Fantasy made of plastic and metal ... or how to make a motorcycle with your own hands? In Moscow, bikers presented their cars. Every detail matters when the footrest is skeletonized and the frame resembles a bass guitar.
Smiles on the faces of stern men in leather jackets and bandanas appear only when it comes to motorcycles. All models are made by hand, inside and out. Presenting their work, bikers get excited, like kids at a matinee in kindergarten.
Omar Volpyansky: “It turned out to be light and weightless. If you sit down on a motorcycle and look from the side, then the saddle under the driver is not visible. It looks like it's just hanging in the air."
"God knows what!" - this is the first reaction of visitors when they glance at the next model. This is no longer a motorcycle and not yet a car - Alexander Ermikhin's Fantasy from plastic and metal. It took almost a year to create it. Nothing on the dashboard except the speedometer.
Alexander Ermikhin: “He just needs to know how fast he is going. In general, there is nothing more interesting here, because here everything is done so correctly and competently that there is no need to show either oil pressure or temperature.
Modern Screws and Shpuntiks, lovingly polishing their motorcycles to a shine, are called customizers.
Alexander Keller: “Customizers are people who mock, mock motorcycles, giving them an unusual form and content.”
For ten years in Russia, customizing has turned from a garage hobby into an industry. But do not confuse it with tuning. Tuning is an improvement of the finished one, and customizers build from scratch, and every little thing is important here.
If the body of the motorcycle is decorated with skulls, then the footboard is in the form of a skeleton. But it also comes in the form of a chicken leg. It seems that this model was liked by the star of the TV channel "Discovery" (Discovery), the legend of American customizing Eddie Troth.
Eddie Trot, Jury President: “A couple of years ago I thought that Russian customizers were a bit behind the rest of the world. Now I see that this is not the case."
It is almost useless to torture the customizers how they manage to come up with all this - on a hunch, from dreams, “sit down and draw”. One of the options sounded like this: "We once listened to the song" Do not bend under the changing world "".
As poets dedicate their poems to someone, so customizers address their works to specific people. So, one model, for example, is a dedication to musicians from the Time Machine group. The bass guitar that carries part of the frame is real: it plays when plugged in. But only musicians have the right to sit behind the wheel of this handsome man.
Customizers do not hide their motives - this is a desire to stand out. And, of course, not a single representative of the fair sex can resist a man on such a motorcycle.
Still not fast enough? There are 9 ways that will turn a motorcycle, if not into lightning, then into the wind - that's for sure. Below are the cheapest and most affordable ways to make the bike more dynamic and powerful.
1. Exhaust processing and installation of a power control unit
Installing a tuning exhaust system, reworking the fuel mapping on a motorcycle will significantly reduce its weight (as parts of advanced systems are made of light alloys). In addition, such an upgrade will improve throttle response, add power, increase torque. It will also make your bike look more stylish, which adds a little more to the feeling of speed and power.
2. Suspension
If the motorcycle is not equipped with an adjustable suspension, then it is worth installing it - it will completely change the riding style. The ability to adjust compression and damping settings based on rider weight will help you adapt to maneuvering at high speeds.
You can buy a good suspension setup from the Race Tech brand. But if there are no funds for this, you should pick up a set of equipment at the disassembly and install it on the bike. Here the front of the motorcycle deserves special attention. Over time, you can upgrade the rear suspension. So tuning does not require impressive investments.
3. Professional suspension tuning
Regardless of the cost of a new suspension, after installing it, you may feel that it does not work well enough. And the point here is not in materials or factory defects, but in the need for professional tuning. This is what allows you to squeeze the maximum out of modernization. Therefore, you should not save money on the last step to the cherished speed and dynamics, but you need to look for specialists who will help you take it.
Important! Trust tuning the suspension should be specialists with a proven track record and qualifications.
4. Replacing rims
Wheels are a piece of equipment that many manufacturing companies save on. Heavy discs are an irreducible mass that will not allow even the most advanced and fantastic suspension to reduce the negative impact on driving performance. If you install a good set of wheels, the difference will immediately become noticeable. There are many great options on the market in different price ranges.
5. Tire selection
Now that you have light or ultra-light rims on your bike, you need to put some really good tires on them. But it should be understood that tires have different characteristics - some provide excellent stability, others are good at extreme slopes during cornering. Almost all online forums dedicated to motorcycles have a separate section where tires are discussed. So it's worth taking the time to learn from people's experiences. But here you can not do without trial and error. Otherwise, you will not find those tires that are ideal for the driver and match his driving style.
6. Replacing the brake system
Installing new brake pads and steel brake lines is an effective means of increasing speed and dynamics. But with high inertial loads, stopping the bike will not be an easy task, and improved disc brakes are required to implement it. The bigger and lighter they are, the better. For example, Galfer makes just such kits for bikes.
7. Engine tuning
Up to 20% of the power to the motorcycle will be added by flashing the power unit. But to do this without damaging the motor, you need a qualified specialist. Before solving this problem, you should weigh all the pros and cons, since after the tuning, the management style will change. It also makes no sense to reflash engines of top modifications.
