Stationery and speech stamps. When analyzing errors caused by the unjustified use of stylistically colored vocabulary, special attention should be paid to words. What is clerical

When analyzing errors caused by the unjustified use of stylistically colored vocabulary, Special attention should be given to the words associated with the official business style. Elements of the official business style, introduced into a context stylistically alien to them, are called clericalisms. It should be remembered that these speech means are called clericalisms only when they are used in speech that is not bound by norms. formal business style.

Lexical and phraseological clericalisms include words and phrases that have a coloring typical for official business style (presence, in the absence of, in order to avoid, live, withdraw, the above takes place, etc.). Their use makes speech inexpressive (If there is a desire, much can be done to improve the working conditions of workers; At present, there is an understaffing of teaching staff).

As a rule, you can find many options for expressing thoughts, avoiding clericalism. For example, why should a journalist write: Married negative side in enterprise activities, if you can say: It's bad when an enterprise lets out a marriage; Marriage is unacceptable at work; Marriage is a great evil that must be fought; It is necessary to prevent marriage in production; It is necessary, finally, to stop the production of defective products!; You can't put up with marriage! A simple and specific wording has a stronger effect on the reader.

The clerical coloring of speech is often given by verbal nouns formed with the help of the suffixes -eni-, -ani-, etc. (identifying, finding, taking, inflating, closing) and non-suffixal (tailoring, stealing, time off). Their clerical shade is exacerbated by the prefixes non-, under- (non-detection, underfulfillment). Russian writers often parodied the syllable "decorated" with such bureaucratic words [The case of the gnawing of the plan by mice (Hertz); The case of flying in and breaking glasses with a crow (Pis.); Having announced to the widow Vanina that she did not stick a sixty-kopeck mark ... (Ch.)].

Verbal nouns do not have the categories of tense, aspect, mood, voice, person. This narrows their expressive possibilities in comparison with verbs. For example, such a sentence is lacking in accuracy: On the part of the head of the farm, V.I. Shlyk was shown a negligent attitude towards milking and feeding cows. You might think that the manager milked and fed the cows poorly, but the author only wanted to say that the Farm Manager V.I. Shlyk did nothing to facilitate the work of milkmaids, to prepare fodder for livestock. The impossibility of expressing the meaning of the pledge by a verbal noun can lead to ambiguity in constructions such as the statement of the professor (does the professor approve or is he approved?), I love singing (I like to sing or listen when they sing?).

In sentences with verbal nouns, the predicate is often expressed in a passive form of participle or a reflexive verb, this deprives the action of activity and enhances the clerical coloring of speech [At the end of familiarization with the sights, tourists were allowed to take pictures of them (better: Tourists were shown the sights and allowed to take pictures of them)].

However, not all verbal nouns in Russian belong to the official business vocabulary, they are diverse in stylistic coloring, which largely depends on the features of their lexical meaning and word formation. Verbal nouns with the meaning of a person (teacher, self-taught, confusion, bully), many nouns with the meaning of action (running, crying, playing, washing, shooting, bombing) have nothing to do with bureaucracy.

Verbal nouns with book suffixes can be divided into two groups. Some are stylistically neutral (meaning, name, excitement), for many of them -nie changed into -ne, and they began to denote not an action, but its result (cf .: baking pies - sweet cookies, cherry jam - cherry jam). Others retain a close relationship with verbs, acting as abstract names for actions, processes (acceptance, non-detection, non-admission). It is precisely such nouns that are most often characterized by clerical coloring; only those that have received a strict terminological meaning in the language (drilling, spelling, adjoining) do not have it.

The use of clericalisms of this type is associated with the so-called "splitting of the predicate", i.e. replacing a simple verbal predicate with a combination of a verbal noun with auxiliary verb having a weakened lexical meaning(instead of complicating, it leads to complication). So, they write: This leads to complication, confusion of accounting and an increase in costs, but it is better to write: This complicates and confuses accounting, increases costs.

However, in the stylistic assessment of this phenomenon, one should not go to extremes, rejecting any cases of the use of verb-nominal combinations instead of verbs. In book styles, such combinations are often used: they took part instead of participated, gave instructions instead of indicated, etc. In the official business style, verb-nominal combinations have become entrenched to declare gratitude, accept for execution, impose a penalty (in these cases, the verbs thank, fulfill, exact are inappropriate), etc. The scientific style uses such terminological combinations as visual fatigue occurs, self-regulation occurs, transplantation is performed, etc. The expressions used in the journalistic style are the workers went on strike, there were clashes with the police, an assassination attempt was made on the minister, and so on. In such cases, verbal nouns are indispensable and there is no reason to consider them clericalisms.

The use of verb-nominal combinations sometimes even creates conditions for speech expression. For example, the combination to take an ardent participation is more capacious in meaning than the verb to participate. The definition with a noun allows you to give the verb-nominal combination an exact terminological meaning (cf .: help - provide urgent medical care). The use of a verb-nominal combination instead of a verb can also help eliminate the lexical polysemy of verbs (cf .: give a beep - buzz). The preference for such verb-nominal combinations over verbs is naturally beyond doubt; their use does not damage the style, but, on the contrary, gives greater effectiveness to the speech.

