4. TOPIC: “ORPHOEPY. SCIENTIFIC BASES OF ORPHEPY. RULES OF ORPHOEPIY. FEATURES OF PRONUNCIATION OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE WORDS»
Plan: 1. Tasks of orthoepy. 2. Modern orthoepic norms. 3. Russian literary pronunciation and its historical foundations. 4. General and private rules of orthoepy. 5. Deviations from pronunciation norms and their causes. Orthoepy - it is a set of rules for pronunciation of words. Orthoepy (Greek orthos - direct, correct and eros - speech) is a set of oral speech rules that establish a uniform literary pronunciation. Orthoepic norms cover the phonetic system of the language, i.e. the composition of phonemes distinguished in the modern Russian literary language, their quality and changes in certain phonetic positions. In addition, the content of orthoepy includes the pronunciation of individual words and groups of words, as well as individual grammatical forms in cases where their pronunciation is not determined by the phonetic system. Orthoepy is a term that is used in 2 meanings: 1. A set of rules that establish the unity of pronunciation in the literary language (this is the rule of literary pronunciation). 2. A branch of linguistics adjacent to phonetics, which describes theoretical basis, norms literary language in terms of pronunciation. Oral speech exists as long as human society. In antiquity and even in the 19th century. each locality had its own peculiarities of pronunciation - these were the so-called territorial dialect features. They have survived to this day. In the 19th and 20th centuries, there was an urgent need for a unified literary language, including unified general rules pronunciation. So science began to take shape. orthoepy. It is closely related to phonetics. Both sciences study sounding speech, but phonetics describes everything that is in oral speech, and orthoepy characterizes oral speech only in terms of its correctness and compliance with literary norms. Literary norm - this is the rule of thumb language units. These rules are obligatory for everyone who speaks the literary language. The norms of the literary language are formed gradually, and the possession of norms is a difficult and complex task, which is facilitated by the wide development of means of communication. The norms of the literary language, including pronunciation, are laid down at school. Oral literary speech has uniform norms, but it is not uniform. She has some options. There are currently three pronunciation styles: 1. Neutral (medium) This is the usual calm speech of an educated person who owns literary norms. It is for this style that orthoepic norms are created. 2. Book style (currently rarely used, in scientific oratorical introductions). This is characterized by increased clarity of pronunciation. 3. colloquial literary style. This is the pronunciation of an educated person in unprepared situations. Here it is possible to deviate from strict rules. Modern pronunciation evolved gradually, over a long period of time. The modern pronunciation was based on the Moscow dialect. The Moscow dialect itself began to be created in the 15-16 centuries, in in general terms formed in the 17th century. In the second half of the 19th century, a system of pronunciation rules was formed. Norms based on Moscow pronunciation are reflected in stage speeches Moscow theaters of the 2nd half of the 19th century. These norms are reflected in the 4-volume explanatory dictionary edited by Ushakov in the mid-30s and the Ozhegov dictionary was created. These norms are not fixed. Moscow pronunciation was influenced by: a) Petersburg and Leningrad norms; b) some norms of book writing. Orthoepic norms change. By their nature, pronunciation norms are divided into two groups: 1. Strictly mandatory. 2. Variant allowable norms Modern orthoepic norms include several sections: 1. Rules for the pronunciation of individual sounds. 2. Rules for the pronunciation of combinations of sounds. 3. Rules for the pronunciation of individual grammatical sounds. 4. Rules for the pronunciation of foreign words, abbreviations. 5. Rules for setting stress. The orthoepy of the modern Russian literary language is a historically established system, which, along with new features, to a greater extent preserves the old, traditional features that reflect what the literary language has learned. historical path. The historical basis of Russian literary pronunciation is the most important linguistic features of the spoken language of the city of Moscow, which developed in the 1st half of the 17th century. By the indicated time, Moscow pronunciation had lost its narrowly dialectal features, combining the pronunciation features of both the northern and southern dialects of the Russian language. Acquiring a generalized character, the Moscow pronunciation was a typical expression of the national language. M.V. Lomonosov considered the Moscow “dialect” to be the basis of literary pronunciation: “The Moscow dialect is not ... ... for the importance of the capital city, but for its excellent beauty it is rightly preferred by others ...” Moscow pronunciation norms were transferred to other economic and cultural centers as a model and were assimilated there on the basis of local dialect features. This is how the peculiarities of pronunciation developed in St. Petersburg, the cultural center and capital of Russia in the 18-19 centuries. at the same time, there was no complete unity in the Moscow pronunciation: there were pronunciation variants that had different stylistic coloring. With the development and strengthening national language Moscow pronunciation acquired the character and significance of national pronunciation norms. The orthoepic system developed in this way has been preserved to this day in all its main features as stable pronunciation norms of the literary language. Literary pronunciation is often called stage pronunciation. this name indicates the importance of realistic theater in the development of pronunciation. When describing pronunciation norms, it is quite legitimate to refer to the pronunciation of the scene. All orthoepy rules are divided into: public and private. General rules pronunciations cover sounds. They