes a log house durable and reliable for centuries. External monumentality causes a genuine feeling of admiration.
A log house is not demanding in maintenance; it can be used for several hundred years. Anyone who has ever tried to live in such a wooden house is unlikely to want to return to a brick or block structure, because their own home gives a lot of positive emotions.
Northern Pine for Canadian felling
If there are thoughts about what kind of wood to build a house from, then it makes sense to give preference to pine.
Pine grows almost everywhere on Russian territory. In height, it can grow up to 50 meters, and in thickness - up to 1.3-1.5 meters.
Due to its wide distribution, pine has gained great popularity in individual construction from logs. At a cost, chopped pine structures are much cheaper than other similar structures made from other types of wood. However, economy is not the most important thing, which is why it would be worth choosing a pine house. Pine is rich in resins and phytoncides. Thanks to them, a healthy microclimate is established inside the building. If someone has been inside a pine house, they still remember the freshness and aromas of the forest filled with the atmosphere, which is mandatory installed inside a residential building. Warmth is another hallmark of a logged pine house. It is well heated in winter, in summer it provides a beneficial chill, which does not depend on the number of degrees of heat outside the house.
It is important to note that a frame made of a round log (carriage) does not require mandatory facing work. Pine wood is endowed with the attractiveness of an amber hue.
Larch for felling in Canadian style
Larch is also considered a relative of pine. It is a coniferous tree, often found in the Russian area.
Larch is a long-liver, its age can reach up to 400 years and even more. In diameter, the tree is no more than a meter, but its height reaches 50 meters.
Having an increased density, the wood of this species is not easy to process. This "minus" one. There are more advantages: larch houses are distinguished by excellent physical and mechanical characteristics, high parameters of elasticity, bending and compression. The strength of the wood of this species is 30% higher than that of pine. In addition, it is resistant to moisture and decay due to the high resinous content in its trunk.
Larch resin not only perfectly repels moisture, but is also a natural antiseptic. Therefore, the atmosphere of a pine house will always be clean and fresh.
Corner cuts are the basis of the construction of the walls of wooden houses. Corner joints are of two types - without residue (in the paw) and with the remainder (in the bowl, in the oblo).
Types of angle chopped joints
Corner cuts are the basis of the construction of the walls of wooden houses. Corner joints are of two types - without residue (in the paw) and with the remainder (in the bowl, in the oblo). Each of the mentioned types of cabins, in turn, has different design options that differ in manufacturing complexity, details and efficiency.
Corner chopped joints with the remainder (output) are distinguished by the protruding ends of the logs at the corners of the log house. With this method of construction, the size of the room will be slightly smaller than the length of the logs, but such a corner design is the most durable and well protected from precipitation and wind, and has a more beautiful aesthetic appearance. The integrity and strength of the entire structure of a wooden house, thermal qualities and aesthetics depend on the quality of the felling.
Cuttings with residual or with release
Oblo felling
The cutting method leading in simplicity with the remainder and considered one of the oldest in Russian wooden architecture. Another such way of cutting is called cutting into a bowl. An interventional longitudinal groove (lunar groove) and a special bowl are created in the lower log - a semicircular cavity into which a transverse log is placed on top. This method is the least laborious, since the log does not have to be turned over - all the necessary operations are performed in the upper part of the log. But, it is worth considering that such a connection cannot boast of high performance properties. Firstly, the design, decided by the bowl up, is poorly protected from atmospheric influences - moisture easily gets into the bowl, due to which the insulation gets wet, and rots over the years. The same situation is observed with the groove between the logs. Secondly, the flat inner plane of the bowl is easily blown by the wind due to the absence of locking or transverse elements. Especially the situation worsens after the logs dry out and shrink, so regular caulking will be necessary.
chopping
The felling into the okhlupen is also known as the Siberian bowl or okhlupen. It is an inverted version of the connection in the bowl. Its design feature is that the mezhventsovy groove and the bowl are now in the lower part of the upper log. This type of corner connection is more resistant to precipitation. The felling into a flake requires more labor and skill in execution, in comparison with the above-mentioned felling into a flail, since the log has to be turned over several times in the process of fitting. As practice shows, cutting into a flail can be called a cutting into a flail, therefore it is advisable to clarify everything in detail and discuss in detail with the performers all aspects of the connection - the location of the grooves, bowls and other subtleties.
