Russian high pressure steam boilers. High-pressure steam boilers DKVr - design, principle of operation, choice, price. Benefits of using high pressure steam

Steam fire-tube boilers, three-way, horizontal.

Technical characteristics of steam boilers for liquid fuel:

Technical characteristics of natural gas steam boilers:

Boilers steam heat-treatment, three-way, vertical.

The boilers are designed to heat water with a temperature of up to 115 ° C, due to the built-in superheater with an excess pressure of 0.07 MPa (0.7 kg / cm 2) in order to supply heat to technological processes in production. agricultural (fodder production), construction and installation (asphalt - concrete), communal (heating, hot water supply using a boiler), food (bakery, dairy, sausage, confectionery), woodworking. Boilers are easy to maintain and do not require significant financial costs in operation.

Technical characteristics of steam boilers for liquid fuel and natural gas:

Steam boilers KP (STEAM) of low pressure.

Technical characteristics of steam boilers KP (STEAM) -0.07Zh on liquid fuel:

Technical characteristics of steam boilers KP (STEAM) -0.07G on gas:

Symbols on the example of KP (PAR) - 0.15 - 0.07 W:

0.15 - Maximum steam capacity, tons of steam per hour,
0.07 - Steam pressure, MPa,
Zh - Type of fuel (L - liquid, G - gas, T - solid fuel, P - heating oil, 0 - waste oil).

Steam boilers KP (STEAM) of high pressure.

Technical characteristics of steam boilers KP (STEAM) -1.6Zh on liquid fuel and natural gas:

Steam boilers KP, KSP.

Technical characteristics of boilers KP and KSP for liquid fuel:

Technical characteristics of boilers KP and KSP on natural gas:

The device and principle of operation of boilers KP, KSP.

Steam fire-tube boilers KP of low and medium pressure.

Fire-tube steam boilers KP designed to produce steam for the purpose of heat supply of technological processes, reinforced concrete plants, lines for the production of expanded polystyrene, steaming of tanks and fuel storage facilities, livestock farms and economic complexes: heat treatment of feed, pasteurization of milk, space heating and other purposes.

AT standard equipment boiler includes:
boiler, burner, make-up pump, level automation, level sensor block, pressure gauge, pressure switch, direct-acting water level indicator No. 6, safety valves(2 pcs.), shut-off control valves.

Technical characteristics of low and medium pressure steam boilers:

It is possible to supply boilers with steam capacity up to 2000 kg/h.

Boilers steam water tube KP high pressure.

Steam water tube boilers KP designed to produce steam for the purpose of heat supply of technological processes, lines for the production of expanded polystyrene, steaming of tanks and fuel storage facilities, livestock farms and economic complexes: heat treatment of feed, milk pasteurization, space heating, etc.

The standard equipment of the boiler includes:
boiler, burner, make-up pump, feed tank for collecting condensate, make-up automation, water level sensor in the tank, pressure gauges, pressure and dry run switches, direct-acting water level indicator, safety valves (2 pcs.), frame, shut-off control valves.

Technical characteristics of high pressure steam boilers:

It is possible to supply boilers with steam capacity up to 2500 kg/h.

Attention! All information provided on the site is for informational purposes only. The manufacturer reserves the right to change the design, connecting dimensions, specifications, appearance goods without prior notice.

Before buying a product, be sure to specify the parameters you are interested in.

Boilers steam mobile (portable) KP-m.

Portable boilers PKM are designed to generate steam at temperatures up to +180ºС. They are used for the production of reinforced concrete products, heating of trenches, equipment, machinery during low temperatures and field conditions, in emergency situations, as well as in cases where an autonomous source of heat and steam is needed that does not require a source of electricity. Type of fuel - gasoline, kerosene, diesel. fuel.

The steam generator set includes:
boiler, burner, make-up pump, level automation, level sensor block, direct-acting water level indicator No. 5, safety valves, shut-off control valves.

Execution in the warmed thermobox is possible.

Technical characteristics of mobile steam boilers PK-m:

Steam boilers D-900, D-721GF.

Boilers D-721GF and D-900 designed to produce steam with a temperature not exceeding 115 ° C with an overpressure of up to 0.07 MPa (0.7 kgf / cm2) in order to supply technological processes of various types of industries, hot water supply, heating, etc. purposes. Advantages of boilers D-721GF, D-900: They do not require registration with the boiler supervision authorities. The small sizes of coppers allow to install them in small rooms. The time of entering the operating mode is 15 minutes. Boilers are easy to maintain and operate. They are indispensable in the conditions of small industries and farms.

