Competent oral speech is a guarantee successful communication. The ability to correctly express your thoughts will help not only when applying for a job or in business negotiations, but also in Everyday life. But in order to perfectly master oral speech, it is necessary to know and observe the orthoepic norms of the Russian language. This is what our article will be devoted to.
What is orthoepy?
The word "orthoepy" consists of two Greek roots - "orthos" and "epos", which are translated as "correct" and "speech". That is, the science of correct speech - that's what orthoepy is.
Graphic abbreviations
Graphic abbreviations include initials next to the surname, volume or distance designations, for example, liters (l), meters (m), also pages (s) and other similar abbreviations that serve to save space in printed text. All these truncated words when reading must be deciphered, that is, you need to pronounce the word in full.
The use of graphic abbreviations in a conversation can be assessed as a speech error or irony, which may be appropriate only in certain circumstances.
Names and patronymics
Orthoepic norms of the Russian language also regulate the pronunciation of names and patronymics. Note that the use of patronymics is typical only for our language. In Europe, such a concept does not exist at all.
The use of the full name and patronymic of a person is necessary under different circumstances, both verbally and in writing. Especially often such appeals are used in a working environment and official documents. Such an appeal to a person can also serve as a marker of the degree of respect, especially when talking with older and older people.
Most of the Russian-speaking names and patronymics have several pronunciations, which can vary, among other things, from the degree of closeness with the person. For example, when meeting for the first time, it is desirable to pronounce the name and patronymic of the interlocutor clearly, as close as possible to writing.
However, in other cases, the orthoepic norms of the Russian language (pronunciation norms) provide for a method of use that has historically developed in oral speech.
- Patronymics ending in "-evna", "-ievich". In female versions, it is necessary to observe the written form, for example, Anatolyevna. In men's - let's say a short version: Anatolyevich / Anatolievich.
- On "-aevich" / "-aevna", "-eevich" / "-eevna". For both male and female options, a short version is allowed: Alekseevna / Alekseevna, Sergeevich / Sergeich.
- On "-ovich" and "-ovna". In the male version, the contraction of the form is permissible: Alexandrovich / Alexandrich. In women's - necessarily full pronunciation.
- AT female patronymics, formed from names ending in "n", "m", "v", are not pronounced [s]. For example, instead of Efimovna - Efimna, Stanislavovna - Stanislavna.
How to pronounce borrowed words
The orthoepic norms of the Russian language also regulate the rules for the pronunciation of foreign words. This is due to the fact that in a number of cases the laws of the use of Russian words are violated in borrowed ones. For example, the letter "o" in unstressed syllables is pronounced the same as if it were in a strong position: oasis, model.
Also, in some foreign words, the consonants before the softening vowel "e" remain hard. For example: code, antenna. There are also words with a variable pronunciation, where you can pronounce "e" both firmly and softly: therapy, terror, dean.
In addition, for borrowed words, the stress is fixed, that is, it remains unchanged in all word forms. Therefore, if you encounter difficulties with pronunciation, it is better to refer to the orthoepic dictionary.
Accentological norm
Now let's take a closer look at the orthoepic and accentological norms of the Russian language. To begin with, let's look at what is accentological norm. This is the name of the rules for placing stress in a word.
In Russian, the stress is not fixed, as in most European ones, which not only enriches speech and increases the possibilities of language play, but also provides great opportunities for violating the accepted norm.
Let's consider the function that unfixed stress performs. So it is:
- gives an opportunity for stylistic coloring words (silver - silver) and the emergence of professionalisms (compass - compAs);
- provides for a change in the etymology (meaning) of the word (meli - meli, Atlas - atlas);
- allows you to change the morphological features of the word (pines - pines).
Also, the placement of stress can change the style of your speech. So, for example, the word "girl" will refer to the literary, and "girl" - to the neutral.
There is also a class of such words, the variability of stress in which does not carry any semantic load. For example, Butt - butt, barge - barge. The emergence of these exceptions is due to the lack of a single norm and equal existence of the dialect and literary language.
Also, the stress in some words may just be an obsolete form. For example, music - music, employee - employee. In fact, you are only changing the accent, but in fact you are starting to speak with an outdated syllable.
Most often, the placement of stress in a word has to be remembered, since the existing rules do not regulate all cases. In addition, sometimes a violation of the literary norm can become an individual author's technique. This is often used by poets to make a line of poetry sound more even.
