The concept of a verb. Meaning of voice of the verb in the dictionary of linguistic terms

Verbal category denoting various relations between the subject and the object of the action, which are expressed in the forms of the verb. According to the most common modern theory, such forms are either formations with the affix -sya (wash-wash), or passive participles (washed, washed). Voice meanings are expressed only by transitive verbs, since only they can show changes in the relationship between the subject and the object of the action, which are reflected in the above forms. The system of voices does not include intransitive verbs (run, sit, breathe, scream, etc.) that do not have the -sya affix in their composition, as well as reflexive verbs (with the -sya affix) that are devoid of voice meanings:

a) verbs from -sya, formed from intransitive verbs (to threaten, knock, turn white, etc.);

b) verbs with -sya, formed from transitive verbs, but isolated in their own way lexical meaning(obey, choke, etc.);

in) impersonal verbs s-sya (it gets dark, you want, it seems, you can’t sleep);

d) verbs that are used only in a reflexive form (to be afraid, proud, hope, laugh, etc.).

Active voice, a voice form showing that the action indicated by the transitive verb is directed at the direct object expressed in the form of the accusative case without a preposition. The student is reading a book. The youth love sports. Reflexive-middle (mid-reflexive) voice, a form of voice formed from a transitive verb (active voice) by means of the affix -sya, showing the direction of the action to its producer, the concentration of the action in the subject itself.

Varieties of reciprocal-average pledge values:

1) Self-reflexive verbs denoting an action, the subject and object of which are the same person (the affix -sya means “self”). Dress up, undress, wash.

2) Reciprocal verbs denoting the action of two or more persons, each of which is simultaneously the subject of the action and the object of the same action on the part of the other producer (the affix -cm means “each other”). Hug, kiss.

3) General reflexive verbs denoting the internal state of the subject, closed in itself, or a change in the state, position, movement of the subject (these verbs allow the words “self”, “self” to be attached to them). Be happy, upset, stop, move.

4) Indirectly reversible verbs denoting an action performed by the subject for himself, in his own interests. Stock up (notebooks), get ready (on the road), pack.

5) Non-objective-reflexive verbs, denoting an action outside of relation to the object, as a constant active or passive property of the subject. The nettle stings. The cow butts. The dog bites. Threads break. The wire is bent.

Passive voice, a form of voice, showing that the person or object acting in the sentence as the subject does not produce an action (is not its subject), but experiences someone else's action (is its object). The active and passive voices are correlative in meaning: cf.: the plant fulfills the plan (active voice construction) - the plan is carried out by the factory (passive voice construction). In a real construction (with a transitive verb), the subject of the action is expressed by the subject, and the object is expressed by the accusative case without a preposition, while in the passive construction (with a reflexive verb), the object of the action becomes the subject, and the subject turns out to be an object in the instrumental form. The passive meaning is created either by adding the affix -sya to the verbs of the active voice (the project is compiled by an engineer), or by passive participles (the work is written by a student). The most important grammatical indicator of the passive voice is the presence of the instrumental case with the meaning of the subject of the action.

In the history of the development of the theory of pledges, there were different points vision. Some grammarians saw in the tax an expression of the relation of an action only to the object, others - an expression of the relation of an action then To the subject, still others - an expression of the relation of an action to both the object and the subject.

The traditional doctrine of pledges, which originated from the theory of six pledges put forward by M. V. Lomonosov, persisted until the middle of the 19th century. and ends with f. I. Buslaev, in whom this theory receives the most complete expression. Buslaev singled out six pledges: real (the student reads a book), passive (the son is loved by the mother), medium (sleep, walk), reflexive (wash, dress), mutual (quarrel, put up) and general (fear, hope).

