Complex syntactic constructions
354.
General information
Complex syntactic constructionsare polynomial complex sentences with a different type of syntactic connection, for example, coordinating and subordinating, coordinating and non-union, etc. Such sentences are sometimes called mixed type sentences.
Sentences with heterogeneous syntactic connections usually consist of two (at least) logically and structurally distinguishable parts or several, among which there may be complex sentences. However, as a rule, the main parts have the same type of connection (coordinative or non-union). For example, in a sentence The swordsman did not look back and did not hear the chase, but he knew that they were chasing him, and when three shots rang out one after another and a volley rang out, it seemed to him that they were shooting at him, and he ran even faster(Fad.) four parts: 1) The sword did not look back and did not hear the chase; 2)but he knew they were after him; 3)and when three shots rang out one after another and a volley rang out, it seemed to him that they were shooting at him; 4)and he ran even faster. All these parts are connected by compositional relations, but within the parts there is subordination (see the second and third parts).
355.
Varieties of complex syntactic constructions
Depending on the various combinations types of connection between parts, the following varieties of complex syntactic constructions are possible: 1) with composition and subordination; 2) with an essay and union-free communication; 3) with subordination and union-free communication; 4) with composition, subordination and non-union connection. Examples: 1) Lopatin began to feel sleepy, and he was delighted when the driver appeared at the door and reported that the car was ready.(Sim.); 2) My direction is to another unit, but I lagged behind the train: let me, I think, I’ll look at my platoon and at my lieutenant(Cossack.); 3) In the woods, on a walk, sometimes, while thinking about my work, I am seized by a philosophical delight: it seems as if you are deciding the conceivable fate of all mankind.(Shv.); 4) But the river majestically carries its water, and what does it care about these bindweeds: spinning, they swim along with the water, as ice floes recently floated(Prishv.).
Complex syntactic whole (superphrasal unity)
356.
General information
Complex syntactic integer, or super-phrasal unity, is a combination of several sentences in the text, characterized by the relative completeness of the topic (micro-theme), semantic and syntactic cohesion of the components. Complex syntactic integers are a means of expressing semantic and logical unities.
Separate sentences as part of complex syntactic wholes are united by interphrase links, which are carried out with the help of lexical continuity, as well as by special syntactic means.
Structural means of organizing independent sentences as part of complex syntactic wholes are conjunctions in the connecting meaning, anaphorically used pronouns, adverbs, adverbial combinations, modal words, word order, correlation of aspectual-temporal forms of verbs, possible incompleteness of individual sentences. For example, in a complex syntactic whole: It was heard near the third corpus: "Zhak... zhuk... zhuk...". So near all the buildings and then behind the barracks and behind the gates. And it seemed as if in the midst of the silence of the night the monster itself with purple eyes was making these sounds.(Ch.) - the means of organizing sentences are synonymous repetition (these sounds), connective union, adverb so, past tense form of verbs. Sentences as part of a complex syntactic whole: Throw up a heavy, like a crowbar, single-barreled shotgun and shoot with a flurry. A crimson flame with a deafening crackle will flash towards the sky, blind for a moment and extinguish the stars, and a cheerful echo will ring out and roll across the horizon, fading far, far away in the clear air(Bun.) - are connected by the designation of the action (first sentence) and its result (second sentence), the commonality of the aspectual-temporal forms of verbs-predicates and the unity of intonation.
Very characteristic of complex syntactic wholes are connecting constructions that are sequentially connected to the main (first) sentence. For example: Twelve quilted jackets rest peacefully until morning in iron lockers. And twelve southwests in the upper compartments. And twelve pairs of boots, tired, tired(from the magazine).
357.
Structural features of complex syntactic integers
Complex syntactic integers can be homogeneous and heterogeneous composition. Between homogeneous sentences in the composition of complex syntactic integers, there is a parallel connection, between heterogeneous - chain.
In a parallel connection, the content of sentences is listed, compared or contrasted, they usually show structural parallelism. The purpose of such complex syntactic integers is to describe a series of changing events, actions, states, and pictures. For example: The storm raged over Petersburg like youth returned. Light rain lashed the windows. The Neva swelled before our eyes and shimmered over the granite. People ran along the houses holding their hats. The wind flapped black overcoats. A vague light, ominous and cold, now waned, then flared up, when the wind blew a canopy of clouds over the city.(Paust.).
At chain connection (the most common), parts of the previous sentence are repeated in the following or their pointers are used - pronouns, pronominal adverbs, etc. The sentences, as it were, cling to one another, the next one picks up the previous one, and thus the unfolding of thought, its movement is carried out. For example: The glass ships foamed the water. The wind blew in their gear. This sound imperceptibly turned into the chime of forest bells.(Paust.).
Parallel and chain communication can be combined within one complex syntactic whole. For example: The falling snow stopped and hung in the air to listen to the ringing that poured in streams from the house. BUT Cinderella looked down at the floor smiling.Around her bare feetthere were glass slippers. They are shuddered, colliding with each other, in response to chords coming from Grieg's room(Paust.). Between the first two sentences there is a parallel connection, and then the sentences are joined according to the chain connection method.
