We determine the discrepancy of pressure losses in two directions through the near and far risers according to the formula:

where ΣΔp1, ΣΔp2 are, respectively, pressure losses when calculating directions through the far and near risers.

5. Calculation of heat losses by pipelines of the hot water supply system

Heat losses DQ, (W), in the calculated section of the supply pipeline or riser are determined by the standard specific heat loss or by calculation using the formula:

where K is the heat transfer coefficient of the insulated pipeline, K=11.6 W/(m2-°C); tgav - average water temperature in the system, tgav, = (tn + tk)/2, °С; tn, - temperature at the outlet of the heater (hot water temperature at the entrance to the building), °C; tk - temperature at the most remote water-folding device, ° С; h - thermal insulation efficiency (0.6); / - length of the pipeline section, m; dH - outer diameter of the pipeline, m; t0 - ambient temperature, °C.

The water temperature at the most remote water tap tk should be taken 5 °C lower than the water temperature at the inlet to the building or at the outlet of the heater.

The ambient temperature t0 when laying pipelines in furrows, vertical channels, communication shafts and shafts of sanitary cabins should be taken equal to 23 ° C, in bathrooms - 25 ° C, in kitchens and toilet rooms of residential buildings, hostels and hotels - 21 ° WITH .

The heating of bathrooms is carried out by heated towel rails, therefore, the heat loss of heated towel rails in the amount of 100p (W) is added to the heat losses of the riser, where 100 W is the average heat transfer from one heated towel rail, n is the number of heated towel rails connected to the riser.

When determining the circulation flow rates of water, heat losses by circulation pipelines are not taken into account. However, when calculating hot water supply systems with heated towel rails on circulating risers, it is advisable to add the heat transfer of heated towel rails to the sum of heat losses by the supply heat pipelines. This increases the circulation flow of water, improves heating of heated towel rails and heating of bathrooms. The results of the calculation are entered in the table.

SNiP 2.04.01-85*

Building regulations

Internal plumbing and sewerage of buildings.

Systems of internal cold and hot water supply

WATER PIPES

8. Calculation of the hot water plumbing network

8.1. Hydraulic calculation of hot water systems should be made for the estimated flow of hot water

Taking into account the circulation flow, l / s, determined by the formula

(14)

where is the coefficient taken: for water heaters and the initial sections of systems up to the first standpipe according to the mandatory appendix 5;

for other sections of the network - equal to 0.

8.2. The circulation flow of hot water in the system, l / s, should be determined by the formula

(15)

where is the coefficient of circulation misalignment;

Heat losses by pipelines of hot water supply, kW;

Temperature difference in the supply pipelines of the system from the water heater to the most remote draw-off point, °C.

The values ​​and depending on the hot water supply scheme should be taken:

for systems that do not provide for the circulation of water through the risers, the value should be determined by the supply and distributing pipelines at = 10 ° C and = 1;

for systems in which water circulation is provided through water risers with variable resistance of circulation risers, the value should be determined by supply distributing pipelines and water risers at = 10 ° C and = 1; with the same resistance of sectional nodes or risers, the value should be determined by the water risers at = 8.5 ° C and = 1.3;

for a water riser or a sectional unit, heat losses should be determined along the supply pipelines, including the annular jumper, assuming = 8.5 ° С and = 1.

8.3. Pressure loss in sections of pipelines of hot water supply systems should be determined:

for systems where it is not required to take into account the overgrowth of pipes - in accordance with clause 7.7;

for systems taking into account the overgrowth of pipes - according to the formula

where i - specific pressure loss, taken in accordance with the recommended application 6;

The coefficient taking into account the pressure loss in local resistances, the values ​​​​of which should be taken:

0.2 - for supply and circulation distribution pipelines;

0.5 - for pipelines within heating points, as well as for pipelines of water risers with heated towel rails;

0.1 - for pipelines of water risers without heated towel rails and circulation risers.

8.4. The speed of water movement should be taken in accordance with paragraph 7.6.

8.5. The pressure loss in the supply and circulation pipelines from the water heater to the most remote water or circulation risers of each branch of the system should not differ for different branches by more than 10%.

