Educational project home-made devices in physics. Start in science. Materials: alcohol, water, vegetable oil

MOU "Secondary school No. 2" p. Babynino

Babyninsky district, Kaluga region

X research conference

"Gifted children are the future of Russia"

DIY Physics project

Prepared by the students

7 "B" class Larkova Victoria

7 "B" class Kalinicheva Maria

Head Kochanova E.V.

Babynino village, 2018

Table of contents

Introduction page 3

Theoretical part p.5

experimental part

Fountain model p.6

Communicating vessels page 9

Conclusion page 11

References page 13

Introduction

This academic year, we plunged into the world of a very complex but interesting science that is necessary for every person. From the first lessons, physics fascinated us, we wanted to learn more and more new things. Physics is not only physical quantities, formulas, laws, but also experiments. Physical experiments can be done with anything: pencils, glasses, coins, plastic bottles.

Physics is an experimental science, so the creation of devices with your own hands contributes to a better assimilation of laws and phenomena. Many different questions arise in the study of each topic. The teacher, of course, can answer them, but how interesting and exciting it is to get the answers yourself, especially using hand-made devices.

Relevance: The manufacture of devices not only contributes to an increase in the level of knowledge, but is one of the ways to enhance the cognitive and project activities of students when studying physics in basic school. On the other hand, such work serves as a good example of socially useful work: well-made home-made devices can significantly replenish the equipment of a school office. It is possible and necessary to make devices on the spot on your own. Home-made devices have another value: their manufacture, on the one hand, develops practical skills and abilities of the teacher and students, and on the other hand, it testifies to creative work.Target: Make a device, a physics installation for demonstrating physical experiments with your own hands, explain its principle of operation, and demonstrate the operation of the device.
Tasks:

1. Study scientific and popular literature.

2. Learn to apply scientific knowledge to explain physical phenomena.

3. Make devices at home and demonstrate their work.

4. Replenishment of the physics classroom with home-made devices made from improvised materials.

Hypothesis: The made device, installation in physics for demonstrating physical phenomena with your own hands, apply in the lesson.

Project product: do-it-yourself devices, demonstration of experiments.

Project result: the interest of students, the formation of their idea that physics as a science is not divorced from real life, the development of motivation for teaching physics.

Research methods: analysis, observation, experiment.

The work was carried out according to the following scheme:

The study of information from various sources on this issue.

The choice of research methods and practical mastery of them.

Collection of own material - acquisition of improvised materials, conducting experiments.

Analysis and formulation of conclusions.

I . Main part

Physics is the science of nature. It studies phenomena that occur both in space, and in the bowels of the earth, and on earth, and in the atmosphere - in a word, everywhere. Such phenomena are called physical phenomena. When observing an unfamiliar phenomenon, physicists try to understand how and why it occurs. If, for example, a phenomenon occurs quickly or is rare in nature, physicists tend to see it as many times as necessary in order to identify the conditions under which it occurs and establish the corresponding patterns. If possible, scientists reproduce the phenomenon under study in a specially equipped room - a laboratory. They try not only to consider the phenomenon, but also to make measurements. All this scientists - physicists call experience or experiment.

We got excited about the idea - to make devices with our own hands. Conducting our scientific fun at home, we developed the main actions that allow you to successfully conduct the experiment:

Home experiments must meet the following requirements:

Safety during the conduct;

Minimum material costs;

Ease of implementation;

Value in the study and understanding of physics.

We have conducted several experiments on various topics of the 7th grade physics course. Let's present some of them, interesting and at the same time easy to implement.

Experimental part.

fountain model

Target: Show the simplest fountain model

Equipment:

A large plastic bottle - 5 liters, a small plastic bottle - 0.6 liters, a cocktail tube, a piece of plastic.

The course of the experiment

We bend the tube at the base with the letter G.

Fix with a small piece of plastic.

Cut a small hole in a three-liter bottle.

Cut off the bottom of a small bottle.

We fix the small bottle in the large one with a cap, as shown in the photo.

Insert the tube into the cap of a small bottle. Fix with plasticine.

Cut a hole in the cap of a large bottle.

Pour into a bottle of water.

Let's watch the flow of water.

Result : observe the formation of a fountain of water.

Conclusion: The pressure of the liquid column in the bottle acts on the water in the tube. The more water in the bottle, the larger the fountain will be, since the pressure depends on the height of the liquid column.

Communicating vessels

Equipment: upper parts from plastic bottles of different sections, rubber tube.

Cut off the upper parts of plastic bottles, 15-20 cm high.

We connect the parts together with a rubber tube.

The course of the experiment No. 1

Target : show the location of the surface of a homogeneous liquid in communicating vessels.

1. Pour water into one of the resulting vessels.

2. We see that the water in the vessels was at the same level.

Conclusion: in communicating vessels of any shape, the surfaces of a homogeneous liquid are set at the same level (provided that the air pressure above the liquid is the same).

The course of the experiment No. 2

1. Let's observe the behavior of the water surface in vessels filled with different liquids. Pour the same amount of water and detergent into communicating vessels.

2. We see that the liquids in the vessels were at different levels.

Conclusion : in communicating vessels, heterogeneous liquids are installed at different levels.

Conclusion

It is interesting to watch the experience conducted by the teacher. Conducting it yourself is doubly interesting.The experiment carried out with a device made by one's own hands is of great interest to the whole class. Such experiences help to better understand the material, establish relationships and draw the right conclusions.

