INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER I. THE PLACE OF ELLIPSIS IN THE SYSTEM OF STYLISTIC DEVICES
1 DEFINITION OF THE CONCEPT OF ELLIPSIS
2 TYPES OF ELLIPTICAL OFFERS
3 ELLIPSIS IN QUESTION AND ANSWER UNITIES
4 CONCLUSIONS ON CHAPTER I
CHAPTER II. TRANSLATION OF ELLIPTICAL SENTENCES ON THE EXAMPLE OF SIDNEY SHELDON'S WORK "IF TOMORROW COME"
1 STYLISTIC FEATURES OF THE WORK
2 TYPES OF TRANSLATION TRANSFORMATIONS
3 ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES OF TRANSMISSION OF ELLIPTICAL SENTENCES FROM ENGLISH TO RUSSIAN
4 CONCLUSIONS ON CHAPTER II
CONCLUSION
LITERATURE
Introduction
Ellipsis is the deliberate omission of one of the main members of the sentence (subject, predicate, or part of the predicate). It is a characteristic colloquial speech and serves as a compensation for the dialogue between people and expresses their attitude to something.
Elliptical sentences and constructions are used not only in dialogue, dialogic unity, they can also be found in descriptions, in complex sentences, and also in newspaper headlines. The problem of the ellipse is one of the most controversial in linguistics, and one or another interpretation of it depends on the researcher's understanding of the essence of language units in general.
This thesis is made in line with modern linguistics and is devoted to the study of ellipsis in the work of Sidney Sheldon "If Tomorrow Comes".
Relevanceresearch topics is due to the need for a comprehensive theoretical consideration of the ellipsis, determining their status and ways of using them in sentences. Main goalThis thesis is to study the methods of translating elliptical structures based on the work of Sidney Sheldon "If Tomorrow Comes". To achieve the goal of theoretical and practical, we define the following tasks:
Consider the concept of ellipsis and types of elliptical structures; Learn how to translate elliptical structures; Analyze the translation of elliptical structures based on the work of Sidney Sheldon "If Tomorrow Comes". Thingstudies make up the lexico-semantic and grammatical features of elliptical sentences. objectThe study of this thesis is elliptical sentences from the work of Sidney Sheldon "If Tomorrow Comes". The following methods were used during the study: Analysis and interpretation of materials from various sources. material extraction method. Comparative comparative analysis of the text of the original and the text of the translation of the work "If Tomorrow Comes" into Russian. The method of quantitative calculations. Scientific noveltyresearch consists in the fact that the proposed work establishes the qualitative originality of elliptical constructions, their difference from incomplete sentences, as well as ways to translate them. Research materialelliptical sentences (178 examples) selected from Sidney Sheldon's novel "If Tomorrow Comes" served. The goals and objectives of the study determined its structure. The thesis consists of an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion and a list of references. The introduction indicates the goals and objectives of the study, the relevance of the study. The first chapter of the work entitled "The place of ellipsis in the system of stylistic devices" is devoted to the study of ellipsis. This chapter discusses the views of many authors. It also discusses the types of elliptical structures, sets out various points of view regarding the ellipsis in style. The second practical chapter discusses the types of translation transformations and the study of elliptical constructions based on the work of Sidney Sheldon. At the end, the results are summarized and conclusions are drawn. Chapter I. Place of the ellipsis in the system of stylistic devices 1 Definition of concept ellipse According to the definition given in the dictionary of linguistic terms by O.S. Akhman's ellipsis is the omission of an element (member) of an utterance that is easily restored in a given context or situation. An elliptical statement is a statement that, in contrast to the expanded one, has an abbreviated form and is used in specific situations, such as, for example, in fluent dialogic speech. Zh.A Golikova gives the following definition of "ellipsis" - the omission in the speech of any easily implied word, a member of a sentence. By definition L.L. Nelyubina ellipsis, or ellipse, is a stylistic figure that consists in skipping any implied element of a sentence. For example: Couldn't t come any sooner. Been on my feet since six o clock this morning. P.A. Lekant emphasizes that the ellipsis is the contraction of the verb phrase in the sentence, the elimination of the verb component (without replacing it in the context). Ellipsis is characteristic of a relatively small number of widely used groups of phrases in which the forms of subordinate words are uniform, and the dominant word belongs to a certain semantic group of verbs (for example, verbs of motion, etc.). Ellipsis is a typical phenomenon in conversation that occurs outside of the situation. But this typical feature of the spoken language takes on a new quality when used in the written language. It becomes a stylistic device because it supplies super-segmental information. Elliptical sentences in direct communication are not a stylistic device. This is a simple standard of spoken language. In cases where the ellipsis is used as a stylistic device, it always mimics the general features of the spoken language, where the situation predetermines not the omission of a certain member of the sentence, but their absence. Such proposals can be called "incomplete proposals". Thus the sentences are: "See you tomorrow." "Had a good time." they are typical in spoken language. Nothing is left out of them. In colloquial language, this is the norm of syntactic structure and they are called elliptical. Also in the book P.A. Lecant, we find the following statement: “The omission of logically necessary elements of the statement can take different forms and have different stylistic functions. This includes the use of one-part and incomplete sentences - ellipsis, unionlessness, silence. Also N.M. Raevskaya emphasizes that ellipsis in sentence structure is a natural process in linguistic development present as a normal process in many languages. In traditional grammar, the term elliptical sentences refers to sentences with an omitted subject or predicate. Some grammars include sentences with omitted minor members of the sentence as elliptical sentences. Because of which it is omitted as an implied element in elliptical sentences: 1)directly from the context, for example: How was the play?" she inquired.
"Very good," returned Hurstwood.(Dreiser) "Cold., isn't it?" said the early guest. "Rather".(Dreiser) 2)Relating to the full grammatical constructions of the given part, for example: "Doing well, I suppose?" "Excellent." "Glad to hear it."(Dreiser) Ellipsis are structures or even parts of structures that can be easily found when analyzing sentences. It seems more appropriate to consider the ellipsis as a stylistic category. Indeed, in dialogic speech we have not the omission of any member of the sentence, but its natural absence. In other words, in live colloquial dialogical speech there is no conscious literary processing of the facts of the language. But, being transferred to another environment, from the oral colloquial type of speech to the literary and bookish written type of speech, such an absence of any member of the sentence is a conscious fact. I.R. Galperin in his work notes that ellipsis is a typical phenomenon in conversation, stemming from the situation. But this typical feature of the spoken language takes on a new quality when used in the written language. It becomes a stylistic device because it provides super-segmental information. A short sentence in direct communication is not a stylistic device. It's just the norm of the spoken language. Ellipsis, when used as a stylistic device, always mimics the general features of spoken language, where the situation predetermines not the omission of any member of the sentence, but their absence. At the same time, ellipsis in linguistics is the intentional omission of non-essential words in a sentence without distorting its meaning, and often to enhance the meaning and effect. Elliptical revolutions are a completely legalized norm of oral colloquial speech. A sentence like "Where to?" as the question asked to the interlocutor after the message of the last "I" m leaving tomorrow "is the norm of the language and is not a special expressive means of the language. This is the norm of the oral type of speech. But the elliptical turn can become a stylistic device under certain conditions. According to many authors, including M.K. Latyshev's problem of ellipsis is one of the most controversial in linguistics, and one or another interpretation of it depends on the researcher's understanding of the essence of language units in general. For the traditional school-normative grammar of the English language, it seemed undoubted that any sentence is characterized, first of all, by the presence of a subject-predicate structure, and that any apparent deviation from this structure should be explained as an ellipse phenomenon, i.e., "omission" or "implication" of those or other elements of the sentence structure. In the course of the work, it was found that ellipsis is understood as the deliberate omission of any member of the sentence in the literary and written type of speech. Consequently, not every omission of the members of a sentence acts as a stylistic device, but only one that appears in the literary-written type of speech. I.R. Galperin puts forward his theory, opposite to the opinion of most authors: The term "ellipsis" does not refer to incomplete sentences that are characteristic of the oral type of speech, since nothing is omitted here. The term "incomplete sentences", although inadequately expressing the essence of the phenomenon, nevertheless more accurately characterizes the structural type of the sentence inherent in oral speech than the term "ellipsis". Ellipsis applies only to such cases, where there is not the absence of any member of the sentence (understandable from the situation of the utterance), but the deliberate omission of any member of the sentence for certain stylistic purposes. For example: See you tomorrow! Had a good time?"t do. say that! In such sentences, there are no various members of the sentence. The absence of sentence members in the above examples is due to various reasons. For example, in the first two examples, the absence of the subject and part of the predicate is due to the situation in which communication takes place and which allows this kind of construction. In the third example, the absence of a subject is caused by some negligence, which is typical for oral live communication in general. The last example is caused by the excited state of the speaker, as evidenced by the exclamation mark, which graphically suggests the appropriate intonational design of the excited utterance. A P.A. Lekant believes that sentences are incomplete if any member (or group of members) is missing; its omission is confirmed by the presence of dependent words in the composition of the sentence, as well as data from the context or situation of speech. The reasons that caused the omission can no longer be identical to those that cause the absence of individual members of the sentence in live colloquial speech. Here the omission, although based on a typical one in colloquial speech, pursues the goal of consciously influencing the reader. In other words, if the absence of sentence members in live colloquial speech does not have the goal of influencing the reader and listener, but only characterizes either the conditions in which communication takes place, or the internal state of the speaker, then in this case, i.e. when we are dealing with stylistic device, there is another quality, namely, a pre-planned and realized emotional impact on the reader. Another example: King stalked round them impatiently, but they took no note for the world was theirs. The earth and everything it held, and the beauties of the earth, the kind and the warm things. In the definitions of an ellipsis, the method of omission is important. The technique of omission is understood as the refusal to transfer semantically redundant words in the translation, the meaning of which is irrelevant or easily restored in the context. Along with this, the omission of the subject (often together with a linking verb), the nominal part of the predicate or auxiliary verb is the most common form of the colloquial ellipse. For example: Ellie:...Are you very rich? Captain Shotover:no. living from hand to mouth. (B. Shaw. Heartbreak House.) Unlike German, in which the pronominal subject is omitted only in some cases - in emotionally elevated speech in the appropriate context, in English, this is a typical phenomenon of colloquial speech in general, and not just emotionally elevated. Some of these elliptical turns have already been fixed in social practice and are used in the form of a kind of stamps of colloquial speech. (E.g. Glad to meet you. Most proper.) In other words, they are not created anew, but are repeated in speech and thus approach, to some extent, phraseological units. At the same time, the technique of omission is directly opposite to addition and involves the refusal to transfer semantically redundant words in translation, the meanings of which turn out to be irrelevant or are easily restored in context. An example of semantic redundancy is the use in English of the so-called "paired synonyms" - words used in parallel with a similar meaning. This phenomenon is unusual for the Russian language, and when translating one of the synonyms, as a rule, is omitted: just and equitable treatment - a fair attitude, The treaty was pronounced null and void. - The agreement was declared invalid, The proposal was rejected and repudiated. - The offer was rejected, The government resorted to force and violence. - The government resorted to violence. Redundant elements in the text are not reduced to paired synonyms. Other parts of the statement can also be omitted in translation: So I paid my check and all. Then I left the bar and went out where the telephones were. - I paid and went to the machines. But at the same time, the technique of omission may not be associated with the desire to eliminate redundant elements of the original. One of the reasons for its use may be the excessive specificity of the English text, expressed in the use of numerals, names of measures and weights, etc. where content is not sufficiently motivated: About a gallon of water was dripping down my neck, getting all over my collar and tie. - Water poured down my collar, my whole tie got wet, my whole collar. Another consideration in favor of deletion is the need to compress the text as much as possible during translation, given that during the translation process, various additions, explanations and descriptions used by the translator can significantly increase the volume of the translation compared to the original. Therefore, the translator, in order to balance this trend, seeks to reduce the total volume of the translated text, omitting redundant elements, where possible within the linguistic and stylistic norms of the target language. One can speak about the omission of one or another member only if it is verbally expressed in the context or is clear from the speech situation. In a sentence with a missing member, not only is there no continuity of syntactic links, but the system of syntactic relations is also broken. The simplest form of pass is unionlessness, or asyndeton. The omission of conjunctions may be dictated by the requirements of the rhythm. With long enumerations, he gives a rapid change of pictures or emphasizes the relevance of individual private impressions within the overall picture, it is impossible to list them all. In the linguistic literature, the term "elliptical sentences" is used in various meanings: it is used instead of the term "incomplete sentences"; denotes a variety of incomplete sentences; finally serves as the name of the type of sentences adjacent to the incomplete ones, similar to them. For written speech in English, the use of participles (turns) of gerund and infinitive turns plays a significant role. In contrast to the norms of the syntax of colloquial speech, written speech is characterized by