Stamps- these are hackneyed expressions with a faded lexical meaning and erased expressiveness. Stamps are words, phrases and even whole sentences that appear as new, stylistically expressive speech means, but as a result of too frequent use they lose their original imagery. Example: A forest of hands went up in the vote. A variety of stamps are universal words. These are words that are used in the most general and indefinite meanings: question, task, raise, provide etc. Usually universal words are accompanied by stencil pendants: work - everyday, level - high, support - hot. Numerous publicistic stamps ( field workers, a city on the Volga), literary criticism ( exciting image, angry protest)

Words and expressions with erased semantics and faded semantics are becoming speech stamps. emotional coloring. So, in a variety of contexts, it begins to be used in figurative meaning expression to get a residence permit (Each ball that flies into the goal net receives a permanent residence permit in the tables; Petrovsky's Muse has a permanent residence permit in the hearts; Aphrodite has entered the permanent exhibition of the museum - now it is registered in our city).

Anything frequently repeated can become a stamp speech medium, for example, stereotyped metaphors, definitions that have lost their figurative power due to constant reference to them, even hackneyed rhymes (tears are roses). However, in practical stylistics, the term "speech stamp" has received a narrower meaning: this is the name for stereotypical expressions that have a clerical coloring.

Among the speech clichés that arose as a result of the influence of the official business style on other styles, one can first of all single out stereotyped turns of speech: at this stage, at a given period of time, today, emphasized with all sharpness, etc. As a rule, they do not contribute anything to the content of the statement, but only clog up the speech: At this period of time, a difficult situation has developed with the liquidation of debts to supplier enterprises; Currently, the payment is taken under unremitting control wages miners; At this stage, the crucian spawning is normal, etc. Deleting the highlighted words will not change anything in the information.

Speech stamps also include universal words that are used in a variety of, often too broad, indefinite meanings (question, event, series, conduct, expand, separate, specific, etc.). For example, the noun question, acting as a universal word, never indicates what is being asked (Especially importance have nutritional issues in the first 10-12 days; The issues of timely collection of tax from enterprises and commercial structures deserve great attention. In such cases, it can be painlessly excluded from the text (cf .: Nutrition in the first 10-12 days is especially important; It is necessary to collect taxes from enterprises and commercial structures in a timely manner).

The word appear, as universal, is also often superfluous; this can be seen by comparing two wordings of sentences from newspaper articles:

The unjustified use of linking verbs is one of the most common stylistic flaws in professional literature. However, this does not mean that linking verbs should be banned.

Speech stamps include paired words, or satellite words; the use of one of them necessarily suggests the use of the other (cf .: the event is held, the scope is wide, criticism is sharp, the problem is unresolved, overdue, etc.). The definitions in these pairs are lexically defective, they give rise to speech redundancy.

Speech stamps, relieving the speaker from the need to look for the right, exact words, deprive the speech of specificity. For example: The current season was held at a high organizational level - this proposal can be inserted into the report on hay harvesting, and on sports competitions, and on preparing the housing stock for winter, and harvesting grapes ...

The set of speech stamps changes over the years: some are gradually forgotten, others become "fashionable", so it is impossible to list and describe all the cases of their use. It is important to understand the essence of this phenomenon and prevent the emergence and spread of stamps.

Language standards should be distinguished from speech stamps. Language standards are ready-made, reproducible in speech means of expression used in a journalistic style. Unlike a stamp, "the standard ... does not cause a negative attitude, as it has clear semantics and economically expresses an idea, contributing to the speed of information transfer." Language standards include, for example, such combinations that have become stable: Public sector workers, employment service, international humanitarian aid, commercial structures, law enforcement agencies, branches of Russian government, according to informed sources, phrases such as household service (food, health , rest, etc.). These speech units are widely used by journalists, since it is impossible to invent new means of expression in each specific case.

Chancellery- verbal cliches and template expressions, grammatical forms and constructions inherent in the official business style writing and the "bureaucratic" version of the oral, special "clerk" (the definition of K. Chukovsky), the jargon of officials, " officials". These are, for example, "incoming" and "outgoing" (papers, document numbers), "implementation of the decision to entrust (report)", "provide assistance", "assistance" (instead of "help", "assistance"), "please consider", "work out the issue ( solution)", "engage (resource, people, departments, etc.)", "in accordance with the decision", "in accordance with the decision" (instead of "by decision"), etc. phenomenon; they make it easier to write, read and, ultimately, go through paperwork. authorities". K. - idiomatic expressions of a special kind, among them there are many archaic ones, inherited by the modern bureaucracy from the predecessors of the 19th century. K. can be considered as result linguistic "energy conservation" - with the help of stamps and templates, writing and speaking is much easier and faster than using bright, expressive, artistic speech and language means.

Elements of an official business style, introduced into a context stylistically alien to them, are called clericalisms. It should be remembered that these speech means are called clericalisms only when they are used in speech that is not bound by the norms of official business style.

As a rule, you can find many options for expressing thoughts, avoiding clericalism. For example, why should a journalist write: Marriage is the negative side of an enterprise's activity, if one can say: It's bad when an enterprise releases marriage; Marriage is unacceptable at work; Marriage is a great evil that must be fought; It is necessary to prevent marriage in production; It is necessary, finally, to stop the production of defective products!; You can't put up with marriage! A simple and specific wording has a stronger effect on the reader.

