Slang in the modern world. The use of slang in modern fiction

Ministry of Education and Science

Astrakhan region

Regional State General Education Boarding School

“School of gifted children named after A.P. Guzhvin"

Graduate work

slang vocabulary in language

contemporary newspapers

Executor:

student of the 11th historical and philological class Simtsova G.I.

supervisor :

teacher of Russian language

OGOSHI "School

gifted children

them. A.P. Guzhvin" Kalashnikova V.K.

Astrakhan 2011

Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………………....3

Chapter I. The emergence of jargon in the language:

1. causes of jargon……………………………………………………..…………..5

2. ways of jargon formation……………………………………………………..…….....8

Chapter II. Variety of jargons:

1. types of slang vocabulary………………………………………………………..……………...……10

2. the use of the words "argo" and "jargon" in Russian………………………………………..11 Chapter III. Computer Jargon…..……………..……………………………………………………13

Chapter IV. Jargonisms in Russian Literature………….………………………………………….19

Chapter V. Slang vocabulary in the language of modern newspapers…………………………………...24

Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………………….32Jargon Dictionary………………………………… ………………………………………...……34

List of used literature………………………………………………………………38

Introduction.

For as long as he can remember, a person has always thought about the word, his own speech, his native language, trying to understand why the word changes and what it means. For centuries, masters of the word - writers and philologists - have worked it out, improved it, brought it to subtlety. Today, when words change frequently and rapidly, interest in speech has become universal, and the language that we call literary, having turned into a common speech for all - a national language, suppresses various dialects, dialects, jargons, and vernacular. And this is constantly fed to stay alive and active.

The Russian language is a very flexible, as they say now, self-adjusting learning tool. And in order to see more clearly the prospects for the development of a language, it is always useful to look back, to peer into the contours of what was and how it was. The most important thing is to understand the trends in the development of the new in our modern language, which develops in the conditions of urban culture, in the conditions of the book tradition, in the constant mixture of various sources of speech. One such source is jargon.

Jargon (French Jargon) is a social type of speech, which is characterized by specific vocabulary and phraseology. Jargon belongs to relatively open professional and social groups united by common interests, habits, activities, social position. For example, jargon, pilots, sailors, students, actors, students. In its design, jargon is repelled from the general literary language, being, as it were, a social dialect or a professional group, or a certain age community of people, often facilitating communication in this group, environment and at the same time often isolating representatives of this group, profession, moving them away from the uninitiated. Jargon is not an independent language, but only words and expressions of the national language, which are distinguished by special expressiveness, specific coloring, which are acquired in special ways, which ultimately leads to the departure of such words from the literary norm. Jargon is " real language in language”, living according to its own laws, a product exclusively oral art, and as a consequence of this - lexical, stylistic polysemy of the same words in different sources, their different spelling and orthoepy.

The purpose of this work is to study the nature of the emergence of jargon, their semantic specificity, the features of their use in speech and, in particular, in the language of modern newspapers. The goals are consistent with the tasks set:
- analyze research materials: newspaper publications, works of art - in which there are jargon;

Find units of jargon in them;
- identify the reasons for their use by the author;

Draw conclusions about the rationality of using jargon in speech.

Chapter I . The emergence of jargon in the language.

1. Causes of jargon.

Jargon has been little studied, despite its venerable age, comparable to the age of the main languages. Over the centuries of its existence, jargon has become from the once closed language of the beggars, vagabonds, criminals to the common language.

In works of art, slang words serve to characterize the characters and are used for stylization purposes. (However, their use must be justified both by the general meaning of the work and stylistically.) Penetrating into many spheres of reality, jargon becomes a means of creating a kind of expression and color in cinema and literature, as well as an essential part of everyday language communication. Today, jargon can be heard on radio and television: especially often in the lyrics of youth songs. musical groups. They give the text an emotional coloring and emphasize the closeness and intelligibility of these songs for young people, although words that have not been translated into Russian are often used.

Jargons overwhelm the speech of people, the media, fiction. This process is often referred to as barbarization. That is, there is a need for new words, as new realities and concepts appear. In addition, barbarization, as a rule, accompanies extremely unstable periods in the life of society. There is an intensive and disordered search for means of expression. For example, “I really love listening to this song” or “I really like this song” in modern times has taken on the form: “I just love this song!” or “I mow from her!” Literary, literate speech was replaced by a short, bright expression in its expressiveness, not entirely clear to the "uninitiated". The instability of the language reflects the instability of society.

So, slang vocabulary is inconsistent - it “roams” from one sphere of public life to another, or from one language to another, and often becomes common, penetrates the language of the media. It is hard to imagine that the words and expressions so familiar to us: “unparalleled”, “stop joking”, “to be at ease” - in the 18th century. were jargon that N.I. Novikov struggled with in his journal The Painter. In our language, for example, such idioms are actively used, which came from various jargons: gambling - “rub glasses”, burlatsky - “pull the strap”, musicians - “play the first violin”, church - “inflate the censer”, industrial - “get into a mess ”, vorovsky - “by pull” and others. Their "jargon" has long been erased. It is not without reason that jargon is perceived as a reduced level of linguistic culture. At the same time, jargon is word creation, fraught with the energy of creating a new literary norm. Jargon is not reducible to vernacular, it is much more complicated than it. The jargon reflects the mentality of people, their relationship to each other, and to various phenomena of the world, one can see humor, cynicism, irony, and sarcasm in it. It is impossible to recognize as true the judgments found in literature about slang vocabulary as less accurate than literary, as an inferior means of communication between people. Slang vocabulary is an indispensable part of the literary vocabulary, which includes language constructions of all levels.

The gap between "classical" speech and jargon is widening every day, not only in connection with the democratization, but also with the "vulgarization" of public life. A significant role in the emergence of new words is played by the media, especially television, which everyone watches. Jargon crowds out respectable speech and, thanks to mass culture, leaves its mark on the language of the whole nation. With the passage of time (especially in the twentieth century), the pace of life accelerates. Social upheaval, economic development, technological progress and scientific discoveries all lead to new concepts and ideas that contribute to education. new variety language. Accordingly, the vocabulary of jargon is expanding. With the explosion of mass communication, thousands of new words have been added to reflect political and social change. New words also arise in order to refresh old concepts.

Language innovations are reflected in the media, and they, in turn, are reflected in jargon. It is a challenge to the “correct life”.

Thus, the social varieties of language are a phenomenon that is historically determined and quite natural, since various social strata, according to the conditions of their life and production, may have specific interests inherent in them. Therefore, striving for perfection as a means of communication, the language is "split up", coloring people's speech. And jargon appears in speech as a result, a reaction to the changes that have taken place in society. The use of jargon in speech can be due to a number of reasons, namely:

Jargon is used as a means of creating a speech characteristic of a character (for example, in a work of art) and as a means of creating a kind of expression, coloring and stylistic coloring in cinema and literature;

The use of jargon gives emotional coloring to the text, speech (often found in the texts of youth musical groups);

The search for means of expression that can most clearly express the attitude of the speaker, writing to himself, other people and phenomena, the need for new words are also one of the reasons for the use of jargon in speech;

The desire to separate from the rest of society (youth jargon).

2. Methods for the formation of jargon.

Jargonisms are formed according to all the rules of Russian spelling. There are several ways of word formation of jargon units:

Tracing paper (full borrowing);

Half-tracing paper (borrowing the basis).

Using standard vocabulary in a special meaning;

Using slang from other professional groups.

I. Tracing paper.

This method of education includes borrowings that are not grammatically mastered by the Russian language. In this case, the word is borrowed entirely with its pronunciation, spelling and meaning. Such borrowings are subject to assimilation. Each sound in the borrowed word is replaced by the corresponding sound in Russian in accordance with phonetic laws. These words seem foreign in pronunciation and spelling, they correspond to all the norms of the English language.

In addition to "addiction", here, of course, the general trend, which is currently widespread, of the use of anglicisms in everyday speech, also played a role. Passion for Anglicisms has become a kind of fashion, it is due to stereotypes and ideals created in society, especially in youth. Such a stereotype of our era is the image of an idealized American society in which the standard of living is much higher, and high rates technological progress lead the whole world. And by adding English borrowings to their speech, people in a certain way approach this stereotype, join the American culture and lifestyle.

It is in this group that a Russian or simply incorrect reading of an English word takes place. Sometimes a mistake becomes attractive to the point that it seizes the masses: message - message. Very often there is simply a transfer of a word into Russian with the wrong stress: label - label .

Therefore, some slang borrowings are unstable in spelling. For example, you can find several different borrowings of the word keyboard - keyboard - keyboard - keyboard.

It is noteworthy that words that are stylistically neutral in English, passing into the slang vocabulary of the Russian language, acquire an ironic-scornful or simply colloquial coloring.

II. Half-calca.

When a term is transferred from English to Russian, the latter adjusts the accepted word to the norms not only of its phonetics, as in the previous group, but also of spelling with grammar. During grammatical assimilation, the English term comes at the disposal of Russian grammar, obeying its rules. Nouns, for example, acquire case endings: application - application(application program) , applikuhu(V.p.) appliques(R.p.)

The words of this group are formed as follows. back to original English based word-building models of the Russian language are added by certain methods. These include, first of all, diminutive suffixes of nouns –ik, -k(a), -ok and others: disk drive » - diskette , « User's Manual » - manual , « ROM » - Romka , « CD-ROM » - sidiromka etc., there is also a suffix -yuk, characteristic in Russian for vernacular : "CD" - sidyuk, sidishnik, "PC" - pisyuk.

Due to the fact that the source (English) language is analytical, and the borrowing language is synthetic, there is an addition of inflections to verbs: "to connect" - connect(connect with computers) "to click" - click(click on the mouse buttons). In accordance with the fact that one of the reasons for the need for slang is the reduction of long professionalisms, there is a method of univerbization (reduction of a phrase to one word). Here is an example of such a phenomenon: "strategic game" - strategy.

Here, one word is borrowed from the phrase by this method and at the same time it receives the meaning of the entire phrase. A fairly large number of words in this group came from various abbreviations, names of various protocols, firms.

Chapter II . Variety of jargon.

1. Types of jargons.

The variety of ways of word formation of jargonisms also corresponds to numerous varieties of jargon vocabulary.

Jargons are class-stratified, industrial, youth, jargons of groups of people according to interests and hobbies. Recently, another group of slang vocabulary has been highlighted - school jargon.

Separate jargon is also found in the speech of elementary school students. Getting into a new environment, children from the very beginning seek to establish contact with other members of the group, so they learn and absorb the rules of intraschool communication. The factor of imitation, the need to "be on the crest of the wave" - ​​to look "advanced" - play an important role in the process of penetration of jargon into the speech of schoolchildren. Jargon in this case becomes one of the ways of socialization of adolescents, as it is a means of self-expression and self-affirmation.

Industrial jargons include professionalisms, that is, words and expressions used in any profession out of necessity, since they adequately convey its features. Professionalisms, widely used in isolation from the profession that generates them, in everyday speech, having lost their original meaning, become jargon.

Youth jargon is divided into industrial and household. The production vocabulary of young people is closely related to the process of their activities, for example: students - with the learning process, soldiers - with military service. The general household dictionary is much broader than the industrial one; it includes words that are not related to the process of study, work or service. Slang words are some rethought words of common vocabulary. Slang vocabulary has a narrow scope of use: it is used mainly among "their own", that is, in communication with people of the same social circle as the speaker.

2. The use of the words "argo" and "jargon" in Russian.

The word "jargon" is one of the common ones, although it does not have sufficient terminological unambiguity: instead of "jargon" you can say "argo" or "slang", and this will mean about the same thing. There is an attempt to establish a terminological order: to call the criminal jargon "argo", and the youth - "slang". However, this attempt has so far been unsuccessful.

Indeed, in modern linguistics it is difficult to find other terms as ambiguous as "slang" and "jargon". Any research in the field of social dialects necessarily begins with an attempt to terminologically identify these words within the framework of a particular study. In everyday speech, we also meet with a completely arbitrary use of these words, usually understood as synonymous with each other. The most popular and modern in the language is the word "jargon". But to replace the non-differentiation of the meanings of these two words, from the second half of the 20th century, another word “slang” that is close in meaning was added.

The problem of terminology associated with the use of these words in modern linguistics ranges from their absolute synonymy to the ambiguity of each of them, and the scope of meanings does not match. Moreover, in addition to the names of various forms of social dialects (the same or different), these words are no less often interpreted as the names of the lower level of stylistic marking of Russian vocabulary, that is, they are located both in the zone of social dialectology and in the zone of stylistics. Only in the first case clarification is required, for example: jargon (slang) of pilots, musicians, youth, computer; in the second case, no. It is also important that in a certain sense their functioning both in the stylistic register and in the social sphere can be correlated.

An example of an identical understanding of these words can be found in D.N. Ushakov's dictionary "Big Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language":

ARGO, non-cl., cf. (fr. argot) (lingu.). A peculiar, conditional language of a separate social group, profession, community, circle, etc., different from common language the presence of words incomprehensible to the uninitiated. Thieves Argo .

JARGON, jargon, m. 1. Same as slang. school jargon. 2. The walking name of some. local dialect, which seems corrupted to the speaker in the literary language (colloquial). He speaks in Kostroma jargon .

An example of another pole in the interpretation of these terms is their modern functioning in linguistics. So, M.A. Grachev under "argo" understands only the thieves' language, which is similar to the literal meaning of this term at the time of its entry into the Russian language, while V.S. Elistratov under "argo" understands all forms of expressive speech creation, including and what can be attributed to non-literary vernacular.

The problem of terminological ambiguity of these words is to a certain extent determined, in particular, by the problem of their traditional ambiguity in everyday speech: the process of indistinguishing the meanings of “slang” and “jargon” in ordinary speech, recorded in the Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language, edited by D.N. Ushakov, continues unchanged in our time.