A large role in the structure of a complex syntactic whole can be played by the first sentence - beginning. It "gives" the theme, which is revealed by the subsequent components of the whole. Structurally, the first sentence is built freely and quite independently. But all subsequent ones turn out to be structurally related (word order, aspectual-temporal forms of verbs, intonation and partly lexical composition are subordinate to the sentence-beginning).
Examples:
1. All forests are good with their mushroom air and the rustle of leaves.But especiallygood mountain forests near the sea.In themheard the sound of the surf(Paust.). Beginning - the first sentence, the main subject of the message. The purpose of the second sentence is to convey adversative-excretory relations (the connection is made through a combination, but especially). The third sentence substantiates the second one (the connection indicator is a pronominal repetition in them, replacing a substantive phrase mountain forests near the sea). In addition to lexical and syntactic indicators of communication ( especially good; in them) there are actually syntactic ones - allied and word order in the second and third sentences: the predicate precedes the subject, which is predetermined by the structure of the first sentence.
2. The weather hurt.Since morningthe sun was shining, hovering over the smoking fields, over the muddy roads, over the bread, saturated with water, lying on the ground.Since morningAverky, sometimes leaving his cart and wandering to the hut, promised the old woman that he would be fine.But for dinneragain the clouds came in, which seemed even blacker from the brilliance of the sun, the clouds changed their unusual colors and shapes, a cold wind rose, and a slanting rainbow rain ran across the fields.(Boon.). The beginning - the weather was tormenting. All the content of the subsequent proposals is subordinated to this original topic: its detailed justification is given. Structural connectivity is revealed in the following: the main verbs have one tense plan ( tormented, shone, soared, promised, came in, changed, rose, fled); parallelism in the construction of explanatory sentences (second and fourth sentences); repetition of the adverb of time at the beginning of each sentence ( since morning; since morning; but for lunch); adversative relations at the junction of the third and fourth sentences ( allied), the position of the verb-predicate before the subject (the second and fourth sentences).
Complex syntactic constructions are combinations of parts with heterogeneous syntactic links. This is combined types offers; they are diverse in terms of possible combinations of parts in them, however, with all their diversity, they lend themselves to a fairly clear and definite classification.
Depending on various combinations of types of connection between parts, the following types of complex syntactic constructions are possible:
- Composition and submission: Lopatin began to feel sleepy, he was delighted, “ioogdir the driver appeared at the door and reported (ftd) the car was ready (K. Simonov).
For some reason, we all remembered, YashD) our Belikov is not married, @ now it seemed strange to us, lt;ftdgt; we have so far ... completely overlooked such an important detail in his life (A. Chekhov).
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Zuev shone with a flashlight, (POISON) the light grew dim, @ Zuev extinguished it, Dtobr save the last glimpse of fire as a last resort (K. Paustovsky).
and
but
(to...),
I began to dine in the people's kitchen, from the former luxury I only had this servant, who still served my father and whom it would be painful for me to dismiss (A. Chekhov).
(which...) and (which...)
- Composition and union-free connection: I have a direction to another part, (§а) I lagged behind the train: let me, I think, I’ll look at my platoon and at my lieutenant (E. Kazakevich).
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There was not a soul on the street and near the dachas: the old summer residents were already going to bed, the young ones were walking in the grove (A. Chekhov). 
But reading, apparently, does not occupy her well: she drops the book and picks it up again, puts it on her knees and wants to cut the sheets with her head pin, but the sheets are torn and the book falls (N. Leskov).
and
but
Corncrakes scream in the bushes, quails beat, bitterns hum, the first stars burn, and the dawn smolders over the distances and fogs for a long time (K. Paustovsky).
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- Submission and non-union connection: In the forest, on a walk, sometimes, thinking about my work, I am seized by philosophical delight: it seems, b^rdtr) you decide the conceivable fate of all mankind (M. Prishvin).
says let
In science it is necessary to repeat the lessons, then it is good to remember them; in morality it is necessary to remember mistakes well, lt; ^ not to repeat them (V. Klyuchevsky).
Whoever has done a good deed, let the one for whom it was done be silent (Seneca).
There could be no doubt about that. Dtfeto was exactly that: orange-yellow glasses peacefully shone on his head (M. Sholokhov).
- Composition, submission and unionless connection: She listened and looked into his face: her eyes were sad, intelligent,® it was clear, lt;$td) she wants to say something to him (A. Chekhov).
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Litvinov experienced the sensation like that, which takes possession of a person, Skogdyuon looks down from a high tower: his whole inside froze, @ his head was spinning quietly and sugary (I. Turgenev).
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(which...)
(when...)
And so the vigil ended, everyone quietly dispersed, The distance was dark and empty again, that very silence came, which happens only at stations standing alone in a field or in a forest (A. Chekhov).
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