How to understand a quality adjective or not. adjective * general characteristic

The adjective is independent part speech, which combines words that denote non-procedural features of the subject and answer the questions, what? whose? This meaning is expressed in non-independent inflectional categories of gender, number and case (perform the grammatical function of agreement). In a sentence, adjectives act as a definition or nominal part of a compound nominal predicate.

Types and categories of adjectives (qualitative, relative,possessive adjectives)

Ways of forming adjectives

1. Full adjectives are formed by adding to the noun, any part of the word: prefix, suffix or prefix and suffix together. They can also be formed by adding two bases. For example, a swamp is a swamp "ny (suffixal), small (attached), underwater (attached-suffixal),

cleansing (complex suffixal), Adjectives can also be formed by compounding: pale pink, three years old.

2. Short adjectives are formed from full qualitative adjectives and correlate with them semantically. Short adjectives are those that are in the masculine form singular have zero endings(black, beautiful), singular female- endings -a, -i (black, beautiful), in the singular of the neuter gender - endings -o, -e (black, beautiful), and in the plural of all genders - endings -i, -ы (black, beautiful). Short adjectives in a sentence act as a predicate. ("How good, how fresh were the roses...")

Lexico-grammatical categories of adjectives

1. Qualitative adjectives - denote a sign of an object directly, that is, without relation to other objects (red, beautiful, kind), have comparison forms and short forms; .

2. Relative adjectives - indicate a sign through relation to another object, they are derived from nominal bases (laboratory, wooden);

3. Possessive adjectives - denote belonging to a person or animal, that is, they contain an indication of the owner (foxes, fathers).

Most Russian surnames were also formed from possessive adjectives with the help of suffixes - in the Zimin ov type - Popov, Ivanov, etc. e. All masculine surnames are inclined, except for those that end in o or even have a foreign language origin. The female surnames are not declined.

Features of quality adjectives

Qualitative adjectives name signs of objects that are usually perceived by the senses. For example: (sweet, bitter; white, black, blue; sonorous, quiet; soft, smooth; wide, narrow, high, etc.); denote character traits and features psychological warehouse(wise, kind, insidious, cunning, etc.); express an assessment (excellent, wonderful, bad, disgusting, etc.). These symptoms may appear in varying degrees. Compare: very bitter, more bitter, the most bitter, the bitterest, etc.

Only a few short adjectives express the absolute sign of an object that is unchanging, constant: deaf, lame, married, on foot, brown, black, etc.

Usually short adjectives have both full and short forms. For example: beautiful - beautiful, beautiful, beautiful, beautiful. However, some groups of adjectives. short forms do not form: words with suffixes -sk-, -oe- friendly, ordinary, advanced, etc.

Such are also some verbal formations with suffixes - l - (burnt, faded, etc., but: stunted - stunted, hoarse - hoarse, etc.); Short adjectives with suffixes - usch-(-yusch-), -enn- and the prefix times-, denoting a high degree of manifestation of the trait (cunning, amiable, etc.). Short adjectives on - sh (s), ascending to the forms of the comparative degree and having lost their former meaning (greater, younger, etc.); quality adjectives. colors derived from nouns (chocolate, lilac, etc.); adjectives denoting the colors of animals (bulan, black, etc.), etc.

In its bulk, Qualitative adjectives change in degrees of comparison. For example: beautiful - more beautiful, more (less) beautiful, most beautiful, most beautiful, but qualitative adjectives do not form a comparative degree. with suffixes -sk-, -oe-, -l. Some adjectives do not have short forms. For example: friendly emaciated, etc. This can also include some adjectives like fusible, heavy (with the suffix - to -), as well as all words denoting animal colors (brown, savrasy, etc.), separate non-derivative words (flat, dilapidated, etc.).

Qualitative adjectives are combined with adverbs of degree (very neat, well-mannered, etc.).

Qualitative adjectives are characterized by the following derivational features: adjectives can be non-derivative (gray, black, etc.); most of the quality adjectives. forms adverbs on - o, - e, - and it is light, it seems, fatherly. The vast majority of such adjectives also form abstract nouns, that is, quality names, for example: courage, beauty, blue.

Many qualitative adjectives form evaluation forms (white, white, whitish, white-white, cheerful, kind). They easily enter into antonymic pairs (stingy - generous, cheerful - sad, tall - short), but at the same time, they realize these properties in different ways. For example: quality adjectives. poor, rich have all the listed features, and adjectives like bay have only one feature - non-production.

Degrees of comparison of adjectives

Degrees of comparison of adjectives is a grammatical category of adjectives that expresses the relative difference or superiority in quality inherent in objects. In Russian, three forms are opposed:

Positive

Comparative

Excellent.