Chapter III . Computer jargon.

The most common way of word formation, inherent in all jargons that stand next to a certain terminology, is the transformation of a term, usually large in volume or difficult to pronounce. The following transformation methods can be distinguished:

1. abbreviation (for example : computer - computer, hard drive - screw, mac - poppy);

2. univerbation (for example: motherboard - mother, strategy game- strategy, role-playing game– roller, inkjet printer – inkjet printer).

Another way of word formation of jargon is borrowing from another language. Most often this language is English. Therefore, there are many anglicisms in the jargon. Often these are borrowings from English computer jargon.

For example: the word " gamer"- from English jargon " gamer"(professional computer game player); "doomer" - "doomer"(a fan of the game "Doom").

The sources of jargon can also be professional terms of English origin, which already have an equivalent in Russian: hard drive, hard drive, heavy drive - "hard drive"(hard drive, hard drive) upgrade - "to upgrade"(improve) "programmer" - programmer(programmer), "user" - user(user ), "to click" - click or click. The grammatical assimilation of some borrowings by the Russian language is accompanied by their derivational Russification. Zip(archiving program) - zip, zip, zipovsky; user(in translation - user) - user, user. Interestingly, there is also the opposite phenomenon. A jargon synonymous with the term appears, formed from a word that has long been entrenched in the Russian language: window vents is a derogatory name for the Windows operating system.

Borrowings from the English language, however, are by no means the only sources of replenishment of the dictionary of this lexical system. Some words come from the jargon of other professional groups, such as motorists: teapot(beginner user) engine(kernel, "engine" of the program; this word is also semantically equivalent to the English analogue "engine" - engine). Sometimes a computer processor is called motor, and the computer itself machine .

One and the same slang word or expression can acquire different meanings depending on the type of social group that uses it. For example, the word " glitch". In the youth language, this jargon has the meaning of "hallucinations, visions." In computer jargon, this word means "a failure in the operation of a program, a computer."

A very productive method of metaphorization, which is widely used in all jargon systems. With it, words such as:

· pancake - CD (now obsolete),

· rat - computer mouse",

· resuscitator- a specialist or a set of special programs to “call out of a coma” a computer whose software is seriously damaged and it is not able to function normally;

numerous verbal metaphors:

· to brake- extremely slow operation of the program or computer,

· demolish, cut or kill- delete information from the disk.

A number of synonyms associated with the process of violation are interesting. normal operation computer when it does not respond to any commands other than the “Reset” button. They say about such a computer that it hung, hung, got up, fell, collapsed. The word "hang" a freeze has occurred, in case of a freeze) can now be excluded from jargon - it is officially used as a term. This is not the only example of the presence of synonyms in the jargon vocabulary.

You can also meet the method of metonymy (turn of speech, replacing one word with another, adjacent in meaning). For example, in the formation of jargon using the example of the word " iron" - in the meaning of "computer, physical components of a computer", " buttons' means 'keyboard'. There are also phraseological units, the motivation of the meaning of which is clear only to the initiate: “ blue screen of death" (Windows error message text on a blue background before freezing), " three finger combination or " send three fingers("Ctrl-alt-delete" - emergency removal of any running program), " stomp on loaves"(work on the keyboard, "button" - buttons).

A special place in computer jargon is occupied by words that do not have a semantic motivation. They are in relation to partial homonymy with some common words:

· Lazarus or laser- laser printer,

· wax– VAX operating system,

· penny- Pentium microprocessor,

· kwak- Quake game.

Many computer jargon words are formed according to the word-formation models adopted in the Russian language. For example, in an affixal way. Very common is the suffix -to-. This is how they were formed:

· flying, shooter, rpg.

Subsequently, these words were supplanted by the terms: simulator, quest, 3D action. In words "I'm sitting to" (CD or CD-ROM drive) or "pisyuk"(from PC - Personal Computer) meets suffix -yuk-, characteristic of common speech.

Sometimes certain programs or parts of a computer are given proper names. For example, ICQ - ICQ, or asya ; keyboard - keyboard, or clave .

With the increase in the number of computers and general computerization in many national languages, the formation of computer sublanguages ​​- special jargons that serve as a means of communication for computer scientists.

The Russian version of the computer sublanguage was created on the basis of English, but it is interesting to discover those facts that testify to its national identity. The Russian computer sublanguage is still under the strong influence of English, but it has features in which the laws of Russian grammar and word formation, the Russian picture of the world and the Russian mentality are obligatory.

Replacing a word and another, rhyming with it or simply sounding similar, changing a word with the help of rhyme or sound similarity, and in the Russian version of the computer language, the phenomenon is ubiquitous and widespread. This reflects the language game, which manifests itself mainly in sound level. The purpose of creating such computer neologisms is the same in both Russian and English jargon, however, Russian speakers of the computer dialect, when creating computer neologisms, additionally solve the problem of mastering an English borrowed word or abbreviation. GoldEd(message editor) - Golded or Naked grandfather ; DOOM(name of computer game) - think(spend time playing the popular computer game "DOOM").

The grammatical language game in Russian slang is quite common. Such grammatical neologisms appear intentionally, and not from ignorance of grammatical rules. Both English and Russian speakers of computer jargon usually perfectly understand what they are doing, distorting the language and manipulating word-formation models. Deliberately ignoring textbooks and rules, they proclaim the principle of "grammatical creativity". This principle involves impressing, amusing and entertaining both oneself and other participants in the communication process. And, as they themselves claim, - not for the purpose of obscuring the meaning, encoding information for the uninitiated, or even more so for illiteracy.

The word-term borrowed from the English language is adjusted to the register of word-formation models available to the Russian native speaker and comprehended based on them. After that, the possibility of a language game, various kinds of manipulation with a new word appears. Computer neologisms "display"(from "display") "mudem"- poorly working modem (from "modem"), "chekist"- test program (from "check it"), "sterver", "server"- server (from “server”) carry a “loop” of an additional meaning taken from a similar-sounding Russian root or suffix.

The addition of Russian suffixes to the borrowed root contributes to the development of neologism, Russifies it, introducing it to the lexical composition of jargon. In this case, the meaning of the word is enriched with a familiar or friendly diminutive, depending on the meaning of the suffix, with a shade of meaning, such as: virus (virus), pisyuk (computer), flopak (disk drive).

Russian computer jargon has a specific feature that is not noted in English. Its lexical composition is actively replenished not only by borrowing English words and computer terms, but also by creating words that coincide in sounds with literary ones. Firstly, these are Russian words adapted for this for reasons of phonetic similarity to the English originals, such as aria(from the English "area") - an area on the BBC, which contains files or messages on a specific topic.

In conclusion, I would like to note that Russian computer jargon is, in a sense, a unique material for research. Due to the novelty of this phenomenon and the speed of the processes occurring in it, computer jargon allows us to consider the life of individual words from their very appearance to their disappearance and understand the laws of development and functioning of this subsystem of the Russian language.

Chapter IV . Jargonisms in Russian Literature.

In fiction, jargon is as natural and common as in life. And in certain periods of the development of literature, jargon, in the words of B.V. Tomashevsky, acquires the meaning of a “special artistic principle”. Thus, in the first years of Soviet power in fiction, there were clearly marked tendencies towards the "refreshment" of the literary language with revolutionary elements. This time was characterized by a special focus on the future, a heightened sense of the upcoming "world revolution". The affirmation of the inevitable collapse of the old and the denial of literary continuity was embodied in a rebellious challenge to the bourgeois world and shocking the layman. The struggle with the old world in the field of literature took the form of a struggle with the old language (the language of a passing culture). The placers of V.V. Mayakovsky’s jargonisms, which he uses with special pathos, are indicative:

I'm not used to caressing my ear with a word;

maiden's ear

in curls of hair

with semi-obscene

do not scatter touched ...

V.V. Mayakovsky belonged to the literary movement Futurism, and it was this direction that was characterized by the creation of new, unusual words, rhymes, the arrangement of poems in an unusual order (“ladder” by V.V. Mayakovsky). The revolution, the futurists believed, should affect all aspects of life, including language, awaken the consciousness of people who are used to thinking and acting like ordinary people. Therefore, the poems are dialogical, overflowing with the passion of class-oriented poetry. Jargon and help the poet convey the rebellious spirit of the era:

On the neck

bunch

Guchkovs,

devils,

Rodzyanki…

Mother their legs!

Power

to the rich

snout

turns back –

what

obey

Bay!!

("Good!").

With them, the poet splashes out all his hatred for the old world, for any "rubbish" that, in his opinion, interferes with the construction of a new life:

And got out

behind the back of the RSFSR

muzzle

tradesman...

("About rubbish").

Although the slang vocabulary in the corpus of the language is not the main, peripheral, but it is also a kind of “point of view on the world”. To use it or not to use it - every time the artist of the word decides, based on his ideas about style, from his aesthetic credo. Some writers have a minimum of jargon, even when they refer to realities that are hard to imagine without jargon. For example, in M. Gorky's play “At the Bottom”, the language of the inhabitants of the rooming house at times resembles the language of thinkers (which is what Satin's reasoning about a person is worth), even in a card game they do without jargon. Only three half-erased slang words can be found in the story "Chelkash", the hero of which is "an avid drunkard and a clever, brave thief" ( "signboard"- face; "slamzil"- stole; "got drunk"- got drunk).

Usually the very presence of jargon in a work of art is evidence of its focus on a reliable depiction of life. Let's take the topic of a card game - the subject of description in many literary works. She gave birth to the richest slang language. N.V. Gogol in "Dead Souls" there is an episode describing the scene of a card game at the governor's party. Players use their own jargon, which they have created by "crossing" the names of the cards in their own way: “The postmaster ... hit the table hard with his hand, saying, if there was a lady: “Let's go, old popadya!”, if the king: “Go, Tambov man!" And the chairman would say: “And I'm on his mustache! And I'm on her mustache! Sometimes, when the cards hit the table, expressions came out: “Ah! was not, not from what, so with a tambourine! Or just exclamations: worms! worm-hole! piquant!" or: " pickendras! pichurushchuh! pichur! and even simply: pichuk! » The card game appears to be a lively, "efficient occupation" with disputes between players, jargon and other details. It was one of the most common forms of pastime for officials and landlords. A kind of mystery.

Jargon in the character's speech is a very expressive characterological device. Nozdrev's speech from Gogol's "Dead Souls" is simple, sprinkled with jargon " And I, brother, from the fair. Congratulate: blown into fluff!.. never in my life like this purged… Would you believe that not only thumped four trotters - all lowered". Before us is really a "broken fellow." Having a “passion for cards”, he speaks about them with knowledge of slang subtleties: “ Don't bend me after password on the damned seven duck I could break the whole bank". (“Password” - double the rate, “bend the duck” - increase the rate.) Literally in everything: both in jargon and in actions, his “daringness” is visible.

The place and role of jargon in a work of art can also be judged from the story of A.I. Solzhenitsyn “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich”. This is a story about the courageous survival of people in the conditions of the Gulag. Actually, there is not much jargon in the story, in any case, the writer does not abuse it. But all more or less significant moments of camp life are colored with jargon: daily stew - " gruel ", portions of bread - " rations ”, the dwelling of prisoners -“ lining ", the prisoners themselves -" convict and", daily tedious searches - " shmons ". In all these cases, jargon is a linguistic accent that creates a tangible image of the camp and its inhabitants.

A.I. Solzhenitsyn's slang vocabulary is not an end in itself, it naturally combines with the commonly used one. Ivan Denisovich recalls the instructions of the "old camp wolf": Here, guys, the law is the taiga. But people live here too. In the camp, this is who dies: who licks bowls, who hopes for the medical unit, and who kumu goes knocking". ["Kum" - in the camp jargon means "detective officer".] This phrase represents all layers of the language of the story - literary, unpretentiously rude and slang. Their proportionate combination determines the features of the artistic style of the story.

The best memories of prisoners are memories of a past life, but they are not always able to bring relief to suffering. In the atmosphere of camp life, such memories at first may help not to lose their human appearance in inhuman conditions, but in the end they cause pain, inspire despair, because there is no end in sight, there is no hope of returning, and the arbitrariness of the commanders has long taught the "old camp wolves" not think about the future, but live in the present moment. Therefore, former concepts are also forgotten, new concepts and designations are found for them, not reminiscent of the past. So Shukhov, the main character of the story, recalled more than once, “ how they used to eat in the village: potatoes - whole pans, porridge - cast iron, and even earlier, without collective farms, meat - healthy chunks". How about in the camp? "Dumka was on the same meal." This is where the concepts rations"instead of bread," gruel"- instead of soup, stew.

Slang, camp vocabulary in the narrative helps the reader to plunge into the situation described by the author, draws a realistic picture of life.

Slang vocabulary plays a similar role in V.V. Krestovsky's novel "Petersburg Slums". The author himself called the work "a book about the well-fed and the hungry", emphasizing its social orientation. A novel about an immeasurable abyss that divided the "tops" and "bottoms" of Russian society, the aristocracy and the city "bottom". Of course, in the speech of people belonging to the nobility, there will be no slang word or expression. Only when describing thieves' dens is literary speech replaced by thieves' jargon - a conditional language that cannot be understood by the "uninitiated":

- And how should I know - I asked you! .. Take zenki in rakes, yes and zet out through the links! Maybe and figaris which!

Which meant: “Take your eyes in your hands and look through the glasses! Maybe a detective!” The conversation is completely incomprehensible to an outsider, jargon is used as a cipher, a secret language. The use of jargon in speech for a similar purpose distinguishes people in the criminal sphere. This language is rude, non-melodious, its use allows you to talk in the presence of strangers without fear of being understood:

- Friend Borisych! Yuzich said, giving him his hand. Glue there is!(Favorable thieves' enterprise.)