Cutting into a fat tail
The felling in a fat tail differs in an improved bowl. In the design of the bowl, a special additional spike is created, called a fat tail. On the other side of the log, a groove is created into which the spike of the next log is inserted. This cutting method is remarkable in that it provides excellent strength and additional sealing of the corners, since in this case direct blowing is nullified.
When cutting into a fat tail, the bowl can be oriented both up and down. This type of connection is technically much more complicated than conventional bowls. However, due to its excellent performance, fat tail felling is widespread. This type of felling is often referred to as a felling with a cut or with a spike. In camom, however, this is a completely different kind of connection, which is described below.
Hook cutting
Talking about this type of chopped connection into a hook, it is worth noting that in practice and in specialized literature two completely different designs of a corner cut can be called a cut into a hook. Based on this, we will pay attention to both.
The first option is notable for the fact that the bowl is chosen only up to the middle of the log (from the axis of the log on one side). A semicircular groove is created from the top side of the log to the unselected rest of the bowl. Unlike many other cuts, thanks to this method of connection, the corner is completely protected from through blowing. The method of cutting into a hook is considered very durable and warm. However, it is worth considering that hooking into a hook is a very laborious process and requires great skill.
The second option differs in that it involves cutting the inner side of the logs and achieving a right angle with even inner walls. To some extent, the configuration of the joint of this cut resembles the bowl with a notch mentioned above. The only difference is that from the inside the log is crimped by a quarter of its diameter, and the spike-cut is created equal in length to the value of the heel.
Canadian felling
Canadian felling, despite the presence of common features with fat-tail felling, differs significantly from it in form. Unlike the round Russian bowl, the Canadian felling is trapezoidal in shape. The Canadian bowl is selected in the log in its lower part. Just like when connecting to a fat tail, a spike is left inside the bowl in the Canadian felling. On the log from the upper side, inclined notches are created, repeating the outlines of the bowl of the log lying on top and the groove for the tenon. The Canadian bowl is famous for its strength, tightness, and, consequently, warmth. The most basic advantage of the Canadian lock in comparison with a round bowl is its shrinkage behavior.
In a log house with round bowls, the following situation is observed - as the logs shrink and shrink, their diameter decreases, while the parameters of the bowl remain practically unchanged. This leads to the appearance of cracks in the corners that need to be caulked. On the other hand, the “cunning” design of the Canadian lock, on the contrary, becomes wedged even more under the influence of shrinkage. All this guarantees excellent tightness and the absence of cracks.
It is worth noting that the Canadian felling consists not only in the non-standard form of the lock, but also includes a whole range of technological nuances, which, only in the case of impeccable execution, provide excellent tightness of the structure for many years.
One of the advantages of Canadian felling is the complete absence of gaps between logs. This characteristic feature is observed not only in newly erected log cabins, but after their shrinkage and shrinkage. Thanks to this, it is enough to lay the insulation in the crowns only once and no longer remember about the caulk.
felling into the saddle
Cutting into the saddle - is a simplified way of Canadian felling with a spike. The only difference between this option is that a spike is not made in the bowl and a corresponding groove is not created in the upper part of the log. The rest of the design is similar to a Canadian castle.
norwegian felling
Norwegian cabin - almost identical to the Canadian cabin. The only difference between the Canadian and Norwegian felling is the gun carriage. The Canadian felling is made from a log, and the Norwegian from a gun carriage. Norwegian felling is made from a gun carriage, this is the so-called oval log. At the log, two parallel layers are cut or cut down from two sides, which makes the log oval along the entire length. The corner of the lock with serrations and a spike is similar to the Canadian lock. The walls, thanks to the smooth surfaces of the gun carriage, turn out to be even, and the volume of the room increases. The appearance of a Norwegian log house made of a large carriage is very impressive, the unique pattern of each carriage, the power and color of the house.
Cuttings without residue
Paw connection
This type of connection has a number of advantages over cuttings with residue. Firstly, material consumption is significantly reduced, which means that construction costs are reduced. Secondly, the rooms are more spacious. Thirdly, from the outside, the corners look perfectly straight. However, this connection method also has significant drawbacks. The main disadvantages of felling in the paw are the lower strength of the structure, increased windage, exposure to the negative effects of precipitation. To eliminate these shortcomings, the corners of the log cabins in the paw must be additionally veneered from the outside.