the absence of elliptical constructions, if these elliptical turns do not carry a predetermined stylistic function. It can also be noted that nominative one-part sentences have a great expressive potential, since the nouns that are their main member combine the image of an object and the idea of its existence. They are used at the beginning of a novel or chapter, in the author's remarks at the beginning of plays, in any descriptions where the overall picture is made up of individual elements, as well as in dynamic narrative. Ellipsis can also be expressed in incomplete sentences. Incomplete sentences is a simple two-part sentence, the positional model of which is not fully expressed in verbal forms, i.e. one in which one or both main positions are negative. Missing elements are easily recovered in this context. Being especially characteristic of colloquial speech, the ellipse, even outside the dialogue, gives the utterance the intonation of live speech: dynamism, and sometimes some trusting simplicity. The omission of logically necessary elements of an utterance can take different forms and have different stylistic functions. This includes the use of one-part and incomplete sentences - ellipsis, non-union, silence. The doctrine of incomplete sentences reflects the difficulties and contradictions that arose in the interpretation of the sentence in general, in determining its grammatical nature. In the works of Russian linguists of the logical school, the scheme of the logical judgment "subject-copy-predicate" was adopted as a sample sentence. From this came the requirement of an obligatory three-part or two-part proposal. In both cases, the obligatory presence of the link in the sentence was assumed - some considered it an independent member, others included it in the predicate. The absence of a copula in the present tense form was considered an "omission", and any sentence that deviated from the ideal scheme "subject - copula - predicate" was considered incomplete. According to I.R. Galperin in the 18th century, the norms of the style of artistic speech do not allow the use of the characteristic features of the oral type of speech with its lively intonation, elliptical turns, non-conjunction and other typical features. It is enough to take as an example any passage from a work of art of the 18th century, in which the direct speech of a character is transmitted, to make sure that there is no difference between the norms of oral and written speech in them. Oral speech was usually adjusted to the norms of written speech. Therefore, the differences between indirect and direct speech were erased in the style of artistic speech. In modern English fiction, this technique has become widespread. However, the bulk of incomplete sentences in any research are sentences of dialogic speech, where all those forms that are easily guessed due to the context and situation are omitted. Very important for the development of the theory of incomplete sentences was the teaching of A.A. Shakhmatova about one-part and two-part sentences. He was the first to prove the existence in the Russian language of one-part sentences as an independent structural type, corresponding to the syntactic norm, on an equal footing with two-part sentences; singled out and described such types of complete one-component sentences as definitely personal, indefinitely personal, nominative (all of them were previously considered incomplete). Thus, A.A. Chess, in comparison with the grammarians of the 19th century, significantly narrowed the circle of incomplete sentences. He recognized as incomplete sentences in which the main member was omitted, distinguished between one-part and two-part incomplete sentences. The omission of the main member in most cases was established according to the principle of "implying". Under the term "incomplete" A.A. Shakhmatov combined structurally different proposals. In some, members are indeed missing - this is confirmed by the data of the context, the forms of the existing members (sentences with missing subjects). Other sentences fully express their meaning by their own means and do not need to "restore" any members; does not confirm the implication and the context. These are colloquial sentences. The doctrine of incomplete sentences was developed by A.M. Peshkovsky. Among the incomplete proposals of A.M. Peshkovsky, we find various structures, the incompleteness of which the author establishes on the basis of context data, intonation features, the form of existing members, etc. A.M. Peshkovsky described "factors that create incompleteness" - context, situation, intonation. An analysis of elliptical sentences shows that there are no clear boundaries between complete and incomplete sentences. Structural schemes of sentences are created in speech and, when stabilized, become language models. The factors that determine the place of such constructions on the “transitivity scale” are the presence of a synonymic and modal-temporal series, as well as the lexical and grammatical meanings of word forms, etc. Constructions that are stable phraseological combinations, as well as some familiar word forms adjoin elliptical sentences: Merry christmas; happy new year Many happy returns, etc. Such structurally incomplete constructions are semantically complete. According to I.R. Halperin for the oral type of speech is also characterized by the incompleteness of the statement. The situation in which the communication takes place, in some cases does not require the logical completion of thought, since this completion follows directly from the situation itself. It turns out a kind of break in the proposal. For example: If you don`t come. I'll… Such sentences cannot be regarded as elliptical, because they do not contain the omission of any member of the sentence, which is clear from the context of the utterance. The content of the statement in such a sentence sticks directly out of the entire situation of communication. The forms of elliptical turns are typical in colloquial speech - it was cherry brandy (that) killed ... - a combination of direct and indirect speech: ... what did he think we d been having it for, etc. Only intonation makes it possible to determine the existence of an elliptical turn in this example. Only intonation can give a formally grammatically unfinished sentence a semantic completeness. The ellipse is widely used not only in colloquial speech (styles of everyday communication and fiction), but also in official clerical and scientific and technical styles of speech (telegraph messages, reference books, dictionaries, etc.), as well as in the style of journalism and the press (newspaper ads). , advertisements, headlines). Especially often we find elliptical revolutions in poetic works. Here the ellipse is not always the result of a stylistically justified application. In some cases, the elliptical turn is caused by rhythmic-melodic conditions. So, for example, in the example Each kiss a heart-quake - for a kiss s strength; I think it must be reckoned by it length (Byron). The omission of the is link may be due to rhythmic-melodic considerations. This is confirmed by the fact that in the two quoted lines we have two mutually exclusive stylistic devices: an ellipsis on one side and the antipode of the ellipsis - the pleonastic subject strength and it. Thus, on the one hand - omission to achieve conciseness of the statement, on the other - repetition, stretching of the statement. Any elliptic sentence should be interpreted as a non-elliptic sentence transform, formed by means of an ellipse transformation or "deletion", the essence of which is the replacement of an explicit variant of a word or words with a zero variant of the same word. Any word can be subjected to this ellipsis operation - both significant and auxiliary. As you know, many linguists insist that one-part sentences should not be confused with elliptical ones: in their opinion, elliptical sentences should be considered as two-part sentences with an “omitted” second composition (it is “implied” from the context), and one-part sentences with no contextual omission of the second composition is not assumed. However, a review of the material shows that there is no strict dividing line between the separated two-part and one-part sentence types. Moreover, even the clearest cases of a "strictly one-part" sentence reveal more hidden and less hidden associations with the corresponding two-part sentences. For example: night. Silence. Not a word! Because of this, it seems more reasonable to attribute all sentences with one pronounced composition, regardless of the degree of "implicitness" of the second composition, to the general type of one-part sentences, and within this type to single out subtypes of "fixed" one-part sentences and "free" (context-elliptical) one-part sentences . It should be noted that the selection of expressive means of the English language has not yet been sufficiently carried out, and the analysis of these means is far from being completed. There is still a lot of uncertainty here, since the criteria for selection and analysis have not yet been established. Therefore, among the expressive means of artistic speech, all kinds of elliptical turns are often mentioned without regard to where, under what conditions and for what purposes it is used. However, elliptical revolutions are a completely legalized norm of oral colloquial speech. A sentence like "Where to?" as a question posed to the interlocutor after the last message "I`m leaving tomorrow" is the norm of the language and is not a special expressive means of the language. This is the norm of oral speech. But an elliptical turn can become a stylistic device under certain conditions. 2 Types of elliptical sentences L.S. Barkhudarov singles out the classification of elliptic sentences based on the method of explication of the word represented by the zero variant. By "explication" or "replenishment" we mean the transformation that is inverse to the ellipse ("erasure"), namely, the replacement of the zero variant of a word with an explicitly expressed variant. If the word or words represented by the zero variant are explicated, i.e. restored in their sounding variant from the surrounding context, i.e. from the previous or subsequent text, then we can call such an elliptical sentence syntagmatically restored elliptical sentence). If the explication of a given word or words is possible only on the basis of other similar constructions that occur in the language, but are not directly registered in the contextual environment of this elliptical sentence, then such an elliptical sentence is called paradigmatically restored elliptical sentence. In fiction and the language of the newspaper, various types of incomplete and elliptical sentences are widely used as a fact of live colloquial speech. Elliptical designs provide rich material for heading structure. Ellipses are extremely economical in terms of means of expression. There are the following types of elliptical structures. Elliptic constructions like if any, if anything have an expressive and amplifying meaning and are transmitted into Russian by subordinate conditional clauses, as well as words almost, perhaps, at all, in general, etc. Objections to this plan, if any, should be reported to the committee at once. - If there are objections to this plan, they must be immediately submitted to the committee. (Objections, if any...). For example: Very little, if anything, could be advanced in the defense of his policy. Almost nothing could be said in support of his policies. If anything it will be in their interests to follow this course. - In any case, it is in their interests to follow this course. Elliptic constructions also include concessive subordinate clauses introduced by the unions whatever, however, in which there is no predicate (sometimes the subject). Such concessive clauses are translated into Russian by full concessive clauses with conjunctions, whatever, whatever (the predicate and subject of the full sentence are restored): The British people have to submit to new taxation, however high. -The English people have to put up with new taxes, however high they may be. The union though can be at the end of a simple sentence following another simple sentence that is closely related to it in meaning. The final though corresponds to Russian, nevertheless, nevertheless, anyway, after all: Didn't tell those where he had been, but I know, though.- He didn't tell me where he was, but I don't care I know. The combination If + participle II (or adjective) also belongs to elliptical constructions. This combination is translated into Russian by a subordinate concessive clause: If considered from this point of view, the problem takes on a new aspect. - If we consider the problem from this point of view, then it acquires (takes) a different character: But the decision, if logical, requires a measure of courage. - But this decision, although it is logical, requires a certain courage. R.K. Minyar-Beloruchev distinguishes elliptical constructions with the past participle and conjunctions when or if are usually conveyed by a full subordinate clause, since the phrase with the gerund "being" is archaic and bookish: When asked about the situation in North Africa, he answered that the government were considering it . - When asked about the situation in North Africa, he replied that the government is considering this issue. Mr. Nelson (Labour) said if elected he would support the workers" wage demand. -
Labor Nelson said that if elected, he would support the workers' demand for higher wages. The following example of an elliptic construction with a past participle is interesting: it can be conveyed by participle turnover: The tribunal's decisions, when arrived at, reflected the opinions of the members. - The decisions made by the tribunal reflected the opinion of its members. Such participial constructions can also be non-union: Questioned about his reaction to the announcement he replied... what he thinks about this statement, he replied... Elliptical participle constructions are often used in headings. For example: Textile pay rise asked. Such headlines are usually transmitted according to the characteristics of Russian newspaper headlines: Demands of textile workers for higher wages. Thus, we can conclude that elliptical participial phrases can be conveyed in various ways: by a subordinate clause, participial phrase, a verb in a personal form with a complete restructuring of the sentence, or a noun with a preposition. It should be noted that elliptical constructions are quite widely used in the scientific and technical style, which is reflected in the selection and use of language means, and also in its desire for brevity and compactness of presentation. A misunderstanding of these constructions often leads to ridiculous translation errors. Having met the combination a remote crane or a liquid rocket in the text, the translator must recognize in them the elliptical norms of the combinations a remote-operated crane and a liquid-fuelled rocket. One can also note numerous cases of omission in scientific and technical materials of the article, especially a definite one, where in texts of another type its use is considered absolutely mandatory: General view is that..., First uranium mine in the region was... The article is often missing before the names of specific parts, technical descriptions, instructions, etc.: Armstrong Traps have long-live parts, valve and seat are heat treated crome steel, lever assembly and bucket arc stainless steel. According to M.K. Latysheva, the types of incomplete sentences are distinguished taking into account the following factors: a) spheres of use (oral or written speech); b) the nature of communication (monologue or dialogue); c) the interaction of the sentence with the context; d) features of the reproduction of a sentence or its free construction in speech. There are two types of incomplete sentences - contextual and situational. Contextual sentences are incomplete sentences of monologue speech (incomplete) or incomplete sentences of dialogic speech (replicas of dialogue). Incomplete sentences are sentences of a connected segment of monologue speech, in which any member named in the previous or subsequent context is omitted; For example: Company commanders they don't answer anything. Stand and look at the ground; The second sentence is incomplete because it lacks a subject. commanders.