- Oh, is it cool al pit? - responded friend Borisych ...("Cool" - good, "pit" - unusable.)

...- And how will it go: in slam al retail ? ("Slam" - thieves' share, "retail" - all the proceeds to one.)

- It is known in slam! You, if you start working yourself, we'll smash the double. You see, muhorta what was sitting with me? Yuzich explained to him. dark eye needed.("Double tear" - to distribute the proceeds, "mukhorta" - any person, not a thief, "dark eye" - a fake passport.)

…- Not, marushiy need…("Marushiy" - female.)

The novel by V.V. Krestovsky “Petersburg Slums” is a book describing the realities of the slum, beggarly existence of people, “a miserable, dark environment where a hungry mother must steal a piece of bread for her hungry child; where the source of existence of a twelve or thirteen-year-old girl is begging and corrupt depravity; where a hungry and ragged poor man, in vain looking for an honest job, is hired to commit a crime by a swindler well-fed and more comfortable in life ... where, finally, people get sick, suffer, suffocate in the lack of cleanliness, fresh air and sometimes they decide, if not on a crime, then on suicide ... if only to get rid of a hopelessly gloomy existence ... "

Chapter V . Slang vocabulary in the language of modern newspapers.

The author in the work always tries to draw the reader's attention to the problem of the work, expresses his attitude towards it (or gives the reader the right to form his own attitude to the problem raised) or has the goal of conveying some information to the reader. We can see the same in journalism.

In journalism in general, and in a newspaper in particular, the author (addresser) acts, on the one hand, as a collective linguistic personality expressing public opinion, on the other hand, as an individual linguistic personality with its own moral and worldview principles.

Throughout the 1990s. a new contingent of native speakers is being formed: traditional components (scientific and technical intelligentsia, cultural figures, student youth) have been supplemented by businessmen, entrepreneurs, as well as people who are familiar with places of detention firsthand. The language of the representatives of these subcultures begins to actively take root in the literary language of the book, creating a new "standard". The public intellectual elite acts as the creator of the media language, including newspaper language. Journalists create texts of different communicative and pragmatic orientation, designed both for the intellectual addressee and for the general reader, who is not always aware of many cultural and linguistic facts. To achieve success in influencing such an addressee, a wide variety of linguistic means are used. These include colloquial expressions and slang vocabulary.

Today, a newspaper text is an example of the interaction of a normalized bookish, literary language, folk-speech element and jargon. Departure from the literary norm in the process of creating a text forms a certain tone (irony, humor, sarcasm), appraisal, expressiveness, and contributes to the creation of realism in describing phenomena. Thus, the public elite, represented by journalists, acts as the creator of the language of the media, in particular the printed language, in the position of addresser - addressee; The media influence the formation of views (and sometimes shape them) of both the social elite and the entire population. The presence in the newspaper text of actively used non-codified means is not a reflection of the "corruption" of the language, but rather is already the norm of the printed text.

Let us demonstrate the above position by examples of the functioning of non-codified, in particular jargon, vocabulary in newspaper texts. The material under consideration was taken from the Russian newspapers "Rossiyskaya Gazeta", "Life", "Komsomolskaya Pravda".

As observations over the past year show, the use of jargon is most often motivated by the author's communicative and pragmatic attitude. For example, the implementation of a speech portrait, which is a monologue in the first person in newspaper headings such as "Person", "Direct speech" or an interview, where, first of all, it is a monologue speech of a prominent politician, statesman, famous actor, and so on, which, according to social ideas, must comply with speech and ethical standards.

In the example I am considering, this is an interview with an actor, in which slang expressions are found both in the questions of the journalist and in the speech of the interviewee:

- There was a period: I for a year thundered in hospital…

- And abroad you are on something sat down ?

- I addicted to fishing… You can’t even imagine what it is bliss !..

- You extreme by nature ?

- But to get through to the guys at such moments when they on your skin feel what is happening, feel this stadium, these fans, when you Buryat and Buryat …

- Tell me, please, can we already consider that the pension reform failed ?

- ... The Constitution does not say that you can rob me in order to pay a pension to some wino who became disabled while drunk.

- ... He has, besides this odnushki, no more corner!

- ... In one of my novels, a character lights a joint in the kitchen.

I'm already scored to these sites [dating sites] ... Fate is impatient for a man boil - boil, I will not turn away.

- Vlad had crazy popularity, but he didn’t speculate on it, he didn’t have an acting show off !

- ... These are some kind of negotiations-agreements where you can’t be drunk... In the 9th grade, I picked up so many twos - well scored for study- and my parents sent me to a school for working youth.

Slang vocabulary can also be found in the speech of government officials:

Having received the summons , searched the whole Internet mentally prepared, so to speak.

The militia or the police is not an apparatus for " roofing", not an apparatus to support someone's interests.

Three times missed, for the fourth time hit.

Sometimes a newspaper imitates the speech of our contemporary, replete with jargon, in order to draw attention to the publication and at the same time demonstrate the "lexicon" that dominates people's communication not only in everyday life, but also in the public sphere:

Them [kangurin], by the way, with pleasure, as a kind of decoration, they are even installed on "penny", and “Gazelles” without them are becoming less and less common.(We are talking about devices installed on the front of the car.)

True, it is not yet entirely clear how the machines with kenguryatniks will survive from the roads - even fines for them are not provided.

Were cleaned and frank "blunders ».

... according to the new rules, this amount of sick leave shines employees with at least 15 years of experience.

Quality lame, often buyers conducted on low price.

And, apparently, filming in India is thoroughly her plowed: The actress is going to adopt an Indian child.

... emphasizes Lord Bell, a PR guru whom Berezovsky met in 1996 and together sculpted Yeltsin's pre-election image.

Although if your husband is constantly developing and growing above himself, and you "hung" at the first level, then divorce is really close.

They lived in a terrible communal apartment, a dim light bulb at the end of a squalid, piss-smelling hallway.

But he couldn't be special and worked hard along with everyone.

Chicken has become more expensive by 20-30 rubles, much "let us down" vegetables: kilogram potatoes, carrots, eggplants, cabbage almost doubled in price, apples - ten rubles.

It turns out that this man managed somehow gain confidence to my elder brother Azamat...

To shoot a video for the song "Droplet", the artist will have to master surfing and learn how to manage bike .

On the very first day, Milyavskaya and Ivanov together rushed to the beach .

Traffic cops asked the hockey player to remove the Mercedes closer to the sidewalk. But, while parking, he maneuvered so awkwardly that he caught Zhiguli and pretty much crushed it.

In order to calm down raging champion, who did not want to part with his driver's license, four police squads arrived.

Behind "Mercedes" his wife came, she took the car, without getting into a fight .

Then he returned to his module, grunted alcohol and told his trouble to another ensign .

It's about what's in canteen there were no tea utensils, so the kettle… was just passed around…

And change into citizen .

Jargon can be used to reinforce a negative assessment of the facts described; when it is included in the text, the sender also demonstrates his assessment.

Basically, drugs are bought not for bucks but for weapons.

Post-Soviet generations of youth grew up ... chernukha or violence… When you drive on the road and break the rule, all Russians know you can pay traffic cop, go further and further violate.

Using simple psychology and marketing, boutique owners vparivayut us their products at inflated prices.

Maybe right away I wouldn't be able to breed clients, but... my shift... got me up to speed quickly.

In fact, clinic management has a thousand and one ways inflate doctors...

See who "divorced" still, mortally tired, just like lying.

Describing the actions of bandit groups, the correspondent uses words that appear in the speech of these people - this is criminal jargon:

…was thwarted thieves' meeting on a boat on Pirogovka, numerous subsequent gangways never reconciled the warring leaders for spheres of influence ...

At bespredelschikov there are surnames, names, nicknames, but they are all called hoes . (By the name of the leader.)

Money, they say, is needed for " common fund”, on the thieves who are sitting in the zones.

Next came the inspectors from the police head office .

She told him how on the Green Grove farm the helpers hoe and Khodych "roof" hemp plantations.

In early March 2006, Galina Ivanovna was arrested, and immediately local media reported sensational news that the rector of the North Kuban Humanitarian and Technological Institute had set up a fictitious educational process in Kushchevsk College with the issuance of "fake" diplomas.

Sherstobitov agreed to cooperate with the investigation, believing that he knock off the term …

As we know, a year after Alexei was imprisoned, Natasha fell in love with ... opera .

Bandit Gusyatinsky and businessman Kvantrishvili "stripped off" from a small-caliber ... rifle.

One of the Pyryev brothers, leaders of the organized criminal group, had a suspicion that Tarantsev was going to put away wanting to embezzle a huge amount of money from common fund groupings.

After this “failure”, the Soldier fired only himself, not trusting the technical "bells and whistles" ..

Slang is often found in article headings or photo captions in order to attract the attention of readers:

Who will be responsible for the fact that the rector of the North Kuban Institute, Galina Kroshka, who rebelled against the dictatorship tsapkov, brought to mental hospital ?

« We have Russian does not threaten corruption and financial audits”.

And who is faster finish it: Am I Overweight or Dieting Me?

With such bells and whistles The vehicle will no longer pass inspection.

Why gazelles kenguryatnik ?

Bengali [Bengal cat ] won the hearts of both Hollywood stars and the richest people on the planet.

Philip Kirkorov's apartments on the Black Sea coast in Bulgaria, owned by the king of the Russian stage, cunning realtors rented out without the knowledge of the star owner.

Perm traffic cops.

Some jargon has been used so often in the media that it no longer requires interpretation and the need to “close it in quotation marks”, for example, the word “n arrival" in meaning " conflict situation, dispute, quarrel", " traffic cop"- a traffic policeman," steep” in the meaning of “having special privileges, different from everyone”, “ showdown»- showdown, an attempt to find and choose a solution.

So, the language of modern newspapers is characterized by some leveling of the features of a slang word, which, losing its belonging to the speech of any group of people, but retaining an emotionally expressive coloring, is used by the addressee for certain communicative and pragmatic purposes. Due to the use of jargon in a newspaper text, jargon often gets rid of their inherent diffuseness of semantics, concretizing the meaning in the text or developing new connotations. Part of the slang words goes into the sphere common use and gets a colloquial stylistic coloring. Today, the corporate features of jargon are partially neutralized, and the circle of words that have become part of the language of the “substatus” and carriers of normalized vocabulary is being determined. They gradually replenish the composition of the literary language. The use of slang vocabulary in a modern newspaper text ultimately leads to a differentiation of the stylistic structure and continues the tradition in the development of the Russian literary language - the convergence of the literary language with the language of a closed group (jargon) in a specific period of the development of society and its enrichment with the necessary linguistic elements during the selective action of the language norm .

Conclusion.

Over the past 20 - 25 years, jargon has expanded its once closed, narrow sphere of use so much that it has become clear to almost everyone. Jargon penetrated not only into oral, colloquial speech, but also sounded in the speech of political and public figures, hosts of all kinds of talk shows; widely used in journalism. Modern linguists are seriously concerned about such an attack of jargon on the literary language: will jargon soon become the literary norm, will it not supplant normalized literary speech? Of course, jargon, being expressive vocabulary, diversifies our speech, makes it effective, understandable for many sectors of society. But it is important to realize something else: now in the speech of most people so much jargon is used, especially of criminalistic origin, that this cannot but worry sociologists, political scientists, and linguists. There is a process of stylistic decline and vulgarization of the Russian language, and this already speaks of a decline in general culture and linguistic culture in particular. Language is the most important component of culture. And today, more than ever, the native language needs protection and protection from everything that threatens it with destruction. Alas, most people, using the language, do not even think about it. They only use it. They say how birds sing - naturally and freely, as they have to, without thinking about what words they used - literary or jargon. A nation that loses its original, historical language, will probably lose its own psychology, will break with its great works of art.

We must not allow the loss of the national language, the Russian language, the Russian word. Indeed, in the Russian word - not only one concept, strictly - cold. It contains a verbal image, the movement of emotions, which are transmitted through the word from the ancestors. It is a reflection of moral feelings. And today, in the period of the expansion of jargon, we should already talk about the introduction of an immoral principle into the feelings of a Russian person, about the society getting used to the criminal consciousness. Turning the mind of a person is a difficult task, but a necessary one. And language is a manifestation of human consciousness. In the arrangement of words, in their meanings, in the sense of their combinations, there is information that, in an unknown way, conveys to us knowledge about the world and people, introducing everyone to the spiritual wealth that many generations of ancestors created. And this spiritual wealth is transmitted to generations through the national language, the loss of which will turn into a tragedy for any nation, therefore, in this moment the struggle for the culture of speech, which has always been characteristic of Russian society, intensified again. It seems that the task of preserving the national language could become a Russian national idea.

Jargon dictionary

ALCOHOL, -a, m. 1. Drunkard. 2. Alcoholic.

BACS, -a, m. Dollar.

BIKE, -a, m. Motorcycle.

BENGAL, -and, f. Bengal cat.

LESS, -a, m. A person who creates lawlessness. Not recognizing laws and generally accepted norms.

DRILL. Talk unpleasant.

GO. Trust.

WORK. Work hard; work tirelessly.

STEAM. Sell.

STEEL. 1. Give. 2. Donate.

GET INTO TRUST. 1. Through deceit, present something to someone (or introduce yourself to someone) in a favorable light for yourself.

2. Penetrate somewhere, enter any environment by various intrigues, unseemly tricks.

GAI OFFICER, -a, m. Traffic police officer,

GLAVK, -a, m. The name of the main departments, departmental divisions of ministries, central institutions.

CITIZEN, -and, f. Non-military uniform, civilian clothing.