Technical characteristics of boilers D-721GF, D-900:

Steam boilers for fuel oil and gas E-1.0-09GM, E-1.6-0.9GMN, E-2.5-0.9GM.

Steam water tube boilers series "E" designed to generate saturated steam with a working pressure of 0.8 MPa (8 kgf / cm2) and a temperature of 175 ° C, used for technological and heating needs. The lineup boilers are designed to operate on gas, coal, fuel oil (crude oil), diesel fuel. The essential difference of these boilers is that they are equipped with modern auxiliary equipment: burner devices for smooth load control, centrifugal feed pumps (Germany, Italy), microprocessor control and protection system, cut-off gas valves and pressure sensors (Germany). The use of reliable auxiliary equipment makes it possible to guarantee the economical operation of boilers in all load modes, as well as reliability and safety during operation.

Technical parameters of "E" series steam boilers:

Steam boiler E-1.6-0.9GMN belongs to the type of vertical-water-tube double-drum gas-tight boilers. It is designed to generate saturated steam at a pressure of 0.8 MPa, used for industrial and heating needs of industry and Agriculture. Supplied assembled, with mounted accessories, system automatic control and security.

The boiler is made gas-tight with lightweight thermal insulation, externally covered with sheet steel sheathing.

The automatic control system provides the following functions:

• start according to a given program and all protections in accordance with the requirements of SNiP;
• protection against increasing steam pressure, increasing and decreasing fuel pressure, increasing and decreasing the water level in the drum, decreasing and increasing vacuum in the furnace, extinguishing the torch.

The design of the pipe system of steam boilers withstands short-term pressure in the furnace up to 3000 Pa and rarefaction in the furnace up to 400 Pa.
According to the stability and influence of temperature and humidity of the surrounding air steam boilers manufactured in climate performance UHL placement category 4 according to GOST 15150. The design of the boilers provides seismic resistance of 6 points on the M5K-64 scale.

Installation of boilers KP and KSP.

The body is the main metal structure of the KSP boiler and consists of two main units: a drum and a cover.

• The drum is a welded structure, the main part of which is a flame tube, installed vertically and limited from above by an elliptical vault, from below by a bottom to which the drum frame is attached.
• The spherical cover is connected to the drum through a gasket by means of flanges. The following are welded on the lid: branch pipe for connecting the impulse line of the electrocontact pressure gauge, brackets for fastening the casing, brackets for lifting the lid, branch pipes for fastening safety valves.

In addition, the boiler includes:

• Furnace hatch - for supplying fuel to the boiler furnace and removing slag. (In boilers for liquid and gaseous fuels, instead of the furnace hatch, a removable heat-insulated adapter is installed with a mount for the burner. The damper drive has manual control.)
• Water treatment unit - for feeding the boiler with water with simultaneous magnetic treatment in order to reduce the formation of scale.
• Water heater - for preliminary heating of water entering the boiler.
• Smoke exhauster - to create the necessary traction in the boiler furnace.
• Level sensor - to give a command to turn on and off the boiler water supply during operation.

Control - measuring instruments and safety devices:

• Electrocontact pressure gauge EKM-IVx1.6 - to turn off the smoke exhauster when the steam reaches its maximum pressure.
• Manometer - pressure control.
• Technical thermometer - to control the temperature of the steam leaving the superheater.
• Trial drain cocks - for duplicating control of the upper and lower water levels in the boiler.
• Water level indicator - for visual control of the water level during boiler operation.
• Safety valves - to relieve pressure in the boiler when the permissible value is exceeded.
• Explosive valve - for the boiler Lzh, Gn; to prevent deformation of the hull at the time of the explosion fuel mixture: Hn - natural gas of low pressure, Lzh - light liquid fuel.
• Four sections chimney and spark arrestor.
• Thermal insulation and sheathing - to reduce heat loss.
• Steam valve Du=50 - for steam pressure regulation and selection by the consumer.
• Purge valves - to remove sludge, dirt and drain water when installing the boiler for storage.
• Control box together with electrical equipment - to control the operation of the boiler and protect it in case of emergency.