There are two options for felling into a paw - an oblique paw (dovetail) and a straight paw.
straight paw
With this type of felling, a small distance recedes from the corner and the log begins to be hewn from the sides first. Next, a “paw” is made at the end of the log - they create an even rectangle, which must necessarily fit perfectly with identical neighbors. The main secret that needs to be taken into account at the very beginning of cutting is that to create the first “paw”, you need to choose a thinner log and start from its narrow edge. Otherwise, if you start the procedure with a large diameter log, you won’t be able to make a rectangle on thin logs. The resulting width and length on all logs will be the same, but the height will be different, since it is determined by the diameter of the log.
As a rule, they try to supplement a straight paw from its inner corner with a rectangular root spike. This is done in order to achieve better performance properties, since in its pure form a straight paw is a rather weak connection. A spike is created on the upper face of the paw, and a groove for it is selected from the bottom side.
Koca paw
Cutting into an oblique paw is a more complex way of connecting. In this case, the shape of the paw is significantly modified, now it represents a trapezoid, the two planes of which are sloped. Features of the form formed the basis of the name "dovetail" (Fig. 2). This joint configuration provides greater corner strength than the "straight leg". However, this type of connection is very laborious and only highly skilled craftsmen can do it.
The skew paw can have an even more advanced configuration option - with a spike, which significantly improves its strength. During construction using the “oblique paw” connection, a template is removed from the first paw, for example, from plywood, and the remaining ends are marked on it.
When cutting into a slanting paw, you can use GOST 30974-2002 to select the correct connection options. In GOST, geometric dimensions are established for the paw, due to the diameter of the log. This will be especially advisable if the logs have almost the same diameter or a rounded (calibrated) log is used.
DESIGN FEATURES OF LOG WALLS
Despite the fact that wooden architecture has a long history, traditional technologies gradually undergo changes over time, acquiring more and more modern features. This also applies to wooden log cabins. The traditional structural units used for the construction of log walls since ancient times are gradually supplemented with various technical details that improve the performance of log walls. Next, we will touch on various design techniques that can be used to compensate for a number of shortcomings that arise due to the shrinkage of logs.
Connecting logs along the length
When constructing large wooden log cabins, developers usually face a situation where the length of the wall exceeds the length of the log. The standard log length is 6 meters. In this case, the logs must be butted with each other. So that the joints are not visible from the outside, the end connection of the logs is made exclusively inside the cuts. It is important to take into account that it is impossible to lay only all joined crowns in a row in height. At least through three rows of joined crowns, a solid log must necessarily go. However, dressing with a solid log is ideally best done through each row. In cases where the house has a long blank wall that does not intersect with other internal walls, an additional cut is made from short pieces of logs in this wall, into which all joints are removed.
To connect logs along the length, the dovetail configuration with a spike is traditionally used. This type of connection is quite simple in execution, but due to the shrinkage of logs, its strength may decrease over time.
Another method is often used for joining logs in the cut. With this method of joining, the logs are attached to the dowels. For each joined log, a distance of approximately 1/4 of the log diameter is set aside from the end and a hole is created for the dowels. In the adjacent perpendicular log, this hole is continued. Joined logs after installation of dowels are carefully connected with perpendicular cut logs.
Another very common way of joining logs is a screed with threaded studs. In this way, grooves are created at the joined logs from above at a small distance from the ends, and a cut is laid from them to the end. Then a stud with nuts and washers at the ends is placed in it, then the nuts are tightened, pulling the logs together. For the durability of the connection, the grooves (ideally logs) should be antiseptic with special wood preservatives.
Undercut
One of the most important components of the structure of log walls is the design of the interventional groove, also called the moon. To achieve a flawless connection of logs, the interventional groove should have a slightly smaller radius than the log itself. Then the log adjoins its neighbor with two ribs very tightly, and interventional insulation is placed in a small gap in the center of the groove. In this case, the edges of the groove protect the seal from getting wet. This design has one more significant advantage. Logs due to the shrinkage of wood are covered with cracks from the bottom side. The log literally "sets" when the edges of the seam slightly diverge. As a result, the logs, after shrinking the log house, fit even more tightly to each other. But if in the design the groove of the upper and the radius of the lower logs are identical in size, then after the occurrence of a crack, the edges of the groove will move apart, which will lead to the appearance of cracks between the logs, which will need to be caulked.