THREATEN. Foretell a bad outcome, consequences.

DONATE. Get bored.

ZHIGULENOK, -a, m. Passenger car of the Volga Automobile Plant.

SCORE. Stop paying attention.

DEPEND. Don't move forward; stay put; not develop.

ROOM. Get somewhere; be somewhere; please somewhere.

KAIF, -a, m. Pleasure, pleasure.

POTATO, -and, f. Potato.

KENGURYATNIK, -a, m. A decorative device mounted on the front of the car.

COMMUNAL, -and, well. Communal apartment.

KOPEYKA, -and, f. See ZHIGULENOK.

BUTT, -a, m. Cigarette, cigarette.

ROOFING, -I, f. Patronage, hiding "dark" deeds.

ROOFING. See ROOFING.

Sculpt. 1. Deceive. 2. Giving false evidence. 3. Participate in the creation of a fake.

LIME, wow, m. 1. Forged, fake.

DLNP, -a, m. Error.

MURLO, -a, cf. Large face.

FUCK, -a, m. Technical improvement of something.

INFLATE. Deceive, fool.

OBSHCHAK, -a, m. Cash reserve of a criminal organization.

ONE, -and, f. One-room apartment.

OPERATOR, -a, m. Operative officer.

TURN UP. Remake; change.
BREAK. Search carefully, participate in the search.

PICKENTIA, -and, f. Playing card of spades.

PIKENDRAS, PICHURUSHCHUKH, PICHURA, PICHUK. See PICKENTIA.

DRIVEN, th, m. Drunk.

UPGRADE. Summing up.

GET SUCKED. Get addicted to something.

SELF-FUCKING, -s, f. Vulgarity.

GO. Began.
PONT, -a, m. Arrogance.

FAIL. Fail.
PURGE. Lose.

GREASE. Miss.

Psychic, -and, f. Mental hospital.

SNOW, -a, cf. Face.

RUN. Rush to run.

DISASSEMBLY, -and, well. Clarification of relations, dispute.

BREED. Deceive; make money dishonestly.

SHINE. Get.

SHUT DOWN. Reduce jail time.

TAKE OFF. Kill with a firearm.

OLD HIT. Playing card "Lady".

CANteen, -and, well. Dining room.

GATHERING, -and, well. Meeting.

SHODNYAK, -a, m. See SURROUNDING.

TAMBOV MAN. Playing card "King".

BUMP. 1. Play something. 2. Lose.

Cunning, wow, m. Smart.

PUT AWAY. Kill.

PUT UP. Calm down.

LIMP. 1. Let down. 2. Not meet the requirements.
GRUNCH. Drink.
TsAPKI. A criminal organization, the name is derived from the name of the leader - Tsapkov.

WORMHOLE, -s, f. playing suit"worms".

BLACK, -and, f. 1. Lies. 2. "Dark" affairs.

EXTREME, -a, m. Lover of extreme sports.

Bibliography.

1. Language and personality. – M.: Nauka, 1989.- 78-86 p.

2. Bykov V. Russian Fenya. Dictionary of modern interjargon of asocial elements. Smolensk: TRUST-IMACOM, 1993.- 222 p.

3. Skachinsky A. Dictionary of the thieves' language. Tyumen, 1991.

4. Explanatory dictionary of criminal jargons. Under the general editorship of Yu.P. Dubyagin and A.G. Bronnikov. Moscow, 1991.

5. Rabinovich E.G. Rhetoric of everyday life: Philological essays. - St. Petersburg: Publishing House of Ivan Limbakh, 2000. - 13-26 p.

6. Skvortsov L.I. The culture of language is the property of socialist culture: Book. for extracurricular reading. (VIII-X class). - M .: Education, 1981. - 57-116 p.

7. Russian literature of the twentieth century. Grade 11: Reader for general education. textbook establishments.- At 2 pm Part 1 / Comp. V.V. Agenosov, E.L. Beznosov, A.V. Ledenev.- 3rd ed., stereotype.- M.: Bustard, 2000.- 384 p.

8. Krestovsky V.V. Petersburg slums. A book about the full and the hungry. A novel in six parts. Parts I-IV (chapters I-LVIII) / General. ed. and intro. Art. I.V. Skachkova.- M.: Press. 1994.- 736 p.

9. Gogol N.V. Collected Works, Goslitizdat, 1959.- 384 p.

10. M.N. Pryomysheva. From the history of the use of the words slang and jargon in Russian. Russian language at school, 2009.- 56-60 p.

11. Kolesov V.V. Our proud language. - 2nd ed., revised. - St. Petersburg: "Avalon", "Azbuka-classika", 2006.- 3-5, 32, 338-345 p.

Novikov N.I. (1744 - 1830) - Russian educator, writer, journalist. He published books, magazines in all branches of knowledge (the most famous: the satirical magazines Drone and Painter).

Ushakov D.N. (1873-1942) - Russian linguist, his works served as the basis for the development of Russian dialectology, participated in the work to improve and reform Russian spelling. Ushakov was an encyclopedist of Russian studies and Slavic studies, a master of the Russian living word

D.N. Ushakov. Great Dictionary of Russian language. Modern edition - M .: LLC "House of the Slavic Book", 2008.- 960 pages.

Grachev M.A. - Doctor of Philology, conducts research in the field of linguocriminalistics, culture of speech and lexicography. Author of dictionaries and teaching aids: "Dictionary of youth slang", "Russian language and culture of speech" and others.

Elistratov V.S. - Professor, Doctor of Cultural Studies. Author of the books Argo and Culture, Dictionary of Russian Argo, Dictionary of Catchwords (Russian Cinema) and others.

Tomashevsky B.V. (1890 - 1957) - Soviet literary critic. Known for his works on literary theory, scientific textology and Pushkin studies.

Krestovsky V.V. Petersburg slums. A book about the full and the hungry. A novel in six parts. Parts I-IV (chapters I-LVIII) / General. ed. and intro. Art. I.V. Skachkova.- M.: Press. 1994.- 80-81 p.

In artistic and journalistic speech, slang words can perform two functions. First of all, they serve as a means of stylizing the speech of the social environment that the author is talking about. In Vasily Aksenov's story "Our Golden Piece of Iron", describing one of the heroes, who remains faithful to the tastes and aesthetic preferences of his past, the author characterizes him as follows; "Pavel Slon was a representative of the aging generation of scientific supermen who, twenty or fifteen years ago, became the heroes of the public under the slogan "something of lyrics in the corral, something of physics in high esteem." These mysterious celestials, pioneers of new sports, have long been no one interested ... but the Elephant still kept in character: with rude words he camouflaged tenderness for his girlfriend, keeping in his soul the shrine of youth - "Ham's iceberg", four-fifths hidden under water, exhausted himself with scuba gear, listened to outdated bebops for hours, grinned manners of the late Zbyszek Cybulski". Here the reader is immersed in the atmosphere of the mid-50s - early 60s. In those days, jazz, which was then banned, became an aesthetic ideal for many young people and had no less powerful influence than modern rock music on the formation of clothing style, behavior, and speech patterns of a significant part of young people ("dude", as they were called ). And in the quoted passage we find words popular with young people of that time: to keep in character - musical and stage professionalism, which has passed into the youth lexicon; bebops - from bebop - official name jazz style, here - in the plural form - works written in this style (similar to modern hits from hit). Finally, the adjective Hamovsky used here recalls the abbreviated Ham, which was fashionable in those years, a slang synonym for the name of the American writer Ernest Hemingway, who was then an idol for many young people.

The jargon of the modern army is reflected in S. Kaledin's story "Stroybat", where jargon is used both in the author's narrative, organized from the point of view of the characters, and in the speech of the characters themselves: "Suddenly Kostya heard the clatter of horseshoes near his head, not the clatter of the battalion .. "Hurting behind a bush, Gubars were carried out onto the parade ground, pulling machine guns off their shoulders as they ran. Short bursts rang out. For the first time in his life, Kostya heard real shots. The fight stopped. "Lip-ah! .." Everyone rushed in all directions." The highlighted words: construction battalion from construction battalion - construction battalion, gubars - those who serve in the guardhouse, lip - guardhouse - are army jargon. In the same story we find the words salabon, grandfather, demobilization (“Kostya fell into anguish: it would be okay if there was a salabon, in the first year ... but after all, grandfather, demobilization is on the nose, and what will his comrades in arms say?”), disbat ( disciplinary battalion), pesh ("- Bring pesh, boots, socks and swimming trunks from the supply room. In my suitcase ... Repeat. What is pesh?" - Babai thought, but repeated correctly: - Half wool "), etc.

Specific slang words help the reader to more clearly feel different compared to civilian life, with different laws, according to which the young heroes of the story live in the army.

Slang vocabulary can also be a means of helping to establish contact with the reader - a carrier of the same jargon. In this case, the property of slang words mentioned above is realized - to serve as a means of linguistic isolation, a kind of signal that distinguishes "one's own" from "alien". In this function, slang words are often used in texts addressed to a youth audience: primarily in the materials of newspapers and magazines, in youth radio programs. An illustration of this can be, for example, the magazine "Counter Cult Ura", published for some time by the publishing house Ima-Press and addressed to lovers of modern rock music. Here are excerpts from the "Discrete encyclopedia of rock samizdat" published in the third issue of the magazine (for 1991), containing information about all the magazines published by various rock groups in our country: "ID". The first Novosibirsk rock-n-roll samizdat, born under the influence of the hangouts of Akademgorodok and the University. "ID" was a photocopied rock newspaper with a hippie orientation, which was published by a two-person editorial board. Literary and musical poetry, rock ... and just a cheerful banter, that is, "painted press"; "BUENOS AIRES" - Tyumen partnership with the same name; taking advantage of the availability of free photocopiers and a sea of ​​state technology, for three months they harassed the city with their own weekly ... "; "BIT-ECHO". There is a fairly high probability that "Bit-Echo" was the first domestic rock and roll magazine Released in Kharkiv in connection with the appearance of rock bands in the city and the first session in the recreation center of railway workers ... ". The highlighted words are jargons, which are common primarily among musicians and fans of rock music and from there pass into the jargon of youth (banter, session). Resorting to them, the author of the publication A. Kushnir used that speech mask, that form of speech behavior, which is accepted by both rock musicians themselves and those who are the addressee of the magazine.

It should be noted that in the mentioned journal, despite its narrow specialization, slang vocabulary is used very moderately in editorial materials. But the mass newspaper "Moskovsky Komsomolets" can be called a champion in the use of non-literary vocabulary, including jargon. The "Sound Track" is replete with them, which also publishes materials on contemporary music. So, in one small piece of correspondence, "Letters from fans will still wait for IRON MAIDEN" (headline), we read: "All 150 letters to Iron Maiden, sent by fans to ZD back in March, were carefully preserved", "Joyful the news that the Maidens did not take long to wait and would arrive in Moscow as alive at the beginning of June... again brought pleasant chores back to the agenda in connection with the upcoming epoch-making metal event"; "...Already in the next "Soundtrack" five lucky people will become known who will receive free tickets to concerts. A truly royal gesture on the part of the organizers, given the very modest financial capabilities of the majority of fans who have been very overextended at the Accent concerts (where everyone highlighted words are jargon) and here: "the efforts of two monsters of show business", "the absolutely deadly thrash of the American supercult team will be presented in Moscow", "there is no doubt that "Iron Maiden" is perhaps the most could happen."

Slang vocabulary is used in "Moskovsky Komsomolets" in materials on a wide variety of topics: "Luzhniki became the site of a showdown between the mafias" (1993. May 25); "It is possible that the showdown could happen again, but in a different place" (ibid.); "Big squabbles near the small Savoy" (1993. 27 Apr.); "On what grounds the squabbles arose, the investigation will give an answer" (ibid.) - information about incidents; "By scrolling through this "smart and useful game for children" and falling into sediment - yellow and curdled - I realized that we can not live without each other "(1993. April 27) - an ironic review of an unsuccessful book;" Luxurious ball gowns with dragging hemlines and elbow-length gloves ... - a hundred " pieces "(1993. May 27) - material on the preparation of Moscow schools for the graduation ball; "Just elegant dresses with the thought of subsequent wearing - 15 - 50 "pieces" (ibid); "According to the results of a survey of tens of thousands of schoolchildren, on average, from the nose of a thousand to five ... The ancestors will compensate for the lack immediately before the celebration" (ibid.) and etc.

Often, slang words are used in materials whose content has nothing to do with the life of young people: “After the opening of the second McDonald’s restaurant on Ogareva Street, some journalists apparently immediately ran to the dry cleaners. historical event... sat down in a huge cake displayed at the opening. Hanging out in the crowd, they awarded cream marks to the backs and bellies of other guests "(1993. July 2), or:" The "old man" of the Gorky Moscow Art Theater, Mikhail Goryunov, went on strike. For more than a month he did not go to the play "The Blue Bird", thus trying to draw attention to what was happening in the "bunker" on Tverskoy Boulevard. And there is clearly something wrong going on there: either the gekachists gather for their party, or the artists have conflicts with the owner of the theater, G.V. Doronina" (1993. June 2), etc. It seems that such frequent use of jargon in the newspaper, which is bought and subscribed not only by young people, cannot be considered justified. Turning to jargon, non-literary vocabulary, journalists forget that now, in our de-ideologized time, any mass newspaper continues to perform propaganda functions, and it promotes not only ideas, views, political and aesthetic preferences, but also the language through which it communicates with the reader. the tone that instills bad taste in young people lowers the already often low speech culture of young readers and at the same time repels readers of the older generation from the newspaper.

Rakhmanova L.I., Suzdaltseva V.N. Modern Russian language. - M, 1997.