8.6. If it is impossible to link the pressures in the pipeline network of hot water supply systems by appropriate selection of pipe diameters, it should be provided for the installation of temperature controllers or diaphragms on the circulation pipeline of the system.

The aperture diameter should not be less than 10 mm. If, according to the calculation, the diameter of the diaphragms must be taken less than 10 mm, then it is allowed to provide for the installation of valves for pressure control instead of the diaphragm.

The diameter of the openings of the control diaphragms is recommended to be determined by the formula

(17)

8.7. In systems with the same resistance of sectional units or risers, the total pressure loss in the supply and circulation pipelines within the limits between the first and last risers at circulation flow rates should be 1.6 times higher than the pressure loss in the sectional unit or riser when the circulation is misadjusted = 1.3.

The diameters of the pipelines of the circulation risers should be determined in accordance with the requirements of clause 7.6, provided that, at the circulation flow rates in the risers or sectional assemblies, determined in accordance with clause 8.2, the pressure loss between the points of their connection to the distribution supply and collection circulation pipelines does not differ more than 10%.

8.8. In hot water supply systems connected to closed heating networks, pressure losses in sectional units at the estimated circulation flow should be taken as 0.03-0.06 MPa (0.3-0.6 kgf / sq. cm).

8.9. In hot water supply systems with direct water intake from the pipelines of the heating network, the pressure loss in the pipeline network should be determined taking into account the pressure in the return pipeline of the heating network.

The pressure loss in the circulation ring of the pipelines of the system at the circulation flow should, as a rule, not exceed 0.02 MPa (0.2 kgf / sq. cm).

8.10. In shower rooms with more than three shower nets, the distribution pipeline should, as a rule, be provided as a loop.

One-way hot water supply may be provided for collector distribution.

8.11. When zoning hot water supply systems, it is allowed to provide for the possibility of organizing natural circulation of hot water at night in the upper zone.

Heat losses DQ, (W), in the calculated section of the supply pipeline or riser are determined by the standard specific heat loss or by calculation using the formula:

where TO - heat transfer coefficient of insulated pipeline, K=11.6 W / (m 2 - ° C); t g cf - average water temperature in the system, t g cf, \u003d (t n + t k) / 2,°C; t n, - temperature at the outlet of the heater (hot water temperature at the entrance to the building), °С; t to - temperature at the most remote water-folding device, °С; h- Thermal insulation efficiency (0.6); / - length of the pipeline section, m; dH- outer diameter of the pipeline, m; t 0 - ambient temperature, °C.

Water temperature at the most remote water tap t to should be taken 5 °C below the water temperature at the inlet to the building or at the outlet of the heater.

Ambient temperature t0 when laying pipelines in furrows, vertical channels, communication shafts and shafts of sanitary cabins, it should be taken equal to 23 ° C, in bathrooms - 25 ° C, in kitchens and toilet rooms of residential buildings, hostels and hotels - 21 ° C.

Heating of bathrooms is carried out by heated towel rails, therefore heat losses of heated towel rails in the amount of 100p(W), where 100 W is the average heat transfer from one heated towel rail, P - the number of heated towel rails connected to the riser.

When determining the circulation flow rates of water, heat losses by circulation pipelines are not taken into account. However, when calculating hot water supply systems with heated towel rails on circulating risers, it is advisable to add the heat transfer of heated towel rails to the sum of heat losses by the supply heat pipelines. This increases the circulation flow of water, improves heating of heated towel rails and heating of bathrooms. The results of the calculation are entered in the table.

åQp=5591.598 W

Hydraulic calculation of circulation pipelines

The circulation flow of water in the hot water supply system G c (kg / h), is distributed in proportion to the total heat loss:

where åQ c - total heat loss by all supply pipelines, W; Dt - water temperature drop in the supply pipelines of the hot water supply system, Dt=t g -t to =5°C; c is the heat capacity of water, J/(kg°C).

The circulation flow rates of water in the main sections of the hot water supply system consist of the circulation flow rates of the sections and risers, which are located ahead in the direction of water movement.

Riser 1:

Plot 2

Riser 2:

Plot 3:

Riser 3:

Plot 4:

Hydraulic calculation of circulation pipelines of an open hot water supply system.