An incomplete sentence has predicativity, has a complete intonation (end intonation) and expresses the main elements of the form of thought. However, it should be borne in mind that it expresses a relatively complete thought, perhaps only due to the context in which the omitted member is verbally indicated. The most commonly used incomplete sentences in which the subject is omitted. The subject is omitted if it is named in an adjacent sentence and is also a member of the sentence in it. Skipping a repeating subject is natural, especially in colloquial speech. An indicator of skipping a predicate is the context in which it is indicated; inside an incomplete sentence, the omission of the predicate is indicated by dependent forms of secondary members related to the predicate; For example: Suddenly the door of the closet flung open quickly, and all the servants immediately rolled head over heels down the stairs. Gavrila first of all- omitted verb-predicate rolled downnamed in the previous sentence. 3 Ellipsis in question-answer unities As you know, the main area of use of elliptical constructions is dialogue: it is in the replicas of the dialogue that part of the sentence, as a rule, is omitted, since either it is already clear from the previous replica belonging to the interlocutor; or where part of the sentence can be easily omitted if it is not essential. Example: And by the way, before I forget it, I hope you "ll come to supper to-night - here. Will you? After the opera. (The second sentence means: "Will you come to supper tonight?" - And By the way, before I forget, I hope you'll come to dinner tonight. Will you come? After the opera.) Depending on whether all members are present in a given sentence or whether some of them are restored from the context of the sentence, they can be complete (Elliptical) or incomplete (Non-Elliptical). In incomplete sentences, missing members are easily restored from the surrounding context. Incomplete sentences are very typical for colloquial dialogic speech, especially as answers to questions. I.R. Galperin emphasizes that the most characteristic syntactic feature of oral (colloquial) speech is the presence of elliptical turns. The omission of individual parts of the sentence is the norm of dialogic speech, since the situation of communication itself does not require the mention of the omitted. Full sentences in oral speech can sometimes be seen as a kind of violation of the norm. They can be used for special purposes, for example, to express irritation in dialogic speech, an emphasized official tone, a polite but persistent order, a hidden threat, etc. The following expressions can be cited as examples of elliptical turns fixed in the language as typical norms of direct, live everyday communication: see you tomorrow. Pity you didn't come. to meet you. B.A. Ilyish also argues that the main area of use of elliptical sentences is dialogue, because parts of sentences may be missing, but they are intelligible from previous sentences (belonging to another speaker) and can be easily restored. But elliptical sentences can also occur outside of dialogue. But the problem is that without context it can be difficult to understand the meaning of elliptical constructions, sometimes in the absence of this it is completely impossible. There are features characteristic of a particular language, on the basis of which a dialogic unity is built, the construction of which is accompanied by the correct and appropriate use of constructions using elliptical sentences - those constructions that are used in Russian often turn out to be incorrectly used in English. V.A. Kukharenko notes that in modern prose, the ellipsis is mainly used in dialogue, where it is deliberately used by the author to reflect the natural omissions that characterize spoken language. Often the ellipsis is used close to the dialogue in the author's introductory remarks, commenting on the speech of the characters. Brief remarks in prose are reminiscent of remarks in drama. They save only the most important information, leaving out those parts of it that can be easily understood from the situation. It is the situational nature of our everyday speech that relies heavily on both the speakers' understanding of the terms and the details of the communication act that promotes normative conversational omissions. The imitation of these oral colloquial norms is created by the author through an ellipsis with the main function of achieving the authenticity and plausibility of a fictitious dialogue. In contrast to everything, the incompleteness of the utterance is also characteristic of the oral type of speech. The environment in which communication takes place does not in some cases require a logical completion of thought, since this completion follows directly from the situation itself. It turns out a kind of break in the proposal. For example: if you don "t come I" ll .... Such sentences cannot be considered elliptical because they do not omit any member of the sentence, which is clear from the context of the statement. The content of the statement in such a sentence follows directly from the whole situation of communication. Indeed, the idea expressed in the above example, without disclosing the situation, remains incomprehensible. What should follow I "ll can only be a matter of conjecture. The composition of elliptic sentences of general and special type is not the same. What they have in common is the preservation in the elliptical interrogative sentence of the structurally and semantically most essential elements of the complete question. For a general question, this is a combination of an auxiliary verb with a subject, usually a pronominal, as substituents for the predicate and subject group. An elliptical special question can be limited to a question word that indicates an information gap that needs to be filled: Are you in a hurry?, sir, came the answer, that sent a flash, through the listener. what? Naturally, elliptical questions cannot be initial in a dialogue. Another thing is elliptical turns, which appear only in the dialogue itself. For example: "You may lose more than your fees!" "Can't!" (G. Galsworthy). Dialogic speech, in connection with the above conditions of the oral type of speech, is also characterized by another property: the process of thought formation proceeds almost simultaneously with the process of direct communication, as if “on the go”. Syntax therefore takes on the character of inconsistency, a consequence of ill-conceivedness. This inconsistency, in particular, affects the violation of syntactic norms. Oral speech in modern English is also characterized by the use of a question in the syntactic form of an affirmative sentence. For example: "Have you been to school?" "Yes, sir," I answered; "for a short time." (Ch. Dickens) Sometimes the interrogative sentence is used in an elliptical form: the auxiliary verb to do is omitted, for example: Miss Holland look after you and all that? Such sentences are on the verge of non-literary, vernacular turns that are used in live colloquial speech. 4 CONCLUSIONS ON CHAPTER I Having studied the theoretical issues of the functioning of the ellipsis, we came to the following conclusions: Many linguists define ellipsis as the intentional omission of non-essential words in a sentence without distorting its meaning, and often to enhance meaning and effect. Studying the definition of the concept of "ellipsis" shows that this is a typical phenomenon in a conversation that occurs outside the situation. But this typical feature of the spoken language takes on a new quality when used in the written language. It becomes a stylistic device. Elliptical sentences in direct communication are not a stylistic device. This is a simple standard of spoken language. In cases where the ellipsis is used as a stylistic device, it always mimics the general features of the spoken language, where the situation predetermines not the omission of a certain member of the sentence, but their absence. Such proposals can be called "incomplete proposals". As for the classification of elliptical sentences, there are two types: ) syntagmatically completed elliptic sentences ) paradigmatically complemented elliptic sentences (classification by L.S. Barkhudarov) Also, various kinds of elliptical structures are distinguished. (Zh.A. Golikova, R.K. Minyar-Beloruchev, M.K. Latyshev). They provide rich material for developing the structure of headings. Ellipses are extremely economical in terms of means of expression. Many authors argue that the main area of use of elliptical sentences is dialogue, because parts of sentences may be missing, but they become clear from previous sentences. Also, in some cases of oral colloquial speech, incomplete statements are characteristic. But elliptical sentences cannot be initial in a dialogue. CHAPTER II. TRANSLATION OF ELLIPTICAL SENTENCES ON THE EXAMPLE OF SIDNEY SHELDON'S WORK "IF TOMORROW COME" 1 Stylistic features of the work elliptical sentence translated english Sidney Sheldon most often worked in the genre of crime thriller, but the bulk of his readership was made up of women, as a result of which his novels were often ranked in the category of so-called female prose. The heroines of his novels often became strong, courageous and self-confident women, forced to fight for their place in life in a cruel world. For services to literature and cinema, Sidney Sheldon received a nominal star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. In addition, his name is present in the Guinness Book of Records: Sheldon is the most "translated" author in the world. The novel "If Tomorrow Comes" brought him the greatest popularity. The novels of Sheldon S. are well read on vacation. They do not carry a special semantic load, you rarely take anything out of them, but these are written in such a way that it is difficult to tear yourself away from them. It is impressive how detailed the characters are described, their feelings, thoughts. You really believe them. And, importantly, despite the large number of descriptions of the characters' feelings, it does not get boring. Sidney Sheldon's book "If Tomorrow Comes" can be attributed to books - light reading, novel, detective story. When you can sit quietly and read. The author conveys everything to the reader - easily, at ease. No those long descriptions. The novel has everything - friendship, love, a detective story, bright climaxes that keep you in suspense until the very end. In this novel, the author uses all sorts of stylistic devices to interest readers and enrich the language. Very often there is the use of such stylistic devices as metaphor, punctuation, inversion, parallel constructions, isolation, silence. 2.2 Types of translation transformations The main goal of translation is to achieve adequacy. An adequate, or as it is also called, equivalent translation is a translation that is carried out at a level necessary and sufficient to convey an unchanged content plan while observing the corresponding expression plan, i.e. standards of the target language. By definition, A.V. Fedorov, adequacy is "an exhaustive transfer of the semantic content of the original and full functional and stylistic compliance with it" . Achieving translation equivalence (“translation adequacy”), despite the differences in the formal and semantic systems of the two languages, requires the translator, first of all, to be able to perform numerous and qualitatively diverse interlingual transformations - the so-called translation transformations. - so that the text of the translation with the maximum possible completeness conveys all the information contained in the source text, with strict observance of the norms of the target language. Transformations, with the help of which it is possible to carry out the transition from original units to translation units in the indicated sense, are called translation (interlingual) transformations. Since translation transformations are carried out with linguistic units that have both a content plan and an expression plan, they are of a formal semantic nature, transforming both the form and the meaning of the original units. "Transformation -
basis of most translation techniques. It consists in changing the formal (lexical or grammatical transformations) or semantic (semantic transformations) components of the source text while preserving the information intended for transmission. As part of the description of the translation process, translation transformations are considered not statically as a means of analyzing the relationship between foreign language units and their dictionary correspondences, but dynamically as translation methods that a translator can use when translating various originals in cases where there is no or no dictionary correspondence. can be used according to the context. Currently, there are many classifications of translation transformations proposed by various authors. Let's consider some of them. OK. Latyshev gives a classification of translation transformations according to the nature of the deviation from interlingual correspondences, in which all translation transformations are divided into: In the classification of L.S. Barkhudarov, translation transformations differ in formal features: permutations, additions, substitutions, omissions. At the same time, L.S. Barkhudarov emphasizes that such a division is largely approximate and conditional. . Permutation as a type of translation transformation is a change in the location (order) of language elements in the translation text compared to the original text. The elements that can be rearranged are usually words, phrases, parts of a complex sentence (clauses) and independent sentences in the structure of the text. Substitutions mean both changes in the translation of words, parts of speech, sentence members, types of syntactic connection, and lexical substitutions. Additions imply the use in the translation of additional words that do not have matches in the original. Omission is the exact opposite of addition. When translating, words that are most often semantically redundant, that is, expressing meanings that can be extracted from the text without their help, are most often omitted. Depending on the nature of the foreign language units, which are considered as initial in the transformation operation, translation transformations are divided into lexical and grammatical. In addition, there are also complex lexico-grammatical transformations, where transformations either affect simultaneously the lexical and grammatical units of the original, or are interlevel, i.e. carry out the transition from lexical units to grammatical ones and vice versa. The main types of lexical transformations used in the process of translation involving various foreign languages and target languages include the following translation techniques: concretization, generalization, modulation. The most common grammatical transformations include: syntactic assimilation (literal translation), division of a sentence, union of sentences, grammatical substitutions (forms of a word, part of speech or member of a sentence). Complex lexico-grammatical transformations include antonymic translation, explication (descriptive translation) and compensation. The lexical meaning of phrases is determined by the lexical meanings of the words included in these phrases. And grammatical meaning is a more general, abstract meaning, the meaning of syntactic relations. Lexical techniques are applicable when a non-standard linguistic unit at the word level occurs in the source text, for example, some proper name inherent in the source language culture and absent in the target language; term of one or another professional field; words denoting objects, phenomena and concepts that are characteristic of the original culture or for the traditional naming of elements of a third culture, but which are absent or have a different structural and functional order in the translating culture. Syntactic assimilation or literal translation is a translation that reproduces the structure of a multilingual sentence without changing the word order, this is a word-for-word translation. However far it is, I intend to drive there tonight. “However far it may be, I intend to go there tonight. However, according to A.V. Fedorov "all