8. Buy or build your dream bike
To save time on tuning, you can immediately buy a powerful motorcycle of the latest modification. But if there are no funds to purchase such a device, you need to buy a cheap, low-powered motorcycle and gradually, on your own, turn it into a two-wheeled dream.
Today's article from the motorcycle device series is dedicated to frames. Without this important knot, our two-wheeled friends would turn into unguided projectiles, which are sausage from side to side at the slightest attempt by the rider to influence the trajectory of movement. Yes, and it is necessary to somehow tie together all the other structural elements!
In general, whatever one may say, a frame is a necessary thing. And although lately designers have been trying in every possible way to refute this statement, it is still very far from the widespread abandonment of the frame (if it ever happens at all). Let's look at the points common to all design options, and then move on to the specifics.
Don't let it fall apart
The frame is designed to perform many functions that can be roughly divided into "structural" and "geometric". On the structural side, the frame is there to house and mount the engine, transmission, suspension, and so on. To do this, the frame must be rigid, strong, and as light as possible. The geometric role of the frame is to provide the necessary parameters for the geometry of the suspension and steering (these characteristics are described in the second part of the material on the front suspension device), the wheelbase and the position of the center of gravity. There is also an unobvious, but very important point - it is the frame that ensures the location of the wheels on the same line.
It also requires the frame to be stiff enough to resist cornering forces during acceleration and deceleration - all without input from the steering and suspension. All of the above has been defining since the appearance of the first motorcycle frames. If there is no necessary rigidity, the front wheel can shift relative to the rear wheel - ranging from small to very dangerous.
A weak frame will not only make the rider feel bad while riding, it will negate all the benefits of a great engine. After all, if the bike is constantly sausage, the pilot will not be able to drive aggressively and assertively, and more technically advanced rivals will bypass him. A well-known fact, confirmed by many examples from sports, is that many victories have been achieved due to the advantages precisely in terms of the frame, even despite the use of a not very powerful motor.
However, sport is one thing, and civilian riding is quite another. In the latter case, the cost and shape of the frame are of the same importance as other characteristics. There is no doubt that a beautifully built frame will transform a car that was not originally shiny. This is noticeable in small-scale production, where it is possible to pay attention to the smallest details and hone technologies to a shine. Therefore, tuning frames will always be popular among the small circle of perfectionist riders who want to push their bike's handling to the limit.
With the advent of the Moto2 racing class, the production of refined and thoughtful frames has entered a new round. After all, now manufacturers have the opportunity to test their developments in the most severe crucible of top-level competitions. Industry veterans such as Harris and Moriwaki have been joined by new names such as RSV, who previously only dealt with the design of elements for aircraft structures. Knowledge, skill, intuition, even inspiration - all this is very important in such a difficult matter as balancing handling characteristics. And it doesn’t matter if it’s a Grand Prix projectile or a road “workhorse”.
Half a kilo back, three ahead
And work begins on the future "cocoon" for the elements of the machine with the distribution of weight and setting the position of the center of gravity. The design of the motorcycle does not allow much roaming in the matter of the placement of large components, such as the fuel tank, engine, rear and front suspensions. Fortunately, this arrangement of nodes is quite successful in terms of weight distribution.
The center of gravity has a huge impact on two main indicators: firstly, acceleration and braking, and secondly, cornering. When designers choose the position of the center of gravity, they are primarily guided by issues of acceleration and deceleration, and only then - cornering. If you think a little, another conclusion will also appear - the center of gravity determines the degree of redistribution of weight during acceleration-deceleration, which means that it directly affects the coefficient of adhesion of tires to the canvas.
With an ideal center of gravity, rear wheel slip during acceleration would only begin when the front wheel was off the ground. Similarly, the blocking of the front wheel during braking would only begin when the rear wheel is off the ground.
One can only imagine the titanic work of designers working on racing motorcycles - after all, these bikes spend a lot of time on one wheel! It is enough to watch slow motion replays, when MotoGP riders in the braking zone lift the rear wheel off the ground, but the front tire remains in contact with the asphalt. The amount of tire adhesion to the road is also affected by the length of the wheelbase: if it is increased with the center of gravity unchanged, then grip will actually decrease due to the relative angles between the wheels.
We think further. When cornering, it is desirable (no, for the rider's peace of mind - even necessary!) to ensure that the front and rear tires have the same grip on the asphalt. From this it follows that the center of gravity should be equidistant from the wheels, that is, be in the middle of the wheelbase. But the height of the center of gravity is always a compromise. The high center of gravity provides better tire grip, which allows for more intense acceleration and braking in corners, as well as a smaller turning radius. However, with a low center of gravity, inertia about the roll axis decreases, in other words, the steering becomes more sensitive. Such a bike in motion feels less heavy, more nimble and easier to handle at low speeds and in a skid.
One way or another, there is no ideal solution that applies to all situations regarding the height of the center of gravity. Therefore, it is selected based on the purpose and "habitat" of the motorcycle.