1. A positive degree names a feature without any opposition to another feature.

2. Comparative degree indicates a feature that a given subject has to a greater or lesser extent. Superlatives indicates the highest

3. Manifestations of this quality in comparison with other subjects (cf .: kind - kinder - kindest).

Formation of forms of comparison

1.Simple shape

2.Complex shape

1. Comparative degree

The basis is laid. step. + suffix - her (faster, kinder)

The basis is laid. step. + suffix - e (harder)

the basis is laid. step. + suffix - she (before)

Form posit. step.

(more beautiful, less interesting)

2. Superlatives

base position step. + suffix -eysh -, -aysh - (after g, k, x): fastest, closest

most + form gender. step. (fastest, closest)

Declension of adjectives and their types

Adjectives are declined, i.e. change in gender, case and number, but their form depends on the form of the word on which they depend.

The gender, case and number of an adjective depend on the respective characteristics of the noun with which it agrees. Indeclinable adjectives are usually in postposition in relation to the noun, their gender, number, and case are determined syntactically by the characteristics of the corresponding noun: red jacket, beige jackets.

There are three types of adjective declension depending on the basis:

1. Solid: red, red, red

2. Soft: blue, blue, blue

3.mixed: big, big, big.

According to the solid type, adjectives with a base on a solid consonant are inclined, except for G, K, X, C and hissing ones: thin, white, straight, native, boring, stupid, gray, bald, cool, well-fed.

The declension of adjectives includes a change in numbers, and in the singular - in cases and genders.

The form of the adjective depends on the noun to which the adjective refers and with which it agrees in gender, number and case.

Short adjectives change only by gender and number.

The masculine and neuter forms differ in the nominative and accusative cases, while in other forms they are the same.

There are different forms of the accusative case of adjectives in the singular masculine and in the plural, referring to animate and inanimate nouns:

V.p. = I.p. with inanimate nouns:

“Their villages and fields for a violent raid he doomed to swords and fires” (A. Pushkin);

“The bandura players quietly sing glorious songs about you” (D. Kedrin);

V.p. = R.p. with animate nouns:

“Masha did not pay attention to the young Frenchman” (A. Pushkin);

And the whole earth must praise forever ordinary people, to whom for victories I would have poured stars into orders ”(V. Sysoev).

Masculine adjectives are declined in -oy in the same way as in -y, but always have a stressed ending: gray, young - gray, young - gray, young - about gray, about young.

The literal designation of the endings of adjectives in some cases sharply diverges from the sound composition: white - white [th], summer-his - summer [th].

Syntactic function of the adjective

In a sentence, an adjective is basically a definition, or a nominal part of a compound nominal predicate.

Transition to other parts of speech

Most often, participles pass into the category of adjectives. Pronouns can also act as adjectives (there is no artist from him).

Adjectives, in turn, can be substantivized, that is, pass into the category of nouns: Russian, military.

Morphological analysis of the adjective

Part of speech - an independent part of speech (indicates a sign of an object)

Initial form. The initial form of the name of the adjective is the form of Unit. h., m.r., Im. n. (blue).

Permanent signs: rank (qualitative adjective).

Non-permanent features: used in short/full (only in quality); degree of comparison (only for quality); number, gender, case (blue - pr. in full f., singular h, m. p., Im. p.).

syntactic role in a sentence.

Case endings for adjectives

Adjectives have endings similar to the endings of the interrogative word what: with a good (kak and m?) mood, about an interesting (kak o th?) book, etc.

Possessive adjectives na - y, -ya, - ye, -i (fox, fox, fox, fox) in all cases, except for the nominative and the accusative case of the masculine singular, similar to it, are written with ь: fisherman, fisherman, fisherman, fisherman, fisherman, about fisherman; fishermen, fishermen, fishermen, fishermen, fishermen, about fishermen.

Note 1. Possessive adjectives are formed from nouns with the help of the suffix -j- (yot), the indicator of which in indirect forms is the dividing b.

Note 2. Possessive adjectives in -y should be distinguished from adjectives in -chy of the recumbent, combustible type, in which ь is not written in oblique cases, since they do not have the suffix -j-; cf .: recumbent, recumbent, recumbent, recumbent, etc.

Adjectives suburban, intercity, suburban change according to the solid variety of declension and are written with the endings -th, -th, -th, -th, etc .; adjectives boundless, out-of-town change according to soft variety declensions and are written with the endings -й, -я, -е, -е, etc. The forms long-distance and out-of-town, boundless are obsolete and are not currently recommended for use.

Adjectives ending in - йный have in nominative case singular masculine short form na - en: sultry - sultry, calm - calm, slender - slender.

Adjective

The adjective is an independent significant part of speech that combines words that

1) indicate a non-procedural feature of the subject and answer questions which?, whose?;

2) change by gender, number and case, and some - by completeness / brevity and degrees of comparison;

3) in a sentence there are definitions or a nominal part of a compound nominal predicate.