The category of voice was understood by linguists of this period as a category that expresses the relation of an action to an object. In this regard, the concept of pledge and the concept of transitivity-intransitivity were identified. In parallel with transitivity-intransitivity, another principle was laid as the basis for the allocation of voices - the distinction between verbs with the affix -sya and verbs without this affix. The confusion of the two principles did not allow the construction of a consistent theory of pledges. The category of pledge receives a fundamentally different interpretation in the works of K. S. Aksakov and especially F. F. Fortunatov. In the article “On the Voices of the Russian Verb” (1899), Fortunatov considers voices as verb forms that express the relation of the action to the subject. Instead of the lexical-syntactic principle of Fortunaty, the classification of collaterals was based on the grammatical correlation of forms: the formal sign of the collateral is the affix -sya, therefore only two taxes are distinguished - returnable and irrevocable. The concept of pledge and the concept of transitivity-intransitivity are distinguished, but the connection of pledge values with the values of transitivity-intransitivity is taken into account. Other researchers (A. A. Potebnya, A. A. Shakhmatov) considered voice as a category expressing subject-object relations. Shakhmatov bases the doctrine of voice on the sign of transitivity-intransitivity and distinguishes three voices: active, passive and reflexive. A subtle analysis of the main meanings of the affix -cm in reflexive verbs is given. This analysis, as well as the principle of singling out three pledges, was reflected in the academic Grammar of the Russian Language (1952).

Proceeding from the fact that “the correlation and opposition of active and passive phrases is historically true of the category of voice”, V. V. Vinogradov points out that the category of voice in modern Russian is expressed primarily in the ratio of reflexive and irrevocable forms of the same verb . According to A. V. Bondarko and L. L. Bulanin, “voice is a common Slavic inflectional category, which finds its expression in the opposition of the forms of the real and passive voices. This opposition is based on the parallelism of active and passive structures.

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Meaning of VERB VOICE in the Dictionary of Linguistic Terms

VOICE OF THE VERB

Verbal category denoting various relations between the subject and the object of the action, which are expressed in the forms of the verb. According to the most common modern theory, such forms are either formations with the affix -sya (to wash - to wash), or passive participles (washed, washed). Voice meanings are expressed only by transitive verbs, since only they can show changes in the relationship between the subject and the object of the action, which are reflected in the above forms. The system of voices does not include intransitive verbs (run, sit, breathe, scream, etc.) that do not have the -sya affix in their composition, as well as reflexive verbs (with the -sya affix) that are devoid of voice meanings:

a) verbs from -sya, formed from intransitive verbs (to threaten, knock, turn white, etc.);

b) verbs from -sya, formed from transitive verbs, but isolated in their lexical meaning (obey, choke, etc.);

c) impersonal verbs with -sya (it gets dark, you want, it seems, you can’t sleep);

d) verbs that are used only in a reflexive form (to be afraid, proud, hope, laugh, etc.).

Varieties of reciprocal-average pledge values:

1) Self-reflexive verbs denoting an action, the subject and object of which are the same person (the affix -sya means “self”). Dress up, undress, wash.

4) Indirectly reversible verbs denoting an action performed by the subject for himself, in his own interests. Stock up (notebooks), get ready (on the road), pack.

Passive voice, a form of voice, showing that the person or object acting in the sentence as the subject does not produce an action (is not its subject), but experiences someone else's action (is its object). The active and passive voices are correlative in meaning: cf. : the plant fulfills the plan (active voice construction) - the plan is carried out by the factory (passive voice construction). In the real construction (with a transitive verb), the subject of the action is expressed by the subject, and the object is expressed by the accusative case without a preposition, while in the passive construction (with a reflexive verb), the object of the action becomes the subject, and the subject turns out to be an object in the instrumental form. The passive meaning is created either by adding the affix -sya to the verbs of the active voice (the project is compiled by an engineer), or by passive participles (the work is written by a student). The most important grammatical indicator of the passive voice is the presence of the instrumental case with the meaning of the subject of the action.

In the history of the development of the theory of pledges, there were different points of view. Some grammarians saw in the tax an expression of the relation of an action only to the object, others an expression of the relation of an action then To the subject, still others an expression of the relation of an action to both the object and the subject.

The category of voice was understood by linguists of this period as a category that expresses the relation of an action to an object. In this regard, the concept of pledge and the concept of transitivity-intransitivity were identified. In parallel with transitivity-intransitivity, another principle was laid as the basis for the allocation of voices - the distinction between verbs with the -sya affix and verbs without this affix. The confusion of the two principles did not allow the construction of a consistent theory of pledges. The category of pledge receives a fundamentally different interpretation in the works of K. S. Aksakov and especially F. F. Fortunatov. In the article “On the Voices of the Russian Verb” (1899), Fortunatov considers voices as verb forms that express the relation of the action to the subject. Instead of the lexical-syntactic principle of Fortunatov, the classification of collaterals was based on the grammatical correlation of forms: the formal sign of the collateral is the affix -sya, therefore, only two taxes are distinguished - returnable and irrevocable. The concept of pledge and the concept of transitivity-intransitivity are distinguished, but the connection of pledge values with the values of transitivity-intransitivity is taken into account. Other researchers (A. A. Potebnya, A. A. Shakhmatov) considered voice as a category expressing subject-object relations. Shakhmatov bases the doctrine of voice on the sign of transitivity-intransitivity and distinguishes three voices: active, passive and reflexive. A subtle analysis of the main meanings of the affix -cm in reflexive verbs is given. This analysis, as well as the principle of singling out three pledges, was reflected in the academic Grammar of the Russian Language (1952).