Having understood what we need from the future frame, let's choose the most optimal material for it and give the structural elements the desired shape.
Difficulties of choice
Initially, when the experience of building frames was just beginning to take shape, manufacturers tried everything in a row. Segments of steel pipes were fastened at various points with brackets that formed the steering column and suspension arm attachment points. Prior to the widespread use of welding, pipes were covered with solder, then inserted into the tides of brackets and heated. Of course, such "native" methods did not have a very good effect on the rigidity of the structure, therefore, with the spread of welding, the frame manufacturing process began to be approached differently.
If for aluminum and steel welding remains the most preferred method of joining, then it is no longer suitable for composite materials. And in general, with composites, everything is a little different, but more on that below. In the meantime, let's talk about the configuration of the frame elements.
The traditional approach is based on the use of triangular structures, this is perfectly illustrated by a simple bicycle frame, and the “birdcage” too. The rhombus formed by the frame pipes is divided into two triangles by a pipe passing between the saddle and the pedal axle. This gives the diamond-shaped frame greater rigidity and strength, and each tube remains effectively secured against bending. A similar triangle approach is used on a variety of motorcycles, from early 20th-century dinosaurs to state-of-the-art racing machines.
In those frames that are not sufficiently reinforced with triangular structures, an engine is used as a stiffening element. It is fixed at three points between the open parts of the frame. As a rule, a “rigid” engine turns out to be heavier than one that does not participate in the formation of a load-bearing structure, however, due to the lower weight of the frame, there is no overall increase in the mass of the machine.
Computer-theoretical research
Fortunately, the benefits of the development of our civilization have also affected the design of motorcycle frames. Now you can not produce dozens of different designs, discarding unsuccessful ones and improving those that are better than others to cope with the tasks. The use of our silicon brothers allows us to simulate a virtual prototype of the frame, and then subject it to various tests: set the necessary loads, check the response of the structure to vibrations.
New methods - new challenges. As a result of computer simulation, it turned out that most of the frame tubes in different planes should have different strengths. Round pipes have the same strength in all directions, while square or rectangular pipes have more strength in one direction than in the other. Therefore, where necessary, to save weight or to increase rigidity, square or rectangular tubes can be used.
It may even turn out that it is worth "straining" the engine, putting some of the loads on it. However, one should not think that they began to do this only with the advent of computer frame modeling: back in the fifties, Vincent successfully included the engine in the power circuit of the Black Shadow motorcycle - the “father” of all superbikes of our time, it was so technological, advanced and impetuous for its time. Perhaps someday we will talk about this motorcycle in more detail, but now we will talk in more detail about the various materials used in the manufacture of frames.
"Ridge" of steel
Steel has been the most widely used material ever since the motorcycle was invented. On its side - low cost and high strength. In addition, steel is easy to give the desired shape, it is easy to weld, and the maintainability of steel frames is at a high level. But when the frame requires the highest rigidity with minimal weight, then good old steel has serious competitors.
Many scooters use stamped steel parts because they are much cheaper than steel pipes. But the main problem of such elements is the corrosion of internal surfaces, due to the ingress of water into them. The frame can quietly rust from the inside, reaching such a condition, after which no repair will help.
A better alternative to steel is aluminum alloy. Its strength and weight are about three times less than steel, therefore, to create an aluminum frame that will be equivalent to steel, it will need to be increased three times. But the stiffness depends on the area of the material, and an aluminum frame of the same strength and weight as steel will actually be three times stiffer. Therefore, with increasing stiffness, there is no increase in weight.
When creating aluminum frame members with a large cross-sectional area, aluminum is extruded through a die in a semi-hardened state, obtaining a triangular or box-shaped profile, which greatly increases rigidity. In addition, it allows you to reduce the thickness of the outer walls of the profile - which has a positive effect on weight.
Casting, forging, rolling - various frame elements can be created in different ways, which means that they can be shaped to the desired shape, maintaining a balance of rigidity and weight. The “dark side” of aluminum frames is the high price compared to steel, as well as lower maintainability. A broken and “behaving” aluminum frame is very difficult to restore, and even if it succeeds, the rigidity of the structure will not return to its original level anyway.
Then begins the journey into the world of exotic materials. Magnesium, for example, has an extremely low mass, and strength is not inferior to aluminum alloy. This is where his merits end. If magnesium is not treated with expensive coatings, oxidation resistance will tend to zero. The exorbitant price and a weak desire to be welded complete the picture of this extremely interesting, but mostly poorly applicable metal.
If the element doesn't have connections - such as an engine cover or a wheel rim - then using magnesium can be considered a good choice. Although there is an example of a motorcycle in the design of which a magnesium frame was used. This is a 1986 ELF R with six different world records. From more mundane things - Yamaha YZF-R6, since 2008, carries a magnesium alloy subframe in its “tail”.
Titanium is becoming more and more widely available, being used on race bikes everywhere, and production cars occasionally get some of this silvery-white metal. In the pros of the material, we write down the strength similar to steel, supplemented by low weight and a categorical unwillingness to rust.