are based on the phonetic laws of the modern Russian language. These rules are binding. Their violation is considered speech error. These are the following: 1. Pronunciation of combinations of unstressed vowels. Combinations of unstressed vowels are formed with the continuous pronunciation of the service word and the subsequent significant one, as well as at the junction of morphemes. Literary pronunciation does not allow contraction of vowel combinations. The pronunciation [sbbr L z`il] (thought) has a colloquial character. The pronunciation of combinations of unstressed vowels differs in some originality compared to the pronunciation of single unstressed vowels, for example, combinations aa, ao, oa, oo are pronounced like [aa]: n [a-a] bazhur, s [a-a] ocean, p [a-a] buzu, d [a-a] line. 2. Pronunciation of voiced and voiceless consonants In the speech stream, the consonant sounds of the modern Russian literary language, paired in sonority - deafness, change in their quality depending on their position in the word. There are two cases of such changes: a) at the end of words before a pause and b) at the end of words not before a pause, but also within a word. Changes in consonants, paired in voicing - deafness and paired in softness - hardness, are explained by the action of repressive assimilation. 1. Omission of voiced consonants at the end of a word. All voiced consonants at the end of a word are pronounced as paired deaf ones (except for sonorous r, l, m, n); two final voiced ones pass into the corresponding voiceless ones: club, temper, horn, lie, elm, clang, hut, sober - [klub], [nraf], [rock], [losh], [v as], [l ask], [sp], [tr esf] . The omission of final voiced consonants does not depend on the quality of the initial sound of the next word and occurs in the flow of speech before all consonants and vowels. 2. Stunning and voicing of consonants, paired in voicing-deafness within a word. Voiced consonants inside a word are stunned before voiceless ones, and voiceless ones before voiced ones (except in) are voiced: tube, low, request, from behind, to his wife, light -[corpse], [nisk], [prozb], [behind], [g - wife], [with light]. 3. Pronunciation of hard and soft consonants. The difference in the pronunciation of consonants, the consonant of the root and the initial consonant of the suffix, as well as in the places where the preposition merges with the initial consonant of the significant word. 1. Combinations szh -zzh, ssh - zsh, at the junction of morphemes, as well as a preposition and the next word, are pronounced as a double solid consonant [g], [w]: squeezed, without fat, sewn, without a tire, not fit, climbed - [sting], [b izhyr], [shyl], [b ishyny], [n oshij], [vl eshyj]. 2. Combinations zh, zhzh inside the root are pronounced as a long soft consonant [g] 6 I drive, squeal, later, reins, yeast, burnt -, [in Izhu], [live], [rezh i], [trembling], [onk] ( it is permissible to pronounce zhzh as [zh]). 3. The combinations of sch, zch at the junction of the root and the suffix are pronounced as a long soft [w] or [sh h]: copyist [shik, shchik], customer - [shik, - shchik]. At the junction of a prefix and a root or a preposition with the following word in place of sch, zch is pronounced [sh h]: account [w h from], without a number [b h number]. 4. Combinations tch, dch at the junction of morphemes are pronounced as double soft [h]: pilot [l och ik], youngster [m Loch ik], report. 5. The combination of ts at the junction of verb endings with the suffix -sya is pronounced as a double hard [ts]: proud and proud [g Lrdits]; ts, ds (in combinations tsk, dsk, tst, dst) at the junction of the root and the suffix is pronounced like [ts] fraternal [brackj], factory [zv Lckoj] , kinship[p Lcolour]. 6. The combination of ts, dts at the junction of morphemes, less often in roots, is pronounced as double [ts]: brother [brother], pick up [pts pit], twenty [two qt]. 7. The combination ch, as a rule, is pronounced as [ch], and in following words like [shn]: boring, of course, on purpose, scrambled eggs, fiddling, laundry, birdhouse and in female patronymics type Nikitichna. 8. The combination th, as a rule, is pronounced not as [th], but as [pcs] - in the following words: that, that, something (-either, - anything), nothing. 9. Combinations gk, gch are usually pronounced as [hk], [hh]: lighter, soft - [lech], [makhkj]. 4. Unpronounceable vowels. When pronouncing words, some morphemes (usually roots) in certain combinations with other morphemes lose one or another sound. As a result, in the spelling of words, there are letters devoid of sound meaning, the so-called unpronounceable consonants. Unpronounceable consonants include: 1) t- in combinations stn(cf.: bone and bone), stl (happy), ntsk - ndsk (cf .: giant - intriguing, Dutch - hooligan), stsk (cf.: Marxist and Tunisian); 2) d- in combinations zdn ( cf. : holiday, ugly).Rdts ( compare: heart and door) 3) in - in combinations vstv(cf.: feel and participateflattering (be silent); 4) l - combined LC (cf .: sun and window). 5. Pronunciation of consonants marked with two identical letters. In Russian words, combinations of two identical consonants are usually found between vowels at the junction of the morphological parts of the word: prefix and root, root and suffix. In foreign words, double consonants can be long in the roots of words. Since the length of sounds is not characteristic of the phonemic system of the Russian language, foreign words lose the length of consonants and are pronounced with a single sound (cf .: then [n] el, te [r] asa, te [r] op, a [p] arat, a [n] etit, com [r] ercii and etc. The double consonant is usually pronounced in position after the stressed consonant (cf.: va [nn] a, ma [ss] a, group [pp] a, program [mm] a etc.). The pronunciation of double consonants both in Russian words and in foreign words is regulated in dictionary order (see: “Russian literary pronunciation and stress. Dictionary - reference book”, M. 1959). 6. Pronunciation of individual sounds. 