Jargon is, in simple terms, a kind of dialect, which is characterized by a special vocabulary and phraseology, expressiveness of turns and specific word-formation means. It is peculiar only to certain social groups - people who are united by their interests, occupations, occupation, social status, profession, etc.

And no language can exist without such sociolects. However, in Russian there are many more of them, and they are of particular interest. So now it is worth considering this topic in more detail and paying attention to examples of jargon.

Professional area

Surely everyone has come across specific expressions that came from one or another specialized area. There are many examples of professional jargon. But their highlight is that only people who are related to a particular specialty understand them. Here are some examples common among computer scientists:

• "Upgrade". In fact, this is the English word upgrade. To "upgrade" something means to improve it, to improve it.
• “Throw on soap” - send something to an email address.
• "Klava" - keyboard.
• "User" is a derogatory name for a user.

There are also interesting examples in the medical field. Here are some of them:

• "Helicopter" - a gynecological chair.
• "Bring in a patient" - restore the rhythm after a cardiac arrest.
• The "client" is an ambulance patient.
• "Sunbed" - a bedridden patient.
• "Paratroopers" are people who have been injured in a fall.
• "TV" - fluoroscopy.

And there are hundreds of such words in any field. As a rule, they have a comic or associative origin.

school slang

It can be described as sustainable. The lexemes related to the educational process practically do not change. Only words related to the spheres of everyday life and leisure are “transformed”. But this is normal, because it is not without the influence of fashion and other extralinguistic factors.

Tokens are formed, as a rule, by affixal methods. There are also metonymic and metaphorical transfers, as well as fusions.

What about character? Due to the specifics of distribution, school slang is characterized by a playful, funny coloring. With negative lexemes in educational institutions, where they are massively formed, they are fighting. By the way, many people call this type of jargon the school of word creation.

School jargon dictionary

Now you can give some examples of words and their meaning in jargon. Words from the school sphere are simple and understandable even without explanation. Here are some of them:

• "Algebroid" - algebra teacher.
• "Dirik" - director.
• Zubril is an excellent student, a diligent student.
• "Hysteric" - a teacher of history. There is a letter change here. Consonant with the colloquial "historian".
• "Ancestors", "rodoks" or "perens" (from English parents ) - parents.
• "Rap" - tutor.
• "Physicist-shizik" - a teacher of physics, formed on the basis of rhyme.
• "Shamovochnaya" - dining room.

There are many other examples from the jargon of the school sphere. Many lexemes are common, and some exist only in certain circles. Surely in all schools there are teachers who, within the framework of the institution, schoolchildren call one or another slang word - most often derived from a surname.

Student jargon: features

He usually wears a familiar coloration. It is generally accepted that student jargon, examples of which will be given below, began its journey with abbreviations for the names of subjects.

A little later, disciplines began to be replaced by the names of teachers who lecture on them. For example: “Are you going to Ivanov?”

Conventionally, students' slang is divided into traditional, which is passed from one generation to another, and new. It includes words that constantly replenish the vocabulary of students. Although, by the way, student slang is common not only among them. It is also actively used by teachers.

Examples

Here are some jargons from the student sphere that can be classified as traditional:

• "Abitura" - graduates entering the university, applicants.
• "Academ" - academic leave.
• "Alaska", "gallerka", "Kamchatka" - the back rows in the audience.
• "Spur" - cheat sheet.
• Botan is an excellent student.
• "Record" - a record book.
• "Kursach" - term paper.
• "Stipukha" - a scholarship.

These examples of jargon have taken root in circulation so long ago that they are no longer even considered slang. But those that are new, perhaps not even familiar to everyone:

• "Bachok" - bachelor.
• "Mag" - master.
• "Zaruba" - foreign literature.
• "Matan" - mathematical analysis.
• "Pervak" - freshman.

The student sociolect is perhaps one of the most frequently replenished. Therefore, this jargon has a "live" character. And it will exist until the social group itself disappears.

Youth slang

It is also very common. Examples of youth jargon are numerous. Surely many of you have come across the following lexemes:

• "Theme" - a good, interesting idea or idea. It is also not uncommon to hear an approving exclamation of “Oh, this is a topic!” Addressed to something / someone.
• "Bro" is a friend. It comes from the English brother ("brother").
• "Scrap" - too lazy to do something.
• "Bummer" - a characteristic of a situation where reality did not match the expectation.
• “In kind”, “hedgehogs”, “live is” - a conviction.
• "Lave", "loot", "coin", "cash" - money.

As a rule, most lexemes have a rough-familiar coloring. If we talk about the most developed semantic fields, then it will be leisure, housing, clothing, appearance and people. Youth jargon, examples of which are found everywhere, is very changeable. Generations change, and with them slang.

Literature

Slang words and expressions are also found in the work of great figures. It is not surprising, because they are able to convey exactly the meaning that the author lays in the lines, give the text some kind of expression. Here are just a few examples of jargon in fiction:

• S. A. Yesenin - “Letter to mother”. There are such words: “sadanul” (jargon), “very much” and “drunkard” (colloquial). There are many other examples in the verses of the “Moscow Tavern” cycle, and in obscene verses there is something that censorship does not let through.
• M. A. Sholokhov - Quiet Don. In this work, the speech of the main characters and descriptions of nature are interspersed with words characteristic of the Don villages. Such as "spletugans", "bursaks", etc.
• N. V. Gogol - "Dead Souls". In this poem, many characters speak in simple language.
• V. S. Vysotsky and A. I. Solzhenitsyn. These literary figures are known for their love of jargon and "strong" words, so you can find them in almost every work of theirs.

But they are also found in the literary works of other writers and poets. There are many examples of jargon in the literature. It's just that sometimes we don't even perceive them as such. There used to be other times, mores, language norms, and modern people simply consider most words to be a literary feature of the era. Here are some examples: shameless (shameless), buoy (impolite), sail (sail), gaer (jester), ephor (bishop), zabobons (superstition), capon (castrated rooster), mask (mask), oratay (plowman).

prison slang

It cannot be ignored when considering examples of jargon. It developed among the declassed elements of society, which are criminals who are both at large and in correctional institutions.

Criminal jargon is a system of expressions and terms that identify members of the criminal community as a separate, isolated part of society. This feature is its main specificity. If the same school jargon, examples of words from which were given above, can be understood by everyone, then the meaning of “thieves” expressions is difficult to perceive.

Because you need to be enlightened in this matter. For criminal jargon reflects the internal hierarchy of the criminal world. "Respectful" words are assigned to authoritative, powerful, influential personalities. Offensive and offensive - for the "lower".

Some "thieves" words

They should be listed at the end of the topic. A dictionary of criminal slang, if released in the format of a book, will be as thick as a weighty brochure. All words and phrases cannot be listed, so here are the most striking examples of criminal jargon:

• "Cormorant" - a hooligan convicted under Art. 213 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. The word carries a connotation of contempt.
• "Huckster" - a speculator, a buyer of stolen goods. Either convicted of speculation, or someone who sells cigarettes, tea and other goods in prison.
• "Blatnoy" is a professional, respected criminal from the highest status group. Follows "concepts", recognizes the prison law, has a "clean" past.
• "Grev" - food and money illegally sent to criminals in prison by someone from freedom.
• "Dushnyak" - especially unbearable conditions.
• "Gimp" - harming one prisoner by others.
• "Goats" - a whole group of prisoners who openly cooperate with the administration of the penitentiary. One of the most serious insults in the zone.
• "Attack" is an aggressive provocation.
• "Soldering" - state-owned products.
• "Pakhan" is the most authoritative prisoner.
• "Cutting" - shortening the term.
• "Torpedo" - bodyguard.
• "Bullshit" is a lie.
• "Chemist" - a criminal who was released on parole.
• "Owner" - the head of the colony / prison.
• "Shmon" - a search.

Given that there are hundreds of such words, one can imagine how incomprehensible the communication of prisoners will seem. ordinary person. In fact, there are still many examples of jargon in the Russian language, but the prison one is the most specific and interesting in terms of word formation. Not without reason, many works of a scientific nature are devoted to its study.

"The question of the admissibility of argotisms in the language of literature,
which rose so sharply in the last (XIX) century, now and then appears in literary criticism and philological works, being a reason for mutually exclusive judgments. Meanwhile, the process of penetration of argotisms is happening before our eyes, and it is necessary to objectively understand its features. This will deepen our understanding of the style of fiction, of the evolution artistic speech"
(E. M. Beregovskaya)

The language of fiction has long been influenced by slang vocabulary. Writers and poets often faced the problem of whether or not to use argotism in their works. If used, how? In which cases?

In Soviet literature, argotisms were most often used in the works of L. Leonov, P. Nilin, G. Medynsky, V. Shalamov, brothers A. and G. Vainer, N. Leonov.

Writers, poets, playwrights use slang vocabulary for various artistic purposes.

1. With the social characteristics of the hero. So, for example, in V. Kaverin's story "The End of the Chazy", the literary hero says the following: "He needs a bki for de" la, he will later report what happened, and you heh "you're lying, jig" n! From this passage of speech, knowing what ba "bki (money), he" vra (thieves' gang), zhiga "n (here: bandit, non-professional criminal), fay (large swindler) are, you can guess that the character belongs to the underworld .

2. To create color, environment for the people of the "bottom". See an excerpt from the essay by V. Gilyarovsky "Khitrovka":

“And more recently, around the clock, the square was flitting around with crowds of ragamuffins. In the evening, drunken people rushed about and clamored with their “maru” hami” (mistresses - M.G.). Seeing nothing in front of them, cocaine addicts of both sexes and all ages staggered around sniffing "marafa" (cocaine - M.G.). - M.G.) - their gentlemen. A degree higher were the "train" shniks, their job was to snatch saki and suitcases from the top of the span on the boulevards, in back alleys and on dark station squares ... Behind them were "fortachi", dexterous and flexible guys who could climb through the window , and "shield screeners", silently climbing into the pockets of a man in a buttoned coat, but "pulling and shutting" (having pushed and robbed - M.G.) him in the crowd. And all over the square - beggars, beggars ... And at night, from the dungeons of the "Dry Ravine" crawled out to luck (crime - M.G.) "business" children "ta" (professional criminals - M.G.) with crowbars and revolvers ... They pushed around and "spoiled" night lights " (petty criminals - M.G.), who did not disdain to tear off a hat from a passer-by or from their own cunning "beggar (a beggar living in the Cunning Market - M.G.)

3. Argotisms can be a sign of a certain era, a certain time, see, for example, the following lexemes: poly "t - "political prisoner" ("But since we are all kae" ry, and the socialists could not stay on poly "tah - since then, only the laughter of the prisoners and the bewilderment of the guards could you protest, so that you, the political, would not be confused with the criminals "- [A. Solzhenitsyn. The Gulag Archipelago]), poly "tic -" a political prisoner ("Mass, of course, continued and squeals and obscene songs, but active aggression against politicians was suspended [E. Ginzburg. Steep route], the litternik is a "political prisoner" ("The only son of Kostochkin, who studied in Harbin and saw nothing but Harbin, in at the age of twenty-five he was condemned as a "chs", as a "member of the family", as a literary man for fifteen years. "[V. Shalamov. Left Bank]). These words were used by declassed elements in the 30s-early 50s of the last century, when there were many repressed political prisoners in places of deprivation of liberty. their prisoners.

4. To save language resources, especially in cases where there is no equivalent for argotism in the common Russian language (see examples: gastro "l -" a trip to another locality to commit a crime, "bear" tnik - "a thief specializing in thefts from safes).

All works describing the world of criminals, depending on the nature of the depicted, are divided into five groups (the division is very conditional, since by the nature of the depicted, the work is difficult to squeeze into the framework of one or another group, but when classifying, we took into account what prevails in it) :

a) giving a general picture of the social "bottom" in its natural state
(this includes the works of L. Leonov "The Thief", V. Kaverin "The End of the Ha" Zy, etc.);

b) showing the world of declassed elements and the fight against it by law enforcement agencies (these are the "Era of Mercy" by A. and G. Vainers, "Unidentified Person" by S. Ustinov, "Agony" by N. Leonov, etc.);

c) describing the life of criminals in places of deprivation of liberty (most
indicative of such a category of works is L. Gabyshev's story "Odlyan, or the Air of Freedom");

d) telling about the life of political prisoners and professional criminals in places of deprivation of liberty (works by A. Solzhenitsyn, V. Shalamov, A. Zhigulin, etc.);

e) dedicated to the problem of juvenile delinquency and ways of re-educating juvenile delinquents (this group of works includes, for example, "Pedagogical poem" by A. Makarenko, "Honor" by G. Medynsky).

A particularly large number of argotisms in the literature was used in the 20s-beginning. 30s. 20th century For example, a lot of thieves' words were used in V. Kaverin's story "The End of Khaza", in L. Leonov's novel "The Thief". (In the second edition, L. Leonov excluded many argotisms, rightly believing that the latter litter the language of a work of art, make it obscure).

The works describing the world of declassed elements are characterized by the use of argotisms both in the author's speech and in the speech of the heroes of the works. The author's interpretation is not always given, not always the meaning, lexical meaning argotism can be understood from the context. All this makes it difficult to understand the work itself. Let's give a few sentences as an example: "There, you understand, pure shu" dick on the bana "" (L. Sheinin. Notes of the investigator); "Shmona" is on an equal footing, be calm! Grated perety "rshchitsa!" (I. Polyak. Songs of the "panny DPR") "Help, take" shka! Yes, it's all the same. Woe "th!" (V. Kaverin. The end of the ha "zy).

