V. Emotionally expressive coloring of words and phraseological units

Vocabulary with a neutral style. coloration

Vocabulary with book style. coloration

Phraseological stylistics studies the use in speech of complex language units having a sustainable character (puzzle, exaggerate, the cat cried, worth its weight in gold, cost of living, shock therapy). At the same time, the main attention is paid to the stylistic properties and expressive possibilities of phraseological units, as well as their transformation into artistic and journalistic speech. Various methods of phraseological innovation of writers are considered. The focus of phraseological stylistics is a warning speech errors when using phraseological units.

2.1.1. Features of the use of phraseological units in speech

Phraseologisms should be distinguished from free phrases. To understand their fundamental differences, let us dwell on the features of the use of phraseological units in speech.

The most important feature of phraseological units is their reproducibility: they are not created in the process of speech (like phrases), but are used as they are fixed in the language.

Phraseologisms always complex in composition, they are formed by combining several components (get into a mess, upside down, blood with milk). It is important to emphasize that the components of phraseological units are stressed. Therefore, in the strict sense of the term, it is impossible to call phraseologisms used together, but written separately, official and significant words such as under the arm, to death, with a cap, which have only one stress. The complexity of the composition of phraseological units suggests their similarity with free phrases (cf .: get into a mess - fall into a trap). However, the components of a phraseological unit are either not used independently (“prosak”, “upside down”), or change their usual meaning in a phraseological unit (for example, blood with milk means “healthy, with good color faces, with a blush).

Many phraseological units are equivalent to one word (cf: to spread the mind - to think, the cat cried - not enough, the fifth wheel in the cart is superfluous). These phraseological units have an undivided meaning. However, there are those that can be equated to a whole descriptive expression (cf .: run aground - get into an extremely difficult situation, press all the pedals - make every effort to achieve a goal or accomplish something). For such phraseological units, as noted by B.A. Larin, “the initial turns out to be free turns of speech, (...) direct in meaning. Semantic renewal usually occurs due to more and more free, figurative use: from concrete to abstract meaning.

Phraseological units characterize constancy of composition. In free phrases, one word can be replaced by another if it fits the meaning (cf .: I read a book, I look through a book, I study a book, I read a novel, I read a story, I read scripts). Phraseological units do not allow such a substitution. It would not occur to anyone to say “the cat cried” instead of a cat crying, instead of spreading it with the mind - “scatter it with the mind” or “scatter with the head”. True, there are phraseological units that have variants, for example, along with the phraseological unit spread out with the mind, its variant is used to spread out (spread out) with the brains; in parallel, phraseological units are used from the bottom of the heart and from the bottom of the heart. However, the existence of variants of some phraseological units does not mean that words can be arbitrarily replaced in them. Variants of phraseological units that are fixed in the language are also characterized by a constant lexical composition and require accurate reproduction in speech.

The constancy of the composition of phraseological units allows us to speak about the "predictability" of their components. So, knowing that the phraseological unit uses the word bosom, you can predict another component - a friend; the word cursed suggests the word enemy used with it, and so on. Phraseologisms that do not allow any variation are absolutely stable combinations.

Most phraseological units are characterized by impenetrability structures: it is not allowed to include new words in them. So, knowing the phraseological units to lower your head, lower your gaze, you cannot say: lower your head low, lower your sad gaze even lower. However, there are also phraseological units that allow the insertion of separate clarifying words (cf .: kindle passions - kindle fatal passions, lather your head - lather your head well). In some phraseological units, it is possible to skip one or more components. For example, they say to go through fire and water, cutting off the end of phraseology and copper pipes, or drink the cup to the bottom instead of drinking the bitter cup to the bottom. The reduction of phraseological units in such cases is explained by the desire for economy speech means and special stylistic meaning does not have.

Phraseological units are inherent grammatical stability, they usually do not change the grammatical forms of words. So, it is impossible to say beat a buck, grind a lyas, replacing the plural forms of a buck, lyas with singular forms, or use a full adjective instead of a short one in a phraseological unit on a bare foot. However, in special cases, variations of grammatical forms in phraseological units are possible (cf .: warm your hand - warm your hands, is it a heard thing - is it a thing heard).