However, the future use of titanium is highly dependent on progress in the development of composite materials, as they perform even better. CFRP or Kevlar combined with a resinous binder, and sometimes with aluminum honeycomb structures, can provide tremendous stiffness in individual load directions. The extreme price increase is offset by the incredible rigidity of the frame - it is not surprising that "composites" are ubiquitous on bikes from Bimota, MV Agusta and the like.
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In the next article, we will talk about what types of frames are used in modern motorcycles, and also pay a little attention to the control problems that arise due to various errors in the bike's chassis. Stay with us!
Hai! How to make a motorcycle is what interests the most fanatical motorcyclists and bikers. Why? It's not about the high cost of new factory motorcycles and not even the fashion for home-made vehicles. Such a desire is rather caused by the desire to express itself, as well as to find the most customized bike for yourself.
The vse-o-moto.com team will help you with this. Below you will find a list of tips for assembling a two-wheeled do-it-yourself.
Most riders prefer riding bikes with a straight seat. Accordingly, we advise you to develop an iron horse of the classical type or a chopper. It is also desirable to take into account the fact that it is better to move the steps forward for the purpose of comfortable eating.
Creating a first-class bike from the Urals, Izh, Minsk. Sunrise and other serial iron horses, do not forget about the aesthetics of a huge steering wheel, extended over a long distance. The most attractive type of fuel tank will be "droplet". The elongated type of front fork will also add maximum beauty to your moto with your own hands.
Before you make a motorcycle, video tutorials also do not hurt to study. You need to understand what exactly from the nodes of the future bike you are able to make yourself (first of all, the frame, instrument panels, cases, plastic fairings, wheel spokes, saddle, etc.), and what you can hardly even design in the drawings (engine , wheel rims and electronics).
How to make a homemade motorcycle?
First you need to decide on the frame, but we will talk about this below. Now let's move on to the selection of the engine. There are many motor options. Internal combustion engines are produced by factories in two types: four-stroke and two-stroke. Alternatively, an electric motor can be installed. In the latter case, it is necessary to provide a lot of space for batteries (batteries) in the frame of a two-wheeled vehicle. Of the internal combustion engines, in practice they are more valued, and 4-stroke ones are also used.
You don't have to buy a new engine. By visiting transport dumps / flea markets, searching a little on the Internet on bulletin boards, you can pick up quite good options for motors and spare parts for them. It's best to polish and tune everything you find.
It is easy these days to find ready-made drawings and diagrams of unique motorcycles with your own hands from paper, from a lighter, from Lego, from the Urals, etc. Experienced customizers from TV screens will also tell you how to make a motorcycle. To this day, the "Western" media have formed a lot of interesting TV shows on this subject. You can also order custom assembly in a professional workshop by experienced mechanics who work in almost any city in our great homeland.
Where to start assembling a motorcycle with your own hands?
Having ready-made schemes for a motorcycle project at hand, as well as materials for their practical implementation, you can safely proceed to the direct processing of pipes and sheets of metal in the process of creating a frame. Each part of the chassis can be chrome-plated or painted to give it a more aesthetic appearance. For and in order to prevent corrosion of the undercarriage, this is also undertaken.
You can also create wheel rims with your own hands. Still, why "reinvent the wheel" if many compatriots know by practice how to make a motorcycle from the Urals or the Dnieper MT. using the frame, engine and electronics of the latter. By adding the rest of the unique nodes to them, you will clearly get an iron horse unlike any other.
Having installed an elongated fork (preferably adapted for the front disc brake), home-made traverses (created using a steel sheet with a thickness of several tens of millimeters), the steering wheel of the bike is mounted using brackets. Brackets are also used to mount the rear shock absorbers. They are considered a reliable base for holding the seat back. Here you can fix various wardrobe trunks and the trunk of the bike.
How to assemble a homemade motorcycle completely
A saddle for a two-wheel custom is better to choose / create a two-level type. Before creating it, you need to find a thick sheet of steel (about 2 mm). The latter will bend along the contour from the future tank to the back panel. To give the edges of the saddle more rigidity, you need to bead its sides 1 cm down. The soft part of the seat can be made of ordinary thick foam rubber. As an upholstery for all this, leather is best suited. When installing the seat, it is necessary to install rubber pads on the frame directly under it.
Also make sure that your homemade bike in the future can be put on its leg as easily as possible when parking. For these purposes, it is better to choose a side knife, which is mounted on the left side member of the frame and gains the ability to easily recline in the presence of a spring.
Not only rear-view mirrors, levers, cables should adjoin the steering wheel, but also various electrical appliances, which can be purchased along with the body in many places. The most beautiful look devices that are placed in chrome boxes / cylinders.
You need to know how to make a motorcycle with your own hands as correctly as possible even before installing the “gas” handle on the steering wheel. The latter is made with small chiseled rubber rings.