When using argotisms in the language of works of art, most writers (until the 90s of the 20th century) observed a sense of proportion (either the "inner writer's instinct" suggested it, or good editorial editing and censorship, or maybe both - in any case case, it was good). Here are the facts: from 1920 to 1989. about one thousand thieves words were used in the works, while from 1990 to 1995 - more than five thousand. Of course, there were such works. which were literally full of argot words. For example, in 1989 an interesting, exciting story by L. Gabyshev "Odlyan, or the Air of Freedom" appeared. The issues raised in it are relevant and topical. But, unfortunately, it is oversaturated with argotisms. Moreover, the author (with a criminal record) does not even explain some of them, believing, probably, that they are understandable to the reader. However, it is not. The reader does not understand, for example, such words as mareha (representative of the lowest category of prisoners), kurkova "to hide (hide, hide), zachu" to sew (humiliate; make the prisoner fall into a lower caste), kobli "ha (active lesbian) .

Writers introduce and use slang vocabulary in their works in different ways. Let's follow the techniques and methods of some of them. So, for example, in P. Nilin's story "The Last Theft", thieves' words are one of the means of describing the character of the hero, his belonging to the underworld. The author (editors?) does not highlight argotism graphically: with quotation marks, brackets, italics, etc. They are used most often in the author's speech. Almost all the thieves' words used by P. Nilin in the story denote the categories of criminals, for example: screen "h" - "a thief specializing in pickpocketing", "gro" avenger - "a criminal engaged in robbery and robbery", shni "ffer" - "cracker safes and fireproof cabinets. The writer explains some of the argotism himself, the meaning of other words is clear from the context. In the work, with the help of argotism, the author’s ironic attitude to his hero is expressed, his imaginary thieves’ honor is debunked (see, for example, the phrase: “No one will stand up with his place in order to voluntarily give it up to the godfather "- a master, grand master of the thieves' craft, and there is not a single decent person who would perfectly know the craft of a pharmaceutist, a thunder-monger or a screener").

If P. Nilin's argotisms are used mainly in the author's speech, then in L. Sheinin's "Notes of the Investigator" they come from the "mouths" of the characters, and for this reason their meaning is clarified only from the context, which is a certain difficulty for reader. G. Medynsky's argotisms in the story "Honor" are included both in the author's speech and in the speech of the characters. Some of them the author encloses in quotation marks, most often those that he explains himself. A number of thieves' words are "explained" by his heroes. An interesting fact is that there are no argotisms in the speech of offenders who have embarked on the path of correction. This is undoubtedly one of the means of image spiritual growth hero. And vice versa, the hero of the story "Odlyan, or the Air of Freedom" has Eyes, as he spiritually descends, becomes involved in the criminal sphere of activity, the number of argotisms in speech increases.

In works describing the world of declassed elements, slang vocabulary is used, which refers to both the "everyday" slang vocabulary and the "professional" one. The writers L. Leonov, L. Sheinin, N. Leonov "professional" vocabulary prevails over "everyday", and a significant part of it is used in the author's speech. The preponderance of "professional" vocabulary over everyday vocabulary in the works of the mentioned authors can be explained by the fact that they show the life of declassed elements in the most acute situations - the moments of crimes. "Everyday" vocabulary of slang is more fully represented in the works of G. Medynsky, L. Gabyshev, A. Zhigulin, V. Shalamov and some other writers. They depict the life of criminals in places of deprivation of liberty, where there is no wide field activities for offenses, where the everyday side is of great importance for prisoners.

To create familiarity in communication, argotisms can be used by law enforcement officers in their speech. Moreover, in the argotism uttered by these characters, one can feel a clear mockery, irony, sometimes even contempt. So, for example, Khan, the hero of N. Leonov's story "Agony", an employee of the criminal investigation department, pronounces the following phrase: "You yourself, Korney, have not forgotten that in your monkey language the metropolitan" volume of the court chairman is called? "Investigator Zhur, the hero of the story "The Last Theft" ironically addresses the gang of criminals caught by him: "Well, the general meeting of the schniffer" can be considered open ..." (P. Nilin, The Last Theft).

The protagonist of the memoir story by A. Levy "Notes of the Gray Wolf" also ironically, mockingly refers to the argotic vocabulary. Here are some of his statements: "Rumyany and Tashkentsky began to intensively teach me "Russian", and I immediately learned that "melo" diya "is the police," lopa "tnik" is a wallet, and "fra" er "is the personality of a male sex is underdeveloped". "After breakfast, we parted, she went to work (Sirye works at some institute, and I ... also went to work" (crime - M.G.) ".

If we take the pre-revolutionary past, then in early works of art the attitude of writers to argotism is either neutral or ironic, see, for example, the works of F. M. Dostoevsky "Notes from the House of the Dead", S.V. Maksimova "Unfortunate", A.I. Kuprin "The Thief", "Pit". L. Sheinin has the same attitude towards them in the "Notes of the Investigator". And only a few of the writers in their works condemn the use of argotism. An example of this is the stories of V. Shalamov, combined in the collection "Left Bank". The most honest writer, who knew the underworld not superficially, but from the inside, who repeatedly encountered blatars, who openly declared that the underworld must be destroyed, he wrote that argotism is a poison that every person who has been in places of deprivation was infected with freedom.

The above criticisms do not indicate that slang vocabulary should not be allowed in works of art. The attraction of argotisms by writers, poets into the language of fiction is a completely natural and inevitable process. Works that tell about declassed elements would be poor without argotism, literary characters would be unreliable and false. (Indeed, it is difficult to imagine that a recidivist, a "thief in law" who spent half his life in places of deprivation of liberty, would speak only in a normalized literary language, without using jargon!). Russian literary language, see, for example: batsi "lla -" food product, which contains a lot of fat, "growing up" to - "a place of deprivation of liberty where adult criminals are serving their sentences", freeman - "a civilian worker in places of deprivation of liberty", gastro "l -" a criminal trip to commit a crime, "for" dnik - "back pocket of trousers".

In fact, all works of Gulag literature contain argotism - mostly prison ones. Many writers who were in the Gulag succumbed to the charm of prison speech and very often used thieves' words for other purposes. “V. T. Shalamov,” rightly notes N. I. Khalitova, “is the only writer of camp prose who took a firm aesthetic position in relation to camp speech. then in most cases this is followed by a remark with which V. Shalamov marks these units (“as the thieves say”, “the thieves say so”, “thieves say so”, etc.). (N. Khalitova, 2001). According to N. Leiderman, "Shalamov treated the cynical camp jargon with frank disgust" (N. Leiderman, 1992).

It seems that when using argotisms in the language of fiction, it is important to take into account the nature of the chosen lexemes (so that they are not vulgar, so that they clearly reflect this or that phenomenon, etc.). It is also important that the literary work is not oversaturated with them.

At present, argotisms - the vocabulary of declassed elements - are actively penetrating the style of fiction. In fact, a number of works of detective literature are "monuments of jargon" (words by VV Vinogradov). In some cases, their large number is also determined by the sympathy of the authors for one or another character. (See, for example, the cycle of novels by E. Sukhov "I am a thief in law").

Fiction, due to a glut of argotism, loses not only in aesthetic but also in communicative terms, i.e. The reader sometimes does not understand the text of the work. As evidence, we cite an excerpt from S. Zverev's novel "Zhigan: Cruelty and Freedom" (M., 1998): expanding (drinking and injecting the drug - M.G.) at the same time. Once, the moto "r almost died. What are you, all night on the mo "shke (mattress - M.G.) and sop" l?

If earlier writers showed the heterogeneity of argotism in italics, quotation marks and other graphic means, now this is almost never used. The authors and editors mistakenly believe that the lexemes of the underworld are already understandable to the general reader, only some writers try to explain the argotism either with footnotes or contextually (see, for example, the collection of short stories by I. Derevyanko "Otmoro" zki ").

Often dictionaries of argotisms, which are attached at the end of the work, give an incorrect interpretation of lexemes. Let us give as an example an explanation of the argotisms from the book by E. Monakh "Brotherhood" (M., 1988): wandering "ga -" your boyfriend, with the concepts "(correctly:" a professional criminal who strictly observes the laws of thieves, "turn on" counter - "increasing interest on overdue debt" (correctly: "calculate penalties for overdue debt"), if "mine -" for sure "(correctly -" true ").

In modern detective literature, there is a lot of "aggressive" and rough slang vocabulary with the meanings "kill", "rob", "torture", as well as words denoting sexual perversions, and the frequency of this layer in a number of works is extremely high. Often such words humiliate a person or simplify and vulgarize his high feelings. If until the mid-80s, "everyday" slang vocabulary was mainly used, then professional lexemes of criminals currently prevail. Moreover, if earlier they were used mainly by professional criminals, now they are also used by law enforcement officers, law-abiding people (even victims of crime). Perhaps this is due to one common idea of ​​many modern detective works: only a professional criminal will restore order in the country. It is characteristic that now more argotisms are used, denoting professional criminals (often such words have a positive connotation: a person "to" is a "professional criminal who honestly observes the laws of thieves," right "foreign people" di, in "ry in the law" are not - "professional criminals who strictly observe the traditions and laws of the criminal world"), on the one hand, and law enforcement officers (these words have a negative connotation, see examples: mu" litter - "law enforcement officer", po "pka, guard" lo - " warden at ITU"), on the other hand. Perhaps this opposition is made intentionally by the authors of a number of works.

The annotation to the book "I am a thief in law" leads to sad reflections: On the "not": "According to a fabricated sentence, looking at Russia, a thief in law Varyag, is serving a term in the remote northern regions. Chaos and thirst that began in the wild vengeance makes him decide to take a desperate step and, overcoming severe trials, make an escape.Good people help the Varangian survive in a critical situation, saving his life after severe injuries.Having recovered, the Varangian returns to St. Petersburg, where he frees his wife and son, punishes the traitors and begins to establish a strict and fair order in Russia." The idea, dear reader, is clear: only a thief in law "cannot put things in order. Why, such thoughts wandered in the early 90s even within the walls of the Russian parliament ... By the way, this book is oversaturated with argotism.

Argotisms are now less often used for playful playing out of certain situations. ("Translations" into the thieves' language of "Eugene Onegin", "The Tale of Igor's Campaign" and so on are not included in the genre of detective literature). Much more often, argotisms began to be used in the author's speech, especially when it is narrated as if on behalf of the hero.

Passion for thieves in our society has gone far. So, for example, you learn from the newspaper "Komsomolskaya Pravda" that the journalist translated into the prison language ... the novel "Eugene Onegin" (see title newspaper article article "My uncle, pa" dla, thief in law "not ..."). I recently learned about the translation of criminals into jargon ... "Words about Igor's Campaign." What does all of this mean? Parody or destruction of our spiritual values? After all, there are some limits, boundaries through which we must not cross, over which we must not laugh. Although ... we have freedom, everything is permitted. (How can one not recall the phrase of S.A. Yesenin - "freedom that poisoned us"!) In a word, in the name of our future, "let's burn Raphael, trample the flowers of art." It remains only to translate the Bible into the thieves' language.

For some reason, it is believed that language mainly develops on its own, possessing mystical and mythical subjectivity. It is also believed that it absorbs other languages ​​through communications, in our age of more and more technical. And, of course, the language is shaped by poets and writers, professionals of the word.

However, the language itself cannot develop. It is being developed. Including due to the most successful and interesting jargon, so these lexical units require the closest attention.

In addition, the relevance of the study lies in the fact that the study of argonyms makes it possible not only to determine the linguistic status of this layer of the language, the specifics of the semantic structure, the mechanism of its formation, to classify it, but also to reveal linguistic and cultural information and the need to use slang in one or another some degree in fiction.

In this regard, the purpose of the study is to analyze four works of art in terms of the justification for using youth slang in them and identifying the cultural specifics of school argonyms, which includes their classification according to linguistic and cultural characteristics.

Thus, the object of the study is school argonyms as a separate layer of the language and works of art by four writers: "The Catcher in the Rye" - D. Salinger; "Scarecrow" - V. Zheleznikov; "Twelve chairs" - I. Ilf, E. Petrov, "Russian mushroom pickers" - A. Drabkina.

Research methods include analysis theoretical sources, comparison, comparative and linguocultural analysis. The method of continuous sampling of argonyms from three works of art was also used.

The material of the study was Internet encyclopedias, reference publications, linguistic dictionaries and Internet resources.

Ecology of the Russian language

It is difficult to overestimate the role of the Russian language, both in the life of an individual and in the life of our entire large country.

The greatest poets, prose writers, statesmen of Russia wrote and admired it: A. S. Pushkin, L. N. Tolstoy, S. Yesenin, V. Dal, A. Solzhenitsyn and many others. The language was considered as the most valuable asset of the Russian people, its heritage and heritage, passing from generation to generation.

“Great, mighty” - does it sound like that now?

The power of the Russian language, first of all, is in its many speakers - in the Russian people, that is, in us. The more people speak a certain language, the more influence it acquires in the world and the less it is subject to change and influence.

What is happening now? Unfortunately, this beautiful and rich language is at a difficult time. It is sad to see how the Russian language is increasingly littered with unnecessary foreign words and jargon, colloquial forms and obscene language. The very process of borrowing from other languages ​​is inevitable and does not cause harm, but only if borrowings are used to denote words that do not and did not exist in the native language, and they do not exceed reasonable limits in number. But this rule is not always observed in modern Russian.

The abundance of English-language borrowings has replaced native Russian words that have the same meaning. This practice simplifies and impoverishes our language, leading to the loss of original Russian words. Another problem is the replacement of the Russian literary language with slang. The meaning of words is simplified, speech becomes primitive, poor, moreover, not understandable to everyone. The richness of the language is being lost. But language is not only a means of communication between people. The words reflect the moral and spiritual experience accumulated by a person. And the richer the vocabulary of a person, the fuller and deeper his knowledge of the world. The narrower the outlook, the lower the cultural level of a person, and, of course, the poorer the language.