Most phraseological units have fixed word order. For example, it is impossible to swap words in expressions neither light nor dawn; beaten unbeaten lucky; everything flows, everything changes; although the meaning would not seem to be affected if we said: "Everything changes, everything flows." At the same time, in some phraseological units, a change in word order is possible (cf .: take water in your mouth - take water in your mouth, do not leave a stone on a stone - do not leave a stone on a stone). The rearrangement of components is usually allowed in phraseological units consisting of a verb and nominal forms that depend on it.

2.1.8.1. The destruction of the figurative meaning of phraseological units

Writers and publicists, updating the semantics of phraseological units, often restore the original meaning of the words included in them. around Tomilin (Gal.). The author, as it were, returns to the free use of words to the nines, forming a stable combination, and beats their usual lexical meaning. As a result, there is a two-dimensional comprehension of phraseologism. Another example: Not in the eyebrow, but in the eye the chemistry teacher got a fifth grader Senya Orlikov with a pea from a special tube. Moved to tears The teacher will soon be discharged from the hospital. ("LG"). The so-called external homonymy of a phraseological unit and a free phrase that arises in this case gives rise to a pun. Many jokes are based on a two-dimensional understanding of phraseological units: made a lot of noise... in all her actions ... shot. Wise men and dentists look at the root; firefighter always works with fire; The radio awakens the thought. Even at those hours when you really want to sleep (E. Kr.).

The second plan of the meaning of the phraseological unit can be revealed when reading the following text: Got in a bind, but was consoled by reading his name on the cover ("LG"); Misfortunes never come alone: and his work was published in two volumes ("LG"). Sometimes the two-dimensional meaning of a phraseological unit is clarified only in a broad context. So, when reading the title of the article “Broken Map”, we first perceive it in its usual meaning - a complete failure of someone's plans. However, the article talks about geographical map Hitler's recent months war (This is a map of the end. It is devoid of threatening offensive arrows and flank strikes. We see a foothold compressed to a patch, and semicircles nervously applied to the grid of roads - the last pockets of resistance. - A.K.) This makes us perceive the title of the article in a new way, fills it with a different meaning, enriching the figurative meaning of the phraseological unit.

The method of destroying the figurative meaning of a phraseological unit, as we see, does not affect the lexical and grammatical composition - its external form usually preserved, but the meaning is interpreted in a new way (Who are you? I I can't bite you! - do not bite; Life abounds... and all over the head).

Phraseologisms consciously used by the writer in a sense unusual for them can be called semantic neologisms in phraseology. They are often used by comedians (tear and throw - "go in for sports", be on errands - "participate in running competitions").

2.1.8.2. Changing the number of components of a phraseological unit

In order to update phraseological units, writers give them unusual shape. Modifications of phraseological units can be expressed in the reduction or expansion of their composition.

The reduction, or shortening of the composition, of a phraseological unit is usually associated with its rethinking. For example: “Make the deputy pray to God... (cutting off the second part of the proverb - “so he will break his forehead” - only strengthens the irony in assessing the decision of the Duma of the Russian Federation, which aggravated the political situation in Transnistria. Another example: Helpful Hints: Do not be born beautiful ("LG") - cutting off the second part of the proverb Do not be born beautiful, but be born happy led to a change in its meaning, the meaning of the new aphorism is "beauty leads to misfortune."

The opposite of reduction is the expansion of the composition of a phraseological unit. For example: The questions we touched on were not random... These are granite stumbling blocks on the road, knowledge, which at all times was the same, frightened people and beckoned to itself (Hertz.) - the definition of granite, introduced into a stable phrase, gives the image a special clarity. The composition of a phraseological unit is often expanded due to the introduction of clarifying words (Cats not ordinary, but with long yellow claws, scrapers her by the heart. - Ch.; Happiness is not in our money.).

Changing the composition of a phraseological unit can become a means of enhancing the expressive coloring of speech (I will look forward to it with great impatience ... just don’t put it off in too long box. - M. G.). In other cases, the introduction of additional words into phraseological phrases gives them new semantic shades. For example: Bad time for joint performances - you can sit in a mud puddle, but you don’t want to (M. G.) - to sit in a puddle means “to put yourself in an awkward, stupid, ridiculous position”; the definition introduced into this phraseological unit expands the meaning: "to allow oneself to be involved in a dishonest game, to become a victim of the machinations of hostile people."

