Adjective, we know from primary school. But how it is written in some cases is already forgotten. Let's remember this, and at the same time the semantic, morphological and syntactic principles of writing.
Adjective as a part of speech
The adjective is not a simple part of speech: it indicates the properties of an object, its qualities, describes what events and states can be. Moreover, the text, if present, becomes bright and saturated.
The change occurs in gender, number and case, depending on the name of the noun to which it refers. For example, " big table": in this case, the noun "table" is masculine, used in the nominative case and singular; "large" has the same characteristics.
Varieties
There is a full and short form of the adjective. The possessive adjective has only the full form. A short adjective answers the question: what? what? what is it? what are A quality adjective has both forms. It is noteworthy that since ancient times Slavic languages only short ones were used. It was from them that the complete modern forms parts of speech. At present, the use of the full form of the word in Russian is neutral. A short one is mainly used in literary vocabulary.
short form The adjective changes in the singular by gender and number. Take, for example, the word "beautiful". In the masculine gender, it has a zero ending. With a certain change, the following words are obtained:
- beautiful - feminine singular;
- nice - neuter gender singular;
- beautiful is plural.
The short form of the adjective does not change by case. Only some words in this form have case changes in phraseological units. An example of such a change would be expressions such as "on bare feet"; lines from the songs: "Green wine ordered to pour." From the point of view of the syntactic function in sentences, a short adjective is included in the compound nominal predicate and is part of it. For example: he is slender, he is kind.
In this case, we are talking only about a qualitative adjective. Relatives do not occur in short form. You can try to make relative words like "copper" or "washing" shorter. Nothing will work.
Possessive adjectives with the suffixes -in-, -yn-, -ij are usually in the short form in the singular nominative case(daddy, daddy's spring). In these cases, the ending coincides with the similar part of the word for nouns (spring is a noun, it has the ending -a; daddy is a possessive adjective also with the ending -a).
In order to accurately know where it is necessary or not at all necessary to put a soft sign, one should only determine the form of the adjective. But in short form after a hissing consonant soft sign it is not written: "burning - burning, hot - hot."
The short form of an adjective is very often confused with an adverb. In such cases, it is necessary to determine what the word agrees with. If it agrees with a noun, then it is an adjective. And if it refers to the verb - in this case, there is an adverb. For example: "a heavy burden" and "breathed heavily." The question of which adjective is characterized by a short form can be answered as follows: a qualitative one with a zero ending, if it is masculine singular, the same words that have endings -а/-я and -о/-е in the feminine and neuter gender in singular.
Use in text
They are used in the text in cases where the author needs a certain amount of categoricalness, since it is this connotation that adjectives in a short form have. This quality is not characteristic of full adjectives, since they significantly soften any quality of the subject. For example, they say about a person that "he is brave." This sounds assertive, but very mild. But the phrase "the guy dared" does not tolerate absolutely no objections.
Short forms of adjectives are formed from the full form. In the masculine gender, a zero ending is added, for example, in the word "deaf" only the stem should be left, the masculine gender is obtained - "deaf" ("When I eat, I am deaf and dumb").
Shades
The full and short forms of adjectives are different from each other: shades of meanings, emotional coloring, ways of formation. Some of them have a fluent vowel o-e. You can compare "low" and "low" derived from it. A similar example: "terrible" - "terrible".
Which adjective "proper" (short form) refers to was discussed above, but which of them do not have this form, it is worth considering. So, there are no short forms for adjectives denoting the suit of animals (black, bay, gray) and colors (blue, brown, orange, etc.); verbal words with the suffix -l- (obsolete - obsolete), with the suffixes -sk- and -ov- (soldier, combat).
The short form of the adjective "peculiar" will have such forms. Singular: inherent, peculiar, peculiar; plural: inherent.
signs
Adjectives have a number of differences and features. The full form determines constancy in the sign, and the short one expresses only the sign that appears at a particular moment, besides, they have no case and declension. Two phrases can be compared: a sick child, a sick child.
The full and short forms of adjectives have significant differences in their function in the sentence.
- Complete - agreed definitions.
- Brief - part of the predicate.
Short form of adjectives
Short form of adjectives is inherent only in qualitative adjectives, relative and possessive adjectives do not have a short form. Qualitative adjectives can have not only attributive (full), but also predicative (short) forms: interesting- plot interesting, story interesting, work interesting, fairy tales interesting.