However, not all verbal nouns in the Russian language belong to the official business vocabulary, they are diverse in stylistic coloring, which largely depends on the characteristics of their lexical meaning and word formation. Verbal nouns with the meaning of a person (teacher, self-taught, confusion, bully), many nouns with the meaning of action (running, crying, playing, washing, shooting, bombing) have nothing to do with bureaucracy.

The use of clericalisms of this type is associated with the so-called "splitting of the predicate", i.e. replacing a simple verbal predicate with a combination of a verbal noun with an auxiliary verb that has a weakened lexical meaning (instead of complicating, it leads to complication). So, they write: This leads to complication, confusion of accounting and an increase in costs, but it is better to write: This complicates and confuses accounting, increases costs.

The use of verb-nominal combinations sometimes even creates conditions for speech expression. For example, the combination to take an ardent participation is more capacious in meaning than the verb to participate. The definition with a noun allows you to give the verb-nominal combination an exact terminological meaning (cf .: help - provide emergency medical care). The use of a verb-nominal combination instead of a verb can also help eliminate the lexical polysemy of verbs (cf .: give a beep - buzz). The preference for such verb-nominal combinations over verbs is naturally beyond doubt; their use does not damage the style, but, on the contrary, gives greater effectiveness to the speech.

In other cases, the use of a verb-nominal combination introduces a clerical coloring into the sentence. Compare two types syntactic constructions-With verb-nominal combination and with a verb:

As you can see, the use of turnover with verbal nouns (instead of a simple predicate) in such cases is inappropriate - it generates verbosity and makes the syllable heavier.

The influence of the official business style often explains the unjustified use of denominative prepositions: along the line, in the context, in part, in business, by virtue of, in order to, to the address, in the area, in terms of, at the level, at the expense, etc. They received a lot distribution in book styles, and under certain conditions their use is stylistically justified. However, often their passion is detrimental to the presentation, weighing down the style and giving it a clerical coloring. This is partly due to the fact that denominative prepositions usually require the use of verbal nouns, which leads to stringing of cases. For example: By improving the organization of repayment of wage and pension arrears, improving the culture of customer service, the turnover in state and commercial stores should increase - the accumulation of verbal nouns, many identical case forms made the proposal heavy, cumbersome. To correct the text, it is necessary to exclude the denominative preposition from it, if possible, replace verbal nouns with verbs. Let's assume the following editing option: In order to increase the turnover in state and commercial stores, you need to pay salaries on time and not delay the pension of citizens, as well as improve the culture of customer service.

Some authors use denominative prepositions automatically, without thinking about their meaning, which is still partly preserved in them. For example: Due to the lack of materials, the construction is suspended (as if someone foresaw that there would be no materials, and therefore the construction was suspended). Incorrect use of denominative prepositions often leads to illogical statements.

The exclusion of denominative prepositions from the text, as we see, eliminates verbosity, helps to express the thought more concretely and stylistically correctly.

As weed words most often performed:

particles(index here summarizing well, modal perhaps, affirmative So, interrogative Yes, emotionally expressive simple and direct and comparative as if), modal words (of course, probably, probably, it seems), introductory units (in general, in general, in principle, let's say, it means, in short, for example, you understand, say so, listen, as a matter of fact, therefore, so to speak) and pronouns(demonstrative pronoun this is, a combination of demonstrative and definitive pronouns is the same, a combination of an interrogative pronoun what and particles, a combination of a pronominal adverb and a subject-personal pronoun how is it, pronominal adverb there).
Examples:
"Here I came to you ... now ... but you ... now ... I did not find you" (student for grade 7).
“So, when we were on an excursion, well, this ... that's ... when we went down to the river ... that's ... and that ... we saw a beaver ..." (study grade 7).
"In the village... here... every year there are more and more... here... strangers. I come... here... - and I almost don't know anyone... here" .
"Well, let's say the language is divided into styles. Well, let's say there are five styles of the language" (student of the philological faculty).

19. Richness of speech. Word formation as a source of speech wealth.

Richness of speech- a set of linguistic means (lexical, grammatical, stylistic) that an individual owns and skillfully uses in accordance with the situation. The richness of speech is determined by the ability of a person to express the same thought, the same grammatical meaning. different ways.
The richness of speech is associated with a variety of used speaking means expressions of thought, synonyms, ways of constructing statements, organization of the text.
To achieve this quality, you need to replenish your vocabulary by reading literature, pay attention to grammatical and stylistic features readable texts, think about the shades of the meanings of words, notice cliches, hackneyed phrases.

The level of speech culture depends not only on the knowledge of the norms of the literary language, the laws of logic and strict adherence to them, but also on the possession of its riches, the ability to use them in the communication process.

The Russian language is rightly called one of the richest and most developed languages in the world. His wealth is in an incalculable supply of vocabulary and phraseology, in the semantic richness of the dictionary, in limitless possibilities phonetics, word formation and word combinations, in a variety of lexical, phraseological and grammatical synonyms and variants, syntactic constructions and intonations. All this allows you to express the subtlest semantic and emotional shades. “There is nothing in the world, in the life around us and in our minds,” says K.G. Paustovsky, “that could not be conveyed in a Russian word: the sound of music, and ... the brilliance of colors, and the sound of rain, and the fabulousness of dreams, and the heavy rumble of a thunderstorm, and baby talk, and the mournful roar of the surf, and anger, and great joy, and sorrow for loss, and the triumph of victory.