2.1.8.3. Transformation of the composition of a phraseological unit

In artistic speech, for a specific stylistic purpose, it is possible to change the lexical composition of a phraseological unit by updating one or more of its components: “ Laughter through bullets" - the title of an article about the Fifth International Festival of Humor "Ostap" (its co-founder was killed the day before). The one who shoots first laughs. For the red word the communists did not spare the Russian brothers from Transnistria (Compare: For the sake of a red word, one does not feel sorry for either brother or father).

Feuilletonists often resort to replacing the vocabulary components of phraseological phrases. This stylistic device was masterfully used by Ilf and Petrov: Everyone the fibers of your suitcase he was going abroad. New times suggest other jokes to our satirists: Sausage as a mirror of the Russian revolution; At the end of the tunnel eat hot soup; A Mystery Covered in Collapse; With the world line; Cause time to the viewer - "Vremechko"(newspaper headlines).

Updating the composition of phraseological units enhances their expressive coloring, but may not affect their meaning (She fainted from resentment and chagrin), but more often the meaning of phraseological units changes [I would be glad to serve, serve too ("LG")].

More often, the authors replace the components of phraseological units in order to radically change their meaning and create a sharp satirical effect: A good place will not be called a socialist camp; Critics have honored the novel with silence; He laughs well who laughs without consequences; Came? Had seen? Shut up! The method of transforming the composition of a phraseological unit is appreciated by poets, the phraseological innovation of Mayakovsky is known: In cramped conditions, but did not dine ...

Using this technique, the authors strive to preserve the sound organization of the phraseological unit as accurately as possible: What is written by the opera ... (an article about crime in Moscow); At least a goal on Teshi's head (about a football player who skillfully scores goals with his head).

The transformation of phraseological units in artistic speech may consist in changing the grammatical forms of their components. For example, V.V. Mayakovsky replaces black in phraseology as a non-adjective in positive degree form comparative degree: Having raised baked potatoes in a personal, blacker than a negro who has not seen baths, six pious Catholic women climbed aboard the steamer Espany.

The transformation of a phraseological unit may consist in changing the order of words in a stable turnover. Inversion in a phraseological unit that has a stable word order often completely renews its meaning (You go further, you will be quieter. - “LG”).

Sometimes the integrity of the phraseological unit is violated, and it is quoted in parts (- By God, I don’t know how and what I am related to him; it seems that the seventh water, maybe not even on jelly, but on something else ... Quite simply, I call him uncle: he responds. - Ven.).

Often writers and publicists resort to the contamination of phraseological units to express thoughts in an unusual, witty formulation [Divide other people's opinions and rule ("LG"); Is silence golden because it is a sign of consent? ("LG"); He lived his life at the expense of others ("LG"); He turned the rivers back so as not to swim against the current ("LG")]. Contamination of phraseological units is often accompanied by their rethinking. For example: Thoughts are so spacious that there are no words; Humor can not be taken away from him: what is not, that is not! - the comic effect of these jokes is based on the collision of incompatible statements: the second phraseological unit denies the idea contained in the first one.

Based on the transformation of phraseological units, writers create artistic images that are perceived as a development of the theme given by the phraseological unit. So, the saying Soul knows when to stop gives grounds for the poet to say: Report everything in the form, hand over the trophies, slowly, and then they will feed you, will be the measure of the soul(Tward.). The poet only hinted at a well-known phraseological unit, but it is already present in the mind of the reader, creating a kind of subtext. The destruction of the old meaning of a phraseological unit, the “liberation” of the image inherent in it creates sometimes an unexpected artistic effect. For example: To the world by a thread - you will become naked, you will droop with a willow, you will melt like a hill (Ascension). Having based these lines on the proverb With the world on a thread - a naked shirt, the poet gives it the opposite meaning.