Do not forget about installing turn indicators on a homemade bike. Their absence on the motorcycle can lead to various dangers on the road. You can complement the classic set of lighting devices (headlight, stop, turn signals) by mounting small flashlights at the headlight. Additional security will be provided by the installation of safety arcs on a homemade iron horse.
Important to remember: making a motorcycle with your own hands, make sure that in the future you can register it with the road control authorities. Any major changes in the design of the bike must be registered with the traffic police / traffic police.
How are BMW motorcycle engines assembled?
Description:
The factory assembly process of the legendary boxer motor for BMW motorcycles.
How it works (Motorcycles).
Every boy dreams of building his own motorcycle and riding it like a breeze when he grows up.
Czech writer Martin Sodomka shares the little explorer's passion for mechanisms. Especially for them, he wrote an amazing book "How to build a motorcycle."
And today we will talk about it.
New technical fairy tale
How to Build a Motorcycle is the third in a series of technical tales. The first two - "How to assemble a car" and "How to assemble an airplane" - have already won the hearts of children and parents.
In the new story, the main characters - Arnie the mouse, Bill the sparrow and Christian the frog - have a new idea. This time they decided to build a motorcycle.
The story in the book is simple and engaging. As always, together with the characters, the child will follow the entire process of assembling a motorcycle, learn what it has in common with a car, and also understand such complex mechanisms as shock absorbers, brakes, clutch, gearbox and carburetor.
And, by the way, the book is a real serious reference book. But filed so fascinating that it is perceived as a fairy tale.
Down to the screw
We are sure that if you see a book - until you scroll to the end - do not stop. Each page has bright, beautiful, lively illustrations. And all the images of the details are signed. To make it easy to understand what is at stake.
And on almost every page there are detailed diagrams that tell and show how the engine works, how the wheel, steering wheel and suspension are arranged. See how everything is detailed - right down to the screw:
Just about complex
Martin Sodomka is an engineer and designer by training, so he definitely knows a lot about mechanisms. In addition, he collects retro cars himself: from the first to the last screw. And at the same time he is very well versed in children's literature and owns his own publishing house.
He brilliantly managed to combine his technical knowledge and artistic talent and write really meaningful and simple about the complex.
The texts in the book are excellent. Both interesting and understandable:
- Look: these are shock absorbers, - Karl showed. - Just like in a car, they dampen vibrations from bumps in the road so the bike doesn't bounce around like a mountain goat through hills. From above, the shock absorbers are attached to the brackets on the frame, and from below - to the pendulum.
The laws of physics
The book is really very educational. Look, this is just one illustration. Looking at it and reading the text, the child learns:
- What is ignition and how does it work?
- What is a battery and a capacitor?
- How are the headlights arranged?
- What controls the brake light and much more.
But that's not all.
The book not only explains the operation of different parts of the motorcycle, but also reveals the operation of the laws of physics. This knowledge will definitely come in handy in school.
The book "How to Build a Motorcycle" is a truly joyful gift for little tech lovers, as well as their dads. Even adults will be delighted with the technical tales of Martin Sodomka. And they will help children develop erudition and spend many interesting evenings. Isn't it great to understand the design of a motorcycle and the laws of physics at the age of 5-7? Knowledge that will be useful for a lifetime.
What can I say - a book for "real men" from the age of 6. And if dad has a motorcycle and the son sleeps and sees how to tame it, then it’s generally a godsend. It is about three fearless friends - Arnie the mouse, Bill the sparrow and Christian the frog, who have just returned from warm countries on a plane that they themselves built. This time they decided to build a real bike and race it. The titles of the book's sections sound quite grown-up: "Mechanical Drum Brake", "Engine", "Gearbox", "Wiring Diagram", etc. Each of them intelligibly describes the stages of assembling a motorcycle and outlines the structure of its parts down to the smallest details. Moms flipping through the book are sure to get lost in a sea of unfamiliar words (at least for those like me who are used to riding my husband's motorcycle only as a passenger). But in the younger generation with a technical streak, all these ball bearings, bushings and crank mechanisms cause reverent interest and a desire to look at pictures even instead of cartoons.
The unusual design of the book deserves special attention. It looks like it was lying in the garage for a couple of months, shabby in some places, taped up in some places, and covered with oil stains in some places. But, despite the visual dilapidation, the book is made very soundly, with dense matte pages, a hard cover and beautiful illustrations made by the author of the book, Martin Sodomka, with colored pencils. Holding such a publication in your hands is a real pleasure, regardless of the type of thinking, technical or humanitarian :)
All in all, a solid five. Laskava Roksolana, www.labirint.ru/reviews/goods/513343/
Bought this book on the recommendation of a friend. Somehow it’s easier for me with girls, but for a boy I’m always tormented by which book to buy. This book, as they say, is it! My car mechanic friend looked at this book and said that all the information in the book is reliable, and the book contains a lot of detailed and useful information about the motorcycle. As for the age audience of this book, the book turned out to be interesting both for a small child of 6 years old and an adult child of 30 years old))) Alisa Sazonova, www.labirint.ru/reviews/goods/513343/
Buy on OZON.ru for 489
How to assemble a motorcycle?
