grammatical meaning
(formal) meaning. A meaning that acts as an additive to the lexical meaning of a word and expresses various relations (relation to other words in a phrase or sentence, relation to a linden performing an action or other persons, relation of a reported fact to reality and time, a speaker’s attitude to the reported, etc. .). Usually a word has several grammatical meanings. So, the word country matters female, nominative case, singular; the word wrote contains the grammatical meanings of the past tense, singular, masculine, perfect look. Grammatical meanings find their morphological or syntactic expression in the language. They are expressed mainly by the form of the word, which is formed:
a) affixation. Book, book, book, etc. (case values);
b) internal inflection. Collect - collect (values of imperfect and perfect form);
c) accent. Houses. (genus. falling singular) - at home (named after falling. plural);
d) suppletivism. Take - take (values of the form). Good - better (values of the degree of comparison);
f) mixed (synthetic and analytical methods). To the house (the meaning of the dative case is expressed by a preposition and a case form).
Dictionary of linguistic terms
grammatical meaning
One of the two main aspects of a grammatical unit along with grammatical form. The grammatical meaning accompanies the word and determines the boundaries of its syntactic use ( book- It has grammatical meaning noun well. R.). Grammatical meaning differs from lexical meaning in three ways:
1) it is characteristic of many words of the language, in relation to the lexical meaning) it is concomitant;
2) it arises as a generalization of the properties of words, as an abstraction from the lexical meanings of words; grammatical meanings are expressed in word formation, inflection and construction of combinations and sentences;
3) the forms of words, phrases and sentences are used to organize thought.
Terms of Cinematic Semiotics
GRAMMATICAL SIGNIFICANCE
this is an abstract concept, which, along with other concepts of the same kind, accompany the lexical meaning of the word, organically growing together with it, and determines its place and role in the grammatical structure of the sentence. One of the features of the significant parts of speech, which distinguishes them from other categories of words, is the presence of grammatical categories of gender, number, case, aspect, voice, tense, mood, person, etc. Significant parts of speech, as a rule, change morphologically; this variability creates special forms of case, number, aspect, pledge, person, etc. ("Modern Russian language." M., graduate School, 1984)
T.S. CHELNOKOVA,
Moscow
Lexical and grammatical meaning
(two lessons)
5th grade
Pupils of the 5th grade, mastering the course of the Russian language, get acquainted with large quantity definitions. Faced with an abundance of terms, children often do not understand their essence. A fifth-grader glibly gives a definition, but is lost if it needs to be reproduced in his own words. This is not due to the fact that the student has a poor skill in giving definitions. The child just doesn't understand. internal filling phenomena, its essence, the formulation is easily memorized, like poetry or an expression in a foreign language, automatically.
Any textbook of the 5th grade offers the student and the teacher to master the conceptual apparatus, which, on the one hand, is a little familiar from the elementary school course, on the other hand, is not yet entirely clear, since in primary school definitions of linguistic phenomena are not always given. At the same time, already known things are considered again, and, of course, this must be done not only at a new scientific level, but in such a way as to interest the student, to show the unusual in the familiar.
By implementing this approach to working with terms, we can reveal an already familiar phenomenon in a new way, arouse interest in it, help to understand it and comprehend it more deeply.
The concepts that every fifth grader should be fluent in include the terms lexical and grammatical meaning.
Let's turn to textbooks. For example, let's take a textbook, traditionally used in many schools, edited by T.A. Ladyzhenskaya, M.T. Baranova, L.T. Grigoryan (1) and "Russian language" edited by M.V. Panov (2), which is either used as additional material or serves as the main textbook in a number of gymnasiums and schools with humanitarian classes. The terms under consideration are found in them when studying topics: 1) “Vocabulary”, “Word formation. Morphemics"; 2) "Vocabulary", "Morphology".
Let's see what definitions of lexical and grammatical meaning they offer.
In the textbook, ed. T.A. Ladyzhenskaya we read:
“Every word means something. For example, the word spruce forest means "a forest consisting of only fir trees." It is his lexical meaning. In addition to the lexical, the word also has grammatical meaning. For example, for nouns, you can determine the gender, case, number, for verbs - tense, person and number.
"Russian language" ed. M.V. Panova offers the following option:
Christmas tree- This is an evergreen coniferous tree with cone-shaped needles and long scaly cones. This is the main meaning of the word Christmas tree. It denotes the main meaning in the word, what we think about when we pronounce it. This meaning of the word is called lexical value.