Dictionary of linguistic terms. 2012

See also interpretations, synonyms, meanings of the word and what is the VOICE OF THE VERB in Russian in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:

PLEDGE in the One-volume large legal dictionary:
1) in civil law, one of the main ways to ensure obligations. under the Civil Code of the Russian Federation by virtue of 3. secured creditor 3. ...
PLEDGE in the Big Law Dictionary:
- 1> in civil law, one of the main ways to ensure obligations. According to the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, by virtue of 3. the secured creditor ...
PLEDGE in the directory Settlements and postal codes of Russia:
666221, Irkutsk, ...
PLEDGE in the Dictionary of Financial Terms:
in civil law, one of the ways to ensure the fulfillment of obligations. The creditor (pledge holder) has the right, in case of non-fulfillment by the debtor of the obligation secured by the Pledge, to receive ...
PLEDGE in dictionary economic terms Vasiliev:
- the property of the borrower, which he transfers under the control or at the disposal of the bank, allowing it to be sold if he himself cannot ...
PLEDGE
GOODS IN TURNOVER - in accordance with Art. 357 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, a pledge of goods with their leaving with the pledger and providing ...
PLEDGE in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
SOLID - see ...
PLEDGE in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
RENTAL - see RENTAL DEPOSIT ...
PLEDGE in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
SUBSEQUENT - see SUBSEQUENT Pledge ...
PLEDGE in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
UNDER A TRADE TRANSACTION - ensuring the fulfillment of obligations under a trade transaction in the form of a pledge of property, rights to ...
PLEDGE in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
ON THE ISSUED LOAN - inventory items, manufactured products, land owned by the borrower, and so on. the property of the borrower accepted by credit ...
PLEDGE in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
MORTGAGE - see MORTGAGE Pledge ...
PLEDGE in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
ELECTORAL - see ELECTORAL DEPOSIT ...
PLEDGE in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
REGISTERED - see REGISTERED Pledge...
PLEDGE in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
CERTIFIED - see CERTIFIED Pledge...
PLEDGE in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
GENERAL - see GENERAL Pledge ...
PLEDGE in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
ITEMS IN THE PAWNSHOP - in accordance with Art. 358 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation carried out as entrepreneurial activity specialized organizations- pawn shops...
PLEDGE in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
- 1) in accordance with civil law (see Art. 334-358 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation) - one of the main ways to enforce ...
PLEDGE in the Bible Encyclopedia of Nicephorus:
(Ezekiel 33:15) - everything that is given to secure a condition or contract. The Jewish law contained many wise and useful...
PLEDGE in the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary:
grammatical category of a verb expressing various relationships between the subject and the object of the action (for example, real, passive ...
PLEDGE in encyclopedic dictionary Brockhaus and Euphron:
(hypotheca, hypoth?que, Pfandrecht) - securing an obligation or claim with certain property of the debtor and, moreover, in such a way that in case of default the creditor has ...
PLEDGE in the Modern Encyclopedic Dictionary:
PLEDGE in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
1) in civil law, one of the ways to ensure obligations. It consists in the transfer by the debtor to the creditor of money or other property values, from ...
PLEDGE in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
1, -a, m. 1. Return (property) to secure obligations, against a loan. 3. property. Give the ring to 2. Given to ...
PLEDGE
Pledge, in civil law, a way to ensure the fulfillment of obligations consists in the transfer by the debtor to the creditor of money or other property. values, from cost...
PLEDGE in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
PAYMENT, grammatical category of the verb expressing dec. correlation of subject and object of action (e.g., actual, suffer...
PLEDGE in the Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary:
(Greek diathesis) is a grammatical category of the verb, expressing, in accordance with the point of view that was widespread until recently, subject-object relations. However …
PLEDGE in the Popular Explanatory-Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Russian Language:
-a, only ed. , m. 1) In civil law: a method of securing the performance of obligations, in which the creditor is transferred to some kind of. property value. …
PLEDGE in the Dictionary of the Russian Language Ozhegov:
1 return (property) to secure obligations, on loan Z. property. Give the ring to voice 2 In grammar: verb category, ...
PLEDGE in the Modern Explanatory Dictionary, TSB:
1) in civil law, the method of securing the fulfillment of obligations consists in the transfer by the debtor to the creditor of money or other property value, from the cost ...
PLEDGE
pledge, m. 1. The same as a pledge in 1 value. His father could not understand him and gave the land as a pledge. …
PLEDGE in explanatory dictionary Russian language Ushakov:
pledge, m. (gram.). A form of a verb denoting the various relations of an action to its producer or to its object. Active voice. Passionate…
MF 26
Open Orthodox Encyclopedia "TREE". Bible. New Testament. Gospel of Matthew. Chapter 26 Chapters: 1 2 3 4 ...
MK 8 in the Orthodox Encyclopedia Tree:
Open Orthodox Encyclopedia "TREE". Bible. New Testament. Gospel of Mark. Chapter 8 Chapters: 1 2 3 4 ...
MK 14 in the Orthodox Encyclopedia Tree:
Open Orthodox Encyclopedia "TREE". Bible. New Testament. Gospel of Mark. Chapter 14 Chapters: 1 2 3 4 ...
MK 10 in the Orthodox Encyclopedia Tree:
Open Orthodox Encyclopedia "TREE". Bible. New Testament. Gospel of Mark. Chapter 10 Chapters: 1 2 3 4 ...
ID 4 in the Orthodox Encyclopedia Tree:
Open Orthodox Encyclopedia "TREE". Bible. New Testament. Gospel of John. Chapter 4 Chapters: 1 2 3 4 ...
ID 21 in the Orthodox Encyclopedia Tree:
Open Orthodox Encyclopedia "TREE". Bible. New Testament. Gospel of John. Chapter 21 Chapters: 1 2 3 4 ...
ID 20 in the Orthodox Encyclopedia Tree:
Open Orthodox Encyclopedia "TREE". Bible. New Testament. Gospel of John. Chapter 20 Chapters: 1 2 3 4 ...
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Open Orthodox Encyclopedia "TREE". Bible. New Testament. Gospel of John. Chapter 2 Chapters: 1 2 3 4 ...
ID 19 in the Orthodox Encyclopedia Tree:
Open Orthodox Encyclopedia "TREE". Bible. New Testament. Gospel of John. Chapter 19 Chapters: 1 2 3 4 ...
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Open Orthodox Encyclopedia "TREE". Bible. New Testament. Gospel of John. Chapter 18 Chapters: 1 2 3 4 ...
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ID 11 in the Orthodox Encyclopedia Tree:
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ID 1 in the Orthodox Encyclopedia Tree:
Open Orthodox Encyclopedia "TREE". Bible. New Testament. Gospel of John. Chapter 1 Chapters: 1 2 3 4 ...