In this specific design of the lunar groove lies the main difference between traditional and modern cutting technologies. In the old days, tow or moss was traditionally used to insulate interventional joints, the log joints were repeatedly caulked. Nowadays, special rolls made of natural materials, for example tape jute, serve as interventional heaters, the width of the materials is selected depending on the width of the groove.
Compensation cut
The use of a compensatory relief cut at the top of the log is another modern refinement of centuries-old technology. The name itself already eloquently makes it clear that the cut is created in order to remove excess internal stresses in the log. The location of the cut was chosen for a reason, because the cut is securely closed by the next log, which eliminates the penetration of moisture into it. The cut in the process of shrinkage expands, but the number of cracks throughout the log, and most importantly, their depth and size decrease.
A cut is made along the axis of the logs, but does not protrude at their ends and does not pass through the locks. The absence of cuts at the ends is a very important point. After all, the indents from the ends and cuts are not created for decoration, but to avoid the penetration of cold air from the street into the wall through the outer ends. This is especially important if the building has walls, the inner end of which goes into the house, and the outer end onto the street. In this case, the creation of a cut along the entire length of the log will lead to a through blowing of the wall, which will lead to the need for its additional sealing.
Hanging corners
This technology applies to all compounds with a residue. The technology of curtaining the outer corners can significantly reduce the appearance of intervent cracks after shrinkage of the log house. The essence of the technology lies in the fact that the interventional grooves on the protruding ends of the logs are selected a little more, so as to achieve a gap of 5-8 mm between the logs. As a result, the releases of logs freely stick out in the air, without leaning on each other.
The advantage of this constructive solution is that, being in the air, the outer ends of the logs dry out much less than the rest of the log. As the log shrinks, the gaps gradually decrease, and the ends, in turn, fit more tightly. While the absence of gaps would lead to hanging logs on the outer outlets. In this case, cracks would form on the inner parts of the corner, since the inner diameter of the logs would slightly exceed the diameter of the outlets in size.
CONSTRUCTION OF THE LOG
Under the first crown, during the construction of the log house, horizontal waterproofing is laid. It does not allow the wood to come into contact with the plane of the foundation, preventing the penetration of moisture and preventing the appearance of mold and rotting of the log house.
The laying of the first crown begins with half-logs, on top of which full-fledged round logs are then laid. Laying the first crown is given special attention, all operations must be carried out with the utmost accuracy. It is placed in a horizontal plane on the foundation, maintaining right angles. Be sure to carry out antiseptic first crown.
Between the rows of logs, an interventional sealant is laid. So that the sealing material does not move during the assembly of the crowns, it is recommended to fix it with a furniture stapler.
For joining logs, pins (dowels) are used, placing them from each other at a distance of 1.5-2 m. Nagels used in wooden housing construction are round rods (shank) made of wood of more durable species (oak, birch) than a log house, their diameter is 25-30 mm. For them, installations simultaneously drill a through hole in three logs. The length of the dowel must be 20% less than the hole prepared for it. Nagel's macce walls are placed in a checkerboard pattern.
After installing the entire log house, logs and beams, rafters are cut, then the draft floor and roof are mounted. The roof is made temporarily, covered under roofing felt or film. The log house is treated with an antiseptic, and the construction site is mothballed for a year, because. the log house should shrink within a year.
After shrinkage of the log house, the final installation of the truss system and subfloors is carried out. In the process of shrinking the log house at home, gaps appear after the wood dries out, so it is necessary to re-caulk the log house, then sand it and cover it with finishing impregnation (oil, varnish, paint, stain, etc.) of which today there is a huge amount. The truss system is re-tightened and the roof is mounted, and then all the necessary internal finishing work. Windows, doors, finished floors and ceilings, electrical and plumbing are inserted.
Articles on construction
Finishing materials from wood
Finishing materials made of wood - the best for life. With the complex stages of planning and building your home behind you, you are on the cusp of perhaps the most creative stage of the job—furnishing your home. And if a wooden house, as a rule, does not need external decoration, then internal, even the most minimal, is necessary.