1. The sound [g] before vowels, voiced consonants and sonorants is pronounced as a voiced consonant explosive: mountain, where, hail; before deaf consonants and at the end of a word - as [k]: burnt, burnt [ Ljoks b], . The pronunciation of the fricative sound [j] is possible in limited cases, and with fluctuations: in word forms god, lord, grace, rich; in adverbs when, always, then, sometimes; in interjections yeah, wow, uh, gop, goplya, woof-woof. In place [y] at the end of words god, good (from good) pronunciation [x] is allowed: [boh], [blah]. 2. In place of letters w, w, c pronounced in all positions solid sounds[w], [w], [c]: parachute, brochure - [par Ljester ], [brLshur]; end, end- [kL nca], [to L tsom], but in the word jury the preferred pronunciation is [zh uri]. 3. In place of letters h, w, soft consonants [h], [w] or [shh] are always pronounced: hour, chur - [h as], [h ur]; grove, Shchors, Twitter, pike - [rosh b], [shors], [sh ebet], In place of letters and after w,w,c pronounced sound[s]: lived, sewed, cycle - [zhyl], [shyl], [cycle]. 5. In place of the letter with in return particles –sya -, -s-pronounced soft sound[with]: afraid, afraid, afraid - [b Ljus], [bLjals b], [bLjals]. 6. In place of all consonants (except w, w, c) before [e], the corresponding soft consonants are pronounced ( sat, sang, chalk, deeds and etc.) [sat], [sang], [chalk], [case]. 7. Pronunciation of individual grammatical forms. 1. Unstressed ending of the nominative case singular. hours for men kinds of adjectives th, th pronounced as [i], [i]: [good i], [proud i], [lower], but the pronunciation of these endings is also widespread, according to the spelling: [good i], [proud i], [low i]. Ending pronunciation - uy after [k], [g], [x] it is permissible in two versions: [n claimi - n claim ii |], [wretched i - poor ii], [t ih'i - quiet and i]. 2. In place of the letter G at the end genitive units h. masculine and neuter adjectives - wow - him a fairly distinct sound [v] is pronounced with the corresponding reduction of vowels: sharp, this, the one whom - [island], [etyv], [t L въ], [k Lвъ]. The sound [v] is pronounced in place of the letter G in words: today, today, total. 3. Unstressed adjective endings -oh, -oh pronunciation is the same: kind, good [good - good]. 4. Ending (unstressed) adjectives -ooh, -ooh pronounced like this: warm, summer [t pluiu], [fly n uiu]. 5. End –s – ie in nominative case plural adjectives, pronouns, participles, are pronounced as [yi], [ii]: good, blue - [kind], [blue ii]. 6. in place of the unstressed ending of the 3rd person plural of verbs of the 2nd conjugation -at - yat pronounced [ъt]: breathe, walk - [breathe], [hot]. The pronunciation of these forms with the vowel [y] at the end is falling into disuse (cf.: [pros yt - pros ut]). 7. Forms of verbs in - to nod, - to nod, to nod pronounced with soft [k`], [g`], [x`]: [jump ivl], [startle ivl], [rLsmakh ivl]. It is permissible to pronounce these verbs with solid [k], [g], [x]. 8. Features of the pronunciation of foreign words. Many words of foreign origin are firmly mastered by the Russian literary language and are pronounced in accordance with existing orthoepic norms. A less significant part of foreign words relating to various fields of science and technology, culture and art, to the field of politics (also foreign proper names), when pronounced, deviate from generally accepted norms. In addition, in some cases there is a double pronunciation of foreign words (cf.: s[o]no - s[a]no, b[o]lero - b[a]lero, r[o]man - r[a]man, r[o]yal - r[a]yal, k[ o]ntsert - k[a]ntsert, p[o]et - p[a]et and etc.). pronunciation variants of the type k[o]ncert, r[o]man, n[o]wella, t[e]kst, mez[e]th, characterize the pronunciation as deliberately bookish. Such pronunciation does not meet the norms accepted in the literary language. Deviating from the norms when pronouncing foreign words, they cover a limited layer of vocabulary and boil down mainly to the following: 1. In unstressed syllables (pre-stressed and stressed) in foreign words in place of a letter about the sound [o] is pronounced: [o]tel, b[o]a, p[o]et, m[o]derat[o], radio[o], ha[o]s, kaka[o], p[ o]etessa; in proper names: B[o]dler, V[o]lter, Z[o]la, D[o]lores Ibarruri, P[o]rez, J[o]res and others. e in foreign words, predominantly dental consonants [t], [d], [h], [s] and [n], [p] are pronounced firmly: hotel, atelier, parterre, subway, interview; model, neckline, code, disorientation; highway, meringue, morse, based; scarf, pince-nez; Sorrento; Cut, Jaurès, also Flaubert, Chopin. 3. In unstressed syllables of foreign words with a solid consonant before [e] in place of the letter e the vowel [e] is pronounced: at [e] lie, at [e] ism, mod [e] lier, etc. In place of letters e after and in the following foreign words [e] is pronounced: di [e] ta, di [e] z, pi [e] tizm, pi [e] tet. 4. In place of the letter uh at the beginning of a word and after vowels, [e] is pronounced: [e] ho, [e] pos, po [e] t, po [e] tessa is pronounced softly: removed, from him, idler, idle, products, from business, withdraw - [snap], [from the field], [business], [product], [from-del], [from]. 5. Prefix - preposition in before soft lips it is pronounced softly: in the song, in front - [f song], [f p and mouth]. 6. The labials do not soften before the posterior ones: bets, breaks, chains [stafki], [breaks], [chains]. 7. Final consonants [t], [d], [b] in prefixes before soft labials and dividing b do not soften: ate, drink - [ Ltjel], . 8. The consonant [r] before soft dental and labial, as well as before [h], [u] is pronounced firmly: artel, cornet, feed, samovar, welder - [ Lrtel], [kLrnet], [kLrmit], [smLvarchik], [welder]. Private rules relate to all sections of orthoepy. They are like variants of common pronunciation norms. These options allow fluctuation in the norms. They arise either under the influence of Leningrad or under the influence of Moscow. To private orthoepic rules include the following: 1. A combination of letters - ch- in a few dozen words it is pronounced like [shn] or [shn`]: mustard plaster, scrambled eggs, bakery, of course etc. Many words do not fall under this rule and are pronounced with [ch]: fabulous, country, habitual, eternal etc. 2. Fricative [X] is in most cases non-literary, however, in some words its pronunciation is acceptable: good - blah [x] o, yeah - a [x] a. 3. In place of the letter sch you need to pronounce the sound [u]: crack, pike. 4. In many foreign words, in place of a letter about, denoting an unstressed vowel, contrary to the general rule, it is pronounced [about], not [L] or [ъ]: nocturne, poetry, cocktail etc. 5. Correct pronunciation some alphabetic abbreviations also became recent times orthoepy issue. As a general rule, letter abbreviations are read in accordance with the alphabetic names of letters: Germany, USA. 6. In the 1st prestressed syllable a after w, w can be pronounced like a or how s. This pronunciation is called old Moscow: balls [shy ry]. 