The richness of the speech of an individual is determined by what arsenal of linguistic means he owns and how “skillfully, in accordance with the content, theme and task of the statement, he uses them in a particular situation. Speech is considered to be richer, the more widely various means and methods of expressing the same thought, the same grammatical meaning the less often repeated without a special communicative task, unintentionally the same language unit.

Many people think that literary language is the language of fiction. However, this understanding of the term is incorrect.

Literary language is the language of culture; it is the language of cultured people. The modern Russian literary language fulfills both of these purposes. But this is not always the case. For example, in the XVII century. in Russia, the language of written culture was mainly Church Slavonic, and the living language of cultured people, the means of their everyday communication, was Russian.

In Russian literary language created works of art and scientific works, it is the language of the theater, schools, newspapers and magazines, radio and television. At the same time, it is spoken in the family, at work, among friends, in in public places. The fact that the same language performs both functions enriches the culture; it is built with the help of a living, dynamic means of communication, capable of conveying the newest, newly emerging meanings, and conveys their very dynamics, helps them to arise and form. And everyday speech benefits from this: everyday communication between people becomes a phenomenon of national culture. Literary language is lovingly protected from everything that can harm it.

In different eras, the dangers that threaten the language are different. In the 20s and 90s of the twentieth century, this is an influx of borrowed words (moreover, needlessly borrowed), jargon, colloquial, i.e. non-normative, phenomena in the field of pronunciation and grammar.

In the 30s of the twentieth century, many cultural figures fought against the excessive influence of dialects on the literary language, against the influx of jargon. Maxim Gorky wrote: “The speech vagaries of our country are very diverse. The task of serious writers is to weed out, to select from this chaos the most accurate, capacious, sonorous words, and not to get carried away with rubbish like such meaningless words as yelling, basing, shrinking and etc." This danger was overcome in the 1930s precisely because writers, teachers, journalists, and scientists fought against it.

Nowadays, one of the dangers for literary speech(and eventually for the language) - influence on everyday, journalistic, even on artistic speech book stamps, especially official business style stamps. K.I. was the first to speak about this danger, about the spread of "clerical material". Chukovsky.

In many works of the Soviet and post-Soviet period, chancellery is understood as "Soviet language", "totalitarian language", "newspeak". These studies draw a parallel between the spread of clerical speech beyond the official business style and the ideology of the Soviet state. In other works, chancellery is studied in an orthological aspect. It is interpreted as the use of business style language tools in inappropriate communication conditions. In this aspect, the spread of clerical work can be explained by the development of the literary language of mass culture and the dominance in society of incompletely functional and average literary types of speech culture, distinctive feature which is "possession, in addition to colloquial speech, of only one - a maximum of two functional styles" .

Thus, there are two understandings of the clerk. In the first case, it is considered in the historical and cultural terms, in the second - as an aspect of the culture of speech.

The problem of the functioning of the clerk in the conditions of the modern speech situation remains relevant. According to some scientists, the cliches of official speech are gradually becoming a thing of the past, speech is becoming free. According to others, clerical writing cannot be considered a phenomenon only of the Soviet totalitarian language. One of the reasons for the existence of the Chancellery today is the need for official authorities to present any information in a veiled manner.

HELL. Vasiliev and E.A. Zemskaya note that the bureaucracy is inherent not only in totalitarian societies, it also exists in "democratic" states and performs the functions of political correctness and control, manipulation of the mass audience.

In our opinion, clerical work is still quite common among native speakers of the Russian language. It is not as noticeable as in the Soviet era, because it is combined with foreign-style vocabulary. given point vision is proved by the survey we conducted, in which university students and high school students took part (72 questionnaires in total). When analyzing the responses, the following results were obtained.

Respondents considered it a mistake to use words and phrases

colloquial nature (reduced and emotionally colored vocabulary, jargon) even in texts that they themselves identified as colloquial. At the same time, the subjects considered it acceptable to use excessive use of speech stamps and stationery ("fencing of landings", "based on all of the above"), even in colloquial style, since (according to 60% of respondents) such bookish expressions testify to the "richness" of speech.

Chancellery manifests itself at different linguistic levels (the texts of the mass media and the speeches of politicians, recordings of live colloquial speech also served as material for our study). Most notably, in our opinion, modern speech the following features of the office are manifested:

Nominalization, i.e. replacement of the verb with verbal nouns, participles, compound verb-nominal combinations. Nominalization was one of the features of the Soviet language, focused on the norms of the document.

AT this moment a similar replacement of verb forms with nominal ones is found in the speech of professional journalists, politicians, ordinary people (shooting down an airplane, lifting the blockade and normalizing the situation, bringing hand luggage, cheapening the cost of credit) .

Verbosity (the term of K.I. Chukovsky). The replacement of simple phrases and words with clerical ones is due to the fact that for many native speakers of the Russian language the use of such expressions is a sign of correct book speech. Now such turns of speech are found mainly in official texts (persons of indeterminate purpose, engaged in labor activity), while in everyday life they have practically ceased to be used.

Lexical stamps of speech. They are easily perceived and assimilated by the listener, because they do not require deep reflection, but at the same time they have big influence on the formation of the value orientations of the communicant (servants of the people, take control of the situation, struggle for seats, rapid pace, advanced positions). Very often phrases with the word problem are used (problems with heating, the problem of the family, the material problems of Russians, the problems of pensioners, the problem of "communal").