Ranks of adjectives by meaning

Three categories of adjectives are distinguished by meaning: qualitative, relative, possessive.

quality adjectives denote the quality, property of an object: its size ( big), shape ( round), color ( blue), physical characteristics (cold), as well as the propensity of the object to perform an action ( talkative).

relative adjectives designate a sign of an object through the relation of this object to another object ( book), action ( reading room) or another feature ( yesterday's). Relative adjectives are formed from nouns, verbs, and adverbs; the most common suffixes for relative adjectives are the suffixes - n- (forest), -ov- (hedgehog), -in- (poplar-in-th), -sk- (warehouse), -l- (fluent).

Possessive adjectives denote the belonging of an object to a person or animal and are formed from nouns by suffixes - in- (mum-in), -ov- (father-ov), -uy- (fox). These suffixes are at the end of the stem of the adjective (cf. possessive adjective fathers and relative adjective paternal).

Qualitative adjectives differ from relative and possessive adjectives at all language levels:

1) only qualitative adjectives denote a feature that can manifest itself to a greater or lesser extent;

2) quality adjectives can have antonyms ( deep - shallow);

3) only qualitative adjectives can be non-derivative, relative and possessive ones are always derived from nouns, adjectives, verbs;

4) qualitative adjectives form nouns with the meaning of an abstract attribute ( rigor) and adverbs in - about(strictly), as well as adjectives with a subjective assessment suffix ( blue-yenky-y, evil-yushch-y);

5) only qualitative adjectives have a full / short form and degrees of comparison;

6) qualitative adjectives are combined with adverbs of measure and degree ( very big, but not * very readable).

Thus, we see that qualitative adjectives are grammatically opposed to relative and possessive adjectives, which, in turn, are grammatically very similar. The difference between relative and possessive adjectives is manifested only in the type of their declension (see declension of adjectives), which gives reason to many researchers to combine them into one group of relative adjectives, which, with sequential grammatical selection of parts of speech, also includes ordinal numerals and pronominal adjectives.

Declension of adjectives

Adjectives of all ranks have non-permanent signs kind(singular) numbers and case in which they agree with the noun. Adjectives also agree with the noun in animation if the noun is in the form of V. p. plural, and for the masculine - and the singular (cf .: I see beautiful shoes and I see pretty girls) - see the animation of the noun.

Changing an adjective by gender, number and case is called adjective declension.

quality and relative adjectives decline the same way. This type of declension is called adjective.

In Russian, there are indeclinable adjectives that mean:

1) colors: beige, khaki, marengo, electric;

2) nationalities and languages: Khanty, Mansi, Urdu;

3) clothing styles: pleated, corrugated, flared, mini.

Invariable adjectives are also words (weight) gross, net, (hour) peak.

Degrees of comparison adjectives

Qualitative adjectives have a non-constant morphological sign of degrees of comparison.

School grammar indicates that there are two degrees of comparison - comparative and superlative. It is more correct to single out three degrees of comparison- positive, comparative and excellent. The positive degree of comparison is the original form of the adjective, in relation to which we are aware of other forms as expressing a greater / lesser or greater / lesser degree of a feature.

comparative adjective indicates that the feature is manifested to a greater / lesser extent in this subject compared to another subject ( Petya is taller than Vasya; This river is deeper than the other) or the same item in other circumstances ( Petya is taller than he was last year; The river is deeper here than there.).

The comparative degree can be simple and compound.

Simple comparative degree denotes a greater degree of manifestation of the trait and is formed as follows:

the foundation positive degree+ formative suffixes -her(s), -e, -she/-same (quicker, higher, earlier, deeper).

If there is an element at the end of the base of a positive degree to /OK, this segment is often truncated: deep - deep.

Some adjectives have suppletive, i.e., formed from another stem, forms: bad - worse, good - better.

When forming a simple comparative degree, a prefix can be attached on- (newer). Simple comparative degree with a prefix on- is used if the adjective occupies the position of an inconsistent definition ( Give me a new newspaper) and does not require the introduction into the sentence of what the given feature is compared with. If there is in the sentence both what is being compared and what is being compared, the prefix on- introduces a colloquial tone ( These shoes are newer than those).

Morphological features of a simple comparative degree are uncharacteristic of an adjective. it

1) immutability,

2) the ability to control a noun,

3) use mainly in the function of the predicate ( He is taller than his father). A simple comparative degree can occupy the position of definition only in a separate position ( Much taller than the other students, he seemed almost an adult) or in a non-isolated position with a prefix on- in position after a noun ( Buy me fresher newspapers).

Composite comparative degree denotes both a greater and a lesser degree of manifestation of a trait and is formed as follows:

element more / less + positive degree ( more / less high).

