Short form of adjectives
Short form of adjectives is inherent only in qualitative adjectives, relative and possessive adjectives do not have a short form. Qualitative adjectives can have not only attributive (full), but also predicative (short) forms: interesting- plot interesting, story interesting, work interesting, fairy tales interesting.
The short form of adjectives in modern Russian is predominantly bookish in nature, the full form is neutral.
The ratio of short and full forms of adjectives in Russian
From the point of view of the correspondence of lexical meanings, three types of correlations of full and short forms of adjectives can be distinguished:
- short and long forms that match in their own way lexical meaning: obedient baby - the baby is obedient, sultry day - day sultry, inflexible character - character adamant;
- short and long forms in polysemantic words coincide only in separate meanings:
- the short form of the adjective differs from full value and is regarded as a semantic synonym:
In some cases, the meaning of the long and short forms is so divergent that they are perceived as different words: prominent artist - from the mountain visible garden, the weather was clear- the purpose of the trip was clear.
Notes
Literature
- A. I. Vlasenkov, L. M. Rybchenkova. Russian language. - M., "Enlightenment", 2000, ISBN 5-09-009509-4
- V. F. Grekov, S. E. Kryuchkov, L. A. Cheshko. A manual for classes in the Russian language. - M., "Enlightenment", 2000, ISBN 5-09-009535-3
Links
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See what "Short form of adjectives" is in other dictionaries:
short form- word change. indestructible variety of qualities. adj., contrast full (inclined) forms; cf. good good, huge huge. K F. do not have a case category, but change in numbers and genders (in the singular), and the endings of K. F ... Russian humanitarian encyclopedic dictionary
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§ 024-036. UNSTRICTED VOVONS IN SUFFIXES OF ADJECTIVES, PARTICIPIALS, VERBS- § 24. From the adjective suffix ev (soy, regional, key; cf. ruble) one should distinguish the suffix willows (gracious, cf. lazy) with its derivatives liv and chiv, for example: picky, arrogant, caring, talkative. § 25. In ... ... Russian spelling rules
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short adjective (non-membered adjective, short form of the adjective, nominal form of the adjective). A qualitative adjective that has a zero ending in the masculine singular, the ending -а(-я) and -о(-е), respectively, in the singular of the feminine and neuter gender, -ы(-и) in the plural of all genders and is used mainly in the function of the predicate. new, new, new, new; good, good, good, good. Some quality adjectives do not form a short form (brotherly, efficient, advanced, skillful, blue, brown, etc.). Separate adjectives allow two short forms (in -em and in -enei): natural - natural, characteristic - characteristic, identical - identical, related - related in modern language the first ones are more common (in each pair of forms). Some short adjectives do not semantically correlate with full ones. cf.: The girl is very alive. - Grandmother is still alive. This boy is deaf from birth. - The father is deaf to his requests. The room was bad. - The patient is very bad. Short adjectives usually designate a temporary sign, while the full adjectives correlative with them indicate a permanent sign. cf.: His mother is sick. - His mother is sick. The faces of those present are calm. - The movements of the gymnasts are calm. Short adjectives have a tinge of categoricalness, while full ones express the sign in a softened form. cf.: he is brave - he is brave, she is stupid - she is stupid. Short adjectives are typical for book styles speech, and full ones are usually used in neutral and colloquial speech. cf.: The philosophical constructions of the materialists are clear and precise. - The student's answers are clear and precise. Who is guilty?(Herzen). Speak, who is to blame?(Pushkin).
Dictionary-reference linguistic terms. Ed. 2nd. - M.: Enlightenment. Rosenthal D. E., Telenkova M. A.. 1976 .
See what a "short adjective" is in other dictionaries:
short adjective- 1) One of the forms of the adjective. 2) The language tool used in various styles. Often found in scientific speech, where it expresses the constant properties of objects: In all these conditions, it is numerous. In officially business speech… … Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal
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- (membered adjective, full form of the adjective, pronominal form of the adjective). Qualitative adjectives that have the endings th (oh), oh, oh, th after the stem into a solid consonant (kind, light, sick), y, ya, her, ie after ... ...
Same as short adjective... Dictionary of linguistic terms
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Suffix 1. A word-building unit that stands out in the prepositive element of the combination, the second element of which is an adverb on o or a short adjective (white is white, red is red, full is full, dark is dark, black is black, etc.), ... ...