Sometimes lexical cliches are used, "borrowed" from the Soviet era (party line, battle for the harvest);

Denominative pretexts (during our meetings with voters; due to the fact that ... due to the fact that Moscow and the region ...; due to their age; in the absence of a shortage; they were interrogated about dachas and income).

Stamping of the logical structure of official texts. The speeches of modern politicians are built according to a pattern (democratic rhetoric, praising the leader of the party, enthusiasm for their program, dissatisfaction with the current government), are devoid of individuality and in this sense differ little from the speeches of politicians of the Soviet era. Such stereotyping is characteristic not only for political speech. This is a "genre-specific feature of mass literature" [Bykov, Kupina: 30].

Thus, as the results of our observations show, the emergence and functioning of chancellery at different levels of the language in the Soviet and post-Soviet times can be explained by the following reasons:

Chancellery exists in information societies, the authorities need it in order to manipulate the audience, to euphemize reality;

Many native speakers of the modern literary language do not know how to distinguish between book language and colloquial speech; when creating texts of oral colloquial speech, they take the linguistic features of book styles as a basis.

Modern native speakers of the literary language are guided by the norms of the mass media, therefore, errors in the speech of speakers, public figures are perceived by them as a model.

Chancellery is a common disease, it penetrates everywhere. Translator Nora Gal compares it to a cancerous tumor that grows to unprecedented proportions. Many, even having written a single sentence, manage to embed some kind of stamp, state turnover. As if people have forgotten how to express their thoughts simply and clearly, in a living language.

There are an infinite number of examples of a clerk - from the already quite familiar

he experienced a feeling of joy instead of he rejoiced
moving around the city instead of moving around the city
a lot of money instead of a lot of money
make comparison instead of compare
· in the process of knitting, I rest instead of when I knit, I rest ...

To real verbal "monsters":

Currently, active work is underway under the strict guidance of...
we are fighting to improve the cleanliness of the streets
due to the impossibility of fulfilling its obligations by the supplier ...
the process of creating a well-functioning dispute resolution mechanism
organization of food production

Official expressions in colloquial speech are especially depressing. To people who use them, it probably seems that this sounds solid, characterizes them as serious, educated people. For example, a young man to a girl's question "What do you do?" replies: "I am currently working as a manager" or even better: "At the moment ..." instead of saying "now" or without a tense at all. He probably believes that in this way he will make an indelible impression on the girl, she will seem smart, businesslike, that such a manner of expression gives him charm. In fact, the word "given" in the sense of "this" is used only in official papers or in scientific works, neither in a mass magazine or newspaper, nor even in a conversation, it has no place (about fiction and nothing to say). The expression "at the present time" sounds just as ridiculous in a conversation.

Or, for example, a teacher of Russian literature (!) says: "I appreciate the presence of a sense of humor in a person." Really, if she said "I appreciate a sense of humor in a person", someone would not understand that she appreciates the presence of a sense of humor, and not its absence? The word "presence" does not carry any semantic load, and the fact that it is used in relation to a feeling, or in our case rather to a character trait, is completely strange: it's like saying "the presence of love" or "the presence of kindness." Very often in the speech of people there are these "presence" or "absence", "presence" ("presence of free time", for example).

The word “active” is used all the time today: “actively working”, “actively used”, “actively communicating”, “actively cooperating”, “actively doing something”, “actively fighting”. As if you can work and do something passively. You can say "actively resting" because there is also passive rest, but you can not use the word "actively" in relation to the verb, which in itself means active action. In many cases, it is quite possible to do without a definition: why is it necessary to say "She actively practices yoga" when you can simply say "She practices yoga"? If you still need to emphasize the intensity of the action, you can also express it like this: "widely used", "working hard", "talking a lot", "fighting zealously". But instead of many different synonyms, we have the only option for all occasions - "actively". This is how the language becomes impoverished. When you have to write something, memory helpfully offers you a ready-made cliché - "actively engaged." And you don’t need to make an effort, look for the right word ... Perhaps this “actively” reflects modern realities: we can work in such a way that it’s like not working, it’s like doing it, but it’s like not. Therefore, it became necessary to emphasize that it is actively working, that is, a person is working.

How many times, while reading the text, we come across all sorts of "should be noted", "should be emphasized", "it is worth mentioning separately". Before saying something to the point, a person must certainly pile up a bunch of meaningless words.

One of the sources of clogging the literary language is verbal cliches - words and expressions devoid of figurativeness, often and monotonously repeated without regard to context, impoverishing speech, filling it with stereotyped turns, killing a lively presentation. A. N. Tolstoy rightly pointed out: "The language of ready-made expressions, clichés ... is so bad that it has lost the feeling of movement, gesture, image. Phrases of such a language glide through the imagination without affecting the most complex keyboard of our brain."

Most often speech stamps are created by the use of so-called clericalisms - standard formulas official business speech, in certain genres of which their use is justified by the tradition and convenience of formalizing business papers.

Examples of clericalisms: "event", "if available", "hereby certified" "notice", "shall"; "to assist" (instead of "help"), "hereby brought to your attention"; "according to what" with genus. case instead of the common literary dative; multicomponent nominal constructions with genus. a case like "recovery of property damage from an employee", etc.

Unlike traditional use, when used inappropriately outside the framework of the official business style, the stylistic coloring of clericalism may conflict with its environment; such usage is considered to be a violation of stylistic norms. (Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary).