The difference between a composite comparative degree and a simple one is as follows:

1) the composite comparative degree is wider in meaning, since it denotes not only a greater, but also a lesser degree of manifestation of a feature;

2) the composite comparative degree changes in the same way as the positive degree of comparison (initial form), i.e. by gender, number and case, and can also be in short form ( more handsome);

3) a composite comparative degree can be both a predicate and a non-isolated and isolated definition ( A less interesting article was presented in this journal. This article is less interesting than the previous one..)

Superlatives comparison indicates the largest / smallest degree of manifestation of the trait ( highest mountain) or to a very large / small degree of manifestation of the trait ( kindest person).

The superlative degree of comparison, like the comparative one, can be simple and compound.

simple superlatives Comparison adjective denotes the highest degree of manifestation of the attribute and is formed as follows:

basis of positive degree + formative suffixes -aysh- / -aysh-(after k, g, x, causing alternation): good-eysh-th, Supreme

When forming a simple superlative degree of comparison, the prefix can be used nai-: kindest.

The morphological features of a simple superlative degree of comparison of adjectives are the same as those of a positive degree, i.e., variability in gender, number, cases, the use of a definition and a predicate in the syntactic function. Unlike the positive degree, the simple superlative adjective does not have a short form.

Compound Superlative comparison of adjectives denotes both the greatest and the least degree of manifestation of a feature and is formed in three ways:

1) element the most + positive degree ( the cleverest);

2) element most / least+ positive degree ( most/least smart);

3) simple comparative degree + element total / all (He was smarter than everyone).

The forms of the compound superlative degree, formed by the first and second methods, have morphological features characteristic of a positive degree, i.e. they change according to gender, numbers and cases, they can have a short form ( most convenient), act both as a definition and as a nominal part of the predicate. Compound superlative forms formed in the third way are invariable and act mainly as a nominal part of the predicate.

Not all qualitative adjectives have forms of degrees of comparison, and the absence simple shapes degrees of comparison is observed more often than the absence of compound forms.

The absence of a simple comparative and superlative degree may be due to

1) with the formal structure of the adjective: if the adjective has a suffix that matches the suffixes of relative adjectives, it may not have a simple comparative degree ( emaciated - * thinner, * thinner, advanced - * more advanced);

2) with the lexical meaning of the adjective: the meaning of the degree of manifestation of the attribute can already be expressed in the basis of the adjective - in its root ( barefoot - *barefoot) or in suffix ( fat-enn-th - * thicker, evil-shinning - * furious, white-oval - * whitish, blue-enk-th - * bluer).

Compound forms of degrees of comparison are not formed only for words with a semantic restriction, that is, in the second case. Yes, no forms. *more feisty, *less whitish, but there are forms less emaciated, more advanced.

Completeness / brevity of adjectives

Qualitative adjectives have a full and a short form

The short form is formed by adding a positive degree of endings to the stem: for the masculine gender, - a for women - o/-e for the average, - s / -i for plural ( deep-, deep-a, deep-o, deep-and).

A short form is not formed from quality adjectives that

1) have suffixes characteristic of relative adjectives - sk-, -ov- / -ev-, -n-: brown, coffee, fraternal;

2) denote the colors of animals: brown, black;

3) have suffixes of subjective assessment: tall, blue.

The short form has grammatical differences from the full form: it does not change by case, in the sentence it appears mainly as a nominal part of the predicate (cases like red girl, white combustible stone are phraseologized archaic); the short form acts as a definition only in a separate syntactic position ( Angry at the whole world, he almost stopped leaving the house).

In the position of the predicate, the meaning of the full and short forms usually coincides, but some adjectives may have the following semantic differences between them:

1) the short form denotes an excessive manifestation of a sign with a negative assessment, cf.: skirt short - skirt short;

2) the short form denotes a temporary sign, the full one - permanent, cf.: the child is sick - the child is sick.

There are such qualitative adjectives that have only a short form: glad, much, must.

Transition of adjectives from category to category

It is possible for an adjective to have several meanings related to different categories. In school grammar, this is called "the transition of an adjective from category to category." So, a relative adjective can develop a meaning characteristic of qualitative ones (for example: iron detail(relative) - iron will(kach.) - metaphorical transfer). Possessives may have meanings characteristic of relative and qualitative ones (for example: Foxy burrow(possessive) - fox hat(relative) - foxiness(kach.). Qualitative adjectives, used terminologically, function as relative ones ( voiceless consonants). At the same time, the adjective retains the type of its declension, but often changes morphological features: qualitative ones lose their degrees of comparison and short form (for example, one cannot say * This consonant is deaf), while relative ones, on the contrary, can acquire these features ( With every word, his voice became more and more honey, and his habits became more and more fox-like.).

