The food industry of the world in economically developed and developing countries is diverse. The production of this industry is constantly growing, providing the population with food.
Production certain types production is determined by the demand for it.
Some industries Food Industry experiencing a crisis of overproduction, but at the same time, new industries are emerging.
In economically developed countries, in connection with a change in the structure of nutrition in order to improve the state of health, new food industries are being formed that produce special goods.
Food production has a direct relationship with one of global problems humanity is a food problem.
The food industry is associated with agriculture world, because it receives raw materials from it: cereals and legumes, seafood, milk, meat, vegetables, fruits. The food industry is part of the agro-industrial complex.
The presence of consumers of food industry products and the diversity of raw materials determine the widespread distribution of enterprises in this industry.
The food industry consists of two categories of industries, different in scale and location.
First category- These are industries that work on imported raw materials. They are focused on ports of entry of products, railway junctions, large industrial centers, capital Cities. Manufactured products have high transportability. This is the production of confectionery, drinks, flour mills, the tobacco industry, etc. The second group of enterprises includes:
1) industries that focus on raw materials (sugar, meat processing plants, butter, cheese making, etc.);
2) industries that are consumer-oriented (baking industry, production of semi-finished products, etc.).
Enterprises for the production of sugar are guided in their placement by raw materials, which are sugar beet and sugar cane. China, India, USA, Brazil, Australia, Mexico, France, Cuba are considered the largest producers of unrefined sugar.
Many developing countries are becoming the largest sugar importers (Thailand, Brazil, Cuba), while developed countries (Australia, France, South Africa, Great Britain) are major sugar exporters.
Developing countries stand out for the production and export of green coffee: Brazil, Colombia, Indonesia, Mexico, Guatemala, India. The main exporters of roasted coffee are economically developed countries: Belgium, Luxembourg, USA, Sweden, Finland, Austria, Canada.
A major branch of the global food industry is winemaking, which is experiencing a constant crisis of overproduction. Exporting countries face serious competition in the world market.
The food industry of the capitalist world consists of branches of two categories, differing in scale and, most importantly, in the nature of their location. The first group: these are industries that, as a rule, work on imported raw materials and are not directly connected with the raw material base. Such enterprises focus primarily on ports of import of raw materials, railway junctions, as well as metropolitan centers. As a rule, they are of very large scale and produce highly transportable products that do not require immediate consumption at the point of production. Such enterprises include margarine, chocolate, flour mills, the production of alcoholic beverages and beer, confectionery factories, and sugar refineries. In some cases, especially in developing countries that export meat, these may also be meat processing plants. In the second group of enterprises, which are noticeably smaller in scale, there are two types of enterprises: first, those that are oriented towards raw materials, and, secondly, those that are oriented towards the consumer. The former include sugar, canning, most meat processing plants, butter and cheese making. To the second - the baking industry, production without alcoholic beverages and very developed last years production of semi-finished products that reduce the time spent in household. This industry has gained special meaning in developed countries and almost absent in developing ones, at the same time, the production of food concentrates, as a rule, is concentrated in very large enterprises and such factories working for export, such as, for example, the production of instant coffee, bouillon cubes, which are also available in developing countries .
As a rule, almost all types of food industry are represented in developed countries, and in developing countries highest value still have export branches of the food industry, and the range of food products is much smaller than in the leading countries.
A typical representative of the first category is the tobacco industry. Tobacco as a raw material does not require local processing and is a traditional export commodity. In the capitalist world, three types of countries producing tobacco products can be distinguished: the first is the United States, the world's largest producer of tobacco products and tobacco, which exports both tobacco and cigarettes to the world market. The United States is characterized by the location of the tobacco industry in areas of tobacco production, i.e. in the South Atlantic states of the USA.
The second type - Western European industry, in terms of the scale of its production and the size of individual enterprises, is almost not inferior to the United States, is characterized by a completely different location, since it mainly works on imported tobacco. The location of Western European enterprises is characterized by concentration primarily not only in major cities, but mainly in the capitals. And to a relatively small extent - in the ports of import of tobacco.