7. In the endings of adjectives with a stem on g, k, x in adjective forms to nod - to nod the pronunciation of soft back-lingual is also acceptable. This is the old Moscow norm: quiet - quiet. 8. Return suffix -sya usually pronounced softly c`:learn to be proud. 9. Combination thu pronounced like [PCS]:what, to, but something. Man, bad knowing the rules orthoepies or knowing them, but poorly applying them in practice, makes many orthoepic errors leading to a distorted recreation of the sound form of words, as well as to incorrect intonation of speech. There are several reasons why spelling errors are made. Many pronunciation errors in Russian are explained by dialect influence, for example: clear instead of spring, rate instead of very, move instead of year etc. certain persons, having learned from childhood the articulation base and phonetic laws of a certain dialect, are not immediately, not always or not completely reorganized into literary pronunciation. However, with the development of society, as a result of universal education, under the influence of radio and television, dialects are increasingly disintegrating and disappearing, and the Russian literary language becomes the main means of communication; therefore, the number of dialectal pronunciation errors in the speech of our contemporaries - Russians - is declining. A bunch of people of non-Russian nationality, who have studied the Russian language to a sufficient extent, make orthoepic errors, also associated with a mismatch between phonetic units (segmental and supersegmental) and the sound laws of Russian and mother tongue; For example: look instead of watch, flow instead of current, sateranitsa instead of page, niesu instead of bear. Such errors, especially numerous in initial stage mastery of the Russian language, may gradually disappear, due to the widespread practice of Russian speech and orientation to the speech of Russians. Third an important factor of deviation from the orthoepic norms of the Russian language is the interference of written texts. This reason can be combined with the first or second, supported by them. Firstly, a person who does not know the oral forms of some words well enough and at the same time not enough, only in general terms, aware of the sound meanings of Russian letters, is guided when reading words (and later when reproducing them without relying on a written text) by their spelling understood superficially. So, beginners to learn Russian read [h] then instead of [w] then, se [g] of one day instead of se [in] one day, honestly, but not th [sn] o. Secondly, a person (including a Russian native speaker of the Russian language who speaks it well) may develop a false belief, which he follows, that oral speech needs to be corrected in writing. Such false "correctness" is characteristic to one degree or another of most beginners to read Russian. Later, the native speaker refuses this, realizing various principles spelling and pronunciation of words. However, the tendency to pronounce words of some degree on the norms of pronunciation of individual words and their groups. Consequently, as a result of this, a pronunciation of the type thin, strong instead of the previously literary tone [k] th, strong [k] th. On the part of native speakers of the Russian language who know in one way or another foreign languages, sometimes there is a deliberate phonetic distortion of words of foreign origin. A person, speaking Russian, pronounces these words not in the way they should be pronounced in Russian, based on the Russian articulation base, but in a foreign way, pronouncing them in French, German or English, introducing them into Russian speech sounds alien to her and replacing individual sounds, for example: [hi] not instead of Heine, [zhu] ri instead of [zh`u] ri. Such pronunciation, including with sounds alien to the Russian language, does not contribute to the normalization and culture of speech. In order to avoid the above mistakes, it is necessary: a) to constantly monitor your own pronunciation; b) to observe the speech of people who are fluent in the norms of the literary language; c) constantly study the rules of phonetics and orthoepy and constantly refer to reference dictionaries.Plan:
1. Tasks of orthoepy.
2. Modern orthoepic norms.
3. Russian literary pronunciation and its historical foundations.
4. General and private rules of orthoepy.
5. Deviations from pronunciation norms and their causes.
Orthoepy - it is a set of rules for pronunciation of words. Orthoepy (Greek orthos - direct, correct and eros - speech) is a set of oral speech rules that establish a uniform literary pronunciation.
Orthoepic norms cover the phonetic system of the language, i.e. the composition of phonemes distinguished in the modern Russian literary language, their quality and changes in certain phonetic positions. In addition, the content of orthoepy includes the pronunciation of individual words and groups of words, as well as individual grammatical forms in cases where their pronunciation is not determined by the phonetic system.
Orthoepy is a term that is used in 2 meanings:
1. A set of rules that establish the unity of pronunciation in a literary language (this is the rule of literary pronunciation).
2. A branch of linguistics, adjacent to phonetics, which describes the theoretical foundations, norms of the literary language in terms of pronunciation. Oral speech exists as long as human society. In antiquity and even in the 19th century. each locality had its own peculiarities of pronunciation - these were the so-called territorial dialect features. They have survived to this day.