Christmas tree is a feminine noun in them. pad. units h. Such values are called grammatical values.
Agree, it is not very successful to give a definition through an example, but the essence is revealed very clearly.
Let us turn to the encyclopedia "Russian language", where general definitions are given.
Lexical meaning- the content of the word, reflecting in the mind and fixing in it the idea of an object, property, process, phenomenon, etc.
grammatical meaning- a generalized, abstract linguistic meaning inherent in a number of words, word forms, syntactic constructions and finding its regular expression in grammatical forms.
Of course, no one will offer such definitions in the 5th grade.
With the goal of combining the principle of scientific approach with a fascinating presentation of the material, in this way to help students master it deeper, I used when studying the terms lexical and grammaticalmeaning the famous phrase of Lev Vladimirovich Shcherba.
The lessons are introductory to the topic "Vocabulary" according to the textbook, ed. T.A. Ladyzhenskaya.
About the dumb kuzdra
Lesson 1
Target :
1) introduce the concept lexical and grammatical meaning;
2) consolidate knowledge about parts of speech;
3) improve the skill of defining linguistic phenomena in your own words.
DURING THE CLASSES
I. Introductory conversation.
Remember which sections of the science of language you already know that you have already studied.
Often the main object of our study was the word. We observed how it works in a sentence, a phrase, built texts from words.
How to name all the words of the language? (Vocabulary.)
Remember the name of the sections of linguistics and think: does the word have vocabulary more values?
II. Dictionary work.
The words are written on the board:
coloring
be nominated
popular print
Do you know the meaning of these words?
If the meaning of a word is unclear, how can you find out what it is? (Use a dictionary.)
Can any dictionary help us figure out the meaning of words? Why do we need dictionary? (It is there that the definition, the interpretation of words, is given.)
Before turning to the dictionary of S.I. Ozhegova, N.Yu. Shvedova, think about whether you can say something about each of the words. Consider them as parts of speech and write down the conclusions.
coloring- n., m. r., units. h., im. p. / c. P.
be nominated- verb, nesov. in., I ref.
popular print- adj., m. r., units. h., im. p. / c. P.
Write down the definition of these words from the explanatory dictionary below.
Tell me, are there any other words that have the meaning of "printed from popular prints"?
So the word popular print a unique value, that is, one that only it has.
Try to find words with the same characteristics as the adjective. popular print(see entry above). Are there many such words?
III. Formulation of concepts.
So, we have seen that each of the words we are considering has two meanings. How do they differ? (One is suitable for many similar words, the other is suitable only for a particular word.)
If vocabulary considers the meaning of words, which of the two meanings will we call lexical? Try to define it.
Lexical meaning is the meaning of a word, a meaning peculiar only to a given word, or a unique meaning. How will the grammatical meaning differ from it? (Not unique.)
Now, knowing that grammatical meaning considers a word in terms of a part of speech, try to define it.
Grammatical meaning - the meaning of a word as a part of speech; The features that this word has can be found in many other words.
IV. Fixing the material.
1) Write down the lexical meaning of the words:
caftan, based, exacting.
2) Indicate the grammatical meaning of these words and give a few (4-5) words with the same grammatical meaning.
3) Let's consider the phrase glokaya kuzdra. Write down its lexical and grammatical meaning. What meaning - lexical or grammatical - could you write down? What is easier to do? Why?
Do you think these words will be in other dictionaries?
Tell me: what part of the word helped you learn the grammatical meaning of words?
V. Checking the acquired knowledge.
1) Tell us how you understood what it is grammatical and lexical meaning.
2) How do they differ?
3) Which morpheme shows the grammatical meaning?
4) Name the words according to their lexical meaning:
– demanding, strict...;
– vintage long-brimmed men's clothing...
VI. Homework.
1. Prepare a story, what is the lexical and grammatical meaning.
2. Set the lexical meaning of words: comfortable, conveyor, bask, militia, take up arms, argue, curtsey.
3. Come up with your own phrases (3-4) from words that do not have a specific lexical meaning, but have a grammatical meaning.
When checking this task, it turned out that greatest difficulties causes an explanation (not according to the dictionary, but its own) of the lexical meaning of words. Undoubtedly, the proposed examples are complex, belong to the passive vocabulary, but one of the reasons why such words were given was the need to understand how (successfully or not) work with difficult words. The problems mostly arose with nouns. I believe this is due to the fact that for words conveyor, militia no synonyms can be found, only a detailed explanation is possible. Word curtsy, which has a synonym bow caused less problems. Such is the case with verbs. Choosing synonyms, fifth-graders determined for themselves the place of a particular verb in a number of related concepts.