The third group is tobacco exporting countries, mainly from developing countries. The importance of tobacco export ports is very great here, in which, as a rule, the tobacco industry is also concentrated, even if it is not created specifically for export, but works only for the domestic market. This placement is still typical of China, partly India and Brazil. These countries are also the main source of raw materials for the European tobacco industry. Tobacco companies tend to be very large, not only in developed countries, but also in developing ones. The last quarter of a century has been a period of significant changes in the location of this industry. On the one hand, US production began to stagnate, caused by trends in consumer demand, which is typical for highly developed countries. In the United States, tobacco use has dropped sharply as part of the "healthy lifestyle" campaign. On the other hand, developing countries are experiencing a dramatic increase in tobacco consumption as a reflection of rising living standards, but they are far from reaching European and American tobacco consumption norms. The growth in domestic consumption of tobacco products in these countries is accompanied by an increase in production. So at present, the main increase in cigarette output in the capitalist world is in developing countries, i.e. there is a clear trend of shifting the global tobacco industry to developing countries.
Sugar production can be considered as a representative of the second category of industries that are oriented in their placement on raw materials. It consists of cane and beet production. Approximately from 75-85 million tons of annual total production sugar in the capitalist world: beet sugar accounts for approximately 20-25 million tons, cane - 55-60 million tons, respectively. Of these, approximately 30 million tons of sugar are produced in developed capitalist countries (including 6-7 million tons of half of which is in Western Europe, and in developing countries - 50 million tons, of which 95% falls on cane. The largest sugar producers among developing countries are: India - about 10 million tons and Brazil - about 9 million tons. These countries are the largest exporters of sugar, but besides them very significant exporters in recent times Australia, France, South Africa, as well as Belgium and Holland became, the importance of Thailand increased markedly.
The most notable shift in the post-energy crisis has been the sharp increase in sugar production in developed countries. It is during the period high prices following the energy crisis, the first large-scale production of cane sugar in Australia and South Africa began as a counterbalance to suppliers, i.e. developing countries. In the same years, for the same purpose, the production of beet sugar was sharply increased not only in France, but also in Holland and Belgium, which for the first time became exporters on the world market, as well as in Germany, which also turned from a consumer into an exporter in those years. As a result, there is a significant overproduction of sugar in the capitalist world, it is necessary to limit its production and export, although all developing countries strive to increase its export, since this is one of the possible sources of hard currency, because the main importers in the capitalist world are the USA, Japan, Canada, countries northern Europe.
Among the typical consumer-oriented industries is the bakery industry. There have been opposite trends in developed and developing countries. Firstly, the production of bread was reduced in the process of the struggle for a "healthy lifestyle", bread was replaced by other products containing less starchy substances. And in developing countries, on the contrary, not only did the overall consumption of bread grow, but there was also a transition from home-baked bread to bread produced in industry. All this in total contributed to a reduction in the scale of bakery production in developed countries and an increase in its output in developing countries. Thus, there has been a bread-making shift in developing countries. This process is difficult to notice in the "accommodation plan", since the industry is very dispersed, and even now it is distinguished by the small scale of individual enterprises. However, statistics on exports and consumption of bakery equipment clearly show a "shift" towards developing countries.
The above industries are shown only as "keys", they are far from exhausting the whole variety of industries and processes that exist in the global food industry. However, they reflect the general tendencies for the capitalist world of the growth in the size of the food industry as a whole, the further "industrialization of the kitchen" and the transition from the category of domestic activities to rails. industrial production, all more types of food preparation and, finally, a clear trend towards the accelerated development of the food industry in developing countries.
The general trend in the development of the food industry does not exclude the presence of separate stagnant industries in it. As a rule, their appearance is associated with a change in the structure of demand due to general trend in modern world to improve dietary patterns for health. The largest industry of this kind is winemaking, which has been experiencing a systematic crisis of overproduction since the postwar period. Significant areas of vineyards were liquidated in Algeria and Tunisia, producing low-quality wine, which no longer finds a market for itself in the European market. A permanent phenomenon is the "wine war" between Italy and France. The production of strong alcoholic beverages (especially whiskey) in many Western European countries has noticeably decreased, although their production increased simultaneously in Japan, where it had not previously been produced. The most surprising thing is that the drop in demand in developed countries is not compensated by its growth in developing countries.