Among seventh grade students, we conducted a survey and found out whether physics lessons with experiments are more interesting, our classmates would like to make a device with their own hands. The results came out like this:

Most students believe that physics lessons become more interesting with experiments.

More than half of the classmates surveyed would like to make instruments for physics lessons.

We liked to make homemade devices, to conduct experiments. There are so many interesting things in the world of physics, so in the future we will:

Continue the study of this interesting science;

Conduct new experiments.

Bibliography

1. L. Galperstein "Funny Physics", Moscow, "Children's Literature", 1993.

Teaching equipment for physics in high school. Edited by A.A. Pokrovsky "Enlightenment", 2014

2. Textbook on physics by A. V. Peryshkina, E. M. Gutnik "Physics" for grade 7; 2016

3. ME AND. Perelman "Entertaining tasks and experiments", Moscow, "Children's Literature", 2015.

4. Physics: Reference materials: O.F. Kabardin Textbook for students. - 3rd ed. - M.: Enlightenment, 2014

5.//class-fizika.spb.ru/index.php/opit/659-op-davsif

Do you love physics? You love experiment? The world of physics is waiting for you!
What could be more interesting than experiments in physics? And of course, the simpler the better!
These exciting experiences will help you see extraordinary phenomena light and sound, electricity and magnetism Everything you need for experiments is easy to find at home, and the experiments themselves simple and safe.
Eyes are burning, hands are itching!
Go explorers!

Robert Wood - the genius of experiments..........
- Up or down? Rotating chain. Salt fingers.......... - Moon and diffraction. What color is the fog? Rings of Newton.......... - Top in front of the TV. Magic propeller. Ping-pong in the bath.......... - Spherical aquarium - lens. artificial mirage. Soap glasses .......... - Eternal salt fountain. Fountain in a test tube. Spinning spiral .......... - Condensation in the bank. Where is the water vapor? Water engine.......... - A popping egg. Inverted glass. Whirlwind in a cup. Heavy paper..........
- Toy IO-IO. Salt pendulum. Paper dancers. Electric dance..........
- Ice Cream Mystery. Which water freezes faster? It's cold and the ice is melting! .......... - Let's make a rainbow. A mirror that does not confuse. Microscope from a drop of water
- Snow creaks. What will happen to the icicles? Snow flowers.......... - Interaction of sinking objects. The ball is touchy ..........
- Who quickly? Jet balloon. Air carousel .......... - Bubbles from the funnel. Green hedgehog. Without opening the bottles.......... - Candle motor. A bump or a hole? Moving rocket. Diverging Rings..........
- Multi-colored balls. Sea dweller. Balancing Egg..........
- Electric motor in 10 seconds. Gramophone..........
- Boil, cooling .......... - Waltzing dolls. Flames on paper. Robinson Feather..........
- Faraday experience. Segner wheel. Nutcrackers .......... - Dancer in the mirror. Silver plated egg. Trick with matches .......... - Oersted's experience. Roller coaster. Don't drop it! ..........

Body weight. Weightlessness.
Experiments with weightlessness. Weightless water. How to reduce your weight..........

Elastic force
- A jumping grasshopper. Jumping ring. Elastic coins..........
Friction
- Crawler coil..........
- A sunken thimble. Obedient ball. We measure friction. Funny monkey. Vortex rings..........
- Rolling and sliding. Friction of rest. Acrobat walks on a wheel. Brake in the egg..........
Inertia and inertia
- Get the coin. Experiments with bricks. Wardrobe experience. Experience with matches. coin inertia. Hammer experience. Circus experience with a jar. The ball experience....
- Experiments with checkers. Domino experience. Egg experience. Ball in a glass. Mysterious skating rink..........
- Experiments with coins. Water hammer. Outwit inertia..........
- Experience with boxes. Checkers experience. Coin experience. Catapult. Apple momentum..........
- Experiments with inertia of rotation. The ball experience....

Mechanics. Laws of mechanics
- Newton's first law. Newton's third law. Action and reaction. Law of conservation of momentum. Number of movement..........

Jet propulsion
- Jet shower. Experiments with reactive pinwheels: air spinner, jet balloon, ethereal spinner, Segner's wheel ..........
- Balloon rocket. Multistage rocket. Impulse ship. Jet boat..........

Free fall
- Which is faster..........

Circular motion
- Centrifugal force. Easier on turns. Ring experience....

Rotation
- Gyroscopic toys. Clark's wolf. Greig's wolf. Flying top Lopatin. Gyro machine ..........
- Gyroscopes and tops. Experiments with a gyroscope. Spinning Top Experience. Wheel experience. Coin experience. Riding a bike without hands. Boomerang Experience..........
- Experiments with invisible axes. Experience with staples. Matchbox rotation. Slalom on paper..........
- Rotation changes shape. Cool or raw. Dancing egg. How to strike a match..........
- When the water does not pour out. A little circus. Experience with a coin and a ball. When the water is poured out. Umbrella and separator..........

Statics. Equilibrium. Center of gravity
- Roly-ups. Mysterious matryoshka..........
- Center of gravity. Equilibrium. Center of gravity height and mechanical stability. Base area and balance. Obedient and naughty egg..........
- Human center of gravity. Fork balance. Funny swing. Diligent sawer. Sparrow on a branch..........
- Center of gravity. Pencil competition. Experience with unstable balance. Human balance. Stable pencil. Knife up. Cooking experience. Experience with a saucepan lid ..........