We determine the discrepancy between pressure losses in two directions through the near and far risers according to the formula: DH cf - pressure loss in the water meter, m; H St - disposable free pressure at the bath mixer (3m); DH cm - losses in the mixer (5 m); N g - the geometric height of the water rise from the axis of the pipeline at the inlet to the axis of the highest located water-folding device (24.2 m).

The water meter is selected according to the water flow at the inlet G and conditional diameter Dy on . Head loss in a water meter DH mid(m) are determined by the formula:

where S is the hydraulic resistance of the water meter, taken according to, (0.32 m / (l / s 2)). We accept the water meter VK-20.

Excess pressure at the input:

Bibliography.

1. Building codes and regulations. SNiP 3.05.01-85. Internal sanitary systems. M: Stroyizdat, 1986.

2. Building codes and regulations. SNiP 2.04.01-85. Internal plumbing and sewerage of buildings. Moscow: Stroyizdat, 1986.

3. Building codes and regulations. SNiP II-34-76. Hot water supply. Moscow: Stroyizdat, 1976.

4. Designer's Handbook. Heating, plumbing, sewerage / Ed. I. G. Staroverova. - M.: Stroyizdat, 1976. part 1.

5. Handbook of heat supply and ventilation / R. V. Shchekin, S. M. Korenevsky, G. E. Bem and others - Kyiv: Budivelnik, 1976. Part 1.

6. Heat supply: Textbook for universities / A. A. Ionin, B. M. Khlybov and others; Ed. A. A. Ionina. Moscow: Stroyizdat, 1982.

7. Heat supply (course design): Textbook for universities on special. "Heat and gas supply and ventilation" / V. M. Kopko, N. K. Zaitseva and others; Ed. V. M. Kopko. - Mn.: Higher. school, 1985.

8. Heat supply: Textbook for university students / V. E. Kozin, T. A. Levina, A. P. Markov and others - M .: Higher. school, 1980.

9. Zinger N. M. Hydraulic and thermal regimes of heating systems. - M.: Energoatomizdat, 1986.

10. Sokolov E.Ya. Heat supply and heat networks. - M.: MPEI Publishing House, 2001.

11. Adjustment and operation of water heating networks: Reference book / V. I. Manyuk, Ya. I. Kaplinsky, E. B. Hizh and others - M .: Stroyizdat, 1988.

2.2 Determination of heat losses and circulation costs in the supply pipelines of the hot water supply system

Circulation consumption of hot water in the system, l / s:

,(2.14)

where> is the total heat loss by the supply pipelines of the DHW system, kW;

The temperature difference in the supply pipelines of the system to the most remote draw-off point, , is assumed to be 10;

Circulation misalignment coefficient, accepted1

For a system with variable resistance of circulation risers, the value is determined by supply pipelines and water risers at = 10 and = 1

Heat losses in areas, kW, are determined by the formula

Where: q - heat loss of 1 m of pipeline, W / m, taken according to Appendix 7 AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA

l - length of the pipeline section, m, taken according to the drawing

When calculating the heat loss of sections of water risers, the heat loss of a heated towel rail is taken equal to 100 W, while its length is excluded from the length of the floor riser. For convenience, the calculation of heat losses is summarized in one table 2 with the hydraulic calculation of the network.

Determine the heat loss for the entire system as a whole. For convenience, it is assumed that the risers located on the plan in mirror reflection are equal to each other. Then the heat loss of the risers located to the left of the input will be equal to:

1.328*2+0.509+1.303*2+2.39*2+2.432*2+2.244=15.659 kW

And the risers located on the right:

1.328*2+(0.509-0.144) +2.39*2+(0.244-0.155) =7.89 kW

The total heat loss to the house will be 23.55 kW.

Let's define the circulation flow:

l/s

Let us determine the calculated second flow rate of hot water, l/s, in sections 45 and 44. To do this, we determine the ratio qh/qcir, for sections 44 and 45 it is equal to 4.5 and 5.5, respectively. According to Appendix 5, the coefficient Kcir=0 in both cases, therefore, the preliminary calculation is final.