A) Transitivity and intransitivity of verbs.

BUT) transitive verbs- designate an action directly and necessarily directed to some object, for example: to build - whom? What? Home, love - Whom? What? Mother, the action is directed to the object. Intransitive verbs - they call an action that is not directed at an object, for example: have fun, talk. Entire lexico-semantic groups of verbs can be transitive or intransitive, so the verbs of creation: erect, build, etc., destruction - burn, break, destroy, etc., speaking - speak, inform, etc., sensual perceptions - hear, see, feel, are usually transitional. Intransitive verbs include motion verbs, for example: run, jump, etc., positions in space - stand, lie down; sounds - rattle, buzz, call; states - doze off, get sick; state changes - to lose weight, turn white. It should be remembered that polysemantic verbs in some of their meanings can be transitive and in others intransitive. (The child reads (what?) a book. The child reads well).

Grammar differences.

Transitive verbs combine (govern) with nouns in the Accusative case without a preposition, for example: solve (whom? What?) A task. Instead of the accusative case, the direct object is expressed in two cases in the genitive form. 1. If the action does not cover the entire subject, but only part of it. For example: drink (whom? What?) Water, a form of the genitive case, because the ending s, in the accusative - y, drink water.

2. If the verb has a negation. For example: I didn’t buy (what?) Bread, Genitive noun, bought (whom? What?) bread, we will replace the negation with an affirmation and there will be an accusative case.