The structure of matter
- Fluid model. What gases does air consist of? The highest density of water. Density tower. Four floors..........
- Plasticity of ice. A popped nut. Properties of a non-Newtonian fluid. Growing crystals. Properties of water and egg shells..........

thermal expansion
- Expansion of a rigid body. Ground stoppers. Needle extension. Thermal scales. Separation of glasses. Rusty screw. Board to smithereens. Ball expansion. Coin Expansion..........
- Expansion of gas and liquid. Air heating. Sounding coin. Water pipe and mushrooms. Water heating. Snow heating. Dry from water. The glass is creeping..........

Surface tension of a liquid. wetting
- Plateau experience. Darling experience. Wetting and non-wetting. Floating razor..........
- Attraction of traffic jams. Adhesion to water. Miniature Plateau experience. Bubble..........
- Live fish. Experience with a paperclip. Experiments with detergents. Color streams. Rotating spiral ..........

Capillary phenomena
- Experience with a blooper. Experience with pipettes. Experience with matches. Capillary pump..........

Bubble
- Hydrogen soap bubbles. Scientific preparation. Bubble in a bank. Colored rings. Two in one..........

Energy
- Transformation of energy. Curved strip and ball. Tongs and sugar. Photoexposure meter and photoelectric effect ..........
- Transfer of mechanical energy into heat. Propeller experience. Bogatyr in a thimble..........

Thermal conductivity
- Experience with an iron nail. Tree experience. Glass experience. Spoon experience. Coin experience. Thermal conductivity of porous bodies. Thermal conductivity of gas ..........

Heat
- Which is colder. Heating without fire. Heat absorption. Radiation of heat. Evaporative cooling. Experience with an extinguished candle. Experiments with the outer part of the flame ..........

Radiation. Energy transfer
- Transfer of energy by radiation. Experiments with solar energy

Convection
- Weight - heat controller. Experience with stearin. Creating traction. Experience with weights. Spinner experience. Spinner on a pin..........

aggregate states.
- Experiments with soap bubbles in the cold. Crystallization
- Frost on the thermometer. Evaporation on the iron. We regulate the boiling process. instant crystallization. growing crystals. We make ice. Ice cutting. Rain in the kitchen....
- Water freezes water. Ice castings. We create a cloud. We make a cloud. We boil snow. Ice bait. How to get hot ice..........
- Growing crystals. Salt crystals. Golden crystals. Large and small. Peligo's experience. Experience is the focus. Metallic crystals..........
- Growing crystals. copper crystals. Fairy beads. Halite patterns. Home hoarfrost..........
- Paper bowl. Experience with dry ice. Experience with socks

Gas laws
- Experience on the Boyle-Mariotte law. Experiment on Charles' law. Let's check the Claiperon equation. Checking Gay-Lusac's law. Focus with a ball. Once again about the Boyle-Mariotte law ..........

Engines
- Steam engine. Experience of Claude and Bouchereau..........
- Water turbine. Steam turbine. Wind turbine. Water wheel. Hydro turbine. Windmills-toys..........

Pressure
- Solid body pressure. Punching a coin with a needle. Ice cutting..........
- Siphon - Tantalum vase..........
- Fountains. The simplest fountain Three fountains. Fountain in a bottle. Fountain on the table..........
- Atmosphere pressure. Bottle experience. Egg in a decanter. Bank sticking. Glass experience. Canister experience. Experiments with a plunger. Bank flattening. Experience with test tubes..........
- A blotter vacuum pump. Air pressure. Instead of the Magdeburg hemispheres. Glass-diving bell. Carthusian diver. Punished curiosity..........
- Experiments with coins. Egg experience. Newspaper experience. School gum suction cup. How to empty a glass..........
- Pumps. Spray..........
- Experiments with glasses. The mysterious property of the radish. Bottle experience..........
- Naughty cork. What is pneumatics. Experience with a heated glass. How to raise a glass with the palm of your hand..........
- Cold boiling water. How much water weighs in a glass. Determine the volume of the lungs. Persistent funnel. How to pierce a balloon so that it does not burst ..........
- Hygrometer. Hygroscope. Cone barometer .......... - Barometer. Do-It-Yourself Aneroid Barometer. Ball barometer. The simplest barometer .......... - Light bulb barometer .......... - Air barometer. water barometer. Hygrometer..........

Communicating vessels
- Experience with the picture..........

Law of Archimedes. Pulling force. Swimming bodies
- Three balls. The simplest submarine. Experience with grapes. Does iron float?
- Draft of the ship. Does the egg float? Cork in a bottle. Water candlestick. Sinking or floating. Especially for the drowning. Experience with matches. Amazing egg. Does the plate sink? The riddle of scales ..........
- A float in a bottle. Obedient fish. Pipette in a bottle - Cartesian diver..........
- Ocean level. Boat on the ground. Will the fish drown. Scales from a stick ..........
- Law of Archimedes. Live toy fish. Bottle level..........

Bernoulli's law
- Funnel experience. Water jet experience. Ball experience. Experience with weights. Rolling cylinders. stubborn sheets..........
- Bending sheet. Why doesn't he fall. Why does the candle go out. Why doesn't the candle go out? Blame the air flow..........

simple mechanisms
- Block. Polyspast ..........
- Lever of the second kind. Polyspast ..........
- Lever arm. Gate. Lever scales..........

fluctuations
- Pendulum and bicycle. Pendulum and the globe. Fun duel. Unusual pendulum ..........
- Torsional pendulum. Experiments with a swinging top. Rotating pendulum..........
- Experience with the Foucault pendulum. Addition of vibrations. Experience with Lissajous figures. Pendulum resonance. Hippo and bird..........
- Funny swing. Vibrations and Resonance ..........
- Fluctuations. Forced vibrations. Resonance. Seize the moment..........