It does not require proof that the Russian language, exactly in the form in which we have it, in which we still write, read and speak, a language formed by thousands of generations, is in itself a work of art.

This is a monument, a shrine, an icon, and not simple, but miraculous! It cannot be changed to a letter or a comma! It's the same as if someone came up with the idea to paint something on Surikov's picture, to amend the works of Pushkin, Gogol, Dostoevsky.

We, the younger generation, need to cherish our "immortal gift - Russian speech." It is no coincidence that in the difficult time of the Leningrad blockade, Anna Akhmatova wrote: “We will save you, Russian speech, the Great Russian word. We will carry you free and clean, and give you to your grandchildren, and save you from captivity. Forever"

Let us consider what these words call us to: keep the word! To revive the spiritual attitude to the word. After all, everything is in the word: home, life, homeland, and faith. I think it's time to stop and listen to ourselves, and then decide what language we will pass on to our children and grandchildren. But this is the main way to avoid the danger of degenerating as a nation.

3. About styles of speech and about slang

Scientific style - the style of scientific messages. The scope of this style is science, the recipients of text messages can be scientists, future specialists, students, just any person who is interested in a particular scientific field; the authors of the texts of this style are scientists, experts in their field. The purpose of the style can be called the description of laws, the identification of patterns, the description of discoveries, learning, etc.

Its main function is the communication of information, as well as the proof of its truth. It is characterized by the presence of small terms, general scientific words, abstract vocabulary, it is dominated by a noun, a lot of abstract and real nouns.

Scientific style exists mainly in written monologue speech. Its genres are scientific article, educational literature, monograph, school essay etc. The stylistic features of this style are emphasized logic, evidence, accuracy (uniqueness), abstraction, generalization.

Business style is used for communication, informing in an official setting (legislation, office work, administrative and legal activities). This style is used to draw up documents: laws, orders, decrees, characteristics, protocols, receipts, certificates. Scope of application formal business style- law, the author is a lawyer, jurist, diplomat, just a citizen. Works in this style are addressed to the state, citizens of the state, institutions, employees, etc., in order to establish administrative and legal relations.

This style exists exclusively in the written form of speech, the type of speech is predominantly reasoning. The type of speech is most often a monologue, the type of communication is public. Style features - imperative (dutiful character), accuracy that does not allow two interpretations, standardization (strict composition of the text, accurate selection of facts and ways of presenting them), lack of emotionality.

The main function of the official business style is information (transfer of information). It is characterized by the presence of speech clichés, the generally accepted form of presentation, the standard presentation of the material, the widespread use of terminology and nomenclature names, the presence of complex unabbreviated words, abbreviations, verbal nouns, the predominance of direct word order.

Publicistic style serves to influence people through the media. It is found in the genres of article, essay, reportage, feuilleton, interview, oratory and is characterized by the presence of socio-political vocabulary, logic, emotionality, appraisal, invocativeness.

This style is used in the spheres of political-ideological, social and cultural relations. The information is intended not for a narrow circle of specialists, but for the general public, and the impact is directed not only to the mind, but also to the feelings of the addressee.

The artistic style affects the imagination and feelings of the reader, conveys the thoughts and feelings of the author, uses all the richness of vocabulary, the possibilities of different styles, is characterized by figurativeness, emotionality, and concreteness of speech.

The emotionality of the artistic style differs significantly from the emotionality of the colloquial and journalistic styles. The emotionality of artistic speech performs an aesthetic function. Artistic style involves a preliminary selection of language means; all language means are used to create images.

The colloquial style serves for direct communication, when the author shares his thoughts or feelings with others, exchanges information on everyday issues in an informal setting. It often uses colloquial and colloquial vocabulary.

The usual form of implementation of conversational style is dialogue, this style is more often used in oral speech. There is no pre-selection of language material in it. In this style of speech, extralinguistic factors play an important role: facial expressions, gestures, and the environment.

It should be noted that of all the listed speech styles, only two of them allow the use of argonyms. They themselves, due to their specificity, do not constitute a specific style of the language.

Argo - (French argot), the speech of socially or professionally isolated groups and communities. Unlike jargon, Argo has a professional attachment. In this regard, they sometimes speak of the Argo of actors, hunters, musicians, etc. Historically, it goes back to the speech of itinerant merchants, artisans. Strictly speaking, slang is the language of declassed groups of society, the language of thieves, vagabonds and beggars. Argo does not constitute an independent system and is reduced to a specific word usage within a common language. Argo interacts with jargon and vernacular, forming a special lexical layer.

Jargon - (French jargon, presumably from the Gallo-Romance gargone - chatter), social dialect; differs from the common language in specific vocabulary and expressiveness of turns, but does not have its own phonetic and grammatical system. It develops in an environment of more or less closed groups: schoolchildren, students, military personnel, various professional groups. These jargons should not be confused with professional languages, which are characterized by a highly developed and fairly accurate terminology of a particular craft, branch of technology, as well as from "thieves' jargons", the language of the declassed, criminal elements of society. jargons are lexically and stylistically heterogeneous, characterized by instability and rapid change of the most common vocabulary. For example, in the middle of the 19th century. in the meaning of "disappear" they said "shuffle", and in the 20th century. first "wash off", and then "fade", "fade". Jargons penetrate into fiction for the speech characterization of characters. In addition to the jargons that arise on the basis of the national language, there are jargons that appear as a result of communication of a multilingual population in border areas or in places of accumulation of a multinational population, for example, in seaports.

Slang - (English slang), expressive and emotionally colored vocabulary of colloquial speech, deviating from the accepted literary language norm (the term "slang" is most often used in relation to the English language and its functioning in England and the USA). Distributed mainly among schoolchildren, students, military, young workers. Slang is subject to frequent changes, which makes it a linguistic sign of generations. Easily penetrating into the literary language, it is used for the speech characteristics of the characters and the author's speech; for example, in owls. literature from F. I. Panferov, F. V. Gladkov, I. E. Babel, I. Ilf and E. Petrov, V. Aksenov and others, in English and American literature from C. Dickens, W. Thackeray, J. Galsworthy, T. Dreiser, J. D. Salinger and others. The term "Slang" is a partial synonym for the terms slang and jargon.

Vernacular - words, expressions, forms of word formation and inflection, pronunciation features that have a shade of simplification, reduction, rudeness ("head", "gut thin"; "run" instead of "run"; "yesterday" instead of "yesterday"; "youth" instead of "youth", etc.). Colloquialism is characterized by vivid expression, stylistic decline, borders on colloquial elements. literary speech, as well as with dialectisms, argotisms, vulgarisms. The composition and boundaries of vernacular are historically variable. In Western European linguistics, the term "colloquial" denotes a conglomerate of deviations from the "standard" language: slangisms, fashionable phrases, nicknames, etc. The stylistic coloring of colloquial speech makes it a means of expression in works of art and in common literary language.

It should be noted that when using in speech the words: "slang", "jargon", "slang", "colloquial" there is no strict distinction between them. They are often interchangeable and serve as synonyms. So, for example, speaking about the specifics of the speech of students, schoolchildren, we use the phrases: “student jargon”, “youth slang”, “school slang”, meaning by them almost the same thing.

Naturally, I was personally interested in school jargon. In the course of the research, I found out some ways and means of their formation.

4. School slang

4. 1 Ways and methods of education of school slang

Jargons are formed with the help of:

1. suffixes: -uh(a)-; -ag (a) - hostel, prison; -ar (a) - nosyara; - he is a snack; -l (a) - drove; - box, nickname, ach - freeloader, informer; -ak, yak - depressnyak; - hedgehog - baldezh; -k (a) - excuse; -no (e) - welding.

2. Prefixes: -s- slip off, dump; -off- roll off, get off

3. Rethinking the meanings: wet (beat, kill)

4. Borrowing English words: present (gift)

5. The overlay of foundations: hysteria (hysteria, history)

6. Addition of rhyming words: schizo physicist

7. Metaphorical transfer: Kamchatka, hooves

4. 2 Stylistic coloring of jargon

Most jargon words have a rough stylistic coloring. This can be seen in the example of the word "shut up". Pupils often use a slightly different word - “shut up”. If the word "shut up" is neutral, then the word "shut up" stylistic coloration greatly underestimated. School jargon has a strong emotional expressiveness. Schoolchildren use slang to show their whole attitude to what is happening, to convey their thoughts more accurately. It can be said that such jargon as: sucker, sheep, fool and others have the concept of vulgarism.

Vulgarism is a term of traditional stylistics, a designation of words or phrases used in common speech, but not allowed by the stylistic "canon" in the literary language. A vulgar, rude, obscene word or expression used in speech and sometimes found in literary language. We can hear such expressions: algebroid (algebra teacher), melon (head), crammer, nerd (smart person), flatten (beat, beat), claws (hands), puppy (primary school student).

But there are jargons that do not carry rudeness and vulgarism. For example, we often hear such expressions in the speech of teenagers: the long-awaited freedom (holidays), the hero of our time (loafer), a desk with "spurs" (a chest of gold), a live report with a noose around his neck (answer at the blackboard), a book of complaints and suggestions (diary ). Students replace many words with simpler, more accessible and, in turn, funny expressions. In their opinion, it is very fun and funny!

4. 3 thematic groups of jargon

During the study, we had to carefully monitor the speech of the students. It is interesting to note that almost none of them can do without slang. The result of my research was the division of jargon into several groups:

1. Naming people according to the quality of their character

2. By kinship

3. Food process

4. Technique

5. Name of people by profession

7. Condition

(the result of the study is presented in the form of a table in the appendix)

4. 4 Reasons for the existence of school slang

To find out why schoolchildren use jargon in their speech, I conducted a survey among students in grades 9-11. A total of 63 students were interviewed. I have found out several reasons for the use of slang.

10 students believe that jargon makes speech clearer to friends. 15 people said it was fashionable, modern. 17 students answered that jargon is needed to connect words. 21 schoolchildren are sure jargon helps to overcome the lack of words.

(The result of this study can be seen in the appendix in the form of a diagram)

4. 5. Reasons for the persistence of school slang

In general, school jargon is a constantly renewing phenomenon, and therefore does not age.

The reasons for the persistence of youth jargon are a weakly meaningful desire to feel and preserve their own special world, different from the general, "adult", "official" world, their independence in it; the desire for language creation, for a language game, a critical, mocking, playful attitude, helping to maintain optimism and resist "hostile" phenomena (parental authority, teacher edification, official etiquette, etc.); youthful bravado; imitation etc.

Youth jargon, for example, is a means of declaring one's generation as new, innovative and, therefore, according to this logic, destroying traditions, creating something of their own in defiance of the generally accepted.

At the same time, initially "new" words really bear the imprint of figurativeness and are expressive. The desire for expressiveness is also manifested in the fact that youth jargon, as a rule, is used when it is necessary to briefly express emotions and the nature of the action, that is, in order to express a subjective emotional assessment.

This shows that at a certain stage of development it turns out to be more important for a person to “be like everyone else”, while the existence of emotions identical with this group becomes paramount, the shades of which are not named not only because of the poverty of the vocabulary, but in order to, indicated by a common word, they served additional means associations of this group.

5. Jargon and vernacular as a means of characterizing characters in works of art.

In life, the use of youth argonyms is perceived by everyone as a given, not seeing any special pluses in this, but also minuses. Of course, there are real findings, which linguists say with confidence that over time they will be fixed in the literary language and will be perceived as the norm. They predict such a fate, for example, the word "steam" in the meaning of a lot and work hard. What is so amazing about this word? With its lexical incomprehensibility: “sit a couple in class”, “take a hot bath”. And, of course, the complete absence of vulgar plaque.

However, I was personally interested in another aspect related to the use of youth slang. I decided to trace to what extent and for what purpose it is used in fiction. Why chose four completely different works. They were written by different authors: V. Zheleznikov - "Scarecrow"; D. Salinger - "The Catcher in the Rye"; I. Ilf, E. Petrov - "Twelve chairs"; A. Drabkin - "Russian mushroom pickers"; on the different languages: "Scarecrow", "Russian mushroom pickers", "Twelve chairs" - in Russian, "The Catcher in the Rye" - in French (translated into Russian); in different eras

"Twelve Chairs" - 1928

"The Catcher in the Rye" - 1951

"Russian mushroom pickers" - 1970

"Scarecrow" - 1981

But they are united by the fact that the heroes of these works of art are young people. Consider these works from the point of view of the use of jargon in them.

5. 1 In D. Salinger's novel "The Catcher in the Rye"

The Catcher in the Rye was published in 1951. Entire generations of both foreign and Russian youth read this novel.

The protagonist of this novel is Holden Caulfield, a young man who is trying to find his place in life. More than anything, he is afraid of becoming like all adults infected with acquisitiveness. Holden Caulfield evaluates the life of wealthy people as meaningless and meaningless, and therefore does not accept it. His protest against the generally accepted is quite understandable. What should have affected the speech of the young man. Holden does not like to remember his childhood, there are no bright, happy moments for him, there is no sun and joy. And he characterizes it like this: “stupid”. It is this word that conveys the inner discomfort of the protagonist.

The hero is uncomfortable in the real world. Even with his father and mother, the boy loses his spiritual relationship. In Holden's speech, you can often hear the phrase "that's a fake!". It means lies, lies, lies. “Untruth” is a word with a neutral lexical coloring, but “linden” is full of expression, bright neglect. But doesn’t Holden want to tell the world about hypocrisy and lies with all his actions, actions? Of course, “linden!” Is exactly the argonym found.

Holden calls his team of fencers "stinky." But this does not mean that the team "stinks" or smells bad. In this case, "stinky" can be replaced by synonyms for bad, inexperienced. But it is “stinking” that gives the word a negative, ironic connotation.