Suffix; \u003d ym A word-building unit that stands out in the prepositive element of the combination, the second element of which is an adverb on o or a short adjective (white is white, red is red, full is full, dark is dark, black is black, etc.) ... Modern dictionary Russian language Efremova
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Books
- , Kamyanova Tatyana Grigorievna. The book contains short description basic grammar rules in English and 750 various lexical and grammatical exercises for the formation and consolidation of usage skills ...
- Collection of exercises to the basic rules of English grammar for schoolchildren with keys, Kamyanova T.G.
Every student knows about it. However, not everyone knows the spelling rules of this part of speech, as well as which groups it is divided into, etc.
general information
It is a part of speech that names the properties and qualities of objects (for example, old armchair), events ( incredible incident), states ( strong feeling ) and other phenomena of the surrounding world ( Hard childhood). In addition, the adjective indicates that the object belongs to someone ( mother's bag, fox hole).
Main types
Depending on how the adjective is designated and what feature it has, as well as what grammatical properties it has, this part of speech is divided into the following groups:
- relative;
- quality;
- possessive.
Relative adjectives
Such a group describes the properties of any sign, action or object through its relation to another sign, action or object.
Here are some examples: bookshelf, children's fun, destructive power, brazil nuts, double whammy, religious beliefs, etc.
Quality adjectives
Such a group has its own characteristics, namely:
- Indicates signs of objects: age (old), the size (sick), speed (fast), Colour (blue), human properties (evil), score (normal), physical properties (strong, dense, thick, etc.).
- Forms such as excellent ( strongest, thinnest, most important, most important) and comparative ( stronger, thinner, more important, etc.).
- have short forms (for example, fast, fat, mighty etc.). It should be especially noted that short adjectives may not be formed from all qualitative ones.
Possessive adjectives
Adjectives of this group answer the question "whose?", and also indicate that something belongs to an animal ( hare hole, cow's milk) or person ( dad's wallet, Petya's car). It should also be noted that all possessive adjectives are formed from animate nouns using suffixes such as -nin, -in, -y, -ev, -ov.
Here are some examples: grandfather - grandfather; father - fathers, etc.
short name adjective
In addition to the division into relative, qualitative and possessive groups, this part of speech also differs in special forms. So, in Russian there are:
- brief;
- full adjectives.
Moreover, the first are formed by a kind of reduction of the second. To understand what features short adjectives have, you should consider all the rules regarding their formation and spelling. After all, only this information will allow you to correctly use this part of speech in writing a text or in an oral conversation.
endings
adjectives in short form in the singular have the following generic endings:
- Feminine - ending -a. Here are some examples: new, thin, strong, thin, etc.
- Masculine - zero ending. Here are some examples: strong, strong, thin, new, beautiful, etc.
- neuter - ending -o or -e (beautiful, strong, strong, new, bad, skinny, etc.).
In the plural, there are no gender differences in this part of speech in this particular form. Thus, all short adjectives have endings -and or -s (strong, strong, beautiful, new, graceful, skinny, etc.).
Features of the short form
As you can see, this part of speech can be declined by gender and number. However, it should be remembered that short adjectives never change by case. In a sentence, such members usually act as a predicate.
Let's give an example: She is very smart. In this case, the word "smart" is a short adjective that acts as a predicate.
It should also be noted that some types of this part of speech with several lexical meanings can form a short form only in some of them. For example, the word "poor" does not have a short adjective if it means "wretched, miserable." In addition, some adjectives also cannot have a full form. Such words include should, glad, love and much.
What is the difference from full?
They have a short form only. Their difference from the full ones lies in the definition of morphological features. That is, as mentioned above, this form of the presented part of speech does not change in cases, but is declined only in number and gender. In addition, short adjectives differ from full ones in their syntactic role. So, in a sentence, they act not as a definition, but in or as part of it. Although in some cases they are still referred to as a definition. Most often, this phenomenon is observed in phraseological turns or in works folk art(for example, n and a bare foot, in broad daylight, a beautiful girl, a good fellow, etc..).
Spelling of short adjectives
To correctly use the short forms of adjectives, you should definitely study the rules for their spelling.
Formation of short adjectives
Short forms from full forms. This happens by adding generic endings to them:
- zero or male;
- medium (-e or -o);
- feminine (-i or -a).