sorts of attempts to translate literally this or that text or segment of the text lead, if not to complete incomprehensibility of this text, then, in any case, to heaviness and ambiguity. This is what can be called "translation style" (or, as sometimes it says "translated language"). By definition, R.K. Minyar-Belorucheva, syntactic assimilation (literal translation) is a method of translation in which the syntactic structure of the original is transformed into a similar structure of the target language. This type of "zero" transformation is used in cases where there are parallel syntactic structures in the foreign language and the target language. Syntactic assimilation can lead to a complete correspondence between the number of language units and the order of their location in the original and translation: I always remember his words. - I always remember his words. As V.N. Komisarov, this technique is quite simple, but deserves mention for two reasons. Firstly, because the “legitimacy” of its application should be emphasized: novice translators sometimes show a desire to change the syntactic structure even where a literal translation would be the best choice. Secondly, it is necessary to clearly distinguish this technique from the literal translation already known to us, which also transmits the original “word for word”, but at the same time distorts its meaning or violates the norms of the target language. Sentence segmentation is a method of translation in which the syntactic structure of a sentence in the original is transformed into two or more predicative structures of the target language. Articulation transformation leads either to the transformation of a simple sentence of a foreign language into a complex sentence of the target language, or to the transformation of a simple or complex sentence of a foreign language into two or more independent sentences in the target language: The annual surveys of the Labor Government were not discussed with the workers at any stage, but only with the employers. - The annual reviews of the Labor government were not discussed among the workers at any stage. They were discussed only with entrepreneurs. engine crews leaped to safety from a collision between a parcels train and a freight train near Morris Cowley, Oxfordshire. - Near the station of Maurice Cowley in Oxfordshire there was a collision between mail and freight trains. Members of both train crews escaped unscathed, jumping off the train as they went. V.N. Komisarov notes that the method of dividing a sentence is that one sentence of the original is divided into two or three sentences in the translation. The use of this technique may be due to semantic or stylistic reasons. For example, it is not uncommon for English newspapers to have brief, one-sentence messages containing a large amount of information such as: "Both engine crews leaped to safety from a collision between a parcels train and a freight train near Morris Cowley, Oxfordshire." This sentence contains a whole story: it tells what happened, and where it happened, and with whom it happened, and how the participants in the incident were saved. In the Russian translation, it would be natural to break the message into two parts and first talk about the event itself, and only then about its consequences. In order to achieve adequacy in translation, the translator often has to turn one sentence into several sentences (external segmentation) or replace a simple sentence with a complex one (internal segmentation). The division of a sentence when translating from English into Russian is caused, as a rule, by one of the following reasons: a) the peculiarities of the grammatical structure of the English sentence; b) features of the semantic structure of phrases in the English language; c) genre and stylistic features of the English sentence. That was a long time ago. It seemed like fifty years ago. - It was a long time ago - it seemed that fifty years had passed. Often, the use of union transformation is associated with the redistribution of predicative syntagmas between adjacent sentences, i.e. there is a simultaneous use of union and division - one sentence is divided into two parts, and one of its parts is combined with another sentence. It should be emphasized that the method of combining sentences is directly opposite to the previous one - two or three sentences of the original correspond to one sentence in the translation. The use of this technique may be forced due to the incompleteness of one of the translated sentences: “The marchers did not intend to go to Parliament. Nor to petition their MP "s" - "The demonstrators were not going to go to parliament or submit a petition to their deputies." Scientific and technical texts in English are characterized by the predominance of simple sentences, which is less typical of the corresponding Russian style, where complex sentences In this regard, in English-Russian technical translations, two or more simple sentences of the original correspond to one complex sentence in the translation, for example: "This condition, however, changes at certain critical energies of the electrons. At these critical energies the gas atoms do absorb energy." - "However, this condition is violated at certain critical electron energies, when gas atoms absorb energy." Grammar substitutions are a translation method in which a grammatical unit in the original is converted into a unit of the target language with a different grammatical meaning. A grammatical unit of a foreign language of any level can be replaced: a word form, a part of speech, a sentence member, a sentence of a certain type. It is clear that when translating, the forms of a foreign language are always replaced by the forms of the target language. Grammar substitution as a special way of translation implies not just the use of forms of the target language in the translation, but the rejection of the use of forms of the target language similar to the source ones, the replacement of such forms with others that differ from them in the expressed content (grammatical meaning). So, in English and Russian there are singular and plural forms, and, as a rule, the correlated nouns in the original and in the translation are used in the same number, except for cases when the singular form in English corresponds to the plural form in Russian ( money - money, ink - ink, etc.) or vice versa, the English plural corresponds to the Russian singular (struggles - struggle, outskirts - outskirts, etc.). But under certain conditions, the replacement of the form of a number in the translation process can be used as a means of creating an occasional correspondence: We are searching for talent everywhere. - We are looking for talent everywhere. invaders resorted to violence and atrocity to crush the resistance of the native population. - The invaders resorted to violence and atrocities to crush the resistance of the indigenous population. In many cases, the transition from the original to the translation is carried out with the help of various grammatical substitutions, which implies the rejection of the use of similar grammatical forms in the translation. A grammatical category, a part of speech, a member of a sentence, a sentence of a certain type can be replaced. Let's look at a few examples of how this approach can be applied. Usually, the category of number is preserved in the translation, that is, the related nouns in the original and in the translation are used in the same number, except when the singular form in one language corresponds to the plural form in another (compare "money" - "money", "outskirts" - "outskirts", etc.). But under certain conditions, the replacement of the form of a number can be used as a translation technique. Concretization is a lexico-semantic replacement of a unit of a foreign language with a broad meaning by a unit of a translating language with a narrower meaning. The concretization of the original meaning is used in those cases when the measure of informational ordering of the original unit is lower than the measure of ordering of the unit corresponding to it in terms of meaning in the target language. , we had a talk. We really did. Yes, we had a conversation. We talked. Specification can be linguistic and contextual (speech). In linguistic concretization, the replacement of a word with a broad meaning by a word with a narrower meaning is due to differences in the structure of the two languages - either the absence in the target language of a lexical unit that has the same broad meaning as the transmitted unit of a foreign language, or differences in their stylistic characteristics, or grammatical requirements. order. So, the English noun thing, which has a very abstract meaning, almost pronominal, is translated by concretization: thing, object, deed, fact, case, circumstance, work, being and
etc. When translating into Russian, the verbs of motion come and go are concretized: they, unlike Russian verbs of motion, do not include in their semantics a component indicating the method of movement, therefore, when translating come, it is concretized as to come, arrive, arrive, approach, run up, swim , fly in, etc., a go - how to go, walk, go, go, go, pass, swim, fly
etc. The usual is the concretization of the verbs of speech say and tell, which can be translated not only as to speak and (dis) tell, but also as (to) say, repeat, notice, note, assert, report, speak out, ask, object, order , command
etc. As for contextual concretization, it is not due to systemic and structural discrepancies between the foreign language and the target language, but the factors of this particular context, most often, stylistic considerations, such as the need for completeness of the phrase, the desire to avoid repetition, to achieve greater figurativeness, clarity and etc. for example, We had strolled over - We went to her fence .
As V.N. Komisarov, the technique of semantic concretization lies in the fact that the translator chooses for translation in the original a word with a more specific meaning in the target language. In any language there are words with a more general or more specific meaning, expressing generic or specific concepts: the word "dog" names a larger class of objects than the word "bulldog", "move" covers all particular types of movement - walking, running, flying and etc. At the same time, the ratio of such words in different languages and their usage often do not coincide, which necessitates transformations in translation. The use of the concretization technique turns out to be appropriate in two main cases. First, in the target language, a word with a general meaning in the original may correspond to several words with more specific meanings. When translating the English word "meal" into Russian, you usually have to choose between more specific names for meals (breakfast, lunch, dinner, etc.). Similarly, when translating Russian "to float" into English, one would have to figure out who swims and how they swim in order to choose between the more specific verbs "swim, sail, float, drift". Secondly, the use of the same general words in the translation as in the original may be unacceptable for the situation being described. Generalization is a phenomenon that is the opposite of concretization - the replacement of a unit of a foreign language, which has a narrower meaning, with a unit of a translating language with a broader meaning. The use of this technique may be forced or optional. In the first case, the required word with a specific meaning is missing in the target language. Thus, the differences between Russian “mother-in-law and mother-in-law” or “brother-in-law and brother-in-law” are summarized in English translations as single “mother-in-law” and “brother-in-law”. In the second case, the translator prefers a more general version for stylistic reasons. In works of fiction in Russian, for example, unlike English, it is not customary to accurately indicate the height and weight of characters, and the usual sentence “I saw a man 6 feet 2 inches tall” in the original can be replaced in Russian translation: “I saw a tall guy » Antonymic translation is the replacement of a negative or interrogative form of a sentence with an affirmative one or vice versa. The conditions for applying such a transformation, as a rule, are associated with the lexico-semantic composition of the predicate. When translating into Russian from English, most often the negative form of the sentence changes to an affirmative one, less often to a negative one: Very little, if anything, could be advanced in the defense of his policy. - Almost nothing could be said in support of his policy. In translation theory, "antonymic translation" covers a wide range of phenomena. The concept underlying it includes both meanings covered by the term "antonym": ) words that have a qualitative feature in their meaning and therefore are able to be opposed to each other as opposite in meaning; ) words opposed to each other as an oppositely directed action. An antonymic translation in the first sense will be called proper antonymic, and in the second - conversion. Actually antonymic translation is based on a simple logical rule, according to which the negation of a concept can be equated with the assertion of the opposite concept semantically opposed to it. In fact, such dictionary equivalents as incorrect are based on intralingual antonymic translation. erroneous, short I low, narrow-minded! close. Most often, antonymic translation is implemented as a replacement of a linguistic expression (word, phrase) by its antonym with the simultaneous replacement of an affirmative construction with a negative one and vice versa. The combination of lexico-semantic and syntactic operations gives this type of translation transformation a complex character. Sometimes the need for antonymic translation arises when translating phraseological units. So, the phraseological unit keep and stiff upper lip is translated in the "English-Russian Phraseological Dictionary" by A.B. Kunin as "do not lose courage", "do not lose heart", "do not hang your nose." Along with these "negative" options, "affirmative" ones are given - "keep the presence of mind", "show restraint". For "antonyms" that are opposed to each other in antonymic translation, sometimes it is not so much the polar opposite of signs that is characteristic, but the opposition of the presence of this sign to its absence. A special kind of antonymic translation is the replacement of an adjective or adverb in a comparative or superlative degree by an adjective (adverb) in a positive degree or vice versa, accompanied by the replacement of the “sign” of a construction from an affirmative to a negative one or vice versa. Explication or descriptive translation is a lexico-grammatical transformation in which the lexical unit of a foreign language is replaced by a phrase that explicates its meaning, i.e. giving a more or less complete explanation or definition of that meaning in the target language. With the help of explication, one can convey the meaning of any non-equivalent word in the original: conservationist - a supporter of environmental protection, whistle-stop speech - speeches of a candidate during an election campaign trip. The disadvantage of descriptive translation is its cumbersomeness and verbosity. Therefore, this method of translation is most successfully used in cases where a relatively brief explanation can be dispensed with: Car owners from the midway towns ran a shuttle service for parents visiting the children injured in the accident. - The owners of motor vehicles from the cities lying between these two points, constantly brought and took away parents who visited their children injured during the crash. The disadvantage of descriptive translation lies in its verbosity. Therefore, this method of translation is most successfully used where a relatively brief explanation can be dispensed with. Descriptive translation consists in conveying the meaning of an English word with the help of a more or less common explanation. Such a descriptive translation can be used both to explain the meaning of a word in a dictionary, and when translating words that do not have direct matches in a particular text. The nature of the descriptive translation used in the context, very rarely