The principle of operation of the KP and KSP

The technological process of steam generation in a solid fuel boiler is as follows:

1. Water through the water treatment unit and the water heater is supplied to the boiler, where, passing through the heat exchange surfaces of the furnace and fire tubes, it heats up and evaporates.
2. Fuel is loaded into the boiler furnace on the grate and ignited with a torch.
3. The smoke exhauster creates a rarefaction in the furnace, due to which the air necessary for combustion enters the furnace from the grate zone (ash pan).
4. Flue gases, passing through the gas path of the boiler, heat its heat exchange surfaces.
5. Steam from the steam volume of the boiler enters the superheater, heats up to a temperature of 110 ... 120 ° C and enters the consumer through the steam valve.
6. Ash and slag through the holes of the grate fall into the ash pan, from where they are removed as they accumulate.
7. The sludge formed during the evaporation of water is removed by periodically blowing the boiler through the purge valves located in the lower part of the boiler on both sides of the ash pan.
8. Carrying out the technological process of vaporization, with automatic regulation water supply is carried out by the electrical equipment of the boiler.
9. The technological process of steam formation in boilers Lzh, Gn occurs in a similar way, with the exception of paragraph 3; 6. In this case, the combustion air is supplied together with the fuel.

A steam boiler is a device for converting water into steam, used both in everyday life and in industry. Steam is used to heat rooms, apparatuses and pipelines, as well as to rotate turbomachines. Let's learn more about what steam boilers are. The principle of operation, device, classification, scope and much more - all this will be discussed below.

Definition

As you already understood, a steam boiler is a unit that produces steam. At the same time, boilers of this type can produce two types of steam: saturated and superheated. In the first case, its temperature is about 100 degrees, and the pressure is about 100 kPa. The temperature of the superheated steam rises to 500 degrees, and the pressure - up to 26 MPa. Saturated steam is used for domestic purposes, mainly for heating private houses. Superheated steam has found application in industry and energy. It transfers heat well, so its use greatly increases the efficiency of the installation.

Scope of application

There are three main areas of application for steam boilers:

1. Heating systems. Steam acts as an energy carrier.
2. Energy. Industrial steam engines, or, as they are also called, steam generators, are used to generate electrical energy.
3. Industry. Steam in industry is used not only to heat the "shirts" of apparatus and pipelines, but also to convert thermal energy into mechanical energy and move vehicles.

Household steam boilers are used for residential heating. In simple words, their task is to heat water and move steam through the pipeline. Such a system is often equipped with a stationary furnace or boiler. Usually Appliances produce saturated not overheated steam, which is quite enough to solve the tasks assigned to them.

In industry, steam is superheated - it continues to be heated after evaporation in order to further increase the temperature. Such installations are subject to special quality requirements, since when the steam is overheated, the container runs the risk of exploding. The superheated steam obtained from the boiler can be used to generate electricity or mechanical movement.

An electric current with the help of steam is generated as follows. Evaporating, the steam enters the turbine, where it, due to the dense flow, rotates the shaft. Thus, thermal energy is converted into mechanical energy, and that, in turn, is converted into electrical energy. This is how power plant turbines work.

Shaft rotation that occurs during evaporation large quantities superheated steam, can be transferred directly to the motor and wheels. This is how steam transport is set in motion. As popular examples of work steam engine you can bring a steam locomotive steam generator or a ship steam boiler. The principle of operation of the latter is quite simple: when coal is burned, heat is generated, which heats water and forms steam. Well, the steam, in turn, rotates the wheels, or in the case of the ship, the screws.

Let us consider in more detail how such boilers work. The source of heat required for heating water can be any type of energy: electric, solar, geothermal, heat from gas combustion or solid fuel. The steam generated during the heating of water is a heat carrier, that is, it transfers thermal energy from the place of heating to the place of use.

Despite the variety of designs, principle device and the principle of operation of steam boilers do not differ. General scheme heating water with its subsequent conversion into steam looks like this:

1. Purification of water on filters and its supply to the tank for heating using a pump. The tank is usually located at the top of the plant.
2. From the tank, through pipes, water enters the collector, located, respectively, below.
3. The water rises again, only now not through the pipes, but through the heating zone.
4. Steam is generated in the heating zone. Under the influence of the pressure difference between the liquid and gaseous substance, it will rise up.
5. At the top, the heated steam is passed through a separator, where it is finally separated from the water. The rest of the liquid returns to the tank, and the steam goes to the steam line.
6. If this is not an ordinary boiler, but a steam generator, then its pipelines are additionally heated. The methods of their heating will be discussed below.

Device

Steam boilers are a container in which water is heated and forms steam. Usually they are made in the form of pipes, various sizes. In addition to the water pipe, the boiler always has a fuel combustion chamber (furnace). Its design may vary depending on the type of fuel used. If it is firewood, or hard coal, then a grate is installed in the lower part of the firebox, on which fuel is laid. From the bottom of the grate, air enters the combustion chamber. And at the top of the furnace, a chimney is equipped, which is necessary for effective traction - air circulation and fuel combustion.

The principle of operation of solid fuel steam boilers is somewhat different from devices in which liquid or gaseous material is used as a heat carrier. In the second case, the combustion chamber involves a burner that works like household burners. gas oven. For air circulation, a grate and a chimney are also used, because, regardless of the type of fuel, air is the most important condition for combustion.