Lesson 2
Target :
1) consolidate the concept of lexical and grammatical meaning;
2) establish how knowledge of lexical and grammatical meaning will help in the study of morphemics.
I. Checking homework.
Read the lexical meaning of these words. Were there words among them, in the definitions of which there were marks given in brackets?
What is the grammatical meaning of these verbs?
What parts of speech were more in the words given for analysis?
Were there words related to the sublime vocabulary? Used in a specific context?
II. Consolidation of concepts lexical and grammatical meaning.
Tell what is the lexical meaning and grammatical meaning using the example of words: run, runner, grow, sprouts.
Tell what meaning is unique to the word.
What meaning can be applied to a group of words?
Listen to the text.
A charade is a special riddle in which you have to guess a word by its parts.
For example:
First - forehead.
Second - a hundred years.
The whole is a rational being.
Answer: Human.
The first charades appeared in ancient Roman literature, but they were especially loved in the 18th century.
Now tell me: where does the text begin? (From the fact that the lexical meaning of the word is given.)
This is a frequent method of constructing a scientific text, which tells about some subject or phenomenon unknown to the reader.
Let's write the first sentence, explaining the punctuation marks.
Specify the grammatical meaning of the word charade. Are there words in the sentence with the same grammatical meaning? (Mystery.)
III. Mastering new material.
Listen carefully and think about what it is about.
Glokaya kuzdra shteko boked bokra and curls bokra.
Can this be understood? Why?
This phrase was invented for his students by the famous linguist L.V. Shcherba.
(Leaflets with this phrase are handed out.)
Is it possible to understand what parts of speech Shcherba uses, what members of the sentence?
Why do we understand this?
If we carefully analyze by what part of the word we recognize it, we will see that this is the ending. Can you tell which morpheme is associated with the grammatical meaning? We see that the ending carries the grammatical meaning of the word.
Try to drop the endings, can we recognize the parts of speech in this case?
Learn the phrase; Does it have any single words? How to find out? If we recall that the main meaning, the meaning of the word, is contained in the root, then this morpheme is the bearer of lexical meaning.
How and from what the word is formed bokrenok?
bocre<-- бокренок
Which value element adds -enok- ? Think about what meaning - lexical or grammatical - this suffix expresses.
For classes that know the morpheme composition well, it can be noted that -l- , Unlike -enok- , conveys a particle of grammatical meaning, indicating the tense of the verb.
IV. Conclusion.
We tried to look for elements of grammatical meaning and lexical meaning in an unfamiliar, artificially created text. Are there morphemes in the words that help to find out whether a word belongs to a certain part of speech, to establish its grammatical features? What morphemes are carriers of lexical meaning?
V. Homework.
Try to compose your own sentences, the text where the endings help to reveal the grammatical meaning of the word, and the roots have an unclear lexical meaning.
Form nouns with meaning:
- baby animal
- a resident of a locality;
- a person by occupation -
from roots:
-resn-,
-borl-,
-omcr-.
Try to form other parts of speech.
Examples of creative work of 5th grade students of the Pirogov School in Moscow
1. Temochka nokla to get tired, but the borer roared. And she had to wake up as a Kima. Bryashnaya camory!
Hanna Brener
2. Surkalos. A companion grunted along the path. "Apparently we're a freak?" - he was guiding at the rvubatnik, who was shuddering with him. The rogue didn't answer. Svoblo 2 30 , and the satellite spoke to the buzzer and ordered to shut up. The rogue rattler slathered his teeth, and they chuckled a little.
Dmitry Leonkin
3. Vomil Turlut Furklu: “Do not sweat on Mabrak without drabrus. In Mabrak the pablos are full. They scribble. Pralomey did not quarrel.
But Furkl didn't snitch Turlut. Furkle burned in Mabrak without drabrus. Dud Furkla and skryapali. But the dud spoke of Furkla Turlyut, who had gone astray. Turklut smashed the tukalka and went to Mabrak, for the sake of pouring pablo and ticking the tukalka on the fool. The pabl was confused and quarreled, and Furkle blurted out of the foolish pabl.
grammatical meaning- part of the meaning (content) of a word or sentence, which receives a mandatory formal expression as part of a word or sentence.