Morphological analysis of the adjective

Morphological analysis of the adjective is carried out according to the following scheme:

1. Adjective. Initial form.

2. Morphological features:

a) permanent:

Rank by value,

The degree of comparison (for qualitative, in which this feature is constant),

Full / short form (for quality, in which this feature is permanent);

b) unstable:

Degree of comparison (for qualitative, in which this feature is not constant),

Full / short form (for quality, in which this feature is unstable),

Genus (in singular),

Case (for full).

Pronoun as a part of speech

A pronoun is an independent non-significant part of speech that indicates objects, signs or quantities, but does not name them.

The grammatical features of pronouns are different and depend on which part of speech the pronoun acts as a substitute in the text.

Pronouns are classified by meaning and by grammatical features.

Pronoun ranks by meaning

There are 9 categories of pronouns by meaning:

1. Personal: . Personal pronouns indicate the participants in the dialogue ( I, you, we, you), persons not participating in the conversation, and objects ( he, she, it, they).

2. returnable: myself. This pronoun indicates the identity of the person or thing named by the subject, the person or thing named by the word myself (He won't hurt himself. Hopes did not justify themselves).

3. Possessive: mine, yours, yours, ours, his, hers, theirs. Possessive pronouns indicate that an object belongs to a person or another object ( This is my portfolio. Its size is very convenient).

4. pointing: this, that, such, such, so much, this(outdated), this(outdated). These pronouns indicate a sign or quantity of objects.

5. Determinants: himself, most, all, everyone, each, any, other, different, everyone(outdated), all kinds(outdated). Definitive pronouns indicate the attribute of an object.

6. Interrogative: who, what, which, which, whose, how much. Interrogative pronouns serve as special interrogative words and indicate persons, objects, attributes, and quantity.

7. relative: the same as interrogative ones, in the function of connecting parts of a complex sentence (union words).

8. Negative: nobody, nothing, no one, nothing, none, no one. Negative pronouns express the absence of an object or attribute.

9. indefinite: someone, something, some, some, several, as well as all pronouns formed from interrogative pronouns by the prefix something- or suffixes - then, -or, -someday.

Ranks of pronouns by grammatical features

According to their grammatical features, pronouns correlate with nouns, adjectives and numerals. Pronominal nouns indicate a person or an object, pronominal adjectives indicate an attribute of an object, pronominal numbers indicate a quantity.

To noun pronouns include: all personal pronouns, reflexive myself who and whatnobody, nothing, no one, nothing, someone, something, someone and etc.).

To adjective pronouns include all possessive, all attributive, demonstrative this, that, such, such, this, this, interrogative-relative which, which, whose and the negative and indefinite ones formed from them ( none, nobody, some, some, some and etc.).

To pronouns-numerals include pronouns so many, How many and formed from them a few, some and etc.).

Pronouns also include pronouns-adverbs, i.e. words that indicate a sign of action ( where, when, there, for some reason and etc.). These pronouns complement the categories of definitives ( everywhere, always), index ( So, there), interrogative, relative ( where, why), undefined ( somewhere, ever) and negative ( nowhere, never) pronouns.

On the one hand, there is a basis for such a combination of all pronominal words: indeed, the pronoun as a part of speech does not have grammatical unity and is distinguished on the basis of its referential function: pronominal words do not name objects, signs, quantities, circumstances, but point to them, referring us or to extralinguistic reality, speech situation (pronoun I names the person who is currently speaking, phrase Give methat book can be understood by pointing the hand at a certain book), or to the preceding or following text ( Here is the table.He (= table) wooden. Human,which the (=man) I need, didn't come- reference to the previous context . I want to talk aboutvolume that I won't come- reference to the following context).

On the other hand, there is an established linguistic tradition to refer to a pronoun as a part of speech only those pronominal words that are used "instead of a name", that is, instead of a noun, adjective or numeral. It is this tradition that we adhere to in our description. Pronominal adverbs are described by us as an insignificant category of adverbs (see adverb).

Grammatical features of pronouns-nouns

Pronominal nouns include the following pronouns: personal I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they, return myself, interrogative-relative who and what and the negative and indefinite ones formed from them ( no one, nothing, nobody, nothing, someone, something, someone, something, anything and etc.).

These pronouns have grammatical features similar to the grammatical features of nouns, but they also have certain differences from significant nouns. You can ask them questions who? or what?, in the sentence these words act mainly as subjects or objects.

Consider the morphological features of pronouns-nouns.

Personal pronouns have a morphological character faces:

1 person: me, we;

2 person: you you;

3rd person: he, she, it, they.

The morphological feature of the person of pronouns is expressed out of word - personal endings of the verb in the present or future tense of the indicative mood and forms of the imperative mood of the verb, i.e. those verbal forms that have a morphological feature of the person:

1 person: I'm going, we're going;

2 person: you go-eat, go-and-, you go, go, go;

3rd person: he, she, it goes, let it go, they go, let it go.