Sound
- Gramophone - do it yourself ..........
- Physics of musical instruments. String. Magic bow. Ratchet. Drinking glasses. Bottlephone. From the bottle to the organ..........
- Doppler effect. sound lens. Chladni's experiments ..........
- Sound waves. Spreading sound..........
- Sounding glass. Straw flute. String sound. Reflection of sound..........
- Phone from a matchbox. Telephone exchange ..........
- Singing combs. Spoon call. Drinking glass..........
- Singing water. Scary wire..........
- Audio oscilloscope..........
- Ancient sound recording. Cosmic voices....
- Hear the beat of the heart. Ear glasses. Shock wave or clapperboard ..........
- Sing with me. Resonance. Sound through the bone..........
- Tuning fork. Storm in a glass. Louder sound..........
- My strings. Change the pitch. Ding Ding. Crystal clear..........
- We make the ball squeak. Kazu. Drinking bottles. Choral singing..........
- Intercom. Gong. Crow's glass..........
- Blow out the sound. Stringed instrument. Little hole. Blues on the bagpipe..........
- Sounds of nature. Drinking straw. Maestro, march..........
- A speck of sound. What's in the bag. Surface sound. Disobedience Day..........
- Sound waves. Visible sound. Sound helps to see ..........

Electrostatics
- Electrification. Electric coward. Electricity repels. Soap bubble dance. Electricity on combs. Needle - lightning rod. Electrification of the thread ..........
- Bouncing balls. Interaction of charges. Sticky ball..........
- Experience with a neon light bulb. Flying bird. Flying butterfly. Living world..........
- Electric spoon. Saint Elmo's fire. Water electrification. Flying cotton. Soap bubble electrization. Loaded frying pan..........
- Electrification of the flower. Experiments on the electrification of man. Lightning on the table..........
- Electroscope. Electric theater. Electric cat. Electricity attracts...
- Electroscope. Bubble. Fruit Battery. Gravity fight. Battery of galvanic elements. Connect the coils..........
- Turn the arrow. Balancing on the edge. Repulsive nuts. Turn on the light..........
- Amazing tapes. Radio signal. static separator. Jumping grains. Static rain..........
- Wrap film. Magic figurines. Influence of air humidity. Living doorknob. Sparkling clothes..........
- Charging at a distance. Rolling ring. Crack and clicks. Magic wand..........
- Everything can be charged. positive charge. The attraction of bodies static adhesive. Charged plastic. Ghost leg..........

Artificial tornado. In one of the books of N. E. Zhukovsky, the following installation is described for obtaining an artificial tornado. At a distance of 3 m above the vat of water, a hollow pulley with a diameter of 1 m is placed, having several radial partitions (Fig. 119). With the rapid rotation of the pulley, a spinning water tornado rises from the vat towards it. Explain the phenomenon. What is the reason for the formation of a tornado in nature?

"Universal barometer" M. V. Lomonosov (Fig. 87). The instrument consists of a mercury-filled barometric tube with ball A on top. The tube is connected by capillary B to another ball containing dry air. The instrument is used to measure minute changes in atmospheric pressure force. Understand how this device works.

Device N. A. Lyubimov. Professor of Moscow University N. A. Lyubimov was the first scientist who experimentally investigated the phenomenon of weightlessness. One of his devices (Fig. 66) was a panel l with loops, which could fall along the guide vertical wires. On panel l a vessel with water is strengthened 2. Inside the vessel, with the help of a rod passing through the lid of the vessel, a large cork is placed 3. Water tends to push out the cork, and the latter, stretching the wire. 4, holding the index arrow on the right side of the screen. Will the pointer retain its position relative to the vessel if the instrument falls?

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annotation

In this academic year, I began to study this very interesting science, necessary for every person. From the very first lesson, physics fascinated me, lit a fire in me of the desire to learn new things and get to the bottom of the truth, involved me in reflection, led me to interesting ideas ...

Physics is not only scientific books and sophisticated instruments, not only huge laboratories. Physics is also tricks shown in a circle of friends, these are funny stories and funny homemade toys. Physical experiments can be done with a ladle, a glass, a potato, pencil balls, glasses, pencils, plastic bottles, coins, needles, etc. Nails and straws, matches and tin cans, scraps of cardboard and even drops of water - everything will go into action! (3)

Relevance: physics is an experimental science and the creation of devices with one's own hands contributes to a better assimilation of laws and phenomena.

Many different questions arise in the study of each topic. Many things can be answered by a teacher, but how wonderful it is to find answers through your own research!

Target: make physics devices to demonstrate some physical phenomena with your own hands, explain the principle of operation of each device and demonstrate their work.

Tasks:

Study scientific and popular literature.

Learn to apply scientific knowledge to explain physical phenomena.

Make devices that are of great interest to students.

Replenishment of the physics classroom with home-made devices made from improvised materials.

Consider more deeply the question of the practical use of the laws of physics.

Project product: do-it-yourself devices, videos of physical experiments.

Project result: the interest of students, the formation of their idea that physics as a science is not divorced from real life, the development of motivation for teaching physics.

Research methods: analysis, observation, experiment.

The work was carried out according to the following scheme:

Formulation of the problem.