A motorcycle is a means of transportation, which is perhaps already more relevant than a car. On a motorcycle, numerous and protracted traffic jams can be avoided. But keep in mind that maintaining a motorcycle is not so cheap. Repairing an "iron horse" can cost you more than repairing a car.
Stage one: developing the idea of a future motorcycle
Of course, you understand that there are a great many varieties of motorcycles. First of all, determine the class of your future motorcycle. This is what will serve as the basis for choosing a style and design.
It is possible that you are full of fresh and creative ideas that you are ready to implement right now. But the fact is that only professionals can handle this. And if you have never assembled a motorcycle, you should choose something simpler that will be easy to implement and then transform and improve. For this, choose what you will build on when assembling your “horse”.
At this stage, it is necessary to fully understand the idea of \u200b\u200bthe future motorcycle. Draw up a so-called action plan. You need to think about the design, the shape of the motorcycle, the set of parts that you will need for assembly, engine components (its power) and so on.
Stage two: draw a diagram
At this stage, you need to draw a diagram of the future motorcycle. It is not necessary to be an outstanding artist to be able to draw a motorcycle diagram. Let it all be very conditional, the main thing is that you transfer your idea to paper. In general, all ideas should be sketched and written down on paper, because, perhaps, in the process you will improve your own ideas, and in order not to forget anything, fix and sketch everything.
According to the finished scheme, you can draw up a scale drawing on which to calculate the dimensions of parts for a motorcycle (for example, frames). For this we need: 
- simple pencil;
- eraser;
- large ruler;
- paper (it is better to use scale paper for drawing);
- meter (or tape measure) for measuring motorcycle parts;
- calculator for calculations.
It will be useful to make not only a general drawing of the motorcycle, but also all the details separately. Having a visual diagram in front of you will make it easier for you to navigate during the assembly of the motorcycle, which will reduce the risk of errors. So, later, according to the finished drawing, you can check whether all the details are installed correctly, if you inadvertently forgot something.
You can also draw a finished motorcycle and paint it by color.
Stage three: set of elements
At this stage, it is necessary to purchase or possibly find all the spare parts, such as:
- engine;
- wheels;
- frame;
- metal pipes;
- suspension;
- fuel tank;
- muffler.
In addition to the basic elements, you will need additional parts and tools for 
possible improvements, such as:
- hammer, sledgehammer;
- welding (and, accordingly, electrodes);
- spanners;
- Screwdriver Set;
- various pliers (pliers, pliers);
- bolts, and to them washers and nuts;
- grinder for sawing off parts;
- putty set;
- good paint (it is better to take it in a spray can so that there are no smudges later) and acetone;
- kerosene for cleaning parts from rust;
- small wiring;
- stickers to decorate the "iron horse".
In general, you need to purchase everything that you wrote down in your list at the first stage, and, possibly, added it in the process of creating the image of a motorcycle.
Step Four: Manual Assembly
If you do not have a lot of experience, it may not be possible to collect everything the first time, 
as it should be. The main thing is not to despair. You can always ask for advice from experts, from those people who deal with assembling a motorcycle or simply know its structure. There are also many resources on the Internet that will help you understand the structure of the motorcycle.
A hand-built motorcycle is called "custom", which means "custom". This term describes the look of the motorcycle as a build, which means that all the parts were selected by hand, and the design is also a unique idea - yours or someone else's.
Motorcycle assembly procedure
Now that everything is checked, you can ride your bike outside and try to ride a certain distance. Don't try to get the most out of your bike right away. Start testing little by little. If you notice extraneous noises, the vehicle may not have been assembled correctly and require additional careful checking. Do not let everything take its course, because this is your own safety.
After successful tests, you can start designing in earnest: paint your motorcycle as you like, install additional units and “gadgets”. Now your transport is on the move, surprise people with new ideas and be proud of the result.
Now you know how to assemble a motorcycle. If you follow the suggested instructions, then there should be no problems with the assembly. Pay attention to the details, because they are no less important than the main assembly of the motorcycle.
Detailed assembly is described in the article.
Designing motorcycles is no less exciting than building any other vehicles. In addition, a motorcycle, which is, in fact, a naked concept of a self-propelled mechanism, requires more design sophistication, inventive gift and instinct of a good mechanic. I propose to the reader's court my ideas for the design of home-made motorcycles. I can say that I have some experience in this kind of work: at the Motosam-90 competition, my self-made - the eighth in a row - motorcycle was presented, a photograph of which the readers of the magazine could see in the report from the show in No. 2 for 1991 . In the photographs that are presented on these pages, there are three more motorcycles of my design. About one of them - the last and most successful - I want to tell the readers.
In thirteen years I have designed and built twelve two-wheeled machines. All of them differed significantly from each other. Moreover, two motorcycles were designed with partial use of the monocoque scheme, and three were completely frameless, with a monocoque bearing body. It is this design solution that I prefer today: it seems to me the most reliable and profitable in terms of strength, weight culture and ergonomics.