To ensure circulation, a WILO Star-RS 30/7 circulation pump is provided

2.3 Water meter selection

acc. with item p a) item 3.4 we check the condition 1.36m<5м, условие выполняется, принимаем крыльчатый водомер METRON Ду 50 мм.

3. Calculation and design of the sewerage system

The sewerage system is designed to remove from the building pollution generated in the process of sanitary and hygienic procedures, economic activities, as well as atmospheric and melt water. The internal sewer network consists of discharge pipelines, risers, outlets, exhaust part, cleaning devices. Outlet pipes are used to drain wastewater from sanitary appliances and transfer them to the riser. Outlet pipes are connected to the water seals of sanitary appliances and laid with a slope towards the riser. The risers are designed to transport wastewater to the sewer outlet. They collect drains from outlet pipes and must have a diameter not less than the largest diameter of the outlet pipe or outlet of the device connected to the riser.

In this project, the intra-apartment wiring is made of socketed PVC pipes with a diameter of 50 mm, risers with a diameter of 100 mm are made of cast iron, also connected by sockets. Connection to the risers is carried out using crosses and tees. Revisions and cleanings are provided on the network to remove blockages.

3.1 Determination of estimated sewerage costs

Total maximum design water flow:

Where: - water consumption by the device, taken equal to 0.3 l / s acc. with adj.4; - coefficient depending on the total number of devices and the probability of their use Рtot

, (7)

Where: - the total consumption rate per hour of the highest water consumption, l, taken in accordance with Appendix 4 equal to 20

The number of water consumers, equal to 104 * 4.2 people

Number of sanitary fixtures, accepted 416 on assignment

Then, the product N*=416*0.019=7.9, therefore, =3.493

The resulting value is less than 8l/s, therefore, the maximum second wastewater flow:

Where: - flow rate from a sanitary - technical device with the highest drainage, l / s, taken according to Appendix 2 for a toilet bowl with a flush tank equal to 1.6

3.2 Calculation of risers

The water consumption for risers K1-1, K1-2, K1-5, K1-6 will be the same, since an equal number of devices are connected to these risers, each with 52 devices.

We accept a riser diameter of 100 mm, a floor outlet diameter of 100 mm, and a floor outlet angle of 90°. Maximum throughput 3.2 l/s. Estimated flow rate 2.95 l/s. Therefore, the riser operates in normal hydraulic mode.

The water consumption for risers K1-3, K1-4 will be the same, since an equal number of devices are connected to these risers, each with 104 devices.

To maintain a constant temperature at water taps in residential and public buildings, hot water is circulated between the taps and the heat generator. The value of the circulation flow is determined during the thermal calculation of the central heating network. Depending on the value of the circulation flow in the design sections, the diameters of the circulation pipelines are assigned. The amount of heat loss by the central heating system is determined as the sum of heat losses in the network sections according to the formula

where - specific heat loss of 1 linear meter of the pipeline.

When designing central heating systems with sectional heat loss units, 1 linear meter of pipeline can be taken, according to, depending on the type of pipeline, the place and method of its laying. Heat losses of 1 p.m of pipes are given in Appendix 2. Heat losses by insulated pipelines of the quarterly network under various laying conditions are given in Appendix 3.

The circulation flow of hot water, according to clause 8.2 in the system, is determined by the formula:

, l/s,

where Q ht - heat loss by pipelines of hot water supply, kW;

t is the temperature difference in the supply pipelines of the system from the water heater to the most remote draw-off point, С;

 is the coefficient of circulation misalignment.

Values ​​Q ht and  are taken at the same resistance of section nodes

Dt = 8.5С and b = 1.3.

In accordance with the recommendations of clause 9.16, we provide for thermal insulation of supply and circulation pipelines, including risers, except for connections to appliances and heated towel rails. As thermal insulation, we accept molded mineral wool cylinders manufactured by Rokwool Russia.

Heat losses are determined for all supply pipelines of the hot water supply system. The calculation is carried out in the form of table 4. Specific heat losses are taken according to appendices 2 and 3.

3.3. Hydraulic calculation of supply pipelines when submitting circulation calculations

The hydraulic calculation of the supply pipelines for the passage of circulation flow through them is carried out in the absence of water intake. The value of the circulation flow is determined by the formula

, l/s.