There are two types of meanings of linguistic units in a language: lexical and grammatical. The lexical meaning of a word is the subject of vocabulary, and the grammatical meaning is the subject of grammar. The lexical meaning is the specific, objective meaning of the word. Simplifying somewhat, we can say that this is a reflection of a fragment of the surrounding world in the word (see Lexical meaning of the word).
The difference between the lexical meaning and the grammatical one lies in the greater degree of abstraction of the latter, in its obligatory and regular, fairly standard formal expression in the language. The grammatical meaning is more abstract: it does not name objects, attributes, actions, etc., but classifies words, combines them into groups according to certain characteristics, links words in syntactic constructions. Grammatical abstraction is a distraction from a specific meaning, isolating grammatical features and relationships that characterize a whole class of words. Each part of speech is characterized by a specific set of grammatical meanings. For example, a noun has a meaning of gender, number and case, a verb has a meaning of tense, mood, etc.
Grammatical meanings are mandatory in the language: this means that they are expressed in a word or sentence without fail, regardless of the speaker's desire. For example, when reporting on an event, a Russian speaker must necessarily indicate whether the event is happening now, it happened earlier, or it can only happen in the future, that is, indicate the tense of the verb. The noun is necessarily masculine, feminine or neuter, has the form of number and case, etc.
Grammatical meaning is always formally expressed as part of a word or sentence. The ways of expressing grammatical meaning can be different.
1. In Russian, grammatical meanings are most often expressed using the ending (inflection): cat - cats (number), cat - cat (case), I go - you go (person), etc.
2. Sometimes the grammatical meaning can be expressed using the alternation of sounds: call - name (category of appearance), run - run (category of inclination).
3. Grammatical meanings can also be expressed with the help of stress: cut - cut (the meaning of the form).
4. Grammatical meanings can be expressed by combining forms from different bases into one paradigm: person - people (number category), I - me (case category).
5. The grammatical meaning can be expressed by repeating the word: kind-kind (superlative adjective).
6. The grammatical meaning can be expressed in functional words: I will read (the meaning of the future tense), I would read (the meaning of the subjunctive mood).
7. The grammatical meaning can be expressed using the word order in the sentence: the mother loves her daughter, the chair scratches the table (subject-object relations are formalized by the subject and object).
8. The grammatical meaning can be expressed with the help of intonation: He has come. He came?
The grammatical meaning has standard and regular means of expression, that is, in most cases, homogeneous grammatical meanings are expressed by the same (standard) morphemes. So, for example, the instrumental case of nouns of the 1st declension is represented by the ending -oy (s): girl, bird, dad, young men, etc., and the instrumental case of nouns of the 2nd declension is represented by the ending -om (-s): boy, hammer, field, etc. The grammatical meaning is expressed, as a rule, regularly, that is, it forms paradigms - patterns of inflection into which you can substitute any word of the same grammatical characteristic and get the correct form (see Paradigm). Therefore, the grammatical system is easily structured and can be presented in the form of tables (for example, tables of declension of nouns or conjugation of verbs).
grammatical meaning (formal) meaning. A meaning that acts as an additive to the lexical meaning of a word and expresses various relations (relation to other words in a phrase or sentence, relation to a linden performing an action or other persons, relation of a reported fact to reality and time, a speaker’s attitude to the reported, etc. .). Usually a word has several grammatical meanings. So, the word country has the meaning of the feminine, nominative case, singular; the word wrote contains the grammatical meanings of the past tense, singular, masculine, perfective. Grammatical meanings find their morphological or syntactic expression in the language. They are expressed mainly by the form of the word, which is formed: a) affixation. Book, book, book, etc. (case values); b) internal inflection. Collect - collect (values of imperfect and perfect form); c) accent. Houses. (genus. falling singular) - at home (named after falling. plural); d) suppletivism. Take - take (values of the form). Good - better (values of the degree of comparison); f) mixed (synthetic and analytical methods). To the house (the meaning of the dative case is expressed by a preposition and a case form).
Dictionary-reference book of linguistic terms. Ed. 2nd. - M.: Enlightenment. Rosenthal D. E., Telenkova M. A.. 1976 .