In the 19th and 20th centuries, there was an urgent need for a unified literary language, including unified, general rules for pronunciation. So science began to take shape. orthoepy. It is closely related to phonetics. Both sciences study sounding speech, but phonetics describes everything that is in oral speech, and orthoepy characterizes oral speech only from the point of view of its correctness and compliance with literary norms. Literary norm - This is the rule for the use of language units. These rules are obligatory for everyone who speaks the literary language.
The norms of the literary language are formed gradually, and the possession of norms is a difficult and complex task, which is facilitated by the wide development of means of communication. The norms of the literary language, including pronunciation, are laid down at school. Oral literary speech has uniform norms, but it is not uniform. She has some options. There are currently three pronunciation styles:
1. Neutral (medium) This is the usual calm speech of an educated person who owns literary norms. It is for this style that orthoepic norms are created.
2. Book style (currently rarely used, in scientific oratorical introductions). This is characterized by increased clarity of pronunciation.
3. Colloquial-colloquial literary style. This is the pronunciation of an educated person in unprepared situations. Here you can deviate from the strict rules.
Modern pronunciation evolved gradually, over a long period of time. The modern pronunciation was based on the Moscow dialect. The Moscow dialect itself began to be created in the 15th-16th centuries, and in general terms it took shape in the 17th century. In the second half of the 19th century, a system of pronunciation rules was formed. Norms based on Moscow pronunciation were reflected in the stage speeches of Moscow theaters in the 2nd half of the 19th century. These norms are reflected in a 4-volume explanatory dictionary edited by Ushakov in the mid-30s and Ozhegov's dictionary was created. These norms are not fixed. Moscow pronunciation was influenced by: a) Petersburg and Leningrad norms; b) some norms of book writing. Orthoepic norms change.
By their nature, pronunciation norms are divided into two groups:
1. Strictly required.
2. Variant allowable norms
Modern orthoepic norms include several sections:
1. Rules for the pronunciation of individual sounds.
2. Rules for the pronunciation of combinations of sounds.
3. Rules for the pronunciation of individual grammatical sounds.
4. Rules for the pronunciation of foreign words, abbreviations.
5. Rules for setting stress.
The orthoepy of the modern Russian literary language is a historically established system, which, along with new features, to a greater extent preserves the old, traditional features that reflect the historical path traveled by the literary language. The historical basis of Russian literary pronunciation is the most important linguistic features of the spoken language of the city of Moscow, which developed in the 1st half of the 17th century. By the indicated time, Moscow pronunciation had lost its narrowly dialectal features, combining the pronunciation features of both the northern and southern dialects of the Russian language. Acquiring a generalized character, the Moscow pronunciation was a typical expression of the national language. M.V. Lomonosov considered the Moscow “dialect” to be the basis of literary pronunciation: “The Moscow dialect is not ... ... for the importance of the capital city, but also for its excellent beauty, it is rightly preferred by others ...”
Moscow pronunciation norms were transferred to other economic and cultural centers as a model and there they were assimilated on the basis of local dialect features. This is how the peculiarities of pronunciation developed in St. Petersburg, the cultural center and capital of Russia in the 18-19 centuries. at the same time, there was no complete unity in the Moscow pronunciation: there were pronunciation variants that had different stylistic coloring.
With the development and strengthening of the national language, Moscow pronunciation acquired the character and significance of national pronunciation norms. The orthoepic system developed in this way has been preserved to this day in all its main features as stable pronunciation norms of the literary language.
Literary pronunciation is often called stage pronunciation. this name indicates the importance of realistic theater in the development of pronunciation. When describing pronunciation norms, it is quite legitimate to refer to the pronunciation of the scene.
All orthoepy rules are divided into: public and private.
General rules pronunciations cover sounds. They are based on the phonetic laws of the modern Russian language. These rules are binding. Their violation is considered a speech error. These are the following.
An important aspect of orthoepy is stress , that is, the sound emphasis of one of the syllables of the word. The stress on the letter is usually not indicated, although in individual cases(when teaching the Russian language to non-Russians) it is customary to put it.
Distinctive features of Russian stress are its heterogeneity and mobility. The diversity lies in the fact that the stress in Russian can be on any syllable of the word ( book, signature- on the first syllable; lantern, underground- on the second; hurricane, orthoepy - on the third, etc.). In some words, the stress is fixed on a certain syllable and does not move during the formation of grammatical forms, in others it changes from place (compare: ton - tons and wall - wall- walls and walls).
The last example shows the mobility of Russian stress. This is the objective difficulty of mastering accent norms. “However, as K.S. Gorbachevich, - if the heterogeneity and mobility of Russian stress create some difficulties in its assimilation, then these inconveniences are completely redeemed by the ability to distinguish the meaning of words using the place of stress (flour- flour, cowardly- cowardly, immersed on the platform- immersed in water) and even functional and stylistic fixation of accent options (Bay leaf, but in botany: laurel family). Particularly important in this regard is the role of stress as a way of expressing grammatical meanings and overcoming the homonymy of word forms. As established by scientists, most of the words of the Russian language (about 96%) are distinguished by a fixed stress. However, the remaining 4% are the most common words that make up the basic, frequency vocabulary of the language.
Here are some rules of orthoepy in the area of stress, which will help to prevent the corresponding errors.
Stress in adjectives
In full forms of adjectives, only a fixed stress is possible on the basis or on the ending. The variability of these two types in the same word forms is explained, as a rule, by a pragmatic factor associated with the distinction between little-used or bookish adjectives and adjectives of frequency, stylistically neutral or even reduced. Indeed, the little-used and book words more often they have an accent on the basis, and frequency, stylistically neutral or reduced - on the ending.