Phraseological innovation of writers can also be manifested in their creation of figurative expressions reminiscent of well-known phraseological units. For example, V.V. Mayakovsky in his poem "To Sergei Yesenin" surprisingly strongly and succinctly transformed Yesenin's aphorism. In this life, it is not new to die, but, of course, it is not newer to live either: It is not difficult to die in this life. Make life much more difficult. Developing the theme of life and death in the poem, the poet creates a new aphorism: We must first redo life, redo it - you can sing. In terms of philosophical depth and expressiveness, Mayakovsky's phraseological units are not inferior to Yesenin's phraseological unit, which served as the basis for them. Phraseological innovation of writers is not limited to those considered here stylistic devices, the possibilities of creative renewal of phraseological units are inexhaustible.

2.1.9. Speech errors associated with the use of phraseological units

Ignorance of the exact meaning of a phraseological unit, its lexical and grammatical composition, expressive and stylistic features, scope of use, compatibility, and finally, an inattentive attitude to the figurative nature of phraseological units lead to speech errors. When using phraseological units, errors may not be related to the specifics phraseological units as reproducible steady turns. An unsuccessful choice of a phraseological synonym, the use of a phraseological unit without taking into account its semantics, a violation of the compatibility of a phraseological phrase with the words of the surrounding context, etc. - all these errors, in essence, do not differ from similar speech errors when using individual words.

The use of a phraseological unit without taking into account its semantics distorts the meaning of the statement. So, A.S. Pushkin, after reading "Answer to Gnedich" by K.N. Batyushkov, against the lines Your friend forever from now on gives his heart with a hand, remarked: “Batyushkov is marrying Gnedich!”. The use of a phraseological unit with a certain stylistic coloring may conflict with the content and style of the work. For example: He rushed about, looking for salvation. Invented touching story in her defense, but she sounded like the swan song of this hardened scoundrel. Phraseologism swan song, which contains a positive assessment, a sympathetic attitude towards the person being spoken about, is stylistically inappropriate in this context. It is impossible to combine phraseological units with a contrasting stylistic coloring in one sentence, for example, lowered, colloquial, and bookish, solemn ones: He promised that won't hit the dirt and will work to match the regular drivers steppe ships. It is also unacceptable to combine expressively colored phraseological units with official business vocabulary. The chairman showered me with golden rain to the sum of eighty thousand rubles; emotionally vivid, poetic phraseological units speech stamps ascending to "clerical eloquence": Happy is he who and live in a hurry and feel in a hurry by and large. The mixture of styles that occurs when they are combined gives the speech a parodic sound.

Let us analyze the errors that occur with the incorrect use of stable turns of speech and are associated with an unjustified change in the composition of a phraseological unit or with a distortion of its figurative meaning.

2.1.10. Stylistically unjustified change in the composition of a phraseological unit

The composition of a phraseological unit in specific speech situations can change in different ways.

1. There is an unmotivated expansion of the composition of a phraseological unit as a result of the use of clarifying words: For livestock breeders, the main highlight of the program is the derivation valuable breeds livestock. There is a phraseological unit that is the highlight of the program, but the definition of the main one is inappropriate here. The authors, not taking into account the impenetrability of phraseological units, try to “supplement” them, color them with epithets, which gives rise to verbosity. More examples: Let's hope that Volkov will say his big word in coaching; With all her long legs she rushed to run.

In non-standardized speech, combinations of a pleonastic nature are quite often found, formed from phraseological units and redundant definitions for their components: to suffer a complete fiasco, an accidental stray bullet, hard Sisyphean labor, cheerful Homeric laughter. In other cases, the expansion of the phraseological unit is not associated with pleonasm. For example: Unenviable palm tree according to the growth of crime belongs to the Southern Administrative District; Commercial organizations were at the height of the new challenges they face. Phraseologisms palm, to be on top do not allow distribution.

2. There is an unjustified reduction in the composition of the phraseological unit as a result of the omission of its components. So, they write: this is an aggravating circumstance (instead of an aggravating circumstance). Erroneously truncated phraseological units lose their meaning, their use in speech can lead to the absurdity of the statement [The success of this student wish you much better(instead of: leave much to be desired); Coach Williamson made a "good face"(omitted: bad play)].