Under these conditions, of course, there are no shifts, except for negative ones, i.e. a drop in production in North Africa did not occur in the placement.
The situation with winemaking was different. of Eastern Europe, which had a huge market in the USSR. It did not experience any particular difficulties in its development, except for Yugoslavia. But in general, on a global scale, it is insignificant, since the average annual production of wines in Italy and France is 20-25 million hectoliters (of which almost half is exported), the USA - about 20 million, Spain - 15-18 million, Portugal - 10-12 million, Germany - 8-10 million, Argentina - 6-8 million, and the total production of all countries of Eastern Europe taken together is about 25 million, including in Romania - 7.5 million, Bulgaria - 3 million, Hungary - 2.5 million hectoliters. The CIS also exports high-quality wines to the world market, importing bulk ones, but during the period of perestroika, Soviet winemaking greatly reduced its production and now does not represent a serious value in the world economy.
The food industry is a set of industries whose enterprises produce mainly food products. In almost every relatively large locality There are companies in this industry. In some countries, the food industry is an industry of international specialization, in others it satisfies the needs of only its population.
The sectoral structure of the food industry is complex. It includes enterprises producing food products, as well as soap and perfumery and cosmetic products.
The location of enterprises in the industry is mainly influenced by two factors: orientation to the raw material base or to the consumer.
The location of enterprises near the areas of production of raw materials is explained by the fact that in some industries (sugar, alcohol, canning industry) the consumption of raw materials far exceeds the mass of the finished product. In addition, such agricultural raw materials are not very transportable.
The attraction of enterprises to areas of consumption is explained by the fact that most branches of the food industry produce mass products that have limited time storage and cannot be transported over long distances. Therefore, bakeries, confectionery and pasta factories, breweries are created in areas where products are consumed, regardless of whether there are raw materials for them here.
Sugar factories are located as close as possible to sugar beet or cane crops, since these raw materials do not withstand long-distance transportation. Tobacco as a raw material does not require local processing. Therefore, tobacco factories, for example Western Europe using exclusively imported raw materials.
Especially big influence Cities provide accommodation for the food industry, since their population is the main consumer of meat, milk, eggs, and bread.
The main type of food industry enterprises are plants, which combine the integrated use of raw materials with the complete processing of waste. There are sugar, canning, oil-fat and other plants.
For example, an oil and fat plant produces vegetable oil, solid fat, mayonnaise, margarine, soap from waste, detergents, drying oil, glycerin, etc. Nothing is wasted at meat-packing plants. Even the horns and hooves of animals are used in industry, and some animal organs are a valuable raw material in the manufacture of medicines.
The food industry in developed countries has achieved great success. Among them, there are those that are famous for their traditions in the production of high-quality food or stand out for the scale of production.
Denmark is called the "dairy farm" of Europe. Switzerland, the Netherlands, France are known for the production of hard cheeses. High-quality canned meat is produced by many developed countries of Europe and America, fish - by Norway, Iceland, Spain and Portugal, vegetables - by Bulgaria and Hungary. Italy is the birthplace of spaghetti and pizza. Germany is famous for its sausages and beer, wines - France and Spain. Recently, new industries have been developed - the production of ready-to-eat and frozen foods, various food additives.
Findings:
The food industry is closely connected with agriculture, which provides it with raw materials.
The main factor in the placement of enterprises in the food industry is the focus on the raw material base and the consumer.
The main type of food industry enterprises is combines.
Food industry enterprises are located everywhere.
Read in the section
Food industry The food industry is an industry that combines a set of homogeneous food and processing enterprises, processing, as a rule, raw materials of agricultural origin. The food and beverage industry accounts for 6% of global GDP. This industry is increasingly becoming an area of international integration.