The degree of mastery of the word is manifested in the variants of the place of stress: circle and circle, spare and spare, near-Earth and near-Earth, minus and minus, cleaning and treatment. Such words are not included in USE assignments, since both options are considered correct.
And yet, the choice of the place of stress causes difficulties most often in short forms of adjectives. Meanwhile, there is a fairly consistent norm according to which the stressed syllable of the full form of a number of common adjectives remains stressed in short form: beautiful- beautiful- beautiful- nice- beautiful; inconceivable - inconceivable- unthinkable- unthinkable- inconceivable etc.
The number of adjectives with mobile stress in Russian is small, but they are often used in speech, and therefore the stress norms in them need comments. The stress often falls on the stem in the form of the masculine, neuter, and many others. numbers and ending in the form female: right- rights- right- right- rights; gray - gray- gray- sulfur- sulfur; slim- slender- slender- slender- slender.
Such adjectives usually have monosyllabic stems without suffixes or with simple suffixes (-k-, -n-). However, one way or another, it becomes necessary to refer to the orthoepic dictionary, since a number of words “knock out” of the specified norm. You can, for example, say: lengths and long, fresh and fresh, full and full etc.
It should also be said about the pronunciation of adjectives in comparative degree. There is such a rule: if the stress in the short form of the feminine falls on the ending, then in a comparative degree it will be on the suffix -ee: strong- stronger, sicker- sicker, alive- livelier, slimmer- slimmer, right - right; if the stress in the feminine gender is on the basis, then in a comparative degree it is preserved on the basis: beautiful- prettier, sadder- sadder, disgusting- more disgusting. The same applies to the superlative form.
Stress in verbs
One of the most tense points of stress in common verbs is the past tense.
The stress in the past tense usually falls on the same syllable, as in the infinitive: sit- sat, moaning - moaning. hide- hid, start - started. At the same time, the group of common verbs (about 300) obeys a different rule: the stress in the feminine form goes to the ending, and in other forms it remains on the stem. These are verbs take. be, take, twist, lie, drive, give, wait, live, call, lie, pour, drink, tear etc. It is recommended to say: live- lived- lived - lived- lived; wait- waited- was waiting- waited - waited; pour - lil- lilo- Lily- lilA. Derived verbs are pronounced the same way. (live, take, drink, spill etc.).
The exception is words with a prefix you-, which takes on the emphasis: survive- Survived, pour out - poured out, call- called.
Verbs put, steal, send, send the stress in the feminine form of the past tense remains on the stem: stole, stole, sent, made.
And one more rule. Quite often, in reflexive verbs (in comparison with non-reflexive ones), the stress in the form of the past tense goes to the ending: start- I started, started, started, started; accept - accepted, acceptedb, accepted, accepted.
About the pronunciation of the verb call in conjugated form. Spelling dictionaries of recent times quite rightly continue to recommend stress on the ending: call, call, call, call, call. This tradition is based on classical literature (primarily poetry), the speech practice of authoritative native speakers.
stressin some participles and participles
The most frequent fluctuations of stress are recorded when pronouncing short passive participles.
If the stress in the full form is on the suffix -yonn- something about but remains on it only in the masculine form, in other forms it passes to the ending: conducted- carried out, carried out, carried out, carried out; imported- imported, imported, imported, imported. However, it is sometimes difficult for native speakers to choose the right place of stress in the full form. They say: "introduced" instead imported,"translated" instead of translated etc. In such cases, it is worth referring to the dictionary more often, gradually practicing the correct pronunciation.
A few notes on the pronunciation of full participles with a suffix -t-. If suffixes of indefinite form -oh-, -well- have an accent on themselves, then in participles it will go one syllable forward: weed- weedy, prick- chipped, bend- bent, wrap- wrapped.
Passive participles from verbs pour and drink(with suffix -t-) are characterized by unstable stress. You can speak: spilled and spilled, spilled and spilled, spilled(only!), spilled and spilled, spilled and spilled; drunk and drunk, supplemented and dopit, dopitA and dopita, dopito and dopito, dopity and supplements.
The participles are often stressed on the same syllable as in the indefinite form of the corresponding verb: having invested, having set, having filled, having taken, having washed down, having exhausted(DO NOT: exhausted) , starting, raising, reaping, watering, putting, realizing, betraying, undertaking, arriving, accepting, selling, cursing, spilling, piercing, drinking, creating.
Stress in adverbs should mainly be studied by memorizing and referring to the orthoepic dictionary.
Nouns
alphabet, from Alpha and in And that
airports, motionless stress on the 4th syllable
bows,
beard, win.p., only in this form singular. stress on 1st syllable
accountants, genus p.pl., motionless stress on 2nd syllable
religion, from the faith to confess
citizenship
hyphen, from German, where the stress is on the 2nd syllable
dispensary, the word comes from English. lang. through French, where the blow. always on the last syllable
agreement
document
blinds,
significance, from adj. zn BUT chimy
X, im.p. pl., motionless stress
catalog, in the same row with the words dial O g, monol O g, necrol O g etc.
quarter, from it. lang., where the stress is on the 2nd syllable
kilometer, in the same row with the words centime E tr, decimal E tr, millim E tr…
cones, cones, motionless stress on the 1st syllable in all cases in singular and plural.
cranes, motionless stress on 1st syllable
flint, flint, hit. in all forms on the last syllable, as in the word fire
lecturers, lecturers, see word bow(s)
areas, genus.p.pl., in the same row with the word form p O honors, h E lustey ... but the news E th
garbage chute, on a par with the words gas pipelines O e, oil pipeline O d, plumbing O d
intention
obituary, see catalog O G
hatred
news, news, but: see m E ness
nail, nail, motionless stress in all forms singular.