See what "grammatical meaning" is in other dictionaries:
Grammatical meaning is a meaning expressed by an inflectional morpheme (grammatical indicator). The difference between lexical and grammatical meanings (each of these rules is not absolute and has counterexamples): grammatical ... ... Wikipedia
grammatical meaning- One of the two main aspects of a grammatical unit along with the grammatical form. The grammatical meaning accompanies the word and predetermines the boundaries of its syntactic use (the book has the grammatical meaning of the name of the noun). ... ...
grammatical meaning- Grammatical meaning is a generalized, abstract linguistic meaning inherent in a number of words, word forms, syntactic constructions and finds its own regular (standard) expression in the language. In the field of morphology, these are the general meanings of words as parts ... ...
grammatical meaning- the meaning of the formal belonging of the word, i.e. the meaning of the relation, expressed not by a separate word, but by non-independent elements, additional in relation to the main (significant) part of the word ... Explanatory Translation Dictionary
grammatical meaning as opposed to lexical meaning- 1) G.z. is an intralinguistic meaning, because contains information about relationships, connections between linguistic units, regardless of the presence of these relationships in extralinguistic reality; L.z. correlates a linguistic unit with an extralinguistic one ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal
This term has other meanings, see Meaning(s). Meaning is an associative link between the sign and the subject of designation. Words distinguish lexical meaning, the correlation of the sound shell of the word with the corresponding ... ... Wikipedia
The meaning contained in the word, the content associated with the concept as a reflection in the mind of objects and phenomena of the objective world. The meaning is included in the structure of the word as its content (inner side), in relation to which the sound ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms
This term has other meanings, see Number (meanings). Number (in grammar) is a grammatical category that expresses a quantitative characteristic of an object. The division into singular and plural is perhaps ... ... Wikipedia
Meaning of the word- The meaning of the word, see Grammatical meaning, Lexical meaning of the word ... Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary
- (derivational meaning) one of the basic concepts of word formation; a special type of word meaning that only a derived word can have. The word-building meaning is expressed using the word-building formant and ... ... Wikipedia
Books
- Friedrich Nietzsche. Selected Works in 2 Books (set of 2 books), Friedrich Nietzsche. Dear reader, we bring to your attention two books of selected works by the great German philosopher, poet and musician - Friedrich Nietzsche. I would like to immediately note that the entire syntax ...
Grammatical meaning is the abstract linguistic content of a grammatical unit that has a regular (standard) expression in the language (for example, the grammatical meaning of words new, old is the general categorical meaning of the feature, as well as private grammatical meanings - gender, number and case: all these meanings have a standard expression in the language in the affix morpheme th; in English, the grammatical meaning of the plural is regularly expressed using the suffix ~(e)s: book-s, student-s, horses-es). The grammatical meaning differs from the lexical one by a higher level of abstraction, because “this is an abstraction of features and relationships” (A.A. Reformatsky). The grammatical meaning is not individual, since it belongs to a whole class of words, united by a common morphological properties and syntactic functions. Some private grammatical meanings can change in a word in its different grammatical forms (cf. changing the meaning of number and case in nouns or tense in verb forms, while the lexical meaning of the word remains unchanged). At the same time, the possibility of changing the grammatical meaning of a word is limited by the very set of grammatical meanings of a particular part of speech, the “closedness” of their list in each language, while the list of lexical meanings is open, since the lexical system of any language is open, which means that it can be replenished with new words and, accordingly, new meanings. In contrast to the lexical meaning, the grammatical meaning is not called the word directly, directly, but is expressed in it “in passing”, in a strictly defined way, with the help of grammatical means (affixes) specially assigned to it. It, as it were, accompanies the lexical meaning of the word, being its additional meaning.
The abstracted linguistic content, expressed by grammatical meaning, has a different degree of abstraction, i.e. by its nature, grammatical meaning is heterogeneous: it can be more abstract or less abstract (cf. in the word was reading the most abstract is the meaning of the process: it is inherent in all verbs and all its forms; it is followed by the meaning of the past tense: it is inherent in all verbs in the form of the past tense; the meaning of the masculine gender is more definite and narrow: it is inherent only in the forms of the verb that are opposed to the feminine and neuter forms and combined with the pronoun is he). Depending on the nature of the grammatical meaning, i.e. whether it is inherent in the word (for example, the meaning of objectivity in a noun) or whether it is realized in a word form in a certain context as part of a phrase or sentence (for example, the meaning of number and case in a noun), non-syntactic or referential grammatical meanings that are internally inherent in the word (for example, the meaning of the gender of nouns), and syntactic or relational grammatical meanings indicating the relationship of the word (or rather the word form) to other words in a phrase or sentence (for example, the meaning of the gender, number, case of an adjective). Finally, depending on the relationship between the grammatical meaning and the nature of the displayed objects, they distinguish between objective or dictal grammatical meanings that convey objective, subject-independent features and relationships (cf. the grammatical meanings of a feature for adjectives, tense and aspect for a verb) and modal, reflecting the attitude of the speaker to what he is talking about or to whom he is talking (cf. grammatical meanings of subjective evaluation, mood, etc.).