fully reproduces the translation-explanation of an isolated word. The usual full explanation of the meaning of the word does not "fit" within the scope of the context, and the translator has to reduce explanations to a minimum, giving only a part of the description. Often a translator has to resort to descriptive translation, not because the English word has no equivalents in Russian, but because of the peculiarities of the use of this word in the context. Compensation is a translation method in which the elements of meaning lost during the translation of a foreign language unit in the original are transmitted in the translation text by some other means, and not necessarily in the same place in the text as in the original. A little table with a dinner was laid out - and wine and plate. - A small table was set for dinner - silver and carafes gleamed on it. HELL. Schweitzer writes that: "In the practice of translation, there are a number of cases when one or another element of the original is not reproduced at all or is replaced by a formally distant one or another element of the original, this or that word, phrase, etc. is omitted, but it is impossible to convey a separate element, a separate feature of the original, too does not contradict the principle of translatability, since the latter refers to the entire work as a whole.Of course, the whole does not exist as some kind of abstract concept, it consists of concrete elements, which, however, are not essential individually and not in their mechanical aggregate, but in a system formed by their combination and constituting unity with the content of the work.Hence - the possibility of replacements and compensations in the system of the whole, which opens up various ways for this; thus, the loss of a separate element that does not play an organizing role may not be felt against the background of an extensive whole, it seems to dissolve in this whole or is replaced by other elements, sometimes it is not set ny original. The starting point for determining the role of an individual element in the original, the need for its accurate transmission, as well as the possibility or regularity of its omission or replacement, is the ratio of content and form in their unity. Thus, compensation in translation should be considered the replacement of an incommunicable element of the original with an element of a different order in accordance with the general ideological and artistic nature of the original and where it seems convenient under the conditions of the Russian language. Compensation can be semantic or stylistic. In the first case, the missing non-transferable component is filled in for completeness of meaning. The incorrect use of the form of the pronoun of the third person in the original plays an important communicative role and must be somehow reflected in the translation. But an attempt to reproduce such an irregularity in the Russian language is clearly impossible. At the same time, the lost element of meaning can be successfully compensated. L.S. Barkhudarov notes that one of the ways to achieve the equivalence of the translation is a special kind of replacement called compensation. This technique is used in cases where certain elements of the text in a foreign language, for one reason or another, do not have equivalents in the target language and cannot be transmitted by its means; in these cases, in order to make up (“compensate”) for the semantic loss caused by the fact that one or another unit of a foreign language has remained untranslated or not fully translated (not in its entirety), the translator conveys the same information by some other means , and not necessarily in the same place in the text as in the original. 2.3 Analysis of translation techniques for the transmission of elliptical sentences From English into Russian The main objective of this study was to identify elliptical structures on the example of the work of Sidney Sheldon "If Tomorrow Comes". Thus, using the sampling method, we selected 178 elliptical structures from this work. According to the classification given by L.S. Barkhudarov, distinguish elliptic constructions syntagmatically replenished and paradigmatically replenished elliptic. Most often in the work there are syntagmatically completed elliptical constructions. Such examples were found in the amount of 109 units. These are structures in which: )the ellipsis is restored from the same sentence: Time to think, time to plan her next move. - Time to think, time to plan further actions. )The ellipsis is restored from the previous sentence. This may be a sentence uttered by the same speaker (or within the same author's speech): Adolf Zuckerman had a problem. A very large problem. - Adolf Zuckermann has a problem. A very big problem. The sentence from which the ellipse is being restored can also be pronounced by another speaker (participant in the dialogue): Any problem? - Any problems? None, gunther. - No, Gunther. ) The ellipsis is restored from the next sentence. This is the rarer case; however, in English, such constructions are still found: Very rich, isn't he. - He's very rich, isn't he. There you are. Four hundred blank checks. Will that be enough. - Here they are. Four hundred pieces. This will be enough. Paradigmatically replenished elliptical constructions were identified in the works in the amount of 69 examples. Sometimes the zero-represented words of an elliptic sentence cannot be recovered from the surrounding context. In this case, replenishment is made on the basis of no longer syntagmatic, but paradigmatic connections. Out of the question. - It doesn't matter. horses and won cups. - Likes horses and winning prizes. too dangerous. - This is dangerous. These data are presented in table No. 1. Table 1. - Types of ellipsis Types of elliptical structures Syntagmatically replenished elliptical structures Paradigmatically replenished elliptical structures The most frequently omitted element in sentences is the subject. 62 examples were identified: I`ll deal later. - I'll deal with you later. And to be pleased. - And they thanked him. Perhaps get a cruiser. - Maybe he'll go on a cruise. Go back to my old job at the bank. I want to go back to my old job at the bank. Rich, with the same social background as Charles. - Rich, from the same society as Charles. In 42 examples, the predicate is omitted: But an exciting one. She was defenseless and vulnerable. What a nice surprise, mother. - What a surprise, Mommy. police headquarters why what had happened. - Why the main police department. Why? What happened. The next most frequently omitted member of a sentence is the complement. 31 examples were selected. One of life`s the ironies. - That's the irony of life. Seated in the office with him were detectives from England, Belgium, France and Italy. - Detectives from England, Belgium, France and Italy were in his office with him. “They have enough time to drag the gold from the truck to the barge and disappear somewhere until they suspect something is wrong. Table 2 presents a statistical analysis of elliptical structures with missing elements. Table 2 - Elliptical structures with missing elements missing elements of the ellipse According to the method of translation, elliptical constructions can be transmitted in different ways. According to the method of translation in this work, there is a translation of elliptical constructions using syntactic assimilation: Go back to my old job at the bank. I want to go back to my old job at the bank. (the word "I want" is missing in the English sentence) Rich, with the same social background as Charles. - Rich, from the same society as Charles. (the English phrase "with the same social background" is paraphrased as "from the same society") With it his promotion his raise and a blissful orgy with Silvana Luadi.-Together with his promotion and a happy date with Silvana Luadi (in this example, the word order and their translation are preserved). Not the Night of the Game The next way to translate is to combine sentences. She could hear the phone ringing. and ringing. - She heard the phone ringing and ringing. (when translated, English sentences are combined into one sentence) He watched Delgado. Lift the first cotton ball and gently touch it to the G in Goya`s signature. He watched Delgado pick up the first tampon and touch it gently to the G in Goya's signature. (in this example, two FL sentences are combined into one TL sentence due to syntactic differences) I'm talking to you. Are you deaf for Christ`s sake. Let's go. - -I'm talking to you, God save you, let's go deaf. (In the Russian version, simple sentences are combined into one complex sentence) If the bank had used television commercials, he would have been the perfect spokesman. Dressed conservatively, with an air of solid, old-fashioned authority about him, he looked like a person one could trust. - If the bank needed commercial advertising, then Desmond fully corresponded to world standards, conservatively dressed, in a halo of solidity and authority, causing attacks of absolute confidence in an outsider. (there is a combination of sentences due to the absence of the second sentence of the subject in the English version) Without thinking. Tracy began teaching Amy the games her mother had played with her. Slowly, Tracy began to teach Amy the games her mother played with her. (sentences in the Russian version are combined due to the lack of semantic elements in the first sentence) But they were only rumors, because the victims were always silent afterward. or dead. “But those were just rumors, because the victims always kept silent or died. (in this example, two sentences are combined into one complex) The next method of translating elliptical structures used in the work is the division of sentences. In the technique of division of sentences, the syntactic structure of sentences in the original is transformed into two or more predicative structures in the target language. About me why. - About me. Why. (in this sentence, the English sentence is translated into two simple sentences) Just clean up the place, tell your ladies to smile pretty, and we ll get our budget increased again. - Take a seat. Tell your ladies to smile nicer and we'll get our budget increased again. There are few sentences in the work translated using antonymic translation. Antonymic translation is the replacement of a negative or interrogative form of a sentence with an affirmative one and vice versa. It don't matter if it ain't real or don't last. - It does not matter whether it was before or is now. (In this example, the English expression "don`t last" is replaced in the Russian version by the affirmative construction "is now") Most often, antonymic translation is implemented as a replacement of a linguistic expression (word, phrase) with its antonym with the simultaneous replacement of an affirmative construction with a negative one and vice versa. Concretization is a method of translation in which a word or phrase of a foreign language with a broader subject-logical meaning is replaced by a word with a narrower meaning. The concretization of the original meaning is used in those cases when the measure of informational ordering of the original unit is lower than the measure of ordering of the unit corresponding to it in terms of meaning in the target language. This technique is widely used when translating such words as: to be, to have, to do, to get, to give, to take, to go, to come, to make. Zuckerman had a problem. A very large problem. - Adolf Zuckermann has a problem. A very big problem. (in this example, the English verb "to have" is translated into Russian by the word - "has arisen") No more snowball. Get the picture. - And there is no snowball. The picture is clear. (the English verb "get" in this example is translated as the adverb "clear") Perhaps get a cruiser. - He may have gone on a cruise. (in this example, the subject “he” is omitted, the verb “get” is translated as “departed”) To hell with them. - To hell with them.as an afterthought, That is, if that s acceptable to you - And, as if reflecting - If that's acceptable to you. The reception of semantic development consists in replacing the dictionary correspondence in translation with contextual, logically related to it. This includes various metaphorical and metanomic substitutions made on the basis of the category of crossing. Modulation or semantic development is the replacement of a word or phrase in a foreign language, the meanings of which can be deduced logically from the initial meaning. The bigger the better. - The bigger, the better. (in this example, in the Russian version of the sentence, the words of comparison “than ... so ...” are added) How many epochs ago. How many planets away. What planets did this happen on? How many epochs ago. (In the English version of the sentence, the verb "occur" is omitted) Compensation is used where it is necessary to convey the purely linguistic features of the original, which do not always have a match in the target language - not individual elements of the text are adequately translated, but the entire text as a whole. In other words, there are untranslatable particulars, but there are no untranslatable texts. A whole new life. - A whole new life lies ahead. (in this example, in the Russian version of the sentence, the missing element “ahead” is compensated) Tomorrow would be easier. - Perhaps it will be possible to meet tomorrow. How's that. - Well, it suits. (the English expression “how`s that” is compensated in the Russian version of the sentence by the construction “well, how it suits”) Without thinking. - Slowly. (in this example, the English expression "without thinking" is paraphrased in the Russian sentence by the expression "slowly") Generalization (the reverse process of concretization) of the original meaning takes place in those cases when the measure of informational ordering of the original unit is higher than the measure of ordering of the unit corresponding to it in terms of meaning in the target language, and consists in replacing the particular with a general, specific concept by a generic one. Help you. - How can I help you. (in this example, the English sentence is expanded when translated into Russian) Plenty of time to load the gold onto the barge and be on their way before anyone suspects is wrong. “They have enough time to drag the gold from the truck to the barge and disappear somewhere until they suspect something is wrong. (in this example, in the English sentence, the subject is omitted) Round trip. - Welcome back. (English sentence paraphrased in translation) A hat, gloves and purse appeared as if by magic. - The hat, gloves and handbag appeared as if by magic. Grammar substitutions are a translation method in which a grammatical unit in the original is converted into a unit of the target language with a different grammatical meaning. A grammatical unit of a foreign language of any level can be replaced: a word form, a part of speech, a sentence member, a sentence of a certain type. live next door. - Lives nearby. (In this example, the verb in the FL "lived" in Past Indefinite is replaced by the present tense when translated) no comment. - No comments. Still not a word from the black woman. The black woman was silent. (replacement of a negative sentence in the original language with an affirmative one in the translation.) Explication or descriptive translation is a lexico-grammatical transformation in which the lexical unit of a foreign language is replaced by a phrase that explicates its meaning, i.e. giving a more or less complete explanation or definition of that meaning in the target language. Using the explication, you can convey the meaning of any non-equivalent word in the original: Seated in the office with him were detectives from England, Belgium, France and Italy. - With him in the office were detectives from England, Belgium, France and Italy. (in this example, the subject is omitted in the English version of the sentence) But an exciting one. She was defenseless and vulnerable. (lack of common components between the English phrase and its Russian counterpart); With dogs and helicopters after her. - With dogs and a helicopter ... (in this example, there is no predicate in the sentence) first class. An aisle seat. Smoking, please. - First