The foundations of the doctrine of pledge were laid in the 18-19 centuries by the works of Lomonosov, Vostokov and others. Of the modern researchers, Muchnik I.P., Moiseev A.I., Bulavin L.L., and others contributed to the study of collateral.

S (subject) D (action) O (object)

In university practice, there has traditionally been such an understanding of the voice, which is completely based on the transitivity and intransitivity of verbs. Only transitive verbs and intransitive verbs formed from them with the postfix -sya have the category of voice, all other intransitive verbs are out of voice. According to one of the classifications, there are: real, passive, and medium recurrent pledges.

Active voice - denotes an active action that is performed by the subject, and which passes to the object.

The subject - performs an action - and goes to the object. These verbs are always irrevocable and transitive. For example: the plane delivers mail, mom washed the frame.

Passive voice - denotes a passive action that is performed by the subject in the instrumental case and which is directed at the object.

Airplane delivers mail - MAIL DELIVERED BY AIRCRAFT (Tv.p), reflexive, intransitive, but formed from a transitive verb.

Medium return pledge - denotes the action of the subject, which is directed "at itself", as if returning to itself. For example: The child (subject) dressed (action) very slowly. The action returns to itself - subject = object.

The verbs of this voice are divided into the following groups: 1. Verbs with a general reflexive meaning: they denote the isolation of the action in the subject with the definitive pronoun CAM, for example: rise, be surprised, etc. He climbed the stairs (not someone, but he climbed). 2. Verbs with a proper reflexive meaning, denote the return of the action to the agent himself. (Postfix -sya, close in meaning to the meaning of having oneself) Cover yourself well - cover yourself well. (The verb hide yourself is not a return, the image is from the verb's transition). Bathe, bathe, dress. 3 Verbs with an indirect reflexive meaning show that the action is performed by the subject in his own interests (postfix -sya = for himself, fit, build for himself). 4. Verbs with a reciprocal meaning, shows that the action is performed by two or more persons, each of which acts both as a subject and as an object (postfix - sya = each other, hug, kiss, swear). 5. Verbs with an active-objectless meaning, the subject is characterized by the fact that he has a constant ability to actively manifest himself in the process of the named action. The object is usually not named, for example: a dog bites, a bee stings, a cow butts. 6. Verbs with a passive-qualitative meaning denote the ability of a passive subject. undergo the named action. An action characterizes an object as its permanent quality attribute. For example: Wax melts.

She blushed (mean return value). Cheeks blush (passive voice, frost blushes cheeks) with frost.

See the Morphology manual for the definition algorithm!

Non-collateral verbs

1. Irreversible intransitive verbs. For example: walk.

2. Verbs formed with the help of the postfix - Xia from intransitive verbs, the postfix Xia only enhances intransitivity, for example - cry-cry, look-look.

3. Verbs formed in a prefixal-postfixal way: cry, disperse, etc.

4. Verbs not used without - Xia: admire, smile, smile. Say hello, vouch.

5. Reflexive verbs that differed in meaning from the corresponding irrevocable verbs, for example: torture and try, spread (wings) and deal (with someone).

Voice in Russian is a grammatical category formed by means of morphology and syntax. Voice is a category formed by the opposition of such series of morphological forms, the meanings of which differ from each other by different representations of the same relationship between the semantic subject, action and semantic object. The differences lie in the different orientation of the verbal attribute in relation to its carrier, expressed by the subject. Participles are characterized by the presence of two pledges - real and passive.

Valid participles denote a sign of an object that itself produces an action (a storm that destroyed houses, a grandmother who told a fairy tale

Passive participles designate a sign of an object that experiences the action of another object or person (houses destroyed by a storm, a fairy tale told by a grandmother). Real participles are formed from both transitive and intransitive verbs: carry (trans.) -- carrier,carrying; run away (intrans.) --running, running around.Passionate participles are formed only from transitive verbs: study --studied, explore -- studied,sew -- stitched. The allocation of two voices in participles corresponds to the two-voice theory. Real participles have only the full form: printing --printed, sowing -- sowed. In the sentence, the real participles act as a coordinated definition (the calmed down trees silently and obediently dropped their yellow leaves).

Passive participles can have a full and short form: saved --saved, bought -- bought,abandoned -- abandoned. In a sentence, passive participles in full form will be an agreed definition, in short form- predicate (you were loved by us and kept for dear ...