Obtained from the combustion of fuel, rises to a container of water. It gives up its heat to the water and exits through the chimney into the atmosphere. When water is heated to its boiling point, it begins to evaporate. It is worth noting that water evaporates earlier, but not in such quantities and not with such a vapor temperature. The evaporated steam enters the pipes on its own. Thus, the circulation of steam and the change in the state of aggregation of water occurs naturally. Working principle of a steam boiler natural circulation involves minimal human intervention. All the operator needs to do is to ensure stable water heating and control the process with the help of special devices.

In the case of heating water, it is easier. It heats up with heating elements type of heating elements or acts as a conductor and heats up according to the Joule-Lenz law.

Classification

Steam boilers, the principle of operation of which we are considering today, can be classified according to several parameters.

By type of fuel:

1. Coal.
2. Gas.
3. Oil.
4. Electrical.

By appointment:

1. Household.
2. Energy.
3. Industrial.
4. Utilization.

By design:

1. Gas-pipe.
2. Water pipe.

What is the difference between gas and water tube steam boilers

The principle of operation of the boilers is based on heating a container with water. The container in which the water passes into a vapor state, as a rule, is a pipe or several pipes. Appliances in which the fuel heats the pipes, rising up, are called gas-tube boilers.

But there is another option - when it moves through a pipe located inside a container of water. In this case, the water tanks are called drums, and the boiler itself is called a water tube boiler. In everyday life, it is also called a fire tube boiler. Depending on the location of the water drums, boilers of this type are divided into: horizontal, vertical and radial. There are also models that implement different directions pipes.

The device and principle of operation of a fire-tube steam boiler is somewhat different from a gas-tube one. Firstly, it concerns the size of the water and steam pipes. Water-tube boilers have smaller pipes than gas-tube boilers. Secondly, there are power differences. The gas-tube boiler gives a pressure of no more than 1 MPa and has a heat-generating capacity of up to 360 kW. The reason for this is the large pipes. In order for enough steam and pressure to form in the pipes, their walls must be thick. As a result, the price of such boilers is too high. more powerful. Due to the thin walls of the pipes, the steam heats up better. And thirdly, water tube boilers are safer. They generate heat and are not afraid of significant overloads.

Additional elements of boilers

The principle of operation of a steam boiler is quite simple, however, its design consists of a fairly large number of elements. In addition to the combustion chamber and pipes for the circulation of water / steam, boilers are equipped with devices to increase their efficiency (increase in steam temperature, pressure and quantity). Such devices include:

1. Superheater. Serves to increase the steam temperature above 100 degrees. Steam overheating increases the efficiency of the apparatus and its coefficient useful action. Superheated steam can reach temperatures of 500 degrees Celsius. Such high temperatures occur in the steam plants of nuclear power plants. The essence of overheating is that after evaporation, the steam flowing through the pipe is reheated. To do this, the apparatus can be equipped with an additional combustion chamber or a simple pipeline, which, before bringing the steam to its intended use, passes several times through the main furnace. Superheaters are radiative and convection. The former work 2-3 times more efficiently.
2. Separator. Serves for "drainage" of steam - its separation from water. This allows you to increase the efficiency of the installation.
3. Steam accumulator. This device is designed to maintain a constant level of steam output from the installation. When there is not enough steam, it adds it to the system and, conversely, takes it away in case of an oversupply.
4. Water preparation device. In order for the device to work longer, the water entering it must meet specific requirements. This device reduces the amount of oxygen and minerals in the water. These simple measures help prevent corrosion of pipes and the formation of scale on their walls. Rust and scale not only reduce the efficiency of the device, but also quickly render it unusable, especially in case of active use.

Control devices

In addition, the boiler is equipped assistive devices for control and management. For example, a water limit indicator monitors the maintenance of a constant liquid level in the drum. The principle of operation of the steam boiler level detector is based on the change in the mass of special cargoes during their transition from the liquid phase to the vapor phase, and vice versa. In case of deviation from the norm, it gives a sound signal to alert employees of the enterprise.

For positional control of the water level, the level gauge column of the steam boiler is also used. The principle of operation of the device is based on the electrical conductivity of water. The column is a tube equipped with four electrodes that control the water level. If the water column reaches the lower mark, the feed pump is connected, and if the upper one, the supply of the boiler with water stops.

Another simple device for measuring the water level in a steam boiler is a water gauge glass built into the body of the apparatus. The principle of operation of the water gauge glass of a steam boiler is simple - it is designed for visual control of the water level.