grade. Location near the aisle. Smoking room please. The research data on the method of translating elliptical structures are summarized in Table No. 3. Table 3. - Translation of elliptical structures Methods of translation Syntactic assimilation Combining sentences Dividing sentences Antonymic translation Concretization Modulation or semantic development Compensation Generalization Grammar substitutions Explication or descriptive translation Total number 4 CONCLUSIONS ON CHAPTER II The techniques used when translating elliptical sentences from one language to another are grammatical(syntactic assimilation, segmentation of sentences, combination of sentences, grammatical substitutions), lexical(concretization, generalization, modulation or semantic development) and lexico-grammatical(antonymic translation, explication or descriptive translation, compensation) of transformation. Lexical transformations are used when translating if a non-standard linguistic unit at the word level occurs in the source text, for example, some proper name inherent in the source language culture and absent in the target language; a term in a particular professional field; words denoting objects, phenomena and concepts that are characteristic of the original culture or for the traditional naming of elements of a third culture, but which are absent or have a different structural and functional order in the translating culture. And grammatical transformations consist in the transformation of the sentence structure in the process of translation in accordance with the norms of the target language. Having studied the examples from the novel “If Tomorrow Comes” by Sidney Sheldon, we can conclude that basically elliptical sentences become clear from the surrounding context, i.e. are syntagmatically complete. The classification of elliptic sentences from this novel revealed that the most frequently omitted element in sentences is the subject. CONCLUSION In this paper, various elliptic constructions and techniques for their translation were considered, and an analysis of the translation of elliptic constructions was also carried out. With the help of this, we were able to study some features of the translation of the work "If Tomorrow Comes" into Russian. In the process of analyzing the studied practical material, we came to the conclusion that the most frequently omitted element in sentences is the subject, and then the predicate. Even a significant part of formally complete sentences of coherent speech, taken out of context, does not express the fullness of thought that they possess in context. The semantic connection of sentences and the relative ambiguity of a single sentence also find a formal expression: these are personal and demonstrative pronouns, demonstrative pronominal words, allied particles (“also”, “also”, etc.), introductory words indicating the relation to the previous speech. And although such a sentence is grammatically complete, this completeness is formal and relative, since the real meaning of the message is clarified only from the context. Thus, we can conclude that elliptical constructions and sentences are used in order to avoid an excessive or stylistically inadequate number of subordinate clauses or other syntactic turns. Knowledge of translation techniques allows you to better understand, analyze, and, therefore, create equivalent statements in the target language. LITERATURE 1. Arnold I.V. Stylistics of modern English. - M., 1990. Barkhudarov L.S. Language and translation. International relations - M., 1975. Barkhudarov L.S., Shtenling D.A. English grammar. - M., 1973. Belovolskaya L.A. Syntax of a phrase and a simple sentence. - M., 2001. Bloch M.Ya. Theoretical foundations of grammar - M., Higher school. 1986. 6. Vinogradov V.S. Introduction to Translation Studies - M.: Publishing House of the Institute of General Secondary Education, 2001. 7. Galperin I.R. Essays on the style of the English language. - L., 1960. Galperin I.R. Essays on the style of the English language. - M., 1958. Ivanova I.P., Burlakov V.V., Pocheptsov G.G. Theoretical grammar of modern English. - M., 1981. Ilyish B.A. The structure of modern English - Leningrad, 1971. Kazakova T.A. Practical foundations of translation - St. Petersburg, 2003. Komissarov V.N. Modern translation studies - M., 2001. Komissarov V.N., Retsker Ya.I., Tarkhov V.I. Manual for translation from English into Russian. Part 1 - M., 1960. Komissarov V.N., Retsker Ya.I., Tarkhov V.I. Manual for translation from English into Russian, part 2 - M., 1988. Komissarov V.N., Koralova D.L. Workshop on translation from English into Russian. - M., Higher school, 1990. Latyshev M.K. Translation course: translation equivalence and ways to achieve it - M., International relations, 1981. Lekant P.A. The syntax of a simple sentence in modern Russian - M., Higher school, 2004. Levitskaya T.R., Fiterman A.M. Theory and practice of translation from English into Russian - M., 1973. Levitskaya T.R. Translation problems. - M.: International relations, 1976. Minyar-Beloruchev R.K. Theory and methods of translation - M., 1996. Nelyubin L.L. Linguistics of modern English - M., 2007. Parshin A.V. Theory and practice of translation [Electronic resource] / A.V. Parshin. Retsker Ya.I. Translation theory and translation practice. - M.: International relations, 1974. Fedorov A.V. Fundamentals of the general theory of translation - M., 1983. Schweitzer A.D. Translation Theory - M., 1988. 27. Bach E. An Introduction to Transformational Grammars - M., 1964. Galperin I.R. Stylistic. - M. 1971. Kukharenko V.A. A book of practice in stylistics. - St. Petersburg, 2000. Rayevska N.M. Modern English Grammar. - Kiev, Higher School, 1976. 31. Akhmanova O.S. Dictionary of linguistic terms - M., 2004. 32. Muller V.K. Large English-Russian and Russian-English dictionary. - M., LLC House of the Slavic Book, 2008. English-Russian Dictionary / Edited by Andreev V.V. - M., LLC House of Slavic Books, 2007. Big English-Russian Dictionary: in 2 volumes / Ed. Galperina I.R. - M.: Russian language, 1979. Sheldon S. If Tomorrow Comes 36. Sheldon S. If tomorrow comesSimilar works to - Techniques for translating elliptical constructions of the English language on the example of Sidney Sheldon's work "If Tomorrow Comes"
Acceptance of transfer - a specific action or specific operations caused by difficulties encountered in the translation process.
Syntactic assimilation
Syntactic assimilation or literal translation is a type of translation in which the syntactic structure of the original is transformed into an absolutely similar structure of the target language.
Thought exhausted, he went to bed very late.
As exhausted as he was, he went to bed very late.
However far it is, I intend to drive there tonight.
No matter how far it is, I intend to go there tonight.
However, according to A.V. Fedorov "all sorts of attempts to translate verbatim this or that text or segment of the text lead, if not to complete incomprehensibility of this text, then at least to heaviness and ambiguity. This is what can be called "translation style" (or, as they sometimes say, "translation language").
Combining offers
Sentence merging is a translation method in which the syntactic structure in the original is transformed by combining two or more simple sentences.
The association is usually used in conditions of differences in syntactic or stylistic traditions:
He should follow my advice. If anything it's in his interests.
He should follow my advice, in any case, it is in his interests.
I've decided to buy this car. Even if it takes all my money.
I decided to buy this car, even if it costs me all my money.
Division of the proposal
The differences associated with linguistic selectivity are also embodied in the degree of discreteness in describing the objective situation. A situation that in one language is described with the help of one feature, in another language requires two or more features for its expression. In the pair of languages I am describing, Russian and English, English has more economical ways of expressing thought than is the case in Russian.
At the same time, there are many cases when it is the Russian language that is more discrete than English, which leads to an expansion of the volume of the translated text.
Sentence segmentation is a method of translation in which the syntactic structure of a foreign language is transformed into two or more predicative structures of the target language.
In Russian, there is a tendency to combine as many subject situations as possible within the framework of one sentence. This leads to the formation of sentences that include several homogeneous subjects, predicates or objects, as well as subordinate clauses, attributive, adverbial and participial constructions. It cannot be said that there are no such sentences in the English language, but the frequency of their use and, more importantly, the overload of the structure with homogeneous and defining elements is certainly less than in Russian. As a result, when translating, the same objective situations are expressed not in the form of homogeneous members of a sentence or all kinds of attributive phrases, but in separate independent sentences.
If anything, he continued and companies remained more determined than ever to fight.
Anyway, he continued. Companies, like never before, remained determined to fight.
However long was the period of its coming to being and development, the results were quite satisfying, even excellent.
The results were very satisfactory. Even great ones. And this despite the long stage of formation and development.
Specification
Concretization is a method of translation in which a word or phrase of a foreign language with a broader subject-logical meaning is replaced by a word in translation with a narrower meaning. The concretization of the original meaning is used in those cases when the measure of informational ordering of the original unit is lower than the measure of ordering of the unit corresponding to it in terms of meaning in the target language.
This technique is widely used when translating such words as: to be, to have, to get, to do, to take, to give, to make, to come, to go.
Yes, we had a talk. We really did.
Yes, we had a conversation. We talked.
Generalization
Generalization (the process opposite to concretization) of the original meaning takes place in cases where the measure of informational ordering of the original unit is higher than the measure of ordering of the unit corresponding to it in terms of meaning in the target language and consists in replacing the particular with a general, specific concept by a generic one. When translating from English into Russian, this technique is used much less frequently than concretization. This is due to the peculiarities of the English vocabulary. The words of this language often have a more abstract character than Russian words related to the same concept.
That smell all over the place. Vicks Nose Drops.
It still smells like flu drops throughout the house.
The need for generalization can also be caused by the danger of distorting the meaning when translating a word or phrase by its dictionary correspondence.
It should be noted that in the process of translation the same word can undergo lexical transformation in opposite directions: towards narrowing and expanding the meaning, i.e., it can be both an object of concretization and generalization.
Antonymic translation
Antonymic translation is based on the logical rule according to which the negation of a concept can be equated with the assertion of the opposite concept semantically opposed to it. In fact, such dictionary equivalents as incorrect / erroneous, low / low, near / close are based on intralingual antonymic translation. Most often, antonymic translation is implemented as a replacement of a linguistic expression (word, phrase) by its antonym with the simultaneous replacement of an affirmative construction with a negative one and vice versa.
Antonymic translation is the replacement of a negative or interrogative form of a sentence with an affirmative one or vice versa. The conditions for applying such a transformation, as a rule, are associated with the lexico-semantic composition of the predicate. When translating into Russian from English, most often the negative form of the sentence changes to an affirmative one, less often to a negative one:
Very little, if anything, could be advanced in the defense of his policy.
Almost nothing could be said in support of his policies.
In general, she has changed little, if at all, in the two years of her absence.
In general, in two years of absence, she has not changed much.
Compensation
The essence of compensation in the process of translation is quite fully disclosed in the book by A.V. Fedorov.
"In the practice of translation, there are a number of cases when one or another element of the original is not reproduced at all or is replaced by a formally distant element, this or that word, phrase, etc. is omitted, but the impossibility of conveying a separate element, a separate feature of the original also does not contradict the principle of translatability, since the latter refers to the whole work as a whole.Of course, the whole does not exist as some kind of abstract concept, it consists of concrete elements, which, however, are essential not each individually and not in their mechanical aggregate, but in a system formed by their combination and constituting unity with the content of the work.Hence - the possibility of substitutions and compensations in the system of the whole, which opens up various ways for this; thus, the loss of a separate element that does not play an organizing role may not be felt against the background of an extensive whole, it seems to be dissolved in this whole or is replaced by other elements, sometimes not given by the original.
The starting point for determining the role of an individual element in the original, the need for its accurate transmission, as well as the possibility or regularity of its omission or replacement, is the ratio of content and form in their unity.
Thus, compensation in translation should be considered the replacement of an incommunicable element of the original with an element of a different order in accordance with the general ideological and artistic nature of the original and where it seems convenient under the conditions of the Russian language. Compensation can be semantic or stylistic. In the first case, the missing non-transferable component is filled in for completeness of meaning.
Semantic compensation is often used to fill gaps caused by so-called "non-equivalent" vocabulary. First of all, these are designations of realities that are characteristic of the country of a foreign language and alien to another language and other reality. If these details are not of fundamental importance, then there will be no loss for the reader if they are omitted from the translation.
The amendment received 3.622.000 votes, while the Executive resolution received 4.090.000. If anything, Executive majority was only 468,000 in a vote of nearly eight million.
In this text, which deals with the results of voting at the congress of English trade unions, the selected combinations are semantically elliptical. The English reader can easily restore their full form of the Executive Committee resolution, i.e. the resolution proposed by the executive committee, and the Executive Committee resolution majority, i.e. the majority of votes cast for the resolution of the executive committee. In such a supplemented form, these combinations will be transmitted in Russian, where the elliptical forms of an executive resolution or an executive majority would be completely incomprehensible to the reader or would be incorrectly interpreted by him.
A little table with a dinner was laid out - and wine and plate.
A small table was set for dinner, silver and carafes gleaming on it.
The literal translation "both wine and silver" is completely unacceptable, because. in this case, such an elliptical construction with a polyunion in terms of expressiveness does not correspond to the English one and does not convey the meaning contained in it.
Thus, compensation is used to convey elements of meaning lost in translation, and this is done in a different way, or later in the text.