The short form of adjectives in modern Russian is predominantly bookish in nature, the full form is neutral.
The ratio of short and full forms of adjectives in Russian
From the point of view of the correspondence of lexical meanings, three types of correlations of full and short forms of adjectives can be distinguished:
- short and full forms, coinciding in their lexical meaning: obedient baby - the baby is obedient, sultry day - day sultry, inflexible character - character adamant;
- short and long forms in polysemantic words coincide only in separate meanings:
- the short form of the adjective differs from full value and is regarded as a semantic synonym:
In some cases, the meaning of the long and short forms is so divergent that they are perceived as different words: prominent artist - from the mountain visible garden, the weather was clear- the purpose of the trip was clear.
Notes
Literature
- A. I. Vlasenkov, L. M. Rybchenkova. Russian language. - M., "Enlightenment", 2000, ISBN 5-09-009509-4
- V. F. Grekov, S. E. Kryuchkov, L. A. Cheshko. A manual for classes in the Russian language. - M., "Enlightenment", 2000, ISBN 5-09-009535-3
Links
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See what "Short form of adjectives" is in other dictionaries:
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The category of completeness/brevity is realized only in the category quality adjectives and is formed by contrasting two forms - full and short - of the same adjective: white - white; old is old.
The short form is formed by adding to the base positive degree endings: Ø for masculine, - and I for women - o/-e for the average, - s / -i for plural ( deep-Ø , deep-a, deep-o, deep-and).
If at the end of the stem there is a combination of consonants with<н>or<к>, then during the formation of the form m.r. a "runaway" vowel appears ( thin - thin, full - full). For adjectives with bases in -enn (such as painful, artificial, frivolous, numerous) in the form of m.r. truncation occurs -n (painful (cf. painful), artificial).
A short form is not formed from quality adjectives that
1) have suffixes characteristic of relative adjectives - sk-, -ov- / -ev-, -n-: brown, coffee, fraternal;
2) denote the colors of animals: brown, black;
3) have suffixes of subjective assessment: tall, blue.
From adjective little the short form is formed with the truncation of the stem-forming suffix – enk - (small - small, few, small), but from the adjective large- suppletive (big - great, great, great, great).
Short form only have adjectives much, should, glad, necessary, too big, too small etc.
The short and long forms of the adjective differ in morphological, syntactic and semantic features. The short form does not change by case, in the sentence it appears mainly as the nominal part of the predicate (cases like red girl, white combustible stone are phraseologized archaic); the short form acts as a definition only in a separate syntactic position ( Angry at the whole world, he almost stopped leaving the house).
In the position of the predicate, the meaning of the full and short forms usually coincides, but some adjectives may have the following semantic differences between them:
1) the short form denotes an excessive manifestation of a sign with a negative assessment, cf.: short skirt - short skirt;
2) the short form denotes a temporary sign, the full one - permanent, cf .: the child is sick - the child is sick.
The short form always names the main feature of the subject. The full form can denote both an additional attribute of an object (the cheerful girl was beautiful) and the main attribute of the same object (the cheerful girl was beautiful).
Degrees of comparison of adjectives
Qualitative adjectives are characterized by an inflectional category of degrees of comparison, formed by the forms positive, comparative and excellent degrees (comparative called comparative, and the excellent superlative).
positive degree comparison is the original form of the adjective, in comparison with which the grammatical meaning of the comparative and superlative degrees is realized.
comparative adjective indicates that the characteristic expressed by the adjective is characteristic of this subject to a greater extent than for another ( Petyahigher Vasya; This riverdeeper than the other) or the same item in other circumstances ( Petya is taller than he was last year; The river is deeper here than there.).
Superlatives shows that the sign expressed by the adjective is characteristic of this subject to the highest degree in comparison with all compared objects ( most beautiful from gifts most tall house in the city).
Comparative and superlative forms can be synthetic and analytical.
1. Synthetic(simple) form of the comparative degree denotes a greater degree of manifestation of the trait and formed as follows: the basis of a positive degree + formative suffixes -her(s), -e, -she/-same (quicker, higher, earlier, deeper).
If there is an element at the end of the base of a positive degree to / OK, this segment is often truncated: deep - deep.
Some adjectives have suppletive, i.e., formed from another stem, forms: bad is worse, good is better.