Significance of the food industry Included in the agro-industrial complex and ensures the procurement, processing of agricultural raw materials and the sale of the final product industry well reflects the standard of living in different countries of the world, the degree of development of the agro-industrial complex The products of the industry are an important export commodity
Features of the industry Massiveness and ubiquity of use Low transportability of agricultural raw materials, which is explained by the deterioration of its quality during long-term transportation and storage The ubiquity of location, which sharply distinguishes the food industry from other industries The food industry is organically part of any regional territorial production complex Food products have a quick payback for their production costs.
Industry Features One of the most dynamic and rapidly changing industries in the world. Production is directed directly to the consumer, which makes it the most susceptible to the slightest market fluctuations. The range of products is constantly updated, responding to the changing tastes of consumers. The need for packaging in small containers, corresponding physical properties product Seasonality of production in a number of industries, which is partly smoothed out due to the ability to process several types of raw materials
Placement The presence of consumers of food industry products and the diversity of raw materials determine the widespread distribution of enterprises in this industry. Depending on the degree of influence of raw materials and consumer factors, the food industry is divided into three groups: - industries focused on sources of raw materials - sugar, butter, dairy, oil and fat, etc. ; - industries gravitating towards places of consumption finished products, - bakery, brewery, confectionery, pasta, dairy, etc.; - industries that are simultaneously focused on raw materials and on the consumer - meat, flour-grinding, tobacco, etc.
Trends Uneven production of industries and consumption of industrial goods in the FRS and RS Some sectors of the food industry are experiencing a crisis of overproduction, but at the same time new industries are emerging Transnationalization of the industry, and often the policy of TNCs contradicts the objective trends in the development of the food industry water, various juices and tonic drinks
Problems An important problem is the elimination of regional disproportions between the production of certain agricultural products and the capacities for their processing. The need to decentralize the location of a number of industries, the maximum approximation of their enterprises to resource bases Establishment of storage facilities and processing enterprises directly in rural areas Environmental, social and economic problems conditioned by the manufacture of alcoholic beverages and tobacco products
Food problem Food production is directly related to one of the global problems of mankind - the food problem 1/5 inhabitants of the planet
The composition of the industry mineral waters and juices, spices and spices) The food industry includes more than 40 specialized industries, sub-sectors and individual industries.
Branches of the food industry Canning industry Dairy industry Meat industry Oil and fat industry Pasta industry Confectionery industry Wine industry Brewing and soft drinks industry Fishing industry Salt industry Sugar industry Tobacco industry Fruit and vegetable industry Butter and cheese industry Bakery industry
Meat industry Production of meat per capita on average in the world is 36 kg, but the differences between countries are very large: from 365 kg per year in Denmark to 4.6 kg in India (due to the Muslim population, because Hindus do not eat meat). In the structure of world production of meat of all types, pork ranks first with 39.1%, poultry meat is in second place with 29.3%, followed by beef 25.0%, lamb 4.8%, other types of meat 1.8%.
Trends in the meat industry 1. Increased consumption of dietary meats (primarily poultry). This was reflected in the structure of meat production in the world (indicators in the world amounted to 15 kg for pork, 9 kg for poultry). 2. Asia becomes the main region for meat production. 3. The share of Eastern Europe is declining. 4. Western Europe remains the leading exporter: up to 47% of meat supplies in the world (the largest are the Netherlands, France and Denmark). North America is second in importance in the meat trade (20% of world exports), while Oceania (12%) is third.
Fish industry The main trend is growth in Asia and South America: these two regions account for almost 3/4 of the world's seafood. It is noteworthy that the states with access to Pacific Ocean, provide more than 70% of the industry's output. Among the top 10 fish and seafood producing countries in the world, 9 are located in the Pacific Basin. There is not a single Western European country among them, although they are actively fishing in this remote ocean. China's leadership in this industry has become unprecedented, providing more than 1/5 of its products in the world.