adolescence, from O rock teen
partner, from the French lang., where is the blow. always on the last syllable
briefcase
dowry, noun
call, in the same row with the words pos S in, otz S in (ambassador), cos S in, but: O call (for publication)
orphans, im.p.pl., stress in all forms pl. only on the 2nd syllable
facilities, im.p.pl.
carpenter, in the same poison with the words small I p, to I p, schools I R…
convocation, see the prize S in
cakes, cakes
scarves, see b BUT nts
chauffeur, on a par with the words kiosk Yo p, control Yo R…
expert, from the French lang., where the stress is always on the last syllable
Adjectives
right, short adj. zh.r.
old
significant
more beautiful, adj. and adv. in comp.
beautiful, superior art.
bleeding
kitchen
agility, short adj. zh.r.
mosaic
perspicacious, short adj. f.r., on a par with the words smear And wah, fuss And wah, chatter And wa... but: O rliva
plum, derived from sl And wa
Verbs
pamper, on a par with the words to indulge, spoil, spoil ..., but: the minion of fate
take-took
take-take
take-took
take-took
turn on, turn on
turn on, turn on
join-merged
break in-break in
perceive-perceived
recreate-recreated
hand-hand over
drive-driven
chasing-chasing
get-dobrala
get-got
wait-wait
call - call
get through
dose
wait-waited
live-lived
cork up
occupied, occupied, occupied,
occupied, occupied
lock yourself up (key, lock, etc.)
call-called
call, call, call,
exclude-exclude
exhaust
lay-lay
sneak-stalked
bleed
lie-lie
pour-lila
pour-poured
lie-lied
endow-endowit
overstrained-overstrained
name-named
bank-roll
pour-poured
narwhal-narwhala
litter-litter
start-started, started, started
call-call-call
facilitate-facilitate
drenched-drenched
hug-hugged
overtake-overtaken
rip-off
encourage
cheer up - cheer up
exacerbate
borrow-borrow
embitter
surround-surround
seal, in the same row with the words form BUT th, normalization BUT th, sorters BUT th…
vulgarize - vulgarize
inquire - inquire
depart-departed
give-gave
turn-off
recall-revoked
responded-responded
call back-call back
transfuse-transferred
fruit
repeat-repeat
call-called
call-call-call
pour-watered
put-put
understand-understood
send-sent
arrive-arrived-arrived-arrived
accept-accepted-accepted
force
tear-torn
drill-drill-drill
take off-taken off
create-created
pluck-plucked
litter-litter
remove-remove
speed up
deepen
strengthen-strengthen
pinch-pinch
Communions
pampered
enabled-enabled, see nizved Yo ny
delivered
folded
busy-busy
locked-locked
inhabited-inhabited
spoiled, see ball O bathroom
feeding
bleeding
amassed
acquired-acquired
having poured
hired
started
relegated-reduced, see incl. Yo ny…
encouraged-encouraged-encouraged
aggravated
defined-defined
disabled
repeated
divided
understood
accepted
tamed
lived
removed-removed
bent
Participles
clogged
starting
Adverbs
utterly
enviable in the meaning of the predicate
ahead of time colloquial
before dark
more beautiful, adj. and adv. in comp.
Orthoepic norms regulate the pronunciation of individual sounds in different phonetic positions, in combination with other sounds, as well as their pronunciation in certain grammatical forms, groups of words or in individual words.
It is important to maintain uniformity in pronunciation. Spelling errors affect the listener's perception of speech: they distract his attention from the essence of the presentation, can cause misunderstanding, indignation and irritation. Pronunciation, which corresponds to orthoepic standards, greatly facilitates and speeds up the process of communication.
Orthoepic norms are determined by the phonetic system of the Russian language. Each language has its own phonetic laws that regulate the pronunciation of words.
The basis of the Russian literary language, and hence the literary pronunciation, is the Moscow dialect.
In Russian orthoepy, it is customary to distinguish between "senior" and "junior" norms. "older" norm preserves the features of the old Moscow pronunciation of individual sounds, sound combinations, words and their forms. "Junior" norm reflects the features of modern literary pronunciation.
Let us turn to the basic rules of literary pronunciation that must be observed.
Pronunciation of vowels.
In Russian speech, only vowels that are under stress are pronounced clearly: s [a] d, v [o] lk, d [o] m. Vowels that are in an unstressed position lose clarity and clarity. It's called the law of reduction (from Latin reducire to reduce).
Vowels [a] and [o] at the beginning of the word without stress and in the first pre-stressed syllable, they are pronounced as [a]: deer - [a] laziness, being late - [a] p [a] to build, forty - from [a] rock.
In an unstressed position (in all unstressed syllables, except for the first pre-stressed one) after hard consonants in place of the letter o pronounced short (reduced) obscure sound, the pronunciation of which in different positions ranges from [s] to [a]. Conventionally, this sound is denoted by the letter [b]. For example: side - side [b] rona, head - g [b] fishing, dear - d [b] horn, gunpowder - por [b] x, gold - gold [b] t [b].
After soft consonants in the first pre-stressed syllable in place of letters a, e, i pronounce sound, middle between [e] and [and]. Conventionally, this sound is indicated by the sign [and e]: language - [and e] language, pen - p [and e] ro, hours - h [and e] sy.
Vowel [and] after a solid consonant, preposition, or when the word is fused with the previous one, it is pronounced as [s]: pedagogical institute - pedagogical [s] institute, to Ivan - to [s] van, laughter and tears - laughter [s] tears. In the presence of a pause, [and] does not turn into [s]: laughter and tears.