For section nodes with the same resistance, we accept Dt = 8.5 ° C and b = 1.3.

l/s,

l/s*.

The circulation flow from the water heater is supplied through the supply pipelines and water risers and discharged through the circulation risers and circulation main pipelines to the water heater. Since the risers are the same, in order to replenish heat losses with pipes, the same circulation flow must pass through each water riser.

We determine the value of the circulation flow passing through the riser:

, l/s,

where n st is the number of water risers in a residential building.

The hydraulic calculation of the supply and circulation pipelines is carried out according to the calculated direction relative to the dictating point. Specific pressure losses are taken according to Appendix 1. The results of the calculation are shown in Table 5.

On payment for thermal energy in the non-heating period
In the summer, in the receipts of St. Petersburg residents for housing and communal services, the line “loss of thermal energy in hot water” appeared. The wording of the position may differ, but the essence is the same - with the transition to seasonal payment for heating, it became necessary to pay for the consumption of thermal energy associated with heat transfer through risers and heated towel rails. For example, in a letter from the Housing Committee of St. Petersburg, an explanation is given "on the procedure for paying for thermal energy for the circulation of hot water through heated towel rails." The problem is that, in accordance with the existing legislation and regulatory framework, tariffs for thermal energy, including those for hot water supply, can only be set in rubles/Gcal. Heat supply organizations (GUP "TEK SPb", TGC) do just that, issuing invoices for thermal energy according to the readings of metering stations in Gcal at established tariffs (prices). And the payment to residents for hot water is made according to the readings of apartment meters or according to the consumption standard in cubic meters, which leads to a significant difference between the cost of thermal energy and the cost of hot water. This difference can be more than 30%. But what was it like before? During the period when the payment for heating was charged, the additional consumption of thermal energy for risers and heated towel rails was taken into account in the payment for heating, the so-called ONE. But according to the Rules approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of April 16, 2013 No. 344, the payment for heating at the ODN was canceled. In accordance with the Rules, the calculation of the amount of payment for utilities is based on the actual volumes of consumption of communal resources in accordance with the readings of common house meters (ODPU). From which it follows that all thermal energy must be paid in full. As they say, you have to pay your bills. The rules developed by the Ministry of Regional Development do not provide for the payment of these costs. At present, the Ministry of Regional Development of the Russian Federation is developing appropriate changes related to the indicated heat consumption, to be included in the Decrees of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 306 and No. 354. Prior to the introduction of these changes, the Committee on Tariffs of St. design consumption 0.06 Gcal/cub. m for the article "thermal energy for heating water for hot water supply". (Letter No. 01-14-1573 / 13-0-1 dated 06/17/2013) Thus, the line that appeared in the receipt is legitimate and fully complies with the requirements of Art. 7 and article 39 of the Housing Code of the Russian Federation.
It is published on the website of the UK.

SNiP 2.04.01-85*

Building regulations

Internal plumbing and sewerage of buildings.

Systems of internal cold and hot water supply

WATER PIPES

8. Calculation of the hot water plumbing network

8.1. Hydraulic calculation of hot water systems should be made for the estimated flow of hot water

Taking into account the circulation flow, l / s, determined by the formula

(14)

where is the coefficient taken: for water heaters and the initial sections of systems up to the first standpipe according to the mandatory appendix 5;

for other sections of the network - equal to 0.

8.2. The circulation flow of hot water in the system, l / s, should be determined by the formula

(15)

where is the coefficient of circulation misalignment;

Heat losses by pipelines of hot water supply, kW;

Temperature difference in the supply pipelines of the system from the water heater to the most remote draw-off point, °C.

The values ​​and depending on the hot water supply scheme should be taken:

for systems that do not provide for the circulation of water through the risers, the value should be determined by the supply and distributing pipelines at = 10 ° C and = 1;

for systems in which water circulation is provided through water risers with variable resistance of circulation risers, the value should be determined by supply distributing pipelines and water risers at = 10 ° C and = 1; with the same resistance of sectional nodes or risers, the value should be determined by the water risers at = 8.5 ° C and = 1.3;

for a water riser or a sectional unit, heat losses should be determined along the supply pipelines, including the annular jumper, assuming = 8.5 ° С and = 1.