In addition, short adjectives can be plural (ending -ы or -и) or singular. So how are these forms formed? These rules are very simple:
The ratio of full and short forms of adjectives
From the point of view of lexical meanings, 3 types of ratios of short and full forms of adjectives are distinguished:
1. Coincident in lexical meaning (for example, good day and good day beautiful baby and beautiful baby).
2. Coincide only in individual values:
- "Fake" means "fake". In this case, there is no short form.
- "Fake" in the meaning of "insincere". In this case, the short form will be "false".
- "Poor" in the meaning of "unfortunate". In this case, there is no short form.
- "Poor" in the meaning of "poor". In this case, the short form would be "poor".
3. The short form is considered as a semantic synonym and differs from the full one in its meaning:
- the short form denotes a temporary sign, and the long form denotes a permanent one (for example, the baby is sick and the baby is sick);
- the short form indicates an excessive manifestation of a trait (for example, old grandmother or old grandmother);
- the full form indicates an irrelevant sign, and the short form indicates a relation to something (for example, dress tight and dress narrow).
- in some cases, the meanings of both forms of adjectives are so divergent that they are used and perceived as completely different words (for example, the purpose of the journey was quite clear and the weather was clear).
Adjective, we know from primary school. But how it is written in some cases is already forgotten. Let's remember this, and at the same time the semantic, morphological and syntactic principles of writing.
Adjective as a part of speech
The adjective is not a simple part of speech: it indicates the properties of an object, its qualities, describes what events and states can be. Moreover, the text, if present, becomes bright and saturated.
The change occurs in gender, number and case, depending on the name of the noun to which it refers. For example, " big table": in this case, the noun "table" is masculine, used in the nominative case and singular; "big" has the same characteristics.
Varieties
There is a full and short form of the adjective. The possessive adjective has only the full form. A short adjective answers the question: what? what? what is it? what are A quality adjective has both forms. It is noteworthy that since ancient times Slavic languages only short ones were used. It was from them that the complete modern forms parts of speech. At present, the use of the full form of the word in Russian is neutral. A short one is mainly used in literary vocabulary.
The short form of the adjective changes in the singular by gender and number. Take, for example, the word "beautiful". In the masculine gender, it has a zero ending. With a certain change, the following words are obtained:
- beautiful - feminine singular;
- beautiful - neuter singular;
- beautiful is plural.
The short form of the adjective does not change by case. Only some words in this form have case changes in phraseological units. An example of such a change would be expressions such as "on bare feet"; lines from the songs: "Green wine ordered to pour." From the point of view of the syntactic function in sentences, a short adjective is included in the compound nominal predicate and is part of it. For example: he is slender, he is kind.
In this case, it is only quality name adjective. Relatives do not occur in short form. You can try to make relative words like "copper" or "washing" shorter. Nothing will work.
Possessive adjectives with the suffixes -in-, -yn-, -ij are usually in the short form in the singular nominative case(daddy, daddy's spring). In these cases, the ending coincides with the similar part of the word for nouns (spring is a noun, it has the ending -a; daddy is a possessive adjective also with the ending -a).
In order to accurately know where it is necessary or not at all necessary to put a soft sign, one should only determine the form of the adjective. But in short form after a hissing consonant soft sign it is not written: "burning - burning, hot - hot."
The short form of an adjective is very often confused with an adverb. In such cases, it is necessary to determine what the word agrees with. If it agrees with a noun, then it is an adjective. And if it refers to the verb - in this case, there is an adverb. For example: "a heavy burden" and "breathed heavily." The question of which adjective is characterized by a short form can be answered as follows: a qualitative one with a zero ending, if it is masculine singular, the same words that have endings -а/-я and -о/-е in the feminine and neuter gender in singular.
Use in text
They are used in the text in cases where the author needs a certain amount of categoricalness, since it is this connotation that adjectives in a short form have. This quality is not characteristic of full adjectives, since they significantly soften any quality of the subject. For example, they say about a person that "he is brave." This sounds assertive, but very mild. But the phrase "the guy dared" does not tolerate absolutely no objections.
Short forms of adjectives are formed from the full form. In the masculine gender, a zero ending is added, for example, in the word "deaf" only the stem should be left, the masculine gender is obtained - "deaf" ("When I eat, I am deaf and dumb").