The grammatical meaning of a word is derived from its relation to other units of the same class (for example, the grammatical meaning of the past tense form of the verb carried derived by relating it to other temporary forms -- bears, will bear).
The grammatical meaning of a word often includes its derivational meaning (if the word is derivative), since word formation is part of the grammatical structure of the language. Derivative meaning is a generalized meaning inherent only in motivated words, expressed by word-formation means. It represents a certain semantic relationship between the members of a derivational pair - generating and derived words. Like grammatical meaning, it is not individual, but characterizes entire classes of words belonging to the same word-formation type, i.e. built according to one typed model (which means that all these words belong to the same part of speech, are formed by the same way of word formation, using the same affix from the stem belonging to the same part of speech, and they all have the same derivational meaning, cf., for example, the derivational type "a person performing an action called a motivating word": teacher, writer, builder, investigator etc.). The word-formation meaning has a different degree of abstractness (cf. the different degree of abstractness of the following word-formation meanings: "non-maturity" in words naming animal babies: kitten, wolf cub or "shortness of action" in verbs cry, cry). At the same time, word-building meanings are more abstract than lexical ones, but more specific than grammatical ones (compare, for example, the word-building meaning of "diminutiveness" and the grammatical meaning of "animation").
Since the semantic relations between the generating and derived word can develop in different ways, there are several semantic types of word-formation meaning: mutational, in which the meaning of the derived word is derived from the meaning of the generating word, i. the derived word acts as a carrier of a feature called producing (cf. the subject-characterizing derivational meaning "carrier of an attributive feature" in the word sage), At the same time, the part-of-speech attribution of the derived word may or may not coincide with the generating one (cf. bread--bakery, read--reader)", transpositional type, in which the meaning of the derived word completely preserves the grammatical semantics of the generating word, although it is transferred to another part-of-speech class (cf. the meaning of the objectified action in the word walking or the meaning of an abstract feature in a word wisdom) and the modification type, in which the meaning of the derived word, which receives an additional semantic component, is only modified, since the meaning of the generating word is completely included in the semantic volume of the derivative, the part belonging to which does not change (cf. the meaning of the collectiveness in the word crow or singularity in a word pea).
The material expression of the grammatical meaning of a word in the broadest sense is its grammatical form. In the narrow sense of the word, a grammatical form is understood as one of the regular modifications of a word (for example, any form of a word in its declension or conjugation). Grammatical meaning and grammatical form are inseparable from each other, they are two sides of a linguistic sign. However, the relationship between them is not unambiguous: the same grammatical form can convey several grammatical meanings (for example, the word form brother contains the meanings of objectivity, masculine gender, singular, instrumental case, animation, concreteness) and vice versa, the same grammatical meaning can be conveyed by several grammatical forms (cf. the meaning of plurality contained in the words leaves and foliage, which is transmitted by different grammatical forms, or the meaning of diminutiveness and endearment, transmitted by different suffixes: -ik: house, -ok: town, -ochek: son and etc.). The set of grammatical forms of one word is called a paradigm (cf. im.p. house, genus.p. Houses, dt.p. home etc.). A word may have a complete paradigm, i.e. including all possible grammatical forms in a given language that are inherent in this part of speech (for example, inflected nouns of the Russian language such as table, country, village have a complete paradigm of twelve grammatical forms), an incomplete or defective paradigm in which some grammatical forms are missing (for example, in verbs like win, convince no form 1 l. singular) and a paradigm that abounds in which there are redundant grammatical forms (cf., for example, the paradigms of the verbs drip: dripping and caplet or move: moves and moves).