8.3. Pressure loss in sections of pipelines of hot water supply systems should be determined:

for systems where it is not required to take into account the overgrowth of pipes - in accordance with clause 7.7;

for systems taking into account the overgrowth of pipes - according to the formula

where i - specific pressure loss, taken in accordance with the recommended application 6;

The coefficient taking into account the pressure loss in local resistances, the values ​​​​of which should be taken:

0.2 - for supply and circulation distribution pipelines;

0.5 - for pipelines within heating points, as well as for pipelines of water risers with heated towel rails;

0.1 - for pipelines of water risers without heated towel rails and circulation risers.

8.4. The speed of water movement should be taken in accordance with paragraph 7.6.

8.5. The pressure loss in the supply and circulation pipelines from the water heater to the most remote water or circulation risers of each branch of the system should not differ for different branches by more than 10%.

8.6. If it is impossible to link the pressures in the pipeline network of hot water supply systems by appropriate selection of pipe diameters, it should be provided for the installation of temperature controllers or diaphragms on the circulation pipeline of the system.

The aperture diameter should not be less than 10 mm. If, according to the calculation, the diameter of the diaphragms must be taken less than 10 mm, then it is allowed to provide for the installation of valves for pressure control instead of the diaphragm.

The diameter of the openings of the control diaphragms is recommended to be determined by the formula

(17)

8.7. In systems with the same resistance of sectional units or risers, the total pressure loss in the supply and circulation pipelines within the limits between the first and last risers at circulation flow rates should be 1.6 times higher than the pressure loss in the sectional unit or riser when the circulation is misadjusted = 1.3.

The diameters of the pipelines of the circulation risers should be determined in accordance with the requirements of clause 7.6, provided that, at the circulation flow rates in the risers or sectional assemblies, determined in accordance with clause 8.2, the pressure loss between the points of their connection to the distribution supply and collection circulation pipelines does not differ more than 10%.

8.8. In hot water supply systems connected to closed heating networks, pressure losses in sectional units at the estimated circulation flow should be taken as 0.03-0.06 MPa (0.3-0.6 kgf / sq. cm).

8.9. In hot water supply systems with direct water intake from the pipelines of the heating network, the pressure loss in the pipeline network should be determined taking into account the pressure in the return pipeline of the heating network.

The pressure loss in the circulation ring of the pipelines of the system at the circulation flow should, as a rule, not exceed 0.02 MPa (0.2 kgf / sq. cm).

8.10. In shower rooms with more than three shower nets, the distribution pipeline should, as a rule, be provided as a loop.

One-way hot water supply may be provided for collector distribution.

8.11. When zoning hot water supply systems, it is allowed to provide for the possibility of organizing natural circulation of hot water at night in the upper zone.

A new column has appeared in utility bills - hot water supply. It caused bewilderment among users, because not everyone understands what it is and why it is necessary to make payments on this line. There are also apartment owners who cross out the column. This entails the accumulation of debt, penalties, fines and even litigation. In order not to take things to extremes, you need to know what hot water is, hot water heat and why you need to pay for these indicators.

What is DHW in the receipt?

DHW - this designation stands for hot water supply. Its purpose is to provide apartments in apartment buildings and other residential premises with hot water at an acceptable temperature, but DHW is not hot water itself, but thermal energy that is spent on heating water to an acceptable temperature.

Experts divide hot water systems into two types:

• Central system. Here, water is heated at a thermal power plant. After that, it is distributed to the apartments of apartment buildings.
• Autonomous system. It is commonly used in private homes. The principle of operation is the same as in the central system, but here the water is heated in a boiler or boiler and is used only for the needs of one particular room.

Both systems have the same goal - to provide homeowners with hot water. In apartment buildings, a central system is usually used, but many users install a boiler in case the hot water is turned off, as has often happened in practice. An autonomous system is installed where it is not possible to connect to the central water supply. Only those consumers who use the central heating system pay for hot water supply. Users of an autonomous circuit pay for utility resources that are spent to heat the coolant - gas or electricity.

Important! Another in the column in the receipt associated with the hot water supply is the hot water supply at the ODN. Deciphering ODN - common house needs. This means that the DHW column on the ODN is the expenditure of energy for heating water used for the general needs of all residents of an apartment building.