As I already noted, emotionally expressive coloration of school slang with a vulgar touch. For example, Holden uses such words: “stole, vyturili, vile, damn,” showing his internal grievances through this.

"Yes, I forgot to say - I was kicked out of school." "Vyturili" means "kicked out", that is, the adults acted heartlessly.

“Last week, someone stole my camel coat right out of the room, along with warm gloves - they were there, in the pocket.” "Sper" means "stole".

“Never would I yell after “Have a nice trip!”. A vile habit, if you think about it. “Disgusting” means “stupid”, “meaningless”, “stupid”.

“So this guy donated a lot of money to Pansy, and our corps was named after him. And the next morning in the chapel he played a speech for ten hours. Holden implies that this very "type" - that is, Ossenberger, allocated a large amount (heap) of money for their school, and in the morning he "bought back" his speech for "ten hours". “He otgrohal” - spoke in order to attract the attention of students and teachers, to show what a fine fellow he is. And for this, he carefully prepared his speech, so that it dragged on for "ten hours." Of course, Ossenberger did not perform for ten hours, but Holden simply emphasizes that she was very boring and tedious.

Using the word “crashed” in the sentence: “The road was icy to hell, and I almost crashed,” the hero emphasizes that the situation was very terrible and could end in trouble. He does not use the word “fell”, because in this situation he would not just stumble on something, but could break or damage something.

The speech of the protagonist is so original and sometimes unexpected due to the use of argonyms that the reader never ceases to be surprised at this: “He held my notebook like a dung cake or something worse.” Thanks to the vernacular, the reader feels the sharpness of the boy's conflict with the world. It seems to him that the teacher is terribly dissatisfied not with the composition, but with the child himself. And Holden felt it with his whole being. “They don’t accept, they don’t love, which means I’m superfluous,” such is his inner state.

Salinger's novel is a translated work. It is difficult to determine how successful the translation is. But, if in such a translation it exists for more than a decade, then the translation is good. And it is precisely thanks to the appropriately selected jargon that the reader empathizes with the hero, understands his suffering.

5. 2 In the story of V. Zheleznikov "Scarecrow"

V. Zheleznikov's story about teenagers. Therefore, if the writer wanted to deeply reveal the world of 13-14 year old teenagers, then he had to use school jargon without fail. They exist now, as in the Soviet years. What did you observe in the analysis of this book?

The title of the story includes jargon - "Scarecrow". What does it mean? Today's analogue is “chukhanka”, introduced into school vocabulary from prison jargon. Of course, both jargons have a pronounced negative connotation: not like everyone else; scarecrow, outcast. And by her opposition to the children's team, Lenka proves that she is a personality, that in the class where she ended up, untruth, betrayal, lies, hypocrisy were highlighted against her background - everything that adult society was infected with:

I will prove to everyone that I am not afraid of anyone, even though I am a Scarecrow!

And why are you, Somov, turning away from me? Do you really suffer that you are friends with Scarecrow?

When Lenka, supported by her grandfather, rebelled against the "correct" class, she throws in the face of the offenders:

And he is alive! That's the fighter for justice!

Well, hit me so that I shut up! Well, prove that strength is the most important thing in life!

The scene is bright, since Lena Bessoltseva for the first time openly came out against the crowd of persecutors. And here in her speech there is no smoothness, correctness. Emotions overwhelm her. Truth is more important for her now, and not the desire to be an exemplary pioneer, hence the speech through the jargon “flayer” and the vernacular “sadani” acquires the sharpness of a fighter for justice.

Another case: Shmakova, when meeting with Mironova, manages to flatter her friend:

Your mother is terribly fashionable, Yesterday I met her: she is wearing a blue jacket, right under the color of her eyes. I fell off.

"Flipped off." By this, she expressed her surprise and surprise that Mironova's mother could be so beautiful and tastefully dressed.

Since Lenka did not share the views and actions of her classmates, in their eyes she was a traitor, and she was boycotted.

Shmakova is unhappy that the guys couldn't catch Scarecrow.

Some of you are all sour, the usual business failed: you could not catch one fool.

It would seem that such an easy thing to catch one girl in a crowd and punish her did not lead to success. "Failed" means not done.

When the heroes of the story, and they are teenagers, conduct dialogues among themselves, then, of course, they use jargon:

1. - Is she a traitor?

Do you like her?” Dimka asked.

Are you silent? - it means you like it.

Mironova went crazy: if she is guilty, then retribution.

2. - Did you feel sorry for her? - Dimka was interrogated.

Let's say you regret it.

Oh you slut!

Jargons: “crazy” and “squishy” help us better understand the atmosphere of adolescent relationships, their characters, ways of their self-assertion.

Vasilyev also got it. Shaggy lazily stood up and pushed him.

What are you? Ofonarel? - Vasilyev was indignant.

"Ofonarel" means "stupid". "Crazy" means "crazy". These words can be matched with many more similar vernacular and jargon, but their essence lies in one thing: in Vasiliev's bewilderment from the actions of Shaggy.

The guys express their attitude towards each other, surprise and desire to stand out through jargon and vernacular.

5. 3 in the novel by A. Drabkina "Russian mushroom pickers"

In the novel by A. Drabkina "Russian Mushroom Pickers", one after another, stories of storytellers are described, told by mushroom pickers who met at a night fire. Many fates pass before us, one more incredible than the other, so that the line between the possible and the unprecedented is almost erased. The main characters of the story "All people are brothers" are ordinary people who communicate at the everyday level. They are concerned about ordinary everyday problems, which is why their speech is simple and uncomplicated. Drabkina, being a talented writer, successfully uses the colloquial style in this story. That is why the pages of this work are replete with vernacular and argonyms. It should be noted that the latter have a pronounced foreign basis. The appearance of just such argonyms is typical precisely for the era when the Soviet youth "hipoval":

“From me, my parents wanted only one thing - that I, too, as a result of life, got hooked on the smart guy.” "Life" - formed from the English. the word "life", which means "life". And the meaning of the whole phrase is this: his parents wanted him to grow up as a smart, educated person.

“And the smell in our flat was like in a chicken coop or a zoo,” the hero continues to tell. "Flat" - formed from the English. the word "flat", which is translated into Russian - "apartment". From which it followed, the life of the heroes was simple and unpretentious - animal.

"Everything is OK". A frequently used phrase of modern youth. Also, it is borrowed from English (ok), and is translated as "good."

"Gerla appeared in our yard." "Gerla" - comes from the English. the words "girl" - "girl". And Russian word formation has acquired a vulgar connotation.

Thus, we examined the technique of using specific argonyms by A. Drabkina in the story “All people are brothers” from the novel “Russian Mushroom Pickers” in order to create signs of the era in which his characters lived.

5. 4 In the novel by I. Ilf, E. Petrov " Twelve chairs"

Depending on the intellectual development, each person has his own vocabulary. So, for example, Yesenin has 18890 words in his speech, Cervantes has about 17 thousand words, Shakespeare has about 15 thousand words (according to other sources - about 20 thousand), Gogol has about 10 thousand words. And some people's vocabulary is extremely poor.

Cannibal Ellochka (Ellochka Schukina, Elena Schukina) is the character of this humorous novel. Ellochka-cannibal's dictionary was only 30 words, but with them she could express almost any of her thoughts. AT figuratively, "Ellochka-cannibal" - a person with a limited vocabulary. The nickname "cannibal" was given to Ellochka by the authors as a comparison with the cannibals of the Mumbo-Yumbo tribe, whose vocabulary "is 300 words" (that is, 10 times more than Ellochkin). Thirty words were enough for her to talk with relatives, friends, acquaintances and strangers. Here are the words, phrases and interjections she uses from all the great, wordy and powerful Russian language:

She expressed her surprise, delight, joy, hatred and contempt with the exclamation: “ho-ho” or “wow”.

She called all the men she knew "boy", regardless of age and social status. - You are the right guy, - Ellochka noticed as a result of the first minutes of acquaintance.

"I hit him like a child" is when playing cards. She means that she easily beats someone at cards.

When meeting with a good friend, she uses the expression: “terrible meeting”, but the meaning of this expression is “pleasant meeting”. - I don't take bribes, I don't steal money and I don't know how to forge them. - Horror!

To characterize animate and inanimate objects, Ellochka uses the expression "thick and beautiful." You are a fat and handsome boy.

To give tenderness and affection to the words, Ellochka adds the affectionate ending “ulya” to the names. For example: Mishulya, Zinulya, Ernestulya - Ho-ho! resounded in the silence of the night. - Well-known, Ernestulya!

Ellochka considered herself a smart, beautiful and educated woman who knew how to support any conversation. In fact, the only joke for all occasions “your whole back is white” proves once again how poor her speech is, consisting of interjections, vernacular and jargon.

She uses the word “gloomy” in relation to everything, regardless of whether this word is appropriate in a conversation: “Gloomy Petya has come”, “gloomy weather”, “gloomy event”, “gloomy cat”. And how stupid, funny and absurd Ellochka's conversation with her "gloomy" husband looks.

After analyzing some expressions, Ella Shchukina's dialogues, we are once again convinced that thirty words for communication are extremely few and, of course, the conclusion is: you need to actively replenish your vocabulary and be comprehensively developed.

6. Attitude to school slang of different age groups

In order to find out the attitude of people towards youth slang, I conducted a survey among various age groups:

1. Adolescents between the ages of 14 and 18.

2. People between the ages of 20 and 40.

3. People aged 45 to 60 years.

They were asked the question: “How do you feel about youth slang?” and there are 3 possible answers:

1. He is not needed in speech

2. It is necessary in speech

3. Neither one nor the other.

I found out that most teenagers between the ages of 14 and 18 believe that slang is necessary in speech. In the age group from 20 to 40 years old, opinions were divided equally: 50% - "for" slang, 50% - "against" slang. And people of the older age category from 45 to 60 years old are sure that it only brings harm and needs to be disposed of.

7. Conclusion

The Russian language for those who speak it is not only a way of communication and a means of transmitting information. He himself is the repository of spiritual values. In the twentieth century, the Russian language, as Solzhenitsyn wrote, "experienced corrosion, quickly became impoverished, narrowed, and with the decomposition of the language, the decomposition of culture begins and is accompanied by it."

The law of language conservation is simple: it is impossible for a great number of words alien to the language to sound in a unit of time in a unit of space.

What can and should be done?

First, to increase the time for studying the Russian language and the quality of its teaching at school. After all, it is in it that the child spends the most time, it is in it that he replenishes his vocabulary.

Secondly, to create superficial censorship, extracting frankly rude phrases from books, television, magazines, dirty jokes. After all, freedom of speech is not permissiveness!

And until we begin to treat the protection of our native language in the same way as our own health, we will have to state that each subsequent generation, improving in technological, economic, general communicative terms, will move away from understanding the unity of its culture.

In the course of the study, I found out the reasons for the use of jargon, the ways and means of their formation, division into thematic groups, and also analyzed 4 literary works. Jargon and slang tend to disintegrate and fade away in a stable socio-economic situation. And during the period of instability, its outbreaks are noted. One of these outbreaks occurs in our time, which explains the rapid development of all argonyms, including school ones. (A brief dictionary of school slang is given as evidence in the appendix).

School jargon is characterized by relative stability, which is associated with the presence of traditions in the organization of the educational process itself. However, a number of thematic groups related to the spheres of leisure and everyday life are subject to fairly noticeable changes due to the influence of fashion and other extralinguistic factors.

In general, school jargon is a constantly renewing phenomenon, and therefore it does not age.

For my part, I not only studied the literature on this topic, read books, but also tried to prove that jargon is used in fiction to characterize belonging to a certain social (“Catcher in the Rye”), cultural (“The Twelve Chairs”), age ("Scarecrow") group.

After conducting a survey of classmates, I not only offered to monitor the purity of the Russian language, but first made my essay in all 9th ​​grades, and then urged me to monitor my speech and eliminate vulgarism in it.

I am aware that the work I have done is a drop in the sea of ​​struggle for the preservation of the mighty Russian language. But drop by drop and the stone is sharpened.

8. Product of work

But my work didn't end there. Since by the end of the 9th grade the syntax was studied, and on the elective program "The Mighty Russian Language" we worked on using the artistic style of different language layers, I held 2 classes, in which, together with my classmates, we considered the issue of using slang and vernacular in two works that were previously studied in extracurricular reading classes in grades 7 and 8. I chose 2 excerpts from V. Zheleznikov's story "Scarecrow" and an excerpt from I. Ilf's novel. E. Petrova " Twelve chairs".

Before conducting the classes, I distributed fragments from these works to each participant in the class and suggested that they familiarize themselves with them. Also, she suggested repeating at home what art style, its main features.

During the session, I set the following goals:

1. Remember what the idea of ​​\u200b\u200bthe works is

2. Determine the role of heroes in revealing the idea

3. Find out what role speech plays in the disclosure of artistic characters.

Then, I reminded the children what vernacular and jargon are and offered to find them in the proposed passages, to try to independently determine what function they carry in these works. And then jointly find out if they are needed in the text. And how will it change if they are removed and replaced with neutral words.

As a result, everyone came to the unanimous opinion that in fiction, slang and vernacular have importance: with the help of this vocabulary, writers create the speech characteristics of their characters, reveal their cultural, age, social significance in society. We found out that if we remove all jargon and vernacular from the speech of literary characters, then the same emotionality, richness, expressiveness of the works will disappear, which means that the author's intention will not be fully realized.

Of course, this does not mean that slang vocabulary is popularized through fiction. We came to the conclusion that literary jargon is absolutely harmless. As for oral speech, we must limit ourselves to the use of jargon and vernacular and preserve our native powerful Russian language in the form in which the classics bequeathed it to us.