For other pronouns-nouns, as well as for all significant nouns, it is not customary to determine the person.

Personal pronouns have a morphological feature numbers. Personal pronouns are singular ( I, you, he, she, it) and plural ( we you they) numbers. When listing personal pronouns, all three complexes cite these eight words, from which we can conclude that each of the eight personal pronouns is an independent word. However, there are disagreements regarding the interpretation of the sign of number in complexes. In complex 1, nothing is said about changing personal pronouns according to numbers, however, in terms of the morphological analysis of the pronoun, the number is placed in non-permanent features. Complex 2 says that personal pronouns “are singular. and many others. numbers." In complex 3 it is indicated that the pronouns 1 and 2 of the person do not change in numbers (i.e. I and we- different words), and 3rd person pronouns - change (i.e. he and they are forms of the same word.

In linguistics, it is usually believed that the number is a constant feature of noun pronouns, i.e. pronouns I and we, you and you, he, she is, it and they- different words. This is due to the fact that between the words I and we, you and you there is no normal for a change in number ratio “one object - a lot of objects, each of which is called the singular form”, i.e. it cannot be said that we- it's a lot I, because the we- this is I(speaking) and someone else.

Thus, we will describe personal pronouns as words with a permanent feature of the singular or plural.

Noun pronouns have a constant feature kind. This question, like the question of number, is poorly covered in school textbooks. On the one hand, as already mentioned, the list of personal pronouns contains 8 words, i.e. the words he, she is and it considered different words. On the other hand, 3rd person pronouns change by gender. The gender of other personal pronouns is not mentioned.

We will proceed from the following provisions. All personal pronouns have a constant gender sign, which, like significant nouns, is expressed out of word.

Pronouns I and you general kind: i, you came- - I, you came.

Pronoun he male: he came-.

Pronoun she is female: she came.

Pronoun it neuter: it came.

Plural Pronouns we, you, they not characterized by genus.

We can talk about the animation of personal pronouns, since their V. p. coincides with R. p. ( no you - I see you).

All personal pronouns change according to cases, i.e. bow down. Personal pronouns are inclined in a special way, and the forms of their indirect cases are formed from a different basis (the so-called suppletivism):

In indirect cases with a preposition, 3rd person pronouns are added n: from him, to them, from her. Addition does not occur with derivative prepositions during, thanks to, according to, in spite of and etc.: thanks to her, according to him.

returnable pronoun-noun myself has no gender or number. It declines like a personal pronoun you, except that the pronoun myself has no form I. p.

Interrogative-relative pronouns who and what in school textbooks are not characterized in terms of gender and number, however, it can be noted that the pronoun who masculine singular ( who's come- but not * who came or * who came and), and the pronoun what- neuter singular ( what happened).

Formed from pronouns who and what negative and uncertain pronouns have the same characteristics as pronouns who and what. Feature of indefinite pronouns someone and something is that someone has the form only I. p., and something- I. p. and V. p. A negative pronouns no one and there is nothing, on the contrary, do not have the form I. p.

Renowned linguist Yu.S. Stepanov believed that the difference quality and relative meanings of adjectives is one of the most difficult. This division is carried out not even in all languages. In Russian already students high school learn to distinguish between these categories of adjectives.

As you probably remember, adjectives answer questions which? which? which? which?

Which? – small yard, school teacher, bear claw.

Which? –a wonderful weather, wooden bench, fox muzzle.

Which? –excellent mood, pearl necklace, horse hoof.

What kind? – polite students, district competitions, bunny ears.

Each row contains examples. qualitative, relative and possessive adjectives. How to distinguish them? As it has already become clear, simply asking a question to an adjective will not give a result, the discharge cannot be determined in this way.

Grammar will come to the rescue semantics(meaning of the word). Consider each category of adjective names by value .

quality adjectives

It is clear from the name that these adjectives mean item quality. What kind of quality could it be? Color(lilac, burgundy, bay, black), the form(rectangular, square), physical characteristics of living beings (fat, healthy, active), temporal and spatial signs (slow, deep), general qualities, inherent in an animated object ( angry, funny, happy) and etc.

Also, most (but not all!) quality adjectives have a range of grammatical features, by which they are quite easy to distinguish from other adjectives. These features may not necessarily be a whole set for each quality adjective, but if you find that at least some sign is suitable for this adjective - in front of you is a quality adjective. So:

1) Qualitative adjectives designate a feature that can appear to a greater or lesser extent. Hence the possibility of forming degrees of comparison.

Thin - thinner - thinnest. Interesting – less interesting – most interesting.

2) form short forms. Long - long, small - small.