3. Often there is a distortion of the lexical composition of phraseological units [Master more than once heart to heart with his wards (it is necessary: ​​he spoke)]. The erroneous substitution of one of the components of the phraseological unit can be explained by the synonymous similarity of the words [The path led from the gate to the outbuilding from which Antoshin had just barely removed his feet (it should have taken him away)] and even more often by the confusion of paronyms [He entered himself (should: left); escaped from his tongue (necessary: ​​broke); draw around the finger (necessary: ​​circle); ... did not lose heart (it is necessary: ​​did not fall)]. In other cases, instead of one of the components of a phraseological unit, a word is used that only remotely resembles the repressed one [Well, they, as they say, have books in their hands (instead of: cards in their hands); The organizers of this trip ruined it themselves by flopping into a bucket of honey a drop of tar(instead of: add a fly in the ointment to a barrel of honey)]. False associations sometimes give rise to very funny and ridiculous mistakes [Here, figure out which of them hides an ax in his bosom(phraseologism: keep a stone in your bosom); Half an hour later he looked scalded chicken in front of the administration (phraseologism is distorted: wet chicken)].

4. A change in the composition of a phraseological unit can be caused by the renewal of grammatical forms, the use of which in set phrases is fixed by tradition. For example: Children killed the worms and had fun - you can not use the plural instead of the singular. The unjustified replacement of the grammatical form of one of the components of a phraseological unit is often the cause of inappropriate comicism: the unusual, strange form of familiar stable turns is surprising (It remains a mystery how four people could erect such a colossus, even seven spans in the foreheads and oblique fathoms in the shoulders). In other cases, a new grammatical form of a word as part of a phraseological combination affects the semantic aspect of speech. Thus, the use of the verb perfect look present tense instead of the perfect past tense makes the statement illogical: For more than twenty years, a veteran has been crossing the threshold of the 100th police department. Phraseologism to cross the threshold is used only in the meaning of "perform some important act" and excludes repeated repetition of the action, therefore it is possible to use the verb only in the form of the perfect form; replacement of the specific form leads to absurdity.

As part of phraseological units, it is also impossible to allow distortion of prepositions [He never thought that these words would come true in his fate to the full extent (instead of: to the full extent)]. Such careless handling of prepositions and case forms makes speech illiterate. However, some phraseological units are truly “unlucky” - they are constantly replaced by prepositions: put dots on and; seven spans on his forehead; Mikhail quickly dressed and hurried to the call. The inability to choose the right case forms and prepositions as part of phraseological units gives rise to such “strange” mistakes: gritting their hearts, those who hold power, this is a fraught business with consequences, the tablecloth for him on the road, his head is spinning.

2.1.11. Distortion of the figurative meaning of a phraseological unit

The greatest damage to style is caused by the unjustified destruction of the figurativeness of phraseological expression. For example: phonograph record hasn't said yet last word . The context showed the direct meaning of the words that formed the phraseological unit, and as a result, a pun arose. The perception of phraseologism in its unusual, unimaginative meaning gives the speech an inappropriate comedy: This year Aeroflot managed to keep the flow of passengers on the high level ; Getting to work at the drifting station, our team at first I didn't feel the ground under my feet. To avoid such errors, it is necessary to take into account the peculiarities of the context.

The context can not only show the ugly meaning of phraseological units, but also reveal the inconsistency of their metaphorical structure, if the author imprudently “pushes” stable combinations that are incompatible in meaning. For example: These people stand firmly on their feet so you won't be able to clip their wings. The first phraseological unit, as it were, “attaches” the image to the ground, and this makes it impossible to use the second phraseological unit, which is based on the idea of ​​flight: clipping wings means “making it impossible to fly”. One phraseological unit excludes another.

The contradictory images underlying phraseological units and tropes also do not coexist in such a sentence: Aviators on their wings are always on time come to the rescue(they do not come on wings, but fly in). No matter how we get used to the figurative meaning of phraseological units, their metaphorical nature immediately makes itself felt if their figurativeness comes into conflict with the content. Therefore, sentences are unsuccessful, for example, in which the owner says about a hunting dog: This one will not come with empty hands, - and the science fiction writer, drawing Martians with tentacles instead of hands, notices that the alien "pulled himself together."