Shades
The full and short forms of adjectives are different from each other: shades of meanings, emotional coloring, ways of formation. Some of them have a fluent vowel o-e. You can compare "low" and "low" derived from it. A similar example: "terrible" - "terrible".
Which adjective "proper" (short form) refers to was discussed above, but which of them do not have this form, it is worth considering. So, there are no short forms for adjectives denoting the suit of animals (black, bay, gray) and colors (blue, brown, orange, etc.); verbal words with the suffix -l- (obsolete - obsolete), with the suffixes -sk- and -ov- (soldier, combat).
The short form of the adjective "peculiar" will have such forms. Singular: inherent, peculiar, peculiar; plural: inherent.
signs
Adjectives have a number of differences and features. The full form determines constancy in the sign, and the short one expresses only the sign that appears at a particular moment, besides, they have no case and declension. Two phrases can be compared: a sick child, a sick child.
The full and short forms of adjectives have significant differences in their function in the sentence.
- Complete - agreed definitions.
- Brief - part of the predicate.
The category of completeness / brevity is realized only in the category of qualitative adjectives and is formed by contrasting two forms - full and short - of the same adjective: white - white; old is old.
The short form is formed by adding to the base positive degree endings: Ø for masculine, - and I for women - o/-e for the average, - s / -i for plural (deep-Ø , deep-a, deep-o, deep-and).
If at the end of the stem there is a combination of consonants with<н>or<к>, then during the formation of the form m.r. a "runaway" vowel appears ( thin - thin, full - full). For adjectives with bases in -enn (such as painful, artificial, frivolous, numerous) in the form of m.r. truncation occurs -n (painful (cf. painful), artificial).
A short form is not formed from quality adjectives that
1) have suffixes characteristic of relative adjectives - sk-, -ov- / -ev-, -n-: brown, coffee, fraternal;
2) denote the colors of animals: brown, black;
3) have suffixes of subjective assessment: tall, blue.
From adjective little the short form is formed with the truncation of the stem-forming suffix – enk - (small - small, few, small), but from the adjective large- suppletive (big - great, great, great, great).
Short form only have adjectives much, should, glad, necessary, too big, too small etc.
The short and long forms of the adjective differ in morphological, syntactic and semantic features. The short form does not change by case, in the sentence it appears mainly as the nominal part of the predicate (cases like red girl, white combustible stone are phraseologized archaic); the short form acts as a definition only in a separate syntactic position ( Angry at the whole world, he almost stopped leaving the house).
In the position of the predicate, the meaning of the full and short forms usually coincides, but some adjectives may have the following semantic differences between them:
1) the short form denotes an excessive manifestation of a sign with a negative assessment, cf.: short skirt - short skirt;
2) the short form denotes a temporary sign, the full one - permanent, cf .: the child is sick - the child is sick.
The short form always names the main feature of the subject. The full form can denote both an additional attribute of an object (the cheerful girl was beautiful) and the main attribute of the same object (the cheerful girl was beautiful).
Degrees of comparison of adjectives
Qualitative adjectives are characterized by an inflectional category of degrees of comparison, formed by the forms positive, comparative and excellent degrees (comparative called comparative, and the excellent superlative).
positive degree comparison is the original form of the adjective, in comparison with which the grammatical meaning of the comparative and superlative degrees is realized.
comparative adjective indicates that the characteristic expressed by the adjective is characteristic of this subject to a greater extent than for another ( Petyahigher Vasya; This riverdeeper than the other) or the same item in other circumstances ( Petya is taller than he was last year; The river is deeper here than there.).
Superlatives shows that the sign expressed by the adjective is characteristic of this subject to the highest degree in comparison with all compared objects ( most beautiful from gifts most tall house in the city).
Comparative and superlative forms can be synthetic and analytical.
1. Synthetic(simple) form of the comparative degree denotes a greater degree of manifestation of the trait and formed as follows: the basis of a positive degree + formative suffixes -her(s), -e, -she/-same (quicker, higher, earlier, deeper).
If there is an element at the end of the base of a positive degree to / OK, this segment is often truncated: deep - deep.
Some adjectives have suppletive, i.e., formed from another stem, forms: bad is worse, good is better.