When forming a simple comparative degree, a prefix can be attached on- (newer). Simple comparative degree with a prefix on- is used if the adjective occupies the position of an inconsistent definition ( Give me a new newspaper) and does not require the introduction into the sentence of what the given feature is compared with. If there is in the sentence both what is being compared and what is being compared, the prefix on- introduces a colloquial tone ( These shoes are newer than those).
Morphological features of a simple comparative degree are uncharacteristic of an adjective. This is
1) immutability,
2) the ability to control a noun,
3) use mainly in the function of the predicate ( He is taller than his father). A simple comparative degree can occupy the position of definition only in a separate position ( Much taller than the other students, he seemed almost an adult) or in a non-isolated position with a prefix on- in position after a noun ( Buy me fresher newspapers).
Analytical(compound) form of the comparative degree is formed with the help of auxiliary words more / less + positive degree ( more / less high).
The difference between a composite comparative degree and a simple one is as follows:
1) the composite comparative degree is wider in meaning, since it denotes not only a greater, but also a lesser degree of manifestation of a feature;
2) the composite comparative degree changes in the same way as the positive degree of comparison (initial form), i.e. by gender, number and case, and can also be in short form ( more handsome);
3) a composite comparative degree can be both predicate and non-isolated and separate definition (A less interesting article was presented in this journal. This article is less interesting than the previous one..)
2. The superlative degree of comparison, like the comparative, is simple and compound.
Synthetic The (simple) superlative form of the adjective is formed as follows: the stem of the positive degree + formative suffixes -aysh– / -aysh-(after k, g, x, causing alternation): good-eysh-th, Supreme
When forming a simple superlative degree of comparison, the prefix can be used nai-: kindest.
Morphological features of a simple superlative degree of comparison of adjectives: variability by gender, number, cases, the use of a definition and a predicate in the syntactic function. The simple superlative adjective does not have a short form.
Analytical The (compound) superlative form of adjectives is formed in three ways:
1) element the most + positive degree ( the smartest);
2) element most / least+ positive degree ( most/least smart);
3) simple comparative degree + element total / all (He was smarter than everyone).
The forms of the compound superlative degree, formed by the first and second methods, have morphological features characteristic of a positive degree, i.e. they change according to gender, numbers and cases, they can have a short form ( most convenient), act both as a definition and as a nominal part of the predicate. Compound superlative forms formed in the third way are invariable and act mainly as a nominal part of the predicate.
Not all qualitative adjectives have degrees of comparison, and the absence of simple forms of degrees of comparison is observed more often than the absence of compound forms.
3. Derivational "degrees of quality" do not denote the actual intensity of the feature, but its subjective assessment by the speaker: forest greenish . Are formed:
1) the addition of prefixes archi-, ultra-, super-, times-, pre-, all- (archi-modern, ultra-right, super-powerful, etc.);
2) by adding suffixes –ovat-/-evat-, -onk-/-enk-, -ohonk-/-yoshenk-, -usch-/-yushch-, -enn- (plump, bluish, long, hefty, etc.) d.);
3) repetition of the basics, often with a prefix in the second part (cute-cute, cheerful-cheerful).
Question 13. Adverb. Classes of adverbs by meaning. Words of the state category, their meaning, morphological features and syntactic function. Differentiation of homonymous forms of adjectives, adverbs and words of the state category.
Adverb - This independent part speech denoting a sign of an action, another sign, a state, rarely an object. Adverbs are invariable (with the exception of qualitative adverbs in - about / -e) and syntactically adjoin verbs, adjectives, adverbs, as well as special words that name the states of living beings and environment (run fast, run very fast, run very fast).
In rare cases, an adverb can adjoin a noun: race run(noun has the meaning of action), soft-boiled egg, Warsaw coffee. In these cases, the adverb acts as an inconsistent definition.
The main morphological property of adverbs is their immutability - this is their constant morphological feature. However, qualitative adverbs in - about / -e, formed from qualitative adjectives, have degrees of comparison.
By virtue of its immutability, an adverb is associated with other words in a sentence by adjunction. In a sentence, it is usually a circumstance.
Some adverbs can act as a nominal part of predicates. Most often these are predicates of impersonal sentences ( Quiet on the sea), however, some adverbs can also serve as predicates of two-part sentences ( The conversation will be frank. She is married).
Only qualitative adjectives have a short form. Short adjectives differ from full adjectives in certain morphological features (they do not change in cases, they have only the form of gender and number) and the syntactic role (they are predicates in a sentence). For example: Molchalin used to be so stupid! (Gr.). Short adjectives act as definitions only in individual phraseological turns (on bare feet; in broad daylight; in broad daylight, etc.) or in oral works folk art(good fellow, red girl).