Violation of the unity of the figurative system of phraseology and context gives the speech comedy. For example: The speaker spoke in a loud and shrill voice, like a Jericho trumpet. It turns out that the Jericho trumpet speaks and even has a shrill voice. Words surrounding a phraseological unit are usually involved in a figurative context. Therefore, it is unacceptable to use them in a figurative sense, which does not take into account the figurative nature of phraseological units associated with them. For example: The decision of the meeting is in black and white... Or: Difficult life path fell to the lot of Vasily Timofeevich. You can write in black and white, the path - pass, elect. The choice of verbs in such cases "undermines" the figurativeness of phraseological combinations.

A prerequisite correct use phraseological units is the strict observance of the features of their compatibility with the words of the context. So, the phraseological unit to release into the world can only be used in combination with names printed publications. Therefore, the proposal is stylistically incorrect. The Musical Theater released the ballet “The Lonely Sail Turns White”; in this case, it was necessary to write staged a ballet ... or prepared a premiere ... Such a phrase is stylistically incorrect: Life, as in the palm of your hand, passed in public (phraseologism at a glance requires the word is visible).

When using phraseological units, various errors are often combined. Thus, a change in the lexical composition of a phraseological unit is accompanied by a distortion of figurative meaning. For example, in the sentence Oblomov was the banner of the times distorted idiom sign of the times - " social phenomenon typical of this era. The substitution of the image underlying the phraseological unit radically transforms its meaning. Some errors associated with the distortion of the composition (phraseologism and its figurative meaning, are widely used in speech [Although the stake on the head is scratched (it is necessary: ​​teshi - from the verb to hew); Bring to a white knee (it is necessary: ​​to a white heat)].

2.1.12. Contamination of various phraseological units

The reason for the misuse of phraseological units in speech may be the contamination of elements of various set expressions. For example: The tongue does not rise talk about it... Phraseologisms are known, the tongue does not turn and the hand does not rise; the author used a noun from the first phraseological unit, and a verb from the second. Some stable combinations are constantly “unlucky”: [they say: take action (from take action and take steps), give importance (from pay attention and attach importance), make a difference (from influence and attach importance)]. Such stylistic errors are explained by false associations. Some errors caused by the contamination of elements of various phraseological units are repeated so often that we perceive them as expressions that have become entrenched in common speech (play the main violin).

The contamination of elements of various phraseological units can make speech illogical: Many, knowing about these outrages, look at the tricks of enterprising businessmen through their sleeves (they work through their sleeves, but look through their fingers); This business not worth a penny(a mixture of phraseological units - not worth a penny and not worth a damn egg). In other cases, the semantic side of speech does not suffer, but the sentence still needs stylistic editing (We could ring all the bells, but at first they decided to think it over calmly - it is necessary to eliminate the contamination of phraseological units to sound the alarm and ring all the bells).

Contamination of elements of various phraseological units can cause a comic sound of speech (a grated sparrow, a shot kalach, not everything is a hangover for a cat, it’s Shrovetide in someone else’s feast). Examples of contamination of elements of various phraseological units can be found in the magazine "Crocodile" in the section "You can't think of it on purpose" (Thus, I remained overboard broken trough).

Considering stylistic errors associated with the incorrect use of phraseological units, one should also touch on those cases when involuntary puns appear in speech, due to the fact that the speaker uses words in their direct meaning, but listeners perceive their combination as a figurative expression of a phraseological nature, so that a completely unexpected meaning is attached to the statement. The so-called external homonymy of phraseological units and free combinations, which has become the cause of the error, can lead to the most unexpected puns, giving speech an inappropriate comic. For example, an agitated speaker talks about riots on construction site: Three times they wrote down in the protocol the decision on the need to reserve slate for the landfill, but the time has come - there is nothing to cover. Against the background of an emotionally colored statement, the last two words are perceived not in the literal sense, but as a phraseological unit meaning "nothing to say in response, nothing to object to." Thus, phraseology, being a source of imagery and expressiveness of speech, can also create significant difficulties with an inattentive attitude to the word.