Modulation or semantic development
The reception of semantic development consists in replacing the dictionary correspondence in translation with contextual, logically related to it. This includes various metaphorical and metonymic substitutions made on the basis of the category of crossing.
If we take into account that all significant parts of speech are divided into three categories: objects, processes and signs, then in the course of translation there is an amazing variety of substitutions both within each category and between different categories. To convey the same content by means of another language, it often does not matter what form of the word this content will be expressed. An object can be replaced by its sign, a process by an object, a sign by an object or process, etc.
Modulation or semantic development is the replacement of a word or phrase in a foreign language, the meanings of which can be deduced logically from the initial meaning:
- Then this girl gets killed, because she's always speeding.
– Gets killed?
“And then the girl dies because she always breaks the rules.
- Dying?
1 010 rub.
Description
Conclusion
To achieve the goal of the work, which was to study elliptic constructions in modern English, we solved a number of problems.
First of all, we studied the concept of ellipsis and came to the conclusion that this phenomenon has not yet been fully studied in linguistics. Ellipsis is identified with an incomplete sentence (within the framework of the structuralist approach), it is defined as the grammatical incompleteness of sentences (from the point of view of the grammatical approach) or even as the loss of a component from the phrase (from the point of view of the semantic approach). In this work, an ellipsis is understood as a gap in the speech or text of the implied language unit, i.e. structural incompleteness of a particular syntactic construction.
In this work, we found out that the ellipsis has its own specific features in the str...
Introduction 3
Chapter 1 The concept and features of elliptical structures 5
1.1 Definition of ellipsis 5
1.2 Structural and semantic features of the ellipse 9
1.3 Ellipsis functions in English 13
Chapter 2 Functioning of Elliptical Structures in Modern English 16
2.1 Elliptical designs in fiction 16
2.2 Elliptical designs in English media 21
2.3 Comparison of ellipsis functions in different functional styles of English 23
Conclusion 26
References 28
Introduction
Introduction
Elliptic constructions in English (and other languages of the world) have become of interest to linguists relatively recently. Up until the 19th century. in linguistics there were no serious works on this linguistic phenomenon. However, today scientists are trying to study this linguistic phenomenon from various aspects. Such interest in ellipsis is due to the fact that many fundamental problems of linguistics are reflected in this phenomenon, such as the relationship between language and thinking, forms and meanings, etc. The study of the ellipsis is necessary to understand the process of saving speech means and efforts in various types of communication.
Based on the foregoing, the relevance of the topic of the work lies in the insufficient knowledge of the problem of elliptic constructions in domestic and foreign linguistics and in the great prospects of these studies.
The research is based on the linguistic works of both domestic and foreign scientists, such as L.S. Barkhudarov, V.V. Vinogradov, I.R. Galperin, V.V. Gurevich, I.P. Ivanova, B.A. Ilyish, R. Quirk, A.M. Peshkovsky and others.
The aim of the work is to study elliptic constructions in modern English.
To achieve the goal, it is necessary to solve a number of tasks:
1. Study the definition of the concept of "ellipsis".
2. Consider its features and functions in English.
3. Analyze elliptical constructions in various functional styles of the English language.
4. Conduct a comparative analysis of the structural and functional features of the ellipse in different texts.
The object of the study is the linguistic features of the English language.
The subject of the study, which determined the topic of the work, was elliptic constructions in English.
The novelty of the work lies in the fact that elliptical structures are analyzed based on a comparison of their structure and functions in various functional styles.
The theoretical significance of the work lies in the fact that the results of the study can be used to better understand a foreign text, to study the lexicology and grammar of applied linguistics.
The practical significance of the study lies in the possibility of using the results of the work in theoretical courses of grammar and lexicology of the English language, at seminars and practical classes in these disciplines.
The material of the study is elliptical constructions found in a work of art (50 units) and in the headings of media texts (50 units).
Sources of material: the work of art by N. Gaiman "Coraline" and articles from the British newspaper "The Guardian" (in the amount of 50 article headings).
Research methods: observation method, description method, empirical method, comparative method.
The structure and scope of the work: the work consists of an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion and a list of references.
Fragment of the work for review
As E.M. Ezikeva, in the elliptical construction used to save speech means, the well-known folk wisdom is manifested that “brevity is the sister of talent”.
In an effort to save speech resources and effort, the ellipsis often has a simple structure. Despite this, it shows a high degree of information capacity.
Another function of the ellipsis is to avoid duplication of information or tautology. In this case, the use of an elliptical construction is due to purely linguistic motives.
Dialogic speech, in which ellipsis is most often found in English, is characterized by the fact that the process of thinking coincides with the process of communication, i.e. communication takes place on the go. In this regard, elliptical constructions within the framework of the dialogue acquire the character of inconsistency, ill-conceived speech.
If we compare English with other languages, we can note the various functions of the ellipsis. For example, I.R. Halperin notes that in German the subject can be omitted in a sentence only in emotionally elevated speech in the appropriate context. In English, the phenomenon of ellipsis is typical of colloquial speech, not only emotionally elevated.
Moreover, a number of elliptical constructions are widely used in the English language, and therefore they can become clichés of colloquial speech, and if they are widely repeated, they become phraseological units. For example: Glad to meet you.
All of the above functions are observed, as a rule, in colloquial speech. The use of ellipsis in everyday communication is due to the situationality inherent in colloquial speech, the presence of non-verbal means of communication, such as gestures, facial expressions, etc. Sometimes the use of ellipsis in conversational communication is due to the structural organization of the text.
However, in addition to the colloquial-everyday variety of the language, elliptical constructions can also be used in other types of communication. For example, V.N. Yartseva notes the widespread use of ellipsis in oratory, in fiction as stylistic figures in order to create a dynamic narrative, greater expressiveness, enhanced expressiveness of the text.
According to the above ellipsis functions, these constructions in English have, by and large, a positive potential. However, not all researchers adhere to this point of view. For example, A.S. Butusova notes that ellipsis is the degradation of the language, the destruction of traditional grammar rules, linguistic deformation, the result of which can be a complete misunderstanding of the communicants of each other.
Based on the foregoing, we can conclude that elliptical constructions in English are optimally studied in terms of comparing their structure and functions in various functional styles. In our opinion, the best sources for the use of modern English are fiction, in which the ellipsis is a stylistic means, and media texts, in which the ellipsis has other functions than a work of art.
Chapter 2 Functioning of Elliptic Constructions in Modern English
2.1 Elliptical designs in fiction
The material for the study of the structure and functions of elliptical constructions in English is the texts of various functional styles: the style of fiction and journalistic style. The choice of research material is due to the fact that, in our opinion, these functional styles are able to show all the diversity and modification of the English language. Moreover, the style of fiction is very different from journalism: if in literature the main function is the aesthetic function, then in journalism elliptical constructions, which are used, as a rule, in the headlines of newspaper texts, perform mostly an attractive function, i.e. encourage the reader to read the article.
To begin with, let's consider the elliptical structures used in the frames of the artwork by N. Gaiman "Coraline". In this work, an ellipsis is found both in dialogues and in a monologue narrative.
In their structure, the elliptical structures found in the work of art are very diverse.
Most often, the full grammatical stem is omitted in the sentence, i.e. subject and predicate, which is found in the characters' remarks. For example:
They kept saying Coraline. Not Caroline. Not Caroline at all. In the highlighted sentences, grammatical bases are omitted: “it is”.
"How are your dear mother and father?" asked Miss Spink. / "Missing," said Coralline. – In the given example, the ellipsis is observed in the response to the question, in which the grammatical stem “they are” is omitted.
Within the framework of dialogical speech in the work of N. Gaiman, the construction “there is / are” is often omitted:
In the car on the way back home, Coraline said, "What's in the empty flat?" / "I don't know. Nothing, I expect. It probably looks like our flat before we moved in. Empty rooms."
Both main members of the sentence undergo an ellipsis within the framework of imperative constructions. Semantically, such sentences express an order. As in the following example, the semantics of the ellipsis is a command to the dog:
"Oh, it's you, Caroline," she said. "Angus, Hamish, Bruce, down now, lovies. It "s only Caroline. Come in, dear. Would you like a cup of tea?"
In rather rare cases, the main members of the sentence are omitted in conjunction with minor members. This structural type of ellipsis is possible, firstly, in response to the question:
"When do you go back to school?" asked her mother. / "Next week," said Coraline.
Secondly, this elliptic construction is used in the function of asking for information again:
"We"ve been waiting for you for a long time," said Coraline's other father. / "For me?" / "Yes," said the other mother.
Within the framework of elliptical structures, only one of the main members is omitted.
The subject is omitted exclusively in dialogical speech, when simulating informal communication of characters:
"Where"s your ticket?" "Haven"t got one."
Her pale lips mouthed, "Come back soon," although she said nothing aloud.
The omission of the predicate is observed in elliptical sentences used both in dialogues and in monologues of characters in a work of art:
Coralline sighed. "I don't have a ticket," she admitted. / "Another one," said the dog gloomily.
"How long does this go on for?" asked Coralline. "The theatre?"
You can stay here for ever and always. If you want to.
In some cases, the omitted predicate is replaced in the sentence by the corresponding auxiliary verb ("to be" or "to do"). In this case, we can also talk about the presence of an ellipsis in the sentence. For example:
Please. I'm sorry. I really am." - Here the auxiliary verb "to be" replaces the compound predicate "to be sorry".
"I didn't know I had another mother," said Coraline cautiously. / "Of course you do. Everyone does," said the other mother, her black-button eyes gleaming. - In this case, the auxiliary verb "do" replaces the predicate with the addition "have another mother".
By their structure, elliptical constructions can consist not only in the omission of the main members of the sentence. In the analyzed work of art, the omission of the auxiliary verb is often observed. For example:
"Mm. You know what I suggest, Miss Jones?" – In this example, the elliptic construction consists in the omission of the auxiliary verb “do” in the interrogative sentence.
"Don't wear green in your dressing room," suggested Miss Spink. / "Or mention the Scottish play," added Miss Forcible. – In the highlighted sentence, the auxiliary verb with the negation of "don't" is omitted as part of the elliptical construction.
We also note the structural types of elliptical structures, which are less frequent in the analyzed work of art:
- omission of the verb "to be" in the passive infinitive: He seemed pleased to have somebody to talk to. – As part of the “Complex Subject” construction, the “eem/consider… to be” construction is traditionally used;
- omission of minor members: "I" m an explorer," said Coraline. / "Of course you are, lovey," said Miss Forcible. - In this case, the verb "to be" (are) replaces the addition "an explorer";
- omission of the main clause within the conditional clause: "Can I go into the drawing room?" The drawing room was where the Joneses kept the expensive (and uncomfortable) furniture Coraline's grandmother had left them when she died. Coraline wasn't allowed in there. Nobody went in there. It was only for the best. / "If you don"t make a mess. And you don't touch anything.
The functions of introducing ellipsis into artistic narrative are also very diverse.
Since most often elliptical constructions are used within the framework of dialogues, one of the main functions of the ellipsis is to imitate informal everyday communication. For example:
"Hello, Caroline," said Miss Spink. "Rotten weather."
Within the framework of dialogues, the ellipsis is used as a function of a short answer to a question, which is also accepted in the conditions of informal everyday communication. For example:
She said to her mother, "Where does that door go?" / "Nowhere, dear."
In everyday communication, people often ask each other again in order to clarify the issue or understand what the interlocutor means. The function of asking for information also uses elliptical constructions, as in the following example:
"They used to send flowers to my dressing room. They did," she said. / "Who did?" asked Coraline.
The function of saving speech means is not often found within the framework of a work of art. However, in some cases one can observe clichéd elliptical sentences. For example:
"See you soon," said the dog.
Savings in speech means are also observed when simulating a telephone conversation:
Then she picked up the telephone, and opened the phone book and called the local police station. / "Police," said a gruff male voice.
Within the framework of fiction, elliptical constructions are used to add, clarify and complete the information given in the previous statement. In this case, the ellipsis performs an explanatory function. For example:
"It"s Coraline. Not Caroline. Coraline," said Coraline. - The italicized sentences, which are elliptical constructions, are used here to clarify the information given in the previous sentence.
"Don't wear green in your dressing room," suggested Miss Spink. / "Or mention the Scottish play," added Miss Forcible. – In this case, new information is added through the elliptical design.