Despite the fact that the grammatical meaning is, as it were, a secondary meaning of the word, it plays an essential role in creating the integral meaning of the sentence (cf. I put a gift for a friend... and I gave a gift to a friend..., changing the grammatical meaning of a case in a word friend leads to a change in the meaning of the sentence). A vivid illustration of this provision can serve as a proposal drawn up by JI.B. Shcherboy of meaningless, but grammatically correct and interconnected words that convey a certain grammatical meaning and even form some sense of the sentence: The glistening kuzdra shteko has bobbed up the beak and curls the beak. Each word in it contains morphemes, the meaning of which is easily deduced from the relationship of words to each other (cf. the feminine meaning, which is conveyed by inflections -aya (gloky),-a ( Kuzdra and budlanula), the meaning of time -- past -- suf.-l ( budlanula) and present - flexia -it ( curls), the meaning of immaturity -- suf.-onok (bokrenka), the meaning of animation is inflection -a ( bokra and beakrenka), the meaning of a one-time action is suf. -well ( budlanula) and etc.).
Grammatical and lexical meanings: gradation and transitions
Grammatical and lexical meanings are the main types of the plan for the content of language units. These are some kind of poles in the semantic space of the language. At the same time, there is no insurmountable abyss between them. In a word, they act as a unity, and for some categories of words they are simply inseparable. For example, about the semantics of pronouns, it can be argued that it has an intermediate, transitional character between vocabulary and grammar.
On the opposition of lexical and grammatical meanings, the functional classification of word elements is based - morphemes. However, the division into roots, prefixes, suffixes, inflections, etc. requires a more detailed differentiation of meanings. In particular, grammatical meanings are divided into proper grammatical (inflectional) and lexico-grammatical (classification). The former form a semantic characteristic of the form of the word, the latter characterize the whole word as a whole, as its permanent feature (i.e., they attribute the lexeme to a certain grammatical class). An example of the former may be in the Slavic languages the person of the verb, the case of a noun, or the degree of comparison of an adjective; an example of the second is the aspect of a verb, the gender of a noun, or the quality of an adjective. However, both meanings are transmitted through grammatical morphemes, sometimes even simultaneously, in a complex (such, for example, is inflection -a in the word winter).
Intermediate between grammatical and lexical meanings are derivational meanings. These meanings are inherent in entire groups of lexemes and, moreover, have their own formal (intra-word) expression. In principle, derivational and, for example, inflectional meanings can again be expressed by the same morpheme (Russian -oy in gold, capital letters, etc.).
The listed types of meanings, lining up according to the degree of their abstractness and the breadth of coverage of the vocabulary in “inflectional - classificatory - derivational - lexical”, in a particular case form a unity. For example, the Polish form przerabiasz "remake*" contains the following heterogeneous meanings in the complex: lexical (to make), derivational (repetition, multiplicity), classificatory (imperfect form, transitivity), inflectional (2nd person, singular, present tense).
The relativity of the opposition of lexical and grammatical meanings is also evidenced by such a characteristic manifestation of linguistic evolution as grammaticalization. This is a process in which the meaning of some linguistic element, word or morpheme, changes its status: from lexical it becomes grammatical. There is nothing surprising in the fact that such an element becomes a regular means of expressing a grammatical category. In particular, synthetic, or simple, verb forms of the future tense in the modern Ukrainian language go back to the combination of the infinitive with the verb (i) mati "to have": the pisatimu "I will write" arose from pisati + imu; pisatimesh "you will write" -- from pisati+imesh; write "he will write" - from write + name, etc. And in similar forms of the Serbo-Croatian language, the verb hteti "want" that has lost its original meaning is included as an indicator of the future tense: ja fly write (or simply nucahy) "I will write ", you write (or write) "you will write", he writes (or nucahe) "he will write" ...
On the other hand, some grammatical meaning may, over time, losing its obligatory nature and narrowing the scope of its application, turn into a lexical one. An example has already been given above with a dual number: now in most Slavic languages this meaning has become lexical. In the course of language development, one or another form of a word can turn into a separate, independent word - this process is called lexicalization. An illustration of such a phenomenon in Russian can be the formation of adverbs such as winter, around, groping, below, etc. If we consider a separate grammatical morpheme, then here it is not difficult to find examples of how a morpheme changes its status, gaining the rights of a root. So, in a number of modern European languages, the suffix of Greek-Latin origin -ismus gave a root with the meaning "social trend, direction" (compare the Russian expression "different isms", etc.). Another, no less famous example. The modern English root bus "bus", which arose as a result of the contraction of the word omnibus, goes back to inflection - (оbus in the Latin pronominal form: omnis "every" -- omnibus literally "for everyone".
In general, despite all the borderline and transitional cases, lexical and grammatical meanings retain their global opposition in the language system.