In addition to the liquid level, temperature and pressure are measured in the system using thermometers and pressure gauges, respectively. All this is necessary for normal functioning boiler and prevent the possibility of emergency situations.

Steam generators

We have already considered the principle of operation of a steam boiler, now we will briefly get acquainted with the features of steam generators - the most powerful boilers equipped with additional devices. As you already understood, the main difference between a steam generator and a boiler is that its design includes one or more intermediate superheaters, which makes it possible to achieve highest temperatures pair. At nuclear power plants, thanks to very hot steam, they convert the energy of the decay of an atom into electrical energy.

There are two main ways to heat water and transfer it to a gaseous state in a reactor:

1. Water washes the reactor vessel. In this case, the reactor is cooled, and the water is heated. Thus, steam is generated in a separate circuit. In this case, the steam generator acts as a heat exchanger.
2. Pipes with water pass inside the reactor. In this variant, the reactor is a combustion chamber, from which steam is supplied directly to the electric generator. This design is called a boiling water reactor. Everything here works without a steam generator.

Conclusion

Today we met with such a useful device as a steam boiler. The device and the principle of operation of this device are quite simple and based on banal physical properties water. Nevertheless, steam boilers greatly facilitate human life. They warm buildings and help generate electricity.

Steam boilers are divided into two types: gas-tube and water-tube.

Gas-tube boilers are called boilers in which the gaseous products of combustion exit through fire tubes, as well as flame tubes located inside containers with heated water.

They are smoke-fired, fire-tube and smoke-fire-tube. In water-tube devices, pipes with heated water are located inside the gas pipeline.

Steam gas boilers or gas-tube boilers are units high pressure. Their use in thermal power engineering is admissible at required power 360 kW with a working pressure of 1 megapascal.

If the pressure in the steam boiler is exceeded, an explosion may occur with the release of a large amount of steam, leading to an emergency. Today, such systems are considered obsolete and are rarely used. Modern water heating systems are designed for large.

The need to develop water-tube boilers arose due to the growth in production and the need to obtain steam in large quantities.

The presence of many nodes and components in the system is considered one of the disadvantages of these devices. Repair of such equipment is possible only in the off state.

Industrial steam devices high pressure or steam generators are complex system, consisting of mechanical and electrical components. The steam generator consists of several parts:

• frame where all other elements are attached;
• electrical equipment - indications, relay switches, signal lamps and other equipment;
• pressure sensors - monitor the pressure in the system;
• steam generator boiler - water tank with installed sensors liquid level control;
• electric pump - used for direct pumping of water into the boiler.

To heat water in electric boilers, 3 methods are used:
1) The use of heating elements of different capacities.
2) Electrical conductivity of water - when passing through water electric current heat is released.
3) Heating water with the support of frequency radiation or induction heating.

High pressure boilers have a steam pressure of more than 20 atmospheres. The development and implementation of similar installations are caused by a direct increase in the power of power units. The operation of the equipment is aimed at obtaining a large volume of steam and hot water. All valves and gate valves must be designed to work in conditions of high internal pressure.

Use of low pressure equipment

On the modern market presented They differ in functionality, design and build quality. Choice required model must take into account the required power and performance.

Low pressure steam boilers are designed to generate saturated steam, the pressure of which is not higher than 0.07 MPa, and its temperature is 115 °C. This equipment capable of producing 140-3000 kg of steam per hour. These units are used for technological processes in agricultural organizations, food and woodworking industries and for heating rooms of various sizes.

Low pressure steam equipment is designed so that water takes all the heat in the process of fuel combustion. The gases, in the process of leaving the fuel part, enter directly into the tube bundle, which connects the two parts of the water base.

These products heat the water, causing it to evaporate. Steam is served through a steam pipeline and used in technological processes. Thanks to a large number water, a stable pressure is formed in the steam boiler, which is maintained even with uneven steam supply. However, do not ignore situations when the pressure drops quickly and can provoke an explosion.

A low pressure boiler is a system that consists of two or more cylinders. different sizes nested one inside the other. A firebox is located in the flame tube, in its rear compartment there is a convective bundle of pipes. Coal steam equipment is equipped with a plate, which is attached to the front side. Mounts for the fan are placed on the stove. Thanks to this, the combustion process is improved, which means that the performance of the equipment is also improved.

Gas and liquid fuel installations are equipped with special burners. The saturated steam generated by the device is dried thanks to a special internal boiler separation device. At the same time, combustion waste is removed through the chimney.

Steam boilers are divided into high and low pressure devices. Depending on the required power, one or another type of equipment is used. These devices are characterized by reliability, high performance and safety of use.