These include:

• technical work that is performed before the heating season;
• pressure testing of the heating system, carried out after repair;
• repair work;
• heating of common areas.

hot water law

The DHW Law was adopted in 2013. Government Decree number 406 states that users of the central heating system are required to pay a two-component tariff. This suggests that the tariff was divided into two elements:

• thermal energy;
• cold water.

This is how hot water appeared in the receipt, that is, the thermal energy spent on heating cold water. Housing and communal services specialists came to the conclusion that risers and heated towel rails, which are connected to the hot water circuit, consume thermal energy to heat non-residential premises. Until 2013, this energy was not taken into account in receipts, and consumers used it for decades free of charge, since outside the heating season, air heating in the bathroom continued. Based on this, officials divided the tariff into two components, and now citizens have to pay for hot water.

Water heating equipment

The equipment that heats the liquid is a water heater. Its breakdown does not affect the tariff for hot water, but users must pay the cost of repairing equipment, since water heaters are part of the property of homeowners in an apartment building. The corresponding amount will appear on the receipt for the maintenance and repair of the property.

Important! This payment should be carefully considered by the owners of those apartments that do not use hot water, since an autonomous heating system is installed in their housing. Housing and communal services specialists do not always pay attention to this, simply distributing the amount for repairing a water heater among all citizens.

As a result, such apartment owners have to pay for equipment that they did not use. If you find an increase in the tariff for the repair and maintenance of property, you need to find out what it is connected with and contact the management company for recalculation if the payment is calculated incorrectly.

Component "thermal energy"

What is it - a component for a coolant? This is cold water heating. A metering device is not installed on the thermal energy component, unlike hot water. For this reason, it is impossible to calculate this indicator by the counter. How is the thermal energy for hot water calculated in this case? When calculating the payment, the following points are taken into account:

• the tariff that is set for hot water supply;
• expenses spent on the maintenance of the system;
• the cost of heat loss in the circuit;
• the costs spent on the transfer of the coolant.

Important! The calculation of the cost of hot water is carried out taking into account the volume of water used, which is measured in 1 cubic meter.

The energy charge is usually calculated based on the value of the readings of the common hot water meter and the amount of energy in the hot water. Energy is also calculated for each individual apartment. For this, water consumption data are taken, which are learned from the meter readings, and multiplied by the specific consumption of thermal energy. The received data is multiplied by the tariff. This figure is the required contribution, which is indicated in the receipt.

How to make an independent calculation

Not all users trust the settlement center, which is why the question arises of how to calculate the cost of hot water supply on your own. The resulting indicator is compared with the amount in the receipt and, based on this, a conclusion is made about the correctness of the charges.

To calculate the cost of hot water, you need to know the tariff for thermal energy. The amount is also affected by the presence or absence of a meter. If it is, then the readings are taken from the counter. In the absence of a meter, the standard for the consumption of thermal energy used to heat water is taken. Such a standard indicator is set by an energy-saving organization.

If an energy consumption meter is installed in a multi-storey building and the housing has a hot water meter, then the amount for hot water supply is calculated based on the data of general house accounting and the subsequent proportional distribution of the coolant among apartments. In the absence of a meter, the rate of energy consumption per 1 cubic meter of water and the readings of individual meters are taken.

Complaint due to incorrect invoice calculation

If, after self-calculation of the amount of contributions for hot water supply, a difference is revealed, it is necessary to contact the management company for clarification. If the employees of the organization refuse to give explanations on this matter, it is necessary to submit a written claim. Her company employees have no right to ignore. A response must be received within 13 business days.

Important! If no response was received or it is not clear from it why such a situation arose, then the citizen has the right to file a claim with the prosecutor's office or a statement of claim in court. The court will consider the case and make an appropriate objective decision. You can also contact the organizations that control the activities of the management company. Here the complaint of the subscriber will be considered and an appropriate decision will be made.

Electricity used for water heating is not a free service. The fee for it is charged on the basis of the Housing Code of the Russian Federation. Each citizen can independently calculate the amount of this payment and compare the received data with the amount in the receipt. In the event of an inaccuracy, please contact the management company. In this case, the difference will be made up if the error is acknowledged.