"After lunch I thought you might like to play in your room with the rats." / "The rats?" / "From upstairs." - Here you can see a clarifying answer to the question in the previous sentence.
Elliptic constructions are widely used to describe a particular speech situation. For example, in the following excerpt from a dialogue in a work of art by N. Gaiman, an elliptical construction is used to show the character's busyness, his reluctant communication:
"Why don't you play with me?" she asked. / "Busy," he said. "Working," he added.
In a number of cases, elliptical structures are used to characterize an order or call:
"Oh, it's you, Caroline," she said. "Angus, Hamish, Bruce, down now, lovies. It "s only Caroline. Come in, dear. Would you like a cup of tea?" - In this case, the elliptical design is used to describe the command to the dogs.
"Lunchtime, Coraline," said the woman. - in the above example, the omission of the main members (“it is”) implies a call to action by the interlocutor - to come to dinner.
Next, we compare the elliptical constructions used in fiction with the media ellipsis and identify similarities and differences.
2.2 Elliptical designs in English-language media
The material for analyzing the structure and functions of elliptical structures in the English-language media is the well-known British newspaper The Guardian. A large number of elliptical structures are observed in the headlines of newspaper articles, and in terms of their structure, the ellipsis quite often coincides with the types of ellipsis in a work of art analyzed above.
In the headlines of newspaper articles, the ellipsis is used in the form of the omission of both main members of the sentence, i.e. full grammatical basis:
Angela Merkel: enigmatic leader of a divided land. – In this sentence, the grammatical stem “she is” is omitted.
Often, the “there is / are” turnover is omitted, as in a work of art:
Sports Direct: some tips for MPs hoping to "grill" Mike Ashley.
Nursery "raised fears of radicalization over boy"s cucumber drawing".
We did not find the omission of the subject within the texts of the media, which, from our point of view, is connected with the peculiarities of journalistic texts. Journalistic texts, as a rule, do not allow ambiguity or reticence. Information must be objective and evidence-based.
However, the omission of the predicate in the framework of elliptical sentences is very common. For example:
BP to continue arts sponsorship deals despite cutting ties with Tate.
History not on George Osborne"s side in move from Treasury to No 10.
In some cases, in the headings of journalistic articles, a part of the compound predicate is omitted - the verb "to be". For example, the verb "to be" is omitted in the Continuous tense form:
Labor ‘not winning back swing voters’ under Jeremy Corbyn.
Stone Roses "preparing to release third album".
Also, the verb "to be" is omitted in passive constructions:
South Sudan journalist kidnapped and tortured.
Interrogative sentences used in the headlines of newspaper articles quite often do not contain an auxiliary verb, which is a violation of the grammatical norms of the English language. For example:
Petrol lit with a cigarette? Only in the movies
The story of cities, day 1: how Alexandria laid foundations for the modern world
We note another structural type of the elliptic construction - the omission of the linking union "that" in complex sentences. For example:
Cuts "will see 200,000 disabled people lose £3,000 a year".
If the structure of elliptical structures in the English-language media is similar to the structure of the ellipsis used in fiction, then the functions of elliptical structures within the Guardian newspaper are very different.
One of the main functions of elliptic constructions is the nominative function, i.e. the function of the title of the article, highlighting the key concepts described in the article. In this function, an ellipsis with the omission of the predicate is most often used. For example:
Budget 2016: George Osborne fuels speculation of nasty shocks.
UK fog: your underwhelming photos.
The function of saving speech means is more common here than in an English-language work of art. This is due, in our opinion, to the fact that the title should be brief and reflect the essence of the following article. For example:
Ed Vaizey to meet Bradford MPs over museum row.
Unite says government is reluctant to exempt NHS from TTIP.
London mayor race: why Zac Goldsmith claims the green belt is in danger.
To express the essence of the described event, an elliptical construction with an unexpressed part of the predicate can be used in the headlines of an English-language newspaper. For example:
US sailor arrested in Okinawa on suspicion of rape.
Interrogative sentences in media headlines take the form of an affirmative sentence using an ellipsis:
How a contested convention could allow Republicans to snatch Trump's crown.
Some headings, which are monologue in nature, have an imitation of dialogue. For this purpose, the title uses an elliptical question (in its semantics, it imitates asking for information again) and its explanation:
Cheaper cities? Economist index shows cost of urban life is going down.
Thus, the use of elliptical constructions in modern English depends, first of all, on the context and situation of communication and, in particular, on the functional style within which communication takes place.
2.3 Comparison of ellipsis functions in different functional styles of the English language
Bibliography
List of used literature
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| In English, ellipsis is widely used, i.e. omission of elements of the statement that are easily recovered from the context, or 1. The combination but for smb/smth, which replaces the whole sentence, contains a condition due to which or because of which the action is performed or not performed. Sentences are translated using the union "if not", as well as suggestions "because of", "thanks to". In some cases, an antonymous translation is possible: The country would now be self-sufficient in food but for the drought last year. - The country would provide itself with food if it were not for last year's drought. 2. Elliptic constructions with the union if play an expressive-amplifying role. The phrase if any can be translated into words "if it is true" etc.: Mistakes, if any, should be corrected in ink. - Mistakes, if any, should be corrected with ink. If anything, used as an introductory word, is translated into words "probably", "actually", "at any rate". After a negative statement, it offers an opposite point of view and is translated as “rather”, “maybe”, “even vice versa”: If anything, you should apologize. - You should probably apologize. She is not thin - if anything, she is on the plump side. If / though / yet in combination with adjectives or adverbs introduce some kind of reservation or opposition to what is being said in the sentence, and are translated using concessive conjunctions "even though", "nevertheless", "and yet": a very pleasant if talkative child - very sweet, although too talkative He looked at me kindly if somewhat skeptically. - kindly, but with some skepticism. If at all - means opposition, translated with the help of “if at all”, “or even not at all”: We'll only do it once - if at all. We may just do it once. |
Ex. 1 Translate the sentences into Russian, paying attention to the translation of elliptical constructions:
1. If anything, the prospects for economic reform have deteriorated further in the past few months.
2. No longer does Ireland suffer from a lack of confidence or excessive touchiness about Britain. Instead, it has become like any other well-off European country, with reasonable if not outstanding growth prospects.
3. The public image of solicitors as stuffy and old-fashioned - if desirable dinner-party companions- is completely at odds with the way in which lawyers see themselves.
4. Lithuania faces real problems in dealing with its substantial, if secretive, Soviet defense establishments.
5. Mothercare’s three stores provide an easy, if often expensive, option for shopping for babies in Moscow.
Ex. 2 Translate the sentences into English using elliptical constructions:
1. If it wasn't for his support, I wouldn't have gotten the job.
2. The weather was probably cold.
3. He is a good driver, although somewhat self-confident.
4. You will be paid next year, if at all.
Ex.3 Listen and translate into Russian an excerpt from the movie "Friends like these: Cowboys and Englishmen" .
(!) Multimedia catalog of the institute. Catalog number - 1559 Frenemies→Movie 3→ counter - 19:13
home assignment
Ex. 4 Translate the sentences into Russian, paying attention to the translation of the ellipsis:
1. Few people seem to know what these think tank members are actually doing, let alone to whom, if anyone, they are accountable, or even who is paying them.
2. Rarely if ever does a mainstream Hollywood figure like Mel Gibson turn to the Vatican for support.
3. If anything else, King Abdullah of Jordan has set out to prove that he is a king for his time, he seems to have created his own style.
4. Prior to the Madrid attacks in March 2004, the conservative government of Prime Minister Jose Aznar was expected to retain power, if narrowly, against the Socialists.
5. Observers outside the US are curious if not bewildered that such a controversy over teaching evolution occurs in one of the most scientifically and technologically advanced countries in the world.
6. The creation of the European single market is going ahead, and if anything, is accelerating.
Ex. 5 Translate the sentences into English using elliptical constructions:
1. If he had not broken his leg, he would probably have been included in the national team by now.
2. He, perhaps, more like a father.
3. A safer, though more expensive, alternative is to charter a private jet.
4. I asked him what the professor said, if he said anything at all.
5. Doing homework has become much easier, although less interesting.
6. Economic change in Europe next year will be slow, if at all.
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Incomplete sentences- these are sentences in which a member of the sentence is missing, which is necessary for the completeness of the structure and meaning of this sentence.
The omitted members of the sentence can be restored by the participants of the communication from the knowledge of the situation referred to in the sentence.
For example, if at a bus stop one of the passengers, looking at the road, says: "It's coming!", the rest of the passengers will easily restore the missing subject: Bus goes.
Missing sentence members can be restored from the previous context. Such contextually incomplete sentences are very common in dialogues.
For example: - Is your company assigned to the forest tomorrow? asked Prince Poltoratsky. - My. (L. Tolstoy). Poltoratsky's response is an incomplete sentence in which the subject, predicate, circumstance of place and circumstance of time are omitted (cf .: My the company is assigned to the forest tomorrow ).
Incomplete constructions are common in complex sentences:
Everything is obedient to me I am nothing (Pushkin). The second part of a compound non-union sentence ( I am nothing) is an incomplete sentence in which the predicate is missing (cf.: I not obedient nothing).
Note!
Incomplete sentences and one-part sentences are different phenomena.
AT one-part sentences one of the main members of the sentence is missing, the meaning of the sentence is clear to us even without this member. Moreover, the structure of the sentence itself (the absence of a subject or predicate, the form of a single main member) has a certain meaning.
For example, the plural form of the verb-predicate in an indefinitely personal sentence conveys the following content: the subject of the action is unknown ( There was a knock on the door), not important ( He was wounded near Kursk) or hidden ( I was told a lot about you yesterday).
AT incomplete sentence any member of the sentence (one or more) can be omitted. If we consider such a sentence out of context or situation, then its meaning will remain incomprehensible to us (cf. out of context: My; I am nothing).
In Russian there is one kind of incomplete sentences in which the missing member is not restored and is not prompted by the situation, the previous context. Moreover, the "missing" members are not required to reveal the meaning of the sentence. Such sentences are clear and out of context, situations:
(Peskov).
These are the so-called "elliptical sentences". They usually have a subject and a minor member - a circumstance or addition. The predicate is missing, and we often cannot tell which predicate is missing.
Wed: Behind the back located / located / visible forest .
And yet, most scientists consider such sentences to be structurally incomplete, since the secondary member of the sentence (adverb or object) refers to the predicate, and the predicate is not represented in the sentence.
Note!
Elliptic incomplete sentences should be distinguished: a) from one-part denominative ( Forest) and b) from two-part - with a compound nominal predicate, expressed in the indirect case of a noun or adverb with a zero connective ( All trees in silver). To distinguish between these structures, the following must be considered:
1) one-part nominal sentences cannot contain circumstances, since the circumstance is always associated with the predicate. Among the minor members in nominal sentences, the most typical are agreed and inconsistent definitions.
spring forest; Entrance to the hall;
2) The nominal part of the compound nominal predicate - a noun or an adverb in a two-part full sentence indicates a sign-state.
Wed: All trees are in silver. - All trees are silver.
The omission of a member within a sentence in oral speech can be marked by a pause, in place of which a dash is put on the letter:
Behind is a forest. Right and left - swamps(Peskov); Everything is obedient to me, but I am nothing(Pushkin).
The most regular dash is placed in the following cases:
in an elliptical sentence containing a subject and a circumstance of place, an object, - only if there is a pause in oral speech:
Behind the night window - fog(Block);
in an elliptical sentence - in case of parallelism (uniformity of sentence members, word order, forms of expression, etc.) of structures or their parts:
in incomplete sentences built according to the scheme: nouns in the accusative and dative cases (with the omission of the subject and predicate) with a clear intonational division of the sentence into parts:
Skiers - a good track; Youth - jobs; Young families - benefits;
in an incomplete sentence that is part of a complex sentence, when the missing member (usually a predicate) is restored from the previous part of the phrase - only if there is a pause:
The nights are darker, the days are cloudier(in the second part, the link is restored become).
Incomplete sentence parsing plan
- Specify the type of offer (full - incomplete).
- Name the missing part of the sentence.
Sample parsing
Men - for axes(A.N. Tolstoy).
The offer is incomplete; missing predicate grappled.