The study of information from various sources on this issue.

The choice of research methods and practical mastery of them.

Collection of own material - acquisition of improvised materials, conducting experiments.

Analysis and generalization.

Formulation of conclusions.

During the work, the following physical research methods:

I. Physical experience

The experiment consisted of the following stages:

Understanding the conditions of experience.

This stage provides for familiarity with the conditions of the experiment, determining the list of necessary improvised instruments and materials and safe conditions during the experiment.

Drawing up a sequence of actions.

At this stage, the order of the experiment was outlined, if necessary, new materials were added.

Conducting an experiment.

Modeling is the basis of any physical research. During the experiments, we modeled the device of the fountain, reproduced old experiments: "Vase of Tantalus", "Carthusian diver", created physical toys and devices to demonstrate physical laws and phenomena.

In total, we modeled, conducted and scientifically explained 12 entertaining physical experiments.

MAIN PART.

Physics in Greek means the science of nature. Physics studies phenomena that occur in space, in the bowels of the earth, on earth, and in the atmosphere - in a word, everywhere. Such common phenomena are called physical phenomena.

When observing an unfamiliar phenomenon, physicists try to understand how and why it occurs. If, for example, a phenomenon occurs quickly or is rare in nature, physicists tend to see it as many times as necessary in order to identify the conditions under which it occurs and establish the corresponding patterns. If possible, scientists reproduce the phenomenon under study in a specially equipped room - a laboratory. They try not only to consider the phenomenon, but also to make measurements. All this scientists - physicists call experience or experiment.

Observation does not end, but only the study of the phenomenon begins. The facts obtained during the observation must be explained using existing knowledge. This is the stage of theoretical understanding.

In order to verify the correctness of the found explanation, scientists conduct its experimental verification. (6)

Thus, the study of a physical phenomenon usually goes through the following stages:

1. Observation

   Experiment

   Theoretical justification

   Practical use

While conducting my science fun at home, I have developed the basic steps that allow you to successfully conduct an experiment:

For home experimental tasks, I put forward the following requirements:

safety during the conduct;

minimum material costs;

ease of implementation;

value in learning and understanding physics.

I have conducted many experiments on various topics of the 7th grade physics course. I will present some of them, in my opinion, the most interesting and at the same time simple to implement.

2.2 Experiments and devices on the topic "Mechanical phenomena"

Experience number 1. « Coil - crawler»

Materials: a wooden spool of thread, a nail (or a wooden skewer), soap, an elastic band.

Sequencing

Is friction harmful or beneficial?

To better understand this, make a crawler toy. This is the simplest toy with a rubber motor.

Let's take an ordinary old thread spool and use a penknife to serrate the edges of both of its cheeks. We fold a strip of rubber 70-80 mm long in half and push it into the hole of the coil. In the loop of the elastic band, which looks out from one end, we lay a piece of a match 15 mm long.

Attach a washer made of soap to the other cheek of the coil. Cut out a circle from a hard, dry remnant about 3 mm thick. The diameter of the circle is about 15 mm, the diameter of the hole in it is 3 mm. Put a brand new, shiny steel nail 50-60 mm long on the soap washer and tie the ends of the elastic band over this nail with a reliable knot. By turning the nail, we start the crawler coil until a piece of a match begins to scroll on the other side.

Let's put the coil on the floor. The elastic band, unwinding, will carry the coil, and the end of the nail will slide along the floor! No matter how simple this toy, I knew the guys who made several of these “creeps” at once and arranged whole “tank battles”. The coil that crushed another under itself, or knocked it over, or threw it off the table, won. The “defeated” were removed from the “battlefield”. Having played enough with the crawler coil, remember that this is not just a toy, but a scientific instrument.

scientific explanation

Where is the friction here? Let's start with a piece of a match. When we wind up the rubber band, it stretches and presses the chip more and more firmly against the cheek of the coil. There is friction between the fragment and the cheek. If this friction did not exist, the match fragment would rotate completely freely and the crawler coil would not be able to start even one revolution at all! And to make it start even better, we make a hollow for a match in the cheek. So friction is useful here. It helps the work of the mechanism we have made.

And with the other cheek of the coil, the situation is quite the opposite. Here the nail should rotate as easily as possible, as freely as possible. The easier it slides on the cheek, the farther the creeping coil will go. So friction is bad here. It interferes with the operation of the mechanism. It needs to be reduced. That is why a soap washer is placed between the cheek and the nail. It reduces friction, it acts as a lubricant.

Now consider the edges of the cheeks. These are the "wheels" of our toy, they are serrated with a knife. For what? Yes, so that they better adhere to the floor, so that they create friction, do not “slip”, as machinists and drivers say. Here friction is useful!

Yes, they have such a word. Indeed, in rain or ice, the wheels of the locomotive slip, scroll on the rails, it cannot take a heavy train from its place. The driver has to turn on a device that pours sand onto the rails. For what? Yes, to increase friction. And when braking in ice, sand also pours onto the rails. Otherwise, you won't stop! And on the wheels of the car when driving on a slippery road put on special chains. They also increase friction: they improve the grip of the wheels on the road.

Recall that friction stops a car when it runs out of gas. But if there were no friction of the wheels on the road, the car would not be able to move even with a full tank of gasoline. Its wheels would spin, skid, as if on ice!

Finally, the crawler coil has friction in one more place. This is the friction of the end of the nail on the floor, along which it crawls after the coil. This friction is harmful. It interferes, it delays the movement of the coil. But it's hard to do anything here. Is that to grind the end of the nail with a fine sandpaper. No matter how simple our toy, it helped to figure it out.