3) Compatible with adverbs of measure and degree. Very beautiful, extremely entertaining, completely incomprehensible.

4) From quality adjectives can be formed adverbs in -o (-e) and nouns with abstract suffixes -ost (-is), -out-, -ev-, -in-, -from- :magnificent - magnificent, clear - clarity, blue - blueness, blue - blueness, thick - thickness, beautiful - beauty.

5) It is also possible to form words with diminutive or augmentative suffixes: evil - furious, dirty - dirty, green - green, healthy - hefty.

6) Can have antonyms: large - small, white - black, sharp - dull, stale - fresh.

As you can see, there are many signs, but it is absolutely not necessary to use all of them. Remember that some quality adjectives no degrees of comparison some do not form abstract nouns, some cannot be combined with adverbs of measure and degree, but they fit in other ways.

For example, the adjective bay. This adjective does not fit any grammatical criteria, but denotes color = item quality, means it quality.

or adjective beautiful. Can't say very lovely, but you can form an adverb wonderful. Conclusion: adjective quality.

Relative adjectives

designate sign through relation to the subject. What kind of relationships can these signs be? Material from which the object is made ( iron nail - iron nail, stone cellar - stone cellar, velvet dress - velvet dress); place, time, space (today's scandal - the scandal that happened today; intercity bus - a bus between cities; moscow region - region of moscow); appointment(parent meeting - meeting for parents, baby store– shop for children) and etc.

Signs et and not temporary, but permanent, that's why all the features inherent in qualitative adjectives do not have relative ones. This means that they do not form degrees of comparison(can't say that this house is wooden and that one is more wooden), incompatible with adverbs of measure and degree(can't say very gold bracelet) etc.

But phrases with relative adjectives can convert, replacing the adjective. For example, villager - villager, milk porridge - porridge with milk, plastic cube - plastic cube.

We hope that it has become clearer to you how to distinguish between qualitative and relative adjectives. And we will talk about possessive adjectives and some traps in the next article.

Good luck in learning Russian!

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What makes a person's speech (even written, even oral) the most understandable? Without what would she be poor and inexpressive? Of course, no adjectives. For example, if you read the word "forest" in the text without definitions, you will never understand which one is meant. After all, it can be coniferous, deciduous or mixed, winter, spring, summer or autumn. The Russian language is great. A qualitative adjective is a direct confirmation of this. In order to vividly and accurately represent any picture, we need this wonderful part of speech.

Meaning and main features

An adjective is a name that indicates a sign of an object, that is, its properties, which contain a characteristic of quality, quantity, belonging. For example, they give a definition by color, taste, smell; denote an assessment of the phenomenon, its nature, etc. Usually, questions are asked to it: what (th, -th)? what is (-a, -o)? whose (-s, -e)? This is a significant (independent) part of speech.

Grammar includes:

• variability by gender (for example, red is masculine, yellow is feminine, green is neuter);
• declension by cases (check: nominative - sandy, genitive - iron, dative - morning; instrumental - evening; prepositional - about night);
• the possibility of a short form and degree of comparison (qualitative adjectives);
• variability by numbers (for example, blue - singular, blue - plural).

Syntactic role

• The most common position for an adjective in a sentence is a definition. It most often depends on the noun and is fully consistent with it. Consider the sentence: There were deep footprints in the snow. Traces (what?) are deep. An adjective is a definition that depends on the subject expressed by the noun. Graphically indicated
• The ability allows the adjective to be the main member of the sentence - the subject. ( For example: The patient was admitted to the hospital in serious condition.)
• Quite often, what adjectives are found in the composition of the predicate in the form of a nominal part? Quality in a nutshell. ( Compare: He was weak from illness. - The boy was weak. In the first case, the main member is the verb, in the second - the adjective in the compound nominal predicate.)

Adjectives: qualitative, relative, possessive

This part of speech has three categories, differing both in form and in meaning. Consider all their features for comparison in the table.

Quality varies

It is worth dwelling in more detail on the most flexible definitions in use and word formation, which are known as qualitative adjectives. The examples of their meanings are extraordinarily varied. They may indicate:

• on the shape of the object: multifaceted, round, angular;
• its size: tall, wide, huge;
• color: orange, dark green, purple;
• smell: stinking, fragrant, odorous;
• temperature: cold, warm, hot;
• the level and characteristics of the sound: quiet, loud, booming;
• overall assessment: necessary, useful, unimportant.

Additional exclusivity

There are more features, which you need to know in order not to confuse qualitative, relative and possessive adjectives. So, the first of them have features:

• the formation of new words using the prefix "not": a sad person, an expensive product; or diminutive suffixes: gray - gray - grayish;
• the possibility of selecting synonyms: cheerful - joyful; bright - brilliant; antonyms: cold - hot, evil - kind;
• adverbs in -o, -e originate from quality adjectives: white - white, tender - gently.