2.2 Determination of heat losses and circulation costs in the supply pipelines of the hot water supply system

Circulation flow rate of hot water in the system, l/s:

,(2.14)

where> is the total heat loss by the supply pipelines of the DHW system, kW;

The temperature difference in the supply pipelines of the system to the most remote draw-off point, taken 10;

Circulation misalignment coefficient, accepted1

For a system with variable resistance of circulation risers, the value is determined by supply pipelines and water risers at = 10 and = 1

Heat losses in areas, kW, are determined by the formula

Where: q - heat loss of 1 m of the pipeline, W / m, taken according to appendix 7

l - length of the pipeline section, m, taken according to the drawing

When calculating the heat loss of sections of water risers, the heat loss of a heated towel rail is taken equal to 100 W, while its length is excluded from the length of the floor riser. For convenience, the calculation of heat losses is summarized in one table 2 with the hydraulic calculation of the network.

Determine the heat loss for the entire system as a whole. For convenience, it is assumed that the risers located on the plan in mirror reflection are equal to each other. Then the heat loss of the risers located to the left of the input will be equal to:

1.328*2+0.509+1.303*2+2.39*2+2.432*2+2.244=15.659 kW

And the risers located on the right:

1.328*2+(0.509-0.144) +2.39*2+(0.244-0.155) =7.89 kW

The total heat loss to the house will be 23.55 kW.

Let's define the circulation flow:

l/s

Let us determine the calculated second flow rate of hot water, l/s, in sections 45 and 44. To do this, we determine the ratio qh/qcir, for sections 44 and 45 it is equal to 4.5 and 5.5, respectively. According to Appendix 5, the coefficient Kcir=0 in both cases, therefore, the preliminary calculation is final.

To ensure circulation, a WILO Star-RS 30/7 circulation pump is provided

2.3 Water meter selection

acc. with item p a) item 3.4 we check the condition 1.36m

3. Calculation and design of the sewerage system

The sewerage system is designed to remove from the building pollution generated in the process of sanitary and hygienic procedures, economic activities, as well as atmospheric and melt water. The internal sewer network consists of discharge pipelines, risers, outlets, exhaust part, cleaning devices. Outlet pipes are used to drain wastewater from sanitary appliances and transfer them to the riser. Outlet pipes are connected to the water seals of sanitary appliances and laid with a slope towards the riser. The risers are designed to transport wastewater to the sewer outlet. They collect drains from outlet pipes and must have a diameter not less than the largest diameter of the outlet pipe or outlet of the device connected to the riser.

In this project, the intra-apartment wiring is made of socketed PVC pipes with a diameter of 50 mm, risers with a diameter of 100 mm are made of cast iron, also connected by sockets. Connection to the risers is carried out using crosses and tees. Revisions and cleanings are provided on the network to remove blockages.

3.1 Determination of estimated sewerage costs

Total maximum design water flow:

Where: - water consumption by the device, taken equal to 0.3 l / s acc. with adj.4; - coefficient depending on the total number of devices and the probability of their use Рtot

, (7)

Where: - the total consumption rate per hour of the highest water consumption, l, taken in accordance with Appendix 4 equal to 20

The number of water consumers, equal to 104 * 4.2 people

Number of sanitary fixtures, accepted 416 on assignment

Then, the product N*=416*0.019=7.9, therefore, =3.493

The resulting value is less than 8l/s, therefore, the maximum second wastewater flow:

Where: - flow rate from a sanitary - technical device with the highest drainage, l / s, taken according to Appendix 2 for a toilet bowl with a flush tank equal to 1.6

3.2 Calculation of risers

The water consumption for risers K1-1, K1-2, K1-5, K1-6 will be the same, since an equal number of devices are connected to these risers, each with 52 devices.

We accept a riser diameter of 100 mm, a floor outlet diameter of 100 mm, and a floor outlet angle of 90°. Maximum throughput 3.2 l/s. Estimated flow rate 2.95 l/s. Therefore, the riser operates in normal hydraulic mode.

The water consumption for risers K1-3, K1-4 will be the same, since an equal number of devices are connected to these risers, each with 104 devices.