Where parts of the mechanism must move, friction is harmful and must be reduced. And where parts must not move, where good adhesion is needed, friction is useful and must be increased.

And friction is needed in the brakes. The crawler does not have them, she barely crawls anyway. And all true wheeled vehicles have brakes: without brakes, it would be too dangerous to drive.(9)

Experience number 2.« Wheel on the hill»

Materials: cardboard or thick paper, plasticine, paints (to color the wheel)

Sequencing

You rarely see a wheel roll up by itself. But we will try to make such a miracle. We glue the wheel from cardboard or thick paper. On the inside, stick a hefty piece of plasticine somewhere in one place.

Ready? Now let's put the wheel on an inclined plane (hill) so that a piece of plasticine is at the top and a little from the side of the rise. If you now release the wheel, then due to the additional load, it will quietly roll up! (2)

Indeed it is going up. And then completely stops on the slope. Why? Remember the toy Vanka-vstanka. When Vanka is deflected, trying to put him down, the center of gravity of the toy rises. That's how she's made. So he strives for a position in which his center of gravity is located below everything, and ... gets up. For us it looks paradoxical.

The same with the wheel on the hill.

scientific explanation

When we stick plasticine, we shift the center of gravity of the object so that it will quickly return to a state of equilibrium (minimum potential energy, the lowest position of the center of gravity) by rolling upwards. And then, when this state is reached, it stops altogether.

In both cases, there is a sinker inside the volume of low density (we have plasticine), as a result of which the toy tends to take a position strictly defined by the design, due to a shift in the center of gravity.

Everything in the world strives for a state of balance. (2)

1. Experiments and devices on the topic "Hydrostatics"

Experience No. 1 "Carthusian diver"

Materials: bottle, pipette (or matches weighted with wire), diver figurine (or any other)

Sequencing

This entertaining experience is about three hundred years old. It is attributed to the French scientist René Descartes (in Latin, his surname is Cartesius). The experience was so popular that they created a toy based on it, which they called the "Carthusian diver." The device was a glass cylinder filled with water, in which a figure of a man floated vertically. The figurine was in the upper part of the vessel. When the rubber film covering the top of the cylinder was pressed, the figurine slowly sank down to the bottom. When they stopped pressing, the figure rose up. (8)

Let's make this experiment simpler: a pipette will play the role of a diver, and an ordinary bottle will serve as a vessel. Fill the bottle with water, leaving two or three millimeters to the edge. Take a pipette, draw some water into it and lower the bottle into the neck. It should be at or slightly above the level of the water in the bottle with its upper rubber end. In this case, it is necessary to achieve that, from a slight push with your finger, the pipette sinks, and then it itself rises again. Now, placing your thumb or the soft part of your hand on the neck of the bottle so as to close its opening, press on the layer of air that is above the water. The pipette will go to the bottom of the bottle. Release the pressure of your finger or palm and it will pop up again. We compressed the air in the neck of the bottle a little, and this pressure was transferred to the water.(9)

If at the beginning of the experiment the "diver" does not obey you, then you need to adjust the initial amount of water in the pipette.

scientific explanation

When the pipette is at the bottom of the bottle, it is easy to see how, from increased pressure on the air in the neck of the bottle, water enters the pipette, and when the pressure is released, it leaves it.

This device can be improved by pulling a piece of a bicycle tube or film from a balloon over the neck of the bottle. Then it will be easier to manage our "diver". Along with the pipette, we also had divers made of matches. Their behavior is easily explained by Pascal's laws. (four)

Experience number 2. Siphon - "Tantala Vase"

Materials: rubber tube, transparent vase, container (into which water will go),

Sequencing

At the end of the last century, there was a toy called the Tantalum Vase. She, like the famous "Carthusian Diver", enjoyed great success with the public. This toy was also based on a physical phenomenon - on the action of a siphon, a tube from which water flows even when its bent part is above the water level. It is only important that the tube is first filled with water.

In the manufacture of this toy, you will have to use your skills as a sculptor.

But where does such a strange name come from - "Tantala Vase"? There is a Greek myth about the Lydian king Tantalus, who was condemned by Zeus to eternal torment. He had to suffer from hunger and thirst all the time: standing in the water, he could not get drunk. The water teased him, rising to the very mouth, but as soon as Tantalus leaned a little towards her, she instantly disappeared. After some time, the water appeared again, disappeared again, and so it continued all the time. The same thing happened with the fruits of the trees, with which he could satisfy his hunger. The branches instantly moved away from his hands as soon as he wanted to pick the fruit.

So, on the episode with water, with its periodic appearance and disappearance, the toy that we can make is based. Take a plastic vessel from under the cake packaging, and drill a small hole in the bottom. If you do not have such a vessel, then you will have to take a liter jar and very carefully drill a hole in its bottom with a drill. With the help of round files, the hole in the glass can be gradually enlarged to the desired size.

Before sculpting a Tantalus figurine, make a device for releasing water. A rubber tube is tightly inserted into the hole in the bottom of the vessel. Inside the vessel, the tube is bent in a loop, its end reaches the very bottom, but does not rest against the bottom. The upper part of the loop should be at the chest level of the future Tantalus figurine. After making notes on the tube, for ease of use, remove it from the vessel. Stick around the loop with plasticine and give it the shape of a rock. And in front of it, place a figure of Tantalus molded from plasticine. It is necessary that Tantalus stands at full height with his head tilted to the future water level and with his mouth open. No one knows how the mythical Tantalum was represented, so do not skimp on your imagination, even if it looks like a caricature. But in order for the figurine to stand steadily at the bottom of the vessel, fashion it in a wide, long robe. Let the end of the tube, which will be in the vessel, peek out imperceptibly near the bottom of the plasticine rock.