I hope that my design experience can be useful for those who are going to make a motorcycle.
So, what is a regular frame motorcycle? Simplifying the answer, we can say that this is a frame, a fuel tank, tool boxes, an air filter housing with an intake silencer, an exhaust silencer, a rear fender with a tail light bracket and numbers, a saddle base, a trunk, as well as a kilogram of all kinds of bolts, nuts, bushings , studs, washers and rubber bands, with the help of which all of the above is connected into a single structure.
If you sum up the masses of these components and assemblies, you get a very impressive value. In addition, all this put together forms a far from aesthetically looking “skeleton”, which has many secret places where absolutely indelible dirt will inevitably collect - you can get rid of it only by completely disassembling the motorcycle.
A year or two passes - and tool boxes begin to rattle, cracks creep along the rear wing, the number falls off along with the bracket ... And if the motorcyclist, God forbid, gets into at least a minor accident or even simply falls? In these cases, the frame bends, dents appear on the tank and tool boxes. Huge lower mufflers deliver even more trouble, clinging to corners even on smooth asphalt and significantly reducing patency on bad roads.
All these shortcomings are deprived of a two-wheeled vehicle designed according to the "monocoque" design scheme. Such a motorcycle is a monoblock welded box-shaped structure that performs the functions of all the above parts and assemblies. Interestingly, the spatial box structure is significantly more rigid and durable than the classic frame (including duplex frames). The use of the monocoque scheme in the design of the motorcycle not only reduces the weight of the two-wheeled vehicle, but also brings the center of gravity of the motorcycle closer to the ground. This happens due to the fact that in this design the tool box and battery compartment are located in the lower part of the body, and a lightweight air filter with an intake silencer is in the upper part where the fuel tank cap is located on classic motorcycles. The air intake is made above the steering column - in this area the cleanest, dust-free air. An exhaust silencer can also be located inside the monocoque, however, reliable thermal insulation from the fuel and the seat cushion must be ensured.
1 - rear-view mirror, 2 - fuel tank countersunk plug, 3 - shock absorber compensation chamber, 4 - shock absorber with 120 mm stroke, 5 - swing arm, 6 - push lever, 7 - brake rod, 8 - rear housing with exhaust silencer (left a) and oil tank (right), 9 - rear direction indicator, 10 - parking light and brake light (dual), 11 - exhaust pipe (left a), 12 - brake disc diameter 300 mm, 13 - "trap" of the chain, 14 - rear wheel sprocket (z=37), 15 - rear wheel pendulum, 16 - drive sprocket (z=15), 17 - foot brake pedal, 18 - control box lever gears, 19 - winch drum, 20 - muffler - resonator, 21 - winch cable guide bracket, 22 - front brake disc with a diameter of 300 mm.
Rice. 2. The layout of the body-monocoque. The grid cell size is 100×100 mm.
Figures 1 and 2 show my enduro bike and its monocoque body with rear suspension and engine protection frame. The mass of the monocoque is only 23 kilograms, and the useful volume of such a hull is about 56 liters, of which 41 liters fall on fuel tanks (more than that of the Zhiguli!), The remaining volume of the hull is also fully used. At the same time, the motorcycle does not look bulky. On the contrary, it has relatively small dimensions - in particular, the base of the car is only 1350 mm (less than any Izhevsk motorcycle).
I must say that making a monocoque body is no more difficult than welding a good frame and equipping it with all attachments. It is only necessary to strictly adhere to the previously developed technology, so that all the parts fit well, and it would be convenient to weld them.
When drawing the design of the body, take care to ensure a comfortable fit for the rider - this is especially important for enduro motorcycles - as well as the safety of the rider's movements, ease of movement in a sitting position, in a rack and in a quickdraw.
After choosing the optimal, in the opinion of the designer, layout solution, you should draw the entire motorcycle in full size - depict a side, top, front and rear view, and also draw the most characteristic sections. The more detailed the drawing documentation, the easier it will be for further work on the manufacture of a two-wheeled vehicle.
It is most rational to place the engine directly on the axis of the pendulum. In this case, the reaction from the tension of the drive chain closes directly to the pendulum. And it is far from small - sometimes it reaches the tensile strength of the chain, that is, almost two tons! It is necessary to fasten the powerful and not too well-balanced Izh-Planet engine (as well as all motocross motors) using silent blocks or rubber pads. It is only necessary to take into account that the chain not only pulls the engine back, but also turns it in a horizontal plane due to the asymmetrical arrangement of the chain.
In the work on creating a monocoque case, it is very convenient to use the method of volumetric prototyping. In this case, the layout of the case is assembled from cardboard blanks, which are connected using strips of paper and glue. In the process of making a layout, as a rule, changes occur in the design of the hull, since not everything can be foreseen in flat drawing projections. Simultaneously with the layout of the case, it is desirable to work out the technological map of its assembly - this will ensure the convenience of welding. In this case, it is necessary to take into account the possible warping of metal blanks when welding the body with uneven heating. Keep in mind that the parts on which the swingarm and steering column are attached are welded last. If necessary, they should be adjusted to the body so that on the finished motorcycle the planes of the wheels coincide with the plane of symmetry of the monocoque body.