More about degrees of comparison

They also have only qualitative adjectives. Examples of the formation of a simple comparative degree: more visible, darker, longer. A compound comparative degree is a phrase: “less” or “more” is added to the adjective: less hard, softer.

The superlative degree is called so because it indicates the predominance of a feature in one object over other similar ones. It can be simple: it is a formation with the help of suffixes -eysh-, -aysh-. For example: the most faithful, the lowest. And compound: the adjective is used in combination with the word "most": the most wonderful, the deepest.

Can adjectives change their rank?

And again, it is worth remembering the broad abilities of the Russian language. Everything is possible in it. Therefore, there is nothing surprising in the fact that qualitative, relative and possessive adjectives in a certain context change their meaning by category.

For example, in the phrase "glass beads" everyone understands that we are talking about beads made of glass. But "glass arguments" - this is already a metaphor, these are completely fragile, fragile arguments. We can conclude: the relative adjective (the first example) turned into a qualitative one (the second).

If we compare the expressions “fox hole” and “fox character”, then we can see how the belonging of animal housing turns into the quality of human nature, which means that the possessive adjective has become qualitative.

Take for example two more phrases: “hare footprint” and “hare hat”. The prints of the little animal are not at all like the headdress from it. As you can see, a possessive adjective can turn into a relative one.

The study of adjectives, as a rule, does not cause any particular problems for schoolchildren and students.

It is not difficult to recognize an adjective in a text, to identify its grammatical features, but for this you need to know what kind of part of speech it is.

An adjective is a part of speech denoting a sign of an object and answering the questions: Which one? Whose?

For example: beautiful, good, spring, metallic, fox, mother's .

Adjectives are divided into three categories (qualitative, relative, possessive). They change by numbers and cases (decline) and by gender. They can have a full or short form, degrees of comparison.

An adjective can be any member of a sentence, but most often act as a definition or nominal part of a compound nominal predicate.

By definition, an adjective denotes a sign, but the meaning, the nature of this sign can be very different. Thus, an adjective can mean:

- the size of the object ( big, tiny, huge );

- position, shape of the object ( high, crooked );

— physical properties (warm, frosty, hard );

- characteristics of a person or other person ( old, kind, brave );

- color ( white, pink );

- attitude towards something (someone) ( English, children's, student );

- material ( textile, glass ) etc.

Let's imagine that the language has . How many shades of meaning would be lost in such a situation!


Let's say the word book simply means an object, a certain number of pages with printed text. Substitute a few adjectives for this word and get:

— interesting book, funny book, old book, new book, forgotten book, read book, children's book...

A lot of new meanings, meanings, shades appeared. We need adjectives to more accurately express our thoughts, to make speech more diverse, figurative, intelligible.

It is no coincidence that in the Russian language - one of the richest on Earth - a huge number of adjectives - over 12,000!

All adjectives are divided into three large groups (categories): qualitative, relative and possessive. Words belonging to the same category. They have a common component of meaning and common grammatical features. Let's take a closer look at adjectives.

Qualitative adjectives - express a sign that can manifest itself to a greater or lesser extent. Qualitative adjectives answer the question "What?" and can denote a variety of attributes of an object: color, size, weight, smell, taste, internal quality of the creature, age, etc.


Qualitative adjectives have the following grammatical features:

- they can have a full or short form ( young, young, young, young );

- have degrees of comparison ( young - younger, the youngest, the youngest of all );

- can form adverbs young - young ) and nouns with an abstract meaning ( young-youth );

- can be combined with the words very, most ( very young, very young );

- for a qualitative adjective, you can pick up synonyms and antonyms ( young - young, young - old ).

Relative adjectives express a sign that does not manifest itself to a greater or lesser extent and expresses an attitude towards the material ( wood ), time ( winter ), territories ( river ), action ( washing ), face ( female ), number ( double ).

Relative adjectives do not have comparison forms and short forms, they answer the question "Which one?"

Possessive adjectives express the belonging of an object to a person, answer the question “Whose?” Examples: wolf, father, fathers, bear .

Due to the metaphorical nature of the language, a phenomenon called the transition of adjectives from category to category is often observed. For example:

iron detail (relative value) – iron will (qualitative value);

Zephyr (qualitative value) – light industry (relative value);

Bunny sheepskin coat (possessive value) - hare character (qualitative value);

It is usually not difficult to determine that we have an adjective in front of us. Any student understands that the words long, wide, sweet, ceramic, raven - adjectives.


But there is more difficult cases- for example, a limited group of invariable adjectives that do not have endings characteristic of this part of speech.

Year skirt, flared trousers, beige curtains, Khanty language.

It is important to remember that all these words answer the question “Which one?”, And if you have difficulty, refer to the dictionary.