Short adjectives, having lost the ability to change in cases and acting, as a rule, in the role of a predicate, sometimes acquire a new lexical meaning that is different from the meanings of full adjectives.
Adjectives prominent and visible, right and right, able and capable, etc. can become different in meaning. Moreover, such adjectives as much, necessary, glad and some others are used only in a short form: Hello, Balda-man, what quitrent do you need? (P.), But is the handsome Lel really good at songs? (A. Ostr.).
The adjective must in separate phraseological units is used in the full form: in due measure, properly, etc., but has a different meaning.
In modern Russian, short adjectives are formed from full ones. In the singular, generic endings are: for the masculine gender - zero ending (strong - strong, new - new, skinny - skinny, etc.); for female ending -a (strong, new, skinny); for the middle gender - the ending -o, -e (strong, new, skinny). In plural there are no generic differences: all short adjectives end in -s, -i (strong, new, skinny).
If the stem of a full adjective has two consonants at the end, then when short masculine adjectives are formed, a fluent vowel o or e sometimes appears between them (sharp - sharp, eternal - eternal, etc.). Short forms are also formed from full adjectives into -ny and -ny (-enny, -anny). In the masculine gender, they end in -en or -nen (fragrant - fragrant, hungry - hungry, red - red, muddy - muddy, modern - modern, honest - honest).
If the short form of adjectives is formed from passive participles on -ny, then it ends in -en (-en, -yan) (used - used, confident - sure).
There are fluctuations in the use of these forms. For example, along with the -en form, the -enen forms are also used (natural and natural, related and related). The -en forms are more productive for the modern Russian language.
In modern Russian, they do not have short forms:
1. Qualitative adjectives that are relative in origin, as evidenced by their word-building connections with nouns: combat, fraternal, enemy, free, practical, friendly, slanderous, bloody, advanced, comradely, tragic, whole, draft, etc.
2. Adjectives that are part of terminological names of a qualitative nature: deep rear, fast train, urgent mail, etc.
3. Some polysemantic adjectives in their individual meanings. For example: glorious in the meaning of "pleasant, good": Nice song, matchmaker! (G.); round in the meaning of "full": The second misfortune of the prince was his round loneliness (Ch.); bitter in the meaning of "unfortunate": Nothing, Fields, you are laughing at your happiness, bitter widow (Trenev); poor in the meaning of "unfortunate": Oh, poor Snow Maiden, savage, come to me, I will love you (A. Ostr.) and some others. The same adjectives, acting in a different meaning, can also have a short form. For example, glorious in the sense of “famous, worthy of glory”: Kochubey is rich and glorious ... (P.); round in the meaning of "having the shape of a ball": She [Olga] is round, red-faced ... (P.); bitter in the meaning of "sharply unpleasant in taste": Without me, jumble begins in the house: that is not so; the other is not for you; either the coffee is bitter, or the dinner is late ... (A. Ostr.); poor in the sense of "having a lack of something": Her [Gorchakova's] low voice was deaf and poor in shades (Shol.); poor in the meaning of "inexpensive, miserable": The candle is dull and somehow blindly illuminates the room. Its environment is poor and bare... (S.-Shch.).
4. Adjectives with the suffix -l-, formed from verbs and retaining a connection with them: experienced, emaciated, backward, skillful, etc. The short forms of such adjectives would coincide with the forms of the past tense of the verb: I used to, grew thin, lagged behind, knew how. When the connection with verbs is lost, adjectives get the opportunity to form short forms: flabby - flabby, dull - dull, etc.
5. Separate adjectives that receive the value of an enhanced degree of quality (without changing the main lexical meaning), with prefixes pre- and times- and with suffixes -usch-, -yusch-, -enn-: hefty, kind, smart, cheerful, thin and others.
Short forms of qualitative adjectives differ from truncated adjectives, i.e. those formed by cutting off the final vowel of the full form. Compare, for example: The fields were covered with a gloomy night (Lom.). - My soul is gloomy (L.). The first adjective is truncated, the stress in it falls on the stem, in the sentence it performs the function of a definition (like all truncated adjectives in general). The second adjective is short, the stress falls on the ending, and it acts as a predicate. Truncated forms were widely used in the poetic language of the 18th-19th centuries.