When forming a simple comparative degree, a prefix can be attached on- (newer). Simple comparative degree with a prefix on- is used if the adjective occupies the position of an inconsistent definition ( Give me a new newspaper) and does not require the introduction into the sentence of what the given feature is compared with. If there is in the sentence both what is being compared and what is being compared, the prefix on- introduces a colloquial tone ( These shoes are newer than those).
Morphological features of a simple comparative degree are uncharacteristic of an adjective. This is
1) immutability,
2) the ability to control a noun,
3) use mainly in the function of the predicate ( He is taller than his father). A simple comparative degree can occupy the position of definition only in a separate position ( Much taller than the other students, he seemed almost an adult) or in a non-isolated position with a prefix on- in position after a noun ( Buy me fresher newspapers).
Analytical(compound) form of the comparative degree is formed with the help of auxiliary words more / less + positive degree ( more / less high).
The difference between a composite comparative degree and a simple one is as follows:
1) the composite comparative degree is wider in meaning, since it denotes not only a greater, but also a lesser degree of manifestation of a feature;
2) the composite comparative degree changes in the same way as the positive degree of comparison (initial form), i.e. by gender, number and case, and can also be in short form ( more handsome);
3) a composite comparative degree can be both predicate and non-isolated and separate definition (A less interesting article was presented in this journal. This article is less interesting than the previous one..)
2. The superlative degree of comparison, like the comparative, is simple and compound.
Synthetic The (simple) superlative form of the adjective is formed as follows: the stem of the positive degree + formative suffixes -aysh– / -aysh-(after k, g, x, causing alternation): good-eysh-th, Supreme
When forming a simple superlative degree of comparison, the prefix can be used nai-: kindest.
Morphological features of a simple superlative degree of comparison of adjectives: variability by gender, number, cases, the use of a definition and a predicate in the syntactic function. The simple superlative adjective does not have a short form.
Analytical The (compound) superlative form of adjectives is formed in three ways:
1) element the most + positive degree ( the smartest);
2) element most / least+ positive degree ( most/least smart);
3) simple comparative degree + element total / all (He was smarter than everyone).
The forms of the compound superlative degree, formed by the first and second methods, have morphological features characteristic of a positive degree, i.e. they change according to gender, numbers and cases, they can have a short form ( most convenient), act both as a definition and as a nominal part of the predicate. Compound superlative forms formed in the third way are invariable and act mainly as a nominal part of the predicate.
Not all qualitative adjectives have degrees of comparison, and the absence of simple forms of degrees of comparison is observed more often than the absence of compound forms.
3. Derivational "degrees of quality" do not denote the actual intensity of the feature, but its subjective assessment by the speaker: forest greenish . Are formed:
1) the addition of prefixes archi-, ultra-, super-, times-, pre-, all- (archi-modern, ultra-right, super-powerful, etc.);
2) by adding suffixes –ovat-/-evat-, -onk-/-enk-, -ohonk-/-yoshenk-, -usch-/-yushch-, -enn- (plump, bluish, long, hefty, etc.) d.);
3) repetition of the basics, often with a prefix in the second part (cute-cute, cheerful-cheerful).
Question 13. Adverb. Classes of adverbs by meaning. Words of the state category, their meaning, morphological features and syntactic function. Differentiation of homonymous forms of adjectives, adverbs and words of the state category.
Adverb - it is an independent part of speech denoting a sign of an action, another sign, a state, rarely an object. Adverbs are invariable (with the exception of qualitative adverbs in - about / -e) and syntactically adjoin verbs, adjectives, adverbs, as well as special words that name the states of living beings and environment (run fast, run very fast, run very fast).
In rare cases, an adverb can adjoin a noun: race run(noun has the meaning of action), soft-boiled egg, Warsaw coffee. In these cases, the adverb acts as an inconsistent definition.
The main morphological property of adverbs is their immutability - this is their constant morphological feature. However, qualitative adverbs in - about / -e, formed from qualitative adjectives, have degrees of comparison.
By virtue of its immutability, an adverb is associated with other words in a sentence by adjunction. In a sentence, it is usually a circumstance.
Some adverbs can act as a nominal part of predicates. Most often these are predicates of impersonal sentences ( Quiet on the sea), however, some adverbs can also serve as predicates of two-part sentences ( The conversation will be frank. She is married).