Such formations are used by writers as a means of characterizing a character in fiction, as a conscious, stylistic device. For example: "Without any agreement, this pig would in no way be allowed to steal paper" (Gogol); "In the same way, it is forbidden to gouge out an eye, bite off a nose ... taking away a head ..." (Saltykov-Shchedrin); "... flying in and breaking glasses with a crow ..." (Pismsky); "The killing happened due to drowning" (Chekhov).

The use of language means assigned to the official business style, outside of this style, leads to clogging of the language - stationery.

Usually transmitted through written contact. It is carried by the Clerical Tick, the main habitat of which is the Bureaucratic Chair. The disease "clerical virus" is mainly characteristic of people involved in paper activities. The adults of Homo Bureaucraticus are most susceptible to infection.

The disease manifests itself in a confused, incomprehensible construction of phrases, in ponderous and unnatural turns of speech. The colloquial speech of the sick loses its simplicity, liveliness and emotionality, becomes gray, monotonous and dry.

Treatment - immersion in a healthy language environment.

When analyzing errors caused by the unjustified use of stylistically colored vocabulary, special attention should be paid to words associated with the official business style. Elements of an official business style, introduced into a context stylistically alien to them, are called clericalisms. It should be remembered that these speech means are called clericalisms only when they are used in speech that is not bound by the norms of official business style.

Lexical and phraseological clericalisms include words and phrases that have a coloring typical for official business style ( presence, in the absence of, to avoid, reside, withdraw, the above, takes place etc.). Their use makes speech inexpressive. (If there is a desire, much can be done to improve the working conditions of workers; At present, there is a shortage of teaching staff).

As a rule, you can find many options for expressing thoughts, avoiding clericalism. For example, why would a journalist write: Marriage is a negative side in the activity of the enterprise, if you can say: It is bad when an enterprise releases marriage; Marriage is unacceptable at work; Marriage - this is a great evil that must be fought; It is necessary to prevent marriage in production; It is necessary, finally, to stop the production of defective products!; You can't put up with marriage! A simple and specific wording has a stronger effect on the reader.

The clerical coloring of speech is often given by verbal nouns formed with the help of suffixes -eni-, -ani- and etc. (revealing, finding, taking, inflating, closing) and non-suffixed (tailoring, theft, time off). Their clerical shade is exacerbated by prefixes non-, under- (non-detection, underfulfillment). Russian writers often parodied the syllable "decorated" with such clericalisms. [The case of the gnawing of the plan thereof by mice(Hertz.); The case of flying in and breaking glass by a crow(Pis.); After announcing to the widow Vanina that she had attached a sixty-kopeck stamp...(Ch.)].

Verbal nouns do not have the categories of tense, aspect, mood, voice, person. This narrows their expressive possibilities in comparison with verbs. For example, the following sentence is inaccurate: On the part of the head of the farm, V. I. Shlyk, a negligent attitude towards milking and feeding cows was shown. You might think that the manager milked and fed the cows poorly, but the author only wanted to say that The head of the farm, V. I. Shlyk, did nothing to facilitate the work of milkmaids, to prepare fodder for livestock. The impossibility of expressing the meaning of voice by a verbal noun can lead to ambiguity in the construction of the type professor's statement(Professor claims or claim?), love singing(I love sing or listen when they sing!).

In sentences with verbal nouns, the predicate is often expressed in a passive form of the participle or a reflexive verb, this deprives the action of activity and enhances the clerical coloring of speech [At the end of sightseeing, tourists were allowed to take pictures of them(better: Tourists were shown sights and allowed to photograph them)].

However, not all verbal nouns in the Russian language belong to the official business vocabulary, they are diverse in stylistic coloring, which largely depends on the characteristics of their lexical meaning and word formation. Verbal nouns with the meaning of a person have nothing to do with clericalisms (teacher, self-taught, confused, bully), many nouns with action meaning (running, crying, playing, washing, shooting, bombing).

Verbal nouns with book suffixes can be divided into two groups. Some are stylistically neutral. (meaning, name, excitement), many of them -tion changed in -ne, and they began to designate not an action, but its result (cf.: baking pies - sweet biscuits, sour cherries - Cherry jam). Others retain a close relationship with verbs, acting as abstract names for actions, processes (acceptance, non-identification, non-admission). It is precisely such nouns that are most often characterized by clerical coloring; only those that have received a strict terminological meaning in the language do not have it. (drilling, spelling, adjoining).

The use of clericalisms of this type is associated with the so-called "splitting of the predicate", that is, the replacement of a simple verbal predicate with a combination of a verbal noun with an auxiliary verb that has a weakened lexical meaning (instead of complicates leads to complication). So, they write: This leads to complication, confusing accounting and increased costs, it's better to write: This complicates and confuses accounting, increases costs.

However, in the stylistic assessment of this phenomenon, one should not go to extremes, rejecting any cases of the use of verb-nominal combinations instead of verbs. The following combinations are often used in book styles: took part instead of participated, instructed instead of indicated etc. Verb-nominal combinations have become entrenched in the official business style to declare gratitude, to accept for execution, to impose a penalty(in these cases the verbs thank, fulfill, commend inappropriate), etc. In the scientific style, terminological combinations such as visual fatigue occurs, self-regulation occurs, transplantation is performed etc.