The finished three-dimensional layout is cut at the gluing points, and the cardboard patterns of the monocoque elements are numbered: it is these patterns that will be used to cut blanks from a steel sheet of the appropriate thickness - from 1.2 to 1.5 mm. The easiest way to do this is with a chisel on a massive anvil.
Welding should be carried out in strict accordance with the technological map. To make the seams look neat and strong, the edges of the parts to be welded should be slightly bent, as shown in Figure 3.
To ensure sufficient strength of the monocoque body, it is advisable to introduce additional amplifiers, flanging, and stiffeners into its design. For example, the steering column on my motorcycle and the transverse stiffening beam, to which the bracket of the only rear suspension shock absorber is welded, are additionally connected with a 25 × 40 mm rectangular steel pipe. In addition, inside this pipe it is convenient to place electrical wiring and motorcycle control cables.
The design of the intake silencer significantly affects the engine power and its torque characteristics. The larger its volume, the easier the engine “breathes”, respectively, the less air pulsation in the filter, and hence the less noise. Experts recommend setting the muffler volume to at least 20 engine displacements. The path from the air filter to the carburetor should be smooth, excluding turbulence in the air flow, which significantly reduces engine power.
After welding, the monocoque body is checked for leaks - first with water and then with pure gasoline. In the absence of leakage, the welds are coated from the inside with liquid epoxy glue - it will fill the small pores, bind pieces of slag and metal drops - this is especially important for the intake silencer.
Rear suspension - pendulum type, with cantilever wheel mounting. Wheel travel - about 260 mm. The pendulum hinge is on ball bearings with gland seals. Chain tension - using an eccentric. The disc brake is mechanically driven.
The front suspension is based on the fork from the CZ-516 motocross motorcycle. Wheel - under the tire in 21 inches, a drive of brake pads of a disk brake - hydraulic.
The padded saddle pad is glued directly to the monocoque body, while the faux leather cover is flush-mounted with screws.
I would like to warn readers who do not have sufficient experience in the design of motor vehicles that the creation of home-made two-wheeled vehicles is a very complicated matter. In this article, I tried to talk about my work and those ideas that I consider promising for amateur motorcycle construction. However, I would categorically advise novice motor builders not to take up the creation of a powerful machine based on this material. Maybe it's better to start with simpler motorcycles. After all, I went to the monocoque, creating more than a dozen intermediate designs ...
Alexey GARAGASHYAN, St. Petersburg
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Instruction
You can become the owner of a cross-country motorcycle by simply buying it in a store. In this case, the buyer's requests may be limited only by his financial capabilities. However, the purchased model does not always satisfy the buyer with some parameters, and then the process of finalizing the motorcycle begins in order to improve its performance and appearance, known as “tuning”. Tuning is especially popular among those who give their motorcycles the most incredible exotic look.
The most advanced adherents of motorsport, and there are few of them, prefer motocross. Let's start with the wheels. It’s not worth reinventing a motorcycle wheel from scratch, it’s just possible. The standard of sports motorcycle wheels is known - front - 120/70-17 and rear - 160/60-17. There are several options to adapt the wheels to your motorcycle - buy a rim and re-spoke, as well as adapt sports or alloy wheels from a sportbike to it.
If we are talking about buying a rim, then professionals recommend not to spare money and purchase Excel. But this is not the easiest way out, since re-spinning is a very troublesome labor-intensive undertaking, so most craftsmen prefer to adapt ready-made wheels to their offspring. More preferable is the option with cast wheels, which have greater endurance and strength when driving over rough terrain.
Race bikes use mostly stock brakes. To increase their reliability, it is recommended to increase the diameter of the brake disc or install a more powerful brake system with a caliper. Special requirements are placed on the suspension.
If you are converting a regular motorcycle into a motocross bike, then it is better to put a classic fork with a full range of adjustments. A 43 mm size is quite enough.
Suspension shock absorbers are best chosen from stock shock absorbers of well-known motorcycle models, taking into account the possibility of attaching them to the frame and swingarm. It is possible to order shock absorbers from the factory, but in this case, the estimated weight of the motorcycle must be specified so that the appropriate springs are installed on the shock absorbers.
A few words about the engine. For a long time, motocross bikes were produced with four-stroke engines. However, now, thanks to technological progress and increased power, two-stroke engines are gradually taking their place. If funds allow, then CRF, KTM, Kawasaki can be recommended. But as the experience of domestic inventors shows, even the engine from an old Soviet motorcycle can be improved. To increase thrust, it is necessary first of all to reduce intake losses. To do this, the "native" paper filter should be replaced with a filter with foam rubber. Another refinement is to replace the carburetor with another one with more capabilities, this will ensure that the engine runs at maximum speed.