When analyzing the voice of participles of the three-participation theory, difficulties arise in qualifying participles, sleeping type -- sleeping, seated --sitting formed from intransitive verbs. Having suffixes real participles, they do not have the semantics of the active voice, since they do not denote an action that passes to an object. Chesnokova L. D. proposes to define such participles as follows: “they have the form of an active voice, but do not have the meaning of this voice.” In participles formed from passive voice verbs with a postfix -sya, the so-called "empty form" (a house being built by workers) appears.

Constructions in which the producer of the action (subject) is expressed by the subject, and the object (object) on which the action is performed or directed, is expressed by a direct object, are called real turns. Active voice verbs are always transitive (!!!). Active voice constructions are easily transformed into passive ones. DZ: workers are building house. NW: House under construction workers. Verbs used in passive constructions belong to the passive voice. The forms of the passive voice are always intransitive, although they are formed from transitive verbs. The passive voice is expressed in two main ways: 1. Personal forms of non-sov.v. with postfix -sya, 3 l, s.ch. and pl.; 2. Passive participles, which are formed from transitive verbs using the suffixes -em-, -om-, -im-, -enn-, -nn-, -t-.

In addition to the active and passive voices, it is customary to distinguish return-average deposit. It is determined by reflexive intransitive verbs, which are formed from transitive ones (wash, gather, put up, etc.). The verbs VZZ have several varieties of meaning: a) general reflexive - this is when the action is closed on the subject (combine the words himself, himself: rush, rejoice, be surprised, return); b) proper-reflexive - combine with the pronominal form of oneself: to wash, get dressed, comb your hair; c) indirectly recurrent - the action is carried out in their own interests: to gather, stock up; d) mutually reciprocal - fight, hug; e) active-objectless - nettles burn, the earth spins, etc .; f) passive-qualitative - a constant qualitative sign: glass breaks (brittle), iron melts, water evaporates.

The category of inclination expresses the relation of action to reality. There are three moods in Russian: indicative, imperative, subjunctive. They are divided into real mood (indicative) - an action that was actually carried out in the past, is carried out in the present, will be carried out in the future - has the category of time; imperative and subjunctive moods - surreal moods - both imperative and subjunctive moods mean actions that have not actually been carried out and will not be carried out - do not have the category of time.

Characteristic indicative mood closes with the characteristic of time. The mood characteristic is therefore used only for the subjunctive and imperative moods.

Features of the subjunctive mood:

1. Surreal;
2. There is no time category;
3. The verb in the subjunctive mood is formed from the stem of the infinitive (read + -l and particle would = read would);
4. The verb, as in the past tense, changes by number, gender (would read, would read, would read, would read / in plural gender does not differ).

Using the subjunctive mood, the speaker expresses the desirability or indicates the possibility of carrying out the action (I would like to go to Moscow; if you tidied up the apartment; he could cope with this work). In complex sentences, the subjunctive mood is used to express the conditions for the implementation of some action (Oh, red summer, I would love you: if it were not for the heat, not the dust, and mosquitoes and flies). If in complex sentence the subordinate clause is introduced by the union to or to, then the verb in such a clause always has the form of the subjunctive mood, the peculiarity of the form is that the particle would be glued to the subordinating conjunction what.

In the meaning of the subjunctive mood, a combination of the infinitive and the particle would be used (would go to the dance today; would drink kvass now). In this use, these forms are close to the imperative mood (would like to go to the cinema / go to the cinema.

“All of Russia glorified the victory won by the Russian army on the Borodino field” the verb “glorified”, being a predicate, is connected with the subject - the word “Russia”. And the sacrament is “possessed” (participle is also a form verb, and therefore always has and pledge) refers to the word "victory".

Answer the question - what kind of action does our verb denote? Is it about something that was done by the person (or what) the noun denotes? Or did someone else do this to him? “Russia glorified the victory” - it is Russia that is the protagonist here. Therefore, the verb "glorified" is in the actual pledge e. “The victory won by the army” - here the character is already “”, and the participle “won” denotes what the army did with this victory. Therefore, it is in the passive pledge e.