In a journalistic style, expressions function: the workers went on strike, there were clashes with the police, an attempt was made on the minister etc. In such cases, verbal nouns are indispensable and there is no reason to consider them clericalisms.

The use of verb-nominal combinations sometimes even creates conditions for speech expression. For example, a combination take an active part more capacious in meaning than a verb participate. The definition with a noun allows you to give the verb-nominal combination an exact terminological meaning (cf .: help - provide emergency medical care). The use of a verb-nominal combination instead of a verb can also help eliminate the lexical ambiguity of verbs (cf.: give a beep - buzz). The preference for such verb-nominal combinations over verbs is naturally beyond doubt; their use does not damage the style, but, on the contrary, gives greater effectiveness to the speech.

In other cases, the use of a verb-nominal combination introduces a clerical coloring into the sentence. Let's compare two types of syntactic constructions - with a verb-nominal combination and with a verb:

1. In January-February, burbot spawning occurs.
2. The duty service is strenuously monitoring the consumption of electricity.
1. In January-February, burbot spawns.
2. The duty service strictly controls the consumption of electricity.
3. ...Viewers will see how the table rises and falls, how it opens and closes

ramp.

As you can see, the use of turnover with verbal nouns (instead of a simple predicate) in such cases is inappropriate - it generates verbosity and makes the syllable heavier.

The influence of official business style often explains the unjustified use of nominal prepositions: along the line, in a section, in part, in business, by virtue of, for the purposes of, to the address, in the area, in plan, at the level, due to and others. They have become widespread in book styles, and under certain conditions their use is stylistically justified. However, often their passion is detrimental to the presentation, weighing down the style and giving it a clerical coloring. This is partly due to the fact that denominative prepositions usually require the use of verbal nouns, which leads to stringing of cases. For example: By improving the organization of repayment of wage and pension arrears, improving the culture of customer service, the turnover in state and commercial stores should increase- the accumulation of verbal nouns, a lot of identical case forms made the sentence heavy, cumbersome. To correct the text, it is necessary to exclude the denominative preposition from it, if possible, replace verbal nouns with verbs. Let's make an edit like this: In order to increase the turnover in state and commercial stores, it is necessary to pay salaries on time and not delay the pension of citizens, as well as improve the culture of customer service.

Some authors use denominative prepositions automatically, without thinking about their meaning, which is still partly preserved in them. For example: Construction has been suspended due to lack of materials.(as if someone foresaw that there would be no materials, and therefore the construction was suspended). Incorrect use of denominative prepositions often leads to illogical statements.

Let's compare the two versions of the sentences:

1. Achievements made in Ethiopia over the past ten yearsin the eradicationsuch eternal enemies of mankind as ignorance, disease, poverty.
2. Along the fast lane

withinmotorcycle race Hans Weber crashed.

1. Over the past ten years, Ethiopia has made significant progress in the fight against ignorance, disease, and poverty.
2. Hans Weber crashed in a motorcycle competition during a high-speed race.

The exclusion of denominative prepositions from the text, as we see, eliminates verbosity, helps to express the thought more concretely and stylistically correctly.

The use of speech stamps is usually associated with the influence of the official business style. Words and expressions with erased semantics and faded emotional coloring, which are becoming widespread, become speech clichés. So, in a variety of contexts, the expression begins to be used in a figurative sense get a residence permit (Each ball that flies into the goal net receives a permanent residence in the tables; Petrovsky's Muse has a permanent residence in the hearts; Aphrodite entered the permanent exhibition of the museum - now it is registered in our city).

Any frequently repeated speech means can become a stamp, for example, stereotyped metaphors, definitions that have lost their figurative power due to constant reference to them, even hackneyed rhymes (i tears - roses). However, in practical stylistics, the term "speech stamp" has received a narrower meaning: this is the name for stereotypical expressions that have a clerical coloring.

Among the speech stamps that arose as a result of the influence of the official business style on other styles, one can distinguish, first of all, template turns of speech: at this stage, at this stage here me, to date, emphasized with all the poignancy etc. As a rule, they do not contribute anything to the content of the statement, but only clog the speech: In this period of time, a difficult situation has developed with the liquidation of debts to supplier enterprises; At present, the payment of wages to miners has been taken under unremitting control; At this stage, the crucian spawning is normal and so on. Deleting the highlighted words will not change anything in the information.

Speech stamps also include universal words that are used in a variety of, often too broad, indefinite meanings ( question, event, series, conduct, deploy, separate, specific etc.). For example, a noun question, acting as a universal word, never indicates what is being asked (Especially nutrition issues in the first 10-12 days are important; The issues of timely collection of taxes from enterprises and commercial structures deserve great attention.). In such cases, it can be painlessly excluded from the text (cf.: Nutrition in the first 10-12 days is especially important; It is necessary to collect taxes from enterprises and commercial structures in a timely manner).

Word to be as universal, also often superfluous; this can be seen by comparing two wordings of sentences from newspaper articles:

1. The use of chemicals for this purpose is very important.
1. For this purpose it is necessary to use chemicals.
2. The new production line in the Vidnovsky workshop will significantly increase labor productivity.

The unjustified use of linking verbs is one of the most common stylistic flaws in professional literature. However, this does not mean that linking verbs should be banned, their use should be appropriate, stylistically justified.