The butter and cheese industry provides the most valuable food products that provide deep processing of raw milk raw materials that can withstand storage and long-distance transportation. Cheese has become the leading product of the industry, its production and consumption has a thousand-year tradition. The geography of cheese production is characterized by a high share of Western Europe (up to 44%) and North America(26%) The level of production and consumption of cheese per capita varies greatly from country to country. With an average world production per capita of 2.6 kg, in some countries it is much higher: in France 27 kg, and in Greece, Denmark, New Zealand more than 50 kg. Oil (animal) is also a product of the industry. The main trend is a sharp reduction in its consumption in a number of countries, especially in the USA.
Sugar industry The average production in the world was 21 kg per capita, but the consumption of sugar by country varies greatly: from a few kilograms (PRC) to kg (UK, Australia, Canada, Cuba). Asia plays a leading role in sugar production, providing more than 1/3 of the world's production. In general, the two regions of Asia and South America together they provide about 60% of sugar, and India and Brazil have taken the leading places in the industry.
Food industry in Russia Production volumes food products in Russia are constantly growing. Currently, the country's food industry is one of the strategic sectors of the economy, which is designed to provide the population of Russia with the necessary food in terms of quantity and quality. It includes 30 industries with more than 60 sub-sectors and types of production and unites more than 25 thousand enterprises various forms property with total strength employing about 1.5 million people. In the sectoral structure of industrial production, the food industry accounts for about 14% of Russia's total industrial output. Due to taxes and excises coming from the enterprises of the industry, 10% of the revenue part of the Russian budget is formed.
Industry development According to the long-term program social development According to the inertial option, more than 900 billion rubles are planned to be invested in the food industry, of which 55% will be directed to the technological modernization of the industry. The innovative option involves investments in the amount of 1150 billion rubles.
Changes in the production of various industries: 1. The production of granulated sugar from sugar beet has been steadily increasing over the past few years. In 2008, sugar production increased by 7.7% compared to 2007. 2. Volumes of animal oil production in 2008 amounted to 278 thousand tons, 2.2% higher than in 2007. 3. The output of meat and offal of category I in 2008 increased by 11.6%. 4. Flour production has decreased over the past few years, in 2008 the volumes amounted to 98.06% of the indicators of 2007.
Imports of basic foodstuffs: In 2008, imports of fresh and frozen meat increased by 14.8% compared to 2007, and fish by 1.2%. Import cereal crops to Russia over the past two years has declined significantly. Volumes of purchases in 2008 to 2007 - 46.1%. At the same time, in relation to 2006, the volume of grain imports in 2008 decreased by 3.5 times (wheat by 7.7 times, barley by 1.4 times). Import vegetable oil in 2008 increased by 17.3% compared to the previous year. The volume of purchases of imported soybean oil increased in 2008 by almost 3 times, palm oil by 19%, while the import of sunflower oil in 2008 decreased by 16%. Coffee imports to Russia have been steadily growing over the past few years. In the years the volume of import purchases of coffee annually increased by an average of 16%. In general, imports of food products and agricultural raw materials to Russia in January-March 2009 decreased, amounting to 81.5% of the indicators same period 2008 ($5.97 billion)
Food industry in Rostov region The food and processing industry ranks first among the manufacturing industries of the Rostov region, its contribution to the total production in the agro-industrial complex of the Rostov region is 35.6%. The largest Russian agricultural holdings, enterprises of almost all branches of the food and processing industry, industry leaders - Aston, Yug Rusi, Baltika, Agrokom, Eurodon, numerous manufacturers of dairy products, canned fruits and vegetables, confectionery, alcoholic beverages, drinking and mineral waters, etc. Products of the Don agro-industrial complex are exported to more than 50 countries of the world.
Food industry in the Rostov region confectionery, alcohol, juices, etc. - more than 2 thousand items of food products, a significant part of which meet European standards. Enterprises are constantly upgrading the existing production base and commissioning new capacities for processing agricultural raw materials. Work is underway to expand the range and improve the quality of products, manufacturers are forming their consumer image. The region provides itself completely with many types of food products.