Pronunciation of consonants.
The main laws of pronunciation of consonants in Russian - stun and likeness.
voiced consonants, standing before the deaf and at the end of words, are stunned- this is one of the characteristic features of the Russian literary speech. We pronounce table [p] - pillar, snow [k] - snow, hand [f] - sleeve, etc. It should be noted that the consonant [g] at the end of the word always turns into a deaf sound paired with it [k ]: smo[k] - could, dr[k] - friend, etc. The pronunciation in this case of the sound [x] is considered as a dialect. The exception is the word god - bo[x].
[G] pronounced like [X] in combinations gk and gch: le [hk "] y - easy, le [hk] o - easy.
Deaf consonants before voiced ones are pronounced as their corresponding voiced ones: [z] give - hand over, pro [z "] ba - request.
In the pronunciation of words with a combination of ch, there is a fluctuation, which is associated with a change in the rules of the old Moscow pronunciation. According to the norms of the modern Russian literary language, the combination ch that's how it's usually pronounced [h], this is especially true for words of book origin (endless, careless), as well as for relatively new words (camouflage, landing). Chn is pronounced like [sn] in female patronymics on -ichna: Kuzmini[shn]a, Lukini[shn]a, Ilini[shn]a, and also preserved in separate words: horse[shn]o, sku[shn]no, re[shn]itsa, yai[shn]itsa, square[shn]ik, etc.
Some words with the combination ch in accordance with the norm have a double pronunciation: order [shn] o and order [ch] o, etc.
In some words, instead of h be pronounced [w]: [w] something, [w] something, etc.
The letter g in the endings -whoa-, -his- reads like [in]: niko [in] o - no one, mine [in] o - mine.
Final -tsya and -tsya verbs are pronounced like [tssa]: smile [tsa] - smiles.
Pronunciation of borrowed words.
As a rule, borrowed words obey modern orthoepic norms and only in some cases differ in features in pronunciation. For example, the pronunciation of the sound [o] is sometimes preserved in unstressed syllables (m[o] del, [o] asis) and solid consonants before the vowel [e]: an [te] nna, co [de] ks, ge [ne] tika ). In most borrowed words, before [e], the consonants are softened: k[r"]em, aka[d"]emia, faculty[t"]et, mu[z"]ee, shi[n"]spruce. Consonants g, k, x is always softened before [e]: ma [k "] em, [g "] eyzer, [k "] egli, s [x"] ema.
Variant pronunciation is allowed in the words: dean, therapy, claim, terror, track.
You should pay attention and for setting the accent. The stress in Russian is not fixed, it is mobile: in different grammatical forms of the same word, the stress can be different: ruká - ruku, accepted - accepted, end - final - finish.
In most cases, you need to contact orthoepic dictionaries of the Russian language, in which the pronunciation of words is given. This will help to better master the pronunciation norms: before using in practice any word that causes difficulties, look into the spelling dictionary and find out how it (the word) is pronounced.
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Dialects
Dialects are variations in the system of one language. They are not characterized by global differences in phonetics, vocabulary, syntax, grammar and other aspects of the language, but private ones. Naturally, only one version of a language cannot normally exist and develop. Dialects arise because people living on different territories, but speakers of the same language are exposed to different linguistic influences from neighbors, immigrants, etc. What is orthoepy and dialects is easier to understand with examples: remember the softened "r", which is often pronounced in the Kuban - the influence of Ukrainian, or the "letter by letter" pronunciation of St. Petersburg - a consequence of too a large number literate people.
Literary Russian speech
In Russia, as elsewhere, there is a great variety of dialects. They are even classified into species and subspecies! The most famous are probably Vologda and Kuban. Literary speech is considered to be the pronunciation common in St. Petersburg and Moscow.
Basic rules of orthoepy of the Russian language
a) stun. in Russian sometimes they become noisy (that is, completely deaf) before, in fact, noisy and at the end of a word. Examples: in the word mushroom we pronounce "p", although we write "b" (end of the word);
b) before sonants, voiced and vowels, as well as at the beginning of a word, sounds are sometimes voiced ("s" in the word request).
We will consider the pronunciation separately, since it is it that differs most in different dialects:
a) akanye is the transformation of "o" into "a" in an unstressed position. The opposite phenomenon - okanye - is common in Vologda and other northern dialects (for example, we say "malAko" instead of "milk");
b) hiccup - "e" turns into "and" in an unstressed position (we say vilikan, not giant).
c) reduction - that is, the reduction of vowels in over- or pre-stressed positions, that is, their faster and more crumpled pronunciation. There is no clear difference, as with a stun or a hiccup. One can only observe on our own that we pronounce some vowels longer than others (marmalade: the last "a", if you listen carefully, is pronounced much longer than the first).
What is orthoepy for different languages peace?
In Russian, morphological spelling is common - that is, the uniformity of the morpheme throughout the entire process of word formation (exceptions are alternations in roots and the spelling "ы" after prefixes to a consonant). In Belarusian, for example, the system is phonetic: as we speak, so we write. Therefore, for Belarusian schoolchildren to understand what orthoepy is, it is much easier and much more important. Or, for example, in some languages of the world (Finnish, Turkish) words are very, very long - it is impossible to pronounce many different vowels in one word. Consequently, the vowels all adjust to one - shock. Over time, this principle passed into writing.
Correct speech
It is even more difficult to master and constantly use than to write correctly, but, nevertheless, this skill is one of the most important for an intelligent person.