When everything is ready, place the vessel on a board with a hole for the pipe, and place a vessel under the pipe to drain the water. Drape these devices so that it is not visible where the water disappears. When pouring water into the Tantalum jar, adjust the jet to be thinner than the jet that will flow out.(4)

scientific explanation

We have an automatic siphon. Water gradually fills the jar. The rubber tube is also filled to the very top of the loop. When the tube is full, water will begin to flow out and will flow out until its level is below the outlet of the tube at the feet of Tantalus.

The outflow stops and the vessel is filled again. When the entire tube is filled with water again, the water will begin to flow out again. And this will continue as long as a trickle of water flows into the vessel. (9)

Experience number 3.« Water in the sieve»

Materials: bottle with cap, needle (to make holes in the bottle)

Sequencing

When the cork is not opened, the atmosphere forces the water out of the bottle, which has tiny holes in it. But if you tighten the cork, only the pressure of the air in the bottle acts on the water, and its pressure is low and the water does not pour out! (9)

scientific explanation

This is one of the experiments that demonstrates atmospheric pressure.

Experience number 4.« The simplest fountain»

Materials: glass tube, rubber tube, container.

Sequencing

In order to build a fountain, take a plastic bottle with a cut off bottom or glass from a kerosene lamp, pick up a cork that closes the narrow end. We will make a through hole in the cork. It can be drilled, turned with a faceted awl or burned with a hot nail. A glass tube, bent in the shape of the letter "P" or a plastic tube, should fit tightly into the hole.

Clamp the opening of the tube with your finger, turn the bottle or lamp glass upside down and fill it with water. When you open the exit from the tube, water will pour out of it in a fountain. It will work until the water level in the large vessel is equal to the open end of the tube.(3)

scientific explanation

I made a fountain working on the property of communicating vessels .

Experience number 5.« Swimming bodies»

Materials: plasticine.

Sequencing

I know that on bodies immersed in liquid or gas, you-tal-ki-va-yu-shaya force acts. But not all bodies float in water. For example, if a piece of plasticine is thrown into water, it will sink. But if you make a boat out of it, it will float. On this model, you can study the navigation of ships.

Experience number 6. "Drop of Oil"

Materials: alcohol, water, vegetable oil.

Everyone knows that if you drop oil on water, it will spread in a thin layer. But I put a drop of oil in a state of weightlessness. Knowing the laws of floating bodies, I created the conditions under which a drop of oil takes an almost spherical shape and is inside the liquid.

scientific explanation

Bodies float in a liquid if their density is less than the density of the liquid. In a three-dimensional figure of a boat, the average density is less than the density of water. The density of oil is less than the density of water, but greater than the density of alcohol, so if you carefully pour alcohol into water, the oil sinks in alcohol, but floats at the interface between liquids. Therefore, I placed a drop of oil in a state of weightlessness, and it takes on an almost spherical shape. (6)

1. Experiments and devices on the topic "Thermal phenomena"

Experience number 1. "Convection currents"

Materials: paper kite, heat source.

Sequencing

There is a cunning snake in the world. She feels the movement of air currents better than people. Now we will check whether the air in a closed room is really so still.

scientific explanation

The cunning snake really notices what people do not see. She feels when the air rises. With the help of convection - air flows move: warm air rises. He spins the cunning snake. Convection currents constantly surround us in nature. In the atmosphere, convection currents are winds, the water cycle in nature. (9)

2.5 Experiments and devices on the topic "Light phenomena"

Experience number 1.« Pinhole camera»

Materials: cylindrical box from Pringles chips, thin paper.

Sequencing

A small camera obscura is easy to make from a tin can, or even better, from a cylindrical box of Pringles chips. On the one hand, a neat hole is pierced with a needle, on the other, the bottom is sealed with thin translucent paper. The camera obscura is ready.

But it's much more interesting to take real photos with the pinhole camera. In a matchbox painted with black paint, cut a small hole, seal it with foil and pierce a tiny hole no more than 0.5 mm in diameter with a needle.

Pass the film through the matchbox, sealing all the cracks so as not to light the frames. The "lens", that is, a hole in the foil, needs to be sealed with something or tightly covered, simulating a shutter. (09)

scientific explanation

The camera obscura works on the laws of geometric optics.

2.6 Experiments and devices on the topic "Electrical phenomena"

Experience number 1.« Electric coward»

Materials: plasticine (to fashion a coward's head), ebonite shelves

Sequencing

Make a plasticine head with the most frightened face you can, and put this head on a fountain pen (of course, closed). Fix the handle in some kind of stand. From a stanol wrapper from processed cheese, tea, chocolate, make a cap for a coward and glue it to the plasticine head. "Hair" cut from tissue paper into strips of 2-3 mm wide and 10 centimeters long and glue to the hat. These paper braids will hang in a mess.