Krech stamps include paired words, or satellite words; the use of one of them necessarily suggests the use of the other (cf.: event - carried out, scope- broad, criticism - sharp, problem - unresolved, mature etc.). The definitions in these pairs are lexically defective, they give rise to speech redundancy.

Speech stamps, relieving the speaker from the need to look for the right, exact words, deprive the speech of specificity. For example: This season was held at a high organizational level- this proposal can be inserted into the report on hay harvesting, and on sports competitions, and on preparing the housing stock for winter, and on harvesting grapes ...

Language standards should be distinguished from speech stamps. Language standards are ready-made, reproducible in speech means of expression used in a journalistic style. Unlike a stamp, "the standard ... does not cause a negative attitude, as it has clear semantics and economically expresses an idea, contributing to the speed of information transfer." The language standards include, for example, such combinations that have become stable: Public sector employees, employment service, international humanitarian aid, commercial structures, law enforcement agencies, branches of Russian government, according to informed sources,- phrases like household service (nutrition, health, recreation etc.). These speech units are widely used by journalists, since it is impossible to invent new means of expression in each specific case.

Comparing the journalistic texts of the period of "Brezhnev's stagnation" and the 90s, one can note a significant reduction in clericalism and speech stamps in the language of newspapers and magazines. The stylistic "companions" of the command-bureaucratic system left the stage in the "post-communist time". Now clericalism and all the beauties of the bureaucratic style are more easily found in humorous works than in newspaper materials. This style is wittily parodied by Mikhail Zhvanetsky:

Decree to further deepen the expansion of constructive measures taken as a result of consolidation to improve the state of all-round interaction of all structures of conservation and ensure even greater intensification of the punishment of the working masses of all masses on the basis of the rotational priority of the future normalization of relations of the same workers according to their own order.

The accumulation of verbal nouns, chains of identical case forms, speech clichés firmly “block” the perception of such statements that cannot be comprehended. Our magazine

narration successfully overcame this "style", and it "decorates" only the speech of individual orators and officials in public institutions. However, while they are in their leadership positions, the problem of combating clericalism and speech stamps has not lost its relevance.

In the new building of the theatre... before the eyes of the viewer, the table will be raised and lowered, the ramp will open and close.
A significant event is the commissioning of a production line in the Vidnovsky shop.
See: Kostomarov V. G. Russian language on a newspaper page. - M., 1971.
Kozhin A. N., Krylova O. K., Odintsov V. V. Function types Russian speech. -FROM. 114.

What are clericalisms, what are examples of clericalisms?

Chancellery- words and speech turns that in the literary language imitate the official business style. Also, these are whole designs of official business style. This includes all types of documents, statements, certificates, acts, resolutions, powers of attorney, which are written based on generally accepted norms.

Examples of clerical phrases:

view incoming and outgoing mail
for your information
assist
recover property damage
remove an employee from his position
offer cooperation on mutually beneficial terms
provide technical assistance in the development of a reconstruction plan

Chancellery are words and expressions used for official business style. A person who uses such expressions may seem more erudite, but often the abundance of bureaucracy in speech makes it incomprehensible. ordinary people. Especially often officials and politicians abuse clericalism. For example: The government has created the Global Investment Impact Learning Exchange. The impact of the investment provides the necessary capital for social and financial results.
Chancellery is such a turn of speech when phrases or phrases have a certain, as they say business stylequot ;. One of the most famous such phrases is put at the end of the letter:
Sincerely, such a person...
Chancery is called individual words or fixed turns of speech that are used in the official business style of communication (in documents, official certificates, statements, etc.).
Examples include the following words and phrases:
Which (in conversation or in fiction we use the word which).

Incoming / outgoing documents (in colloquial style, we usually do not use these adjectives in relation to the noun documents).
Family ties (in life we will just say relatives).
I hereby bring to your attention / confirm / notify / guarantee.
Chancellery these are speech turns, as well as words that are characteristic of the official business style, but are used in texts of other styles, as well as in colloquial speech.
The clerical words include, for example: expenditure, presence, takes place, the above and others.
The official business style is characterized by ready-made verbal formulas, stamps, standard syntactic models, stencils, the purpose of which is to simplify the process of compiling business papers and some kind of standardization.

Like these ones examples: in order to improve efficiency, in accordance with the agreement reached (could be used by agreement), in connection with the order, higher authorities, the identification of undesirable elements, now.
Clericalisms are phrases, grammatical forms and even patterns that are used in business speech, conversation or writing, a bureaucratic variant.
For example: brought to your attention...
after time..
has to be (instead of our usual will)
Office work is speech and words that are mainly used by office workers, this word refers to important contracts, papers, orders, it is justified by the type of expansion of one word into several, for example: not dismissal, but selective reduction of workers.
It is customary to call clericalism words or speech turns that are characteristic of the business style of papers and documents. This is the accepted form of constructing official correspondence, for example. As an example of clericalism, one can cite - what, instead of which.
Chancery - these are words, combinations of words, speech turns that are typical for business style, often used in important papers and documents. For example, instead of watering in the document they will write wateringquot ;. Instead of help use clericalism to helpquot ;.
Chancellery are words or phrases that have come to us from the scientific and professional worlds. Some people like to speak smart language in everyday life in order to appear smarter and accept clericalism.
Examples of clericalism:
soil irrigation or irrigation instead of watering plants.
profit instead of a word profit.