A separate conversation is verbs, that is, those that end in "-sya". Sometimes it is believed that all such verbs are necessarily passive pledge a. But this is a mistake. There are many return valid pledge a. You can tell them apart like this. Try to rephrase the sentence so that the "-sya" is dropped. For example, "An article is now" easily becomes "Someone is writing an article now." So, “written” is a passive verb pledge a. But let's take the phrase "The hostess stocks up vegetables for the winter." To paraphrase it, we get "Vegetables store the hostess for the winter." Obviously, initially the proposal spoke about something completely different. Similarly, it is impossible to remake the phrase "Dog". "Someone is biting the dog" is a sentence with a completely different meaning. “Stocks” and “bites” are real verbs pledge a.

to the real pledge y also includes those reflexive verbs that denote an action on oneself. You can distinguish them by trying to replace the ending "-sya" with a separate word "yourself". "He is fleeing danger" thus becomes "He is himself from danger." Valid pledge this verb already obvious.

note

Usually there are two main collaterals. Direct voice expresses direct diathesis - that is, the object is the object, and the subject is the subject. Indirect (or derivative) voice (more precisely, a group of voices) grammatically reflects in the sentence some other scheme of diathesis. (An analogue in Russian can be constructions with the verbs “swear”, “bite”, etc.). This pledge is in the ancient Greek language.

Useful advice

The question of the category of voice of a verb is one of the most difficult questions grammar of the modern Russian language. There is no generally accepted definition of the category of pledge in linguistics, although the term "collateral" was already used in the oldest grammars of the Old Slavic, and then Russian languages. In the history of the development of the theory of voices, there were different points of view: I point of view: the forms of the voice express the relation of the action only to the object.

A verb is a part of speech with permanent and non-permanent features. The person of the verb is its inconstant sign, and only verbs in the present and future tenses have it. Not everyone can immediately identify it. For this, we will present a little instruction how to determine the person of the verb.

Instruction

So, given, in which you need to determine the person, or the verb separately.

First, you need to write out the verb separately (at the stage of studying the definition of the person of the verb, this is mandatory). We will consider the example of the verb "look".

Secondly, it is necessary to highlight the ending of the verb, for example, the verb “look” has the ending “-yat”.

Next, you need to look at the ending and the pronoun. If the pronoun “I” or “we” fits the verb, then you have a first-person verb, and it points to. If the pronoun “you” or “you” fits the verb, then this is a second-person verb, and it indicates the speaker’s interlocutor. If the verb is combined with one of these: he, she, it, they, then this is a person verb. Our example has the ending “-yat” and the pronoun “they”, which means a third person verb.

But, as with any rule, there are exceptions. In this rule, the impersonal are an exception. It is impossible to pick up a pronoun for such verbs, it is also impossible to attach an action to any object, person, animal, etc. These verbs show what they are by themselves, without anyone's help. For example, this is the verb "twilight".
Some verbs may not have forms in all persons, these verbs are deficient. An example is the verb “win”, this verb cannot be used in 1 person singular, in this case they say “I will win”, and not “I will run”.

First person

The form of the first person singular shows that the speaker himself (that is, the subject of speech) performs the action: I go,. This form corresponds to the pronoun "I".

The form of the first person plural indicates that the action is performed by several persons, including the speaker: we are going, we are talking, we are interested. Accordingly, the first person plural pronoun is "we".

second person

The second person form expresses an action related to the interlocutor (singular) or a group of persons, including the interlocutor (plural). The second person pronouns are "you" and "you". For example: (you), speak, are interested; (you) go, talk, take an interest.

third party

The form of the third person indicates that the action refers to an outside person or object not participating in speech - in the singular, and to a group of persons or objects - in the plural. The corresponding pronouns are: "he", "she", "it" - singular, "they" is plural. For example: (he/she/it) goes, speaks, is interested; (they) go, talk, take an interest.

It should also be remembered that not all verbs have a person.

The category of persons is possessed by: verbs of the indicative mood in the present and future tense (smile - smile - - smile - - smile, smile - smile - - smile - smile - smile) and forms of the imperative mood (here the face is not determined in all cases).

Persons do not have the category:
- verbs of the indicative mood in the past tense (the forms are the same: I walked = you walked = he walked, we walked = you walked = they walked);
- verbs of the conditional (subjunctive) mood (would like, would go);
- verbs-infinitives (the initial form of the verb, on -t / -tsya: walk, sing, draw);
- impersonal verbs (it gets dark, I want, it's enough, etc.);
- participles and participles (who came, rejoicing). According to some grammar systems, these parts of speech are classified as verbs, according to others they are not. In any case, these parts of speech do not have a category of person.