Now electrify the stick well and bring it to the coward. He is terribly afraid of electricity; the hair on his head stirred, Touch the cotton cap with a stick. Even run the sticks sideways along the free section of the frame. The horror of the electric coward will reach its limit: his hair will stand on end! scientific explanation

Experiments with a coward showed that electricity can not only attract, but also repel. There are two types of electricity "+" and "-". What is the difference between positive and negative electricity? Charges of the same name repel, and opposite charges attract.(5)

CONCLUSION

All the phenomena observed during entertaining experiments have a scientific explanation, for this we used the fundamental laws of physics and the properties of the matter around us - the laws of hydrostatics and mechanics, the law of straightness of light propagation, reflection, electromagnetic interactions.

In accordance with the task set, all experiments were carried out using only cheap, small-sized improvised materials; during their implementation, home-made devices were made, including a device for demonstrating electrification. The experiments are safe, visual, simple in design.

Conclusion:

Analyzing the results of entertaining experiments, I was convinced that school knowledge is quite applicable to solving practical problems.

I have done various experiments. As a result of observation, comparison, calculations, measurements, experiments, I observed the following phenomena and laws:

Natural and forced convection, Archimedes force, floating of bodies, inertia, stable and unstable equilibrium, Pascal's law, atmospheric pressure, communicating vessels, hydrostatic pressure, friction, electrization, light phenomena.

I liked to make homemade devices, to conduct experiments. But there are many interesting things in the world that you can still learn, so in the future:

I will continue to study this interesting science;

I hope that my classmates will be interested in this problem, and I will try to help them;

In the future, I will conduct new experiments.

It is interesting to watch the experience conducted by the teacher. Conducting it yourself is doubly interesting. And to conduct an experiment with a device made and designed by one's own hands is of great interest to the whole class. In such experiments, it is easy to establish a relationship and draw a conclusion about how a given installation works.

List of studied literature and Internet resources

M.I. Bludov "Conversations in Physics", Moscow, 1974.

A. Dmitriev "Grandfather's Chest", Moscow, "Divo", 1994

L. Galperstein "Hello, physics", Moscow, 1967

L. Galperstein "Funny Physics", Moscow, "Children's Literature", 1993

F.V. Rabiz "Funny Physics", Moscow, "Children's Literature", 2000.

ME AND. Perelman "Entertaining tasks and experiments", Moscow, "Children's literature" 1972.

A. Tomilin "I want to know everything", Moscow, 1981

Magazine "Young Technician"

//class-fizika.spb.ru/index.php/opit/659-op-davsif

Burdenkov Semyon and Burdenkov Yuri

Making a device with your own hands is not only a creative process that encourages you to show your ingenuity and ingenuity. In addition, during the manufacturing process, and even more so when demonstrating it in front of a class or the whole school, the manufacturer receives a lot of positive emotions. The use of home-made devices in the classroom develops a sense of responsibility and pride in the work done, proves its importance.

Download:

Preview:

Municipal state educational institution

Kukuy basic comprehensive school №25

Project

Do-it-yourself physical device

Completed by: 8th grade student

MKOU OOSH №25

Burdenkov Yu.

Head: Davydova G.A.,

Physics teacher.

1. Introduction.
2. Main part.

1. Purpose of the device;
2. tools and materials;
3. Device manufacturing;
4. General view of the device;

1. Conclusion.
2. Bibliography.

1. Introduction.

In order to put the necessary experience, you need to have instruments and measuring instruments. And do not think that all devices are made in factories. In many cases, research facilities are built by the researchers themselves. At the same time, it is considered that the most talented researcher is the one who can put experience and get good results not only on complex, but also on simpler instruments. Complex equipment is reasonable to use only in cases where it is impossible to do without it. So do not neglect home-made devices - it is much more useful to make them yourself than to use purchased ones.

GOAL:

Make a device, installation in physics to demonstrate physical phenomena with your own hands.

Explain the principle of operation of this device. Demonstrate the operation of this device.

TASKS:

Make devices that are of great interest to students.

Make devices missing from the laboratory.

Make devices that cause difficulty in understanding theoretical material in physics.

HYPOTHESIS:

The made device, installation in physics for demonstrating physical phenomena with your own hands, apply in the lesson.

In the absence of this device in the physical laboratory, this device will be able to replace the missing installation when demonstrating and explaining the topic.

1. Main part.

1. Purpose of the device.

The device is designed to observe the expansion of air and liquid when heated.

1. Tools and materials.

Ordinary bottle, rubber stopper, glass tube, the outer diameter of which is 5-6mm. Drill.

1. Device manufacturing.

Make a hole in the cork with a drill so that the tube fits snugly into it. Next, pour tinted water into the bottle to make it easier to observe. We put a scale on the neck. Then insert the cork into the bottle so that the tube in the bottle is below the water level. The device is ready for the experiment!

1. General view of the device.

1. Features of the demonstration of the device.

To demonstrate the device, you need to grab the neck of the bottle with your hand and wait a while. We will see that the water starts to rise up the tube. This happens because the hand heats the air in the bottle. When heated, the air expands, presses on the water and displaces it. The experiment can be done with different amounts of water, and you will find that the level of rise will be different. If the bottle is completely filled with water, then you can already observe the expansion of water when heated. To verify this, you need to lower the bottle into a vessel with hot water.

1. Conclusion.

It is interesting to watch the experience conducted by the teacher. Conducting it yourself is doubly interesting.

And to conduct an experiment with a device made and designed by one's own hands is of great interest to the whole class. In such experiments, it is easy to establish a relationship and draw a conclusion about how a given installation works.

1. Literature.

1. Teaching equipment for physics in high school. Edited by A.A. Pokrovsky "Enlightenment" 1973