However, one should not assume that accentology is included in the orthoepic norms of the Russian language. The stress and its correct setting are too extensive and difficult topic, therefore, it is usually taken out in a special section and studied separately. Those who wish to get acquainted with the topic in more detail and exclude violations of the norm of setting stresses from their speech are advised to acquire an orthoepic dictionary.
Conclusion
It would seem that it can be difficult to speak your native language? In fact, most of us have no idea how many norms of the Russian language are violated daily.
Dialects
Dialects are variations in the system of one language. They are not characterized by global differences in phonetics, vocabulary, syntax, grammar and other aspects of the language, but private ones. Naturally, only one version of a language cannot normally exist and develop. Dialects arise because people living on different territories, but speakers of the same language are exposed to different linguistic influences from neighbors, immigrants, etc. What is orthoepy and dialects is easier to understand with examples: remember the softened "r", which is often pronounced in the Kuban - the influence of Ukrainian, or the "letter by letter" pronunciation of St. Petersburg - a consequence of too a large number literate people.
Literary Russian speech
In Russia, as elsewhere, there is a great variety of dialects. They are even classified into species and subspecies! The most famous are probably Vologda and Kuban. Literary speech is considered to be the pronunciation common in St. Petersburg and Moscow.
Basic rules of orthoepy of the Russian language
a) stun. in Russian sometimes they become noisy (that is, completely deaf) before, in fact, noisy and at the end of a word. Examples: in the word mushroom we pronounce "p", although we write "b" (end of the word);
b) before sonants, voiced and vowels, as well as at the beginning of a word, sounds are sometimes voiced ("s" in the word request).
We will consider the pronunciation separately, since it is it that differs most in different dialects:
a) akanye is the transformation of "o" into "a" in an unstressed position. The opposite phenomenon - okanye - is common in Vologda and other northern dialects (for example, we say "malAko" instead of "milk");
b) hiccup - "e" turns into "and" in an unstressed position (we say vilikan, not giant).
c) reduction - that is, the reduction of vowels in over- or pre-stressed positions, that is, their faster and more crumpled pronunciation. There is no clear difference, as with a stun or a hiccup. One can only observe on our own that we pronounce some vowels longer than others (marmalade: the last "a", if you listen carefully, is pronounced much longer than the first).
What is orthoepy for different languages peace?
In Russian, morphological spelling is common - that is, the uniformity of the morpheme throughout the entire process of word formation (exceptions are alternations in roots and the spelling "ы" after prefixes to a consonant). In Belarusian, for example, the system is phonetic: as we speak, so we write. Therefore, for Belarusian schoolchildren to understand what orthoepy is, it is much easier and much more important. Or, for example, in some languages of the world (Finnish, Turkish) words are very, very long - it is impossible to pronounce many different vowels in one word. Consequently, the vowels all adjust to one - shock. Over time, this principle passed into writing.
Correct speech
It is even more difficult to master and constantly use than to write correctly, but, nevertheless, this skill is one of the most important for an intelligent person.
Conversational speech is a kind of system that exists in parallel with book speech within the general national language. One French linguist argued (and rightly!) that "we never speak the way we write, and we rarely write the way we speak." And the famous English writer B. Shaw was sure that "there are fifty ways to say" yes "and five hundred ways to say" no "and only one way to write it." One way or another, but the opposition of two forms of language, oral and written, has sufficient grounds. We will not dwell on the features of everyday speech; but let's talk about something else - about the norms of literary stress and pronunciation, without which one cannot speak of literate speech in the full sense of the word.
Orthoepy called the doctrine of the normative pronunciation of sounds given language, a set of oral speech rules that establish the uniformity of literary pronunciation. This includes issues of stress and intonation, which have importance for oral speech.
With loop or with no? aphids?The question asked in the title will be answered differently by everyone. Some will pronounce no? aphids(which is considered the norm, enshrined in most dictionaries), and others - (and most of them) - with loop.
Most often, fluctuations in stress are explained by the presence of two pronunciation options - book (traditional) and colloquial: ke?ta - keta?, curd? g - your? horn and etc.
The difficulties of Russian stress are connected, as you know, with two of its features. Firstly, it is ambiguous, not associated with a specific syllable in a word, as in some other languages. Secondly, it is mobile, i.e. can move from one syllable to another when changing (declension or conjugation) of the word. It hardly needs to be reminded that the skills to correctly place stress are an essential element of speech culture.
Coping with Russian stress is not easy, but difficulties must be overcome. If the stress in the initial form of many, many words has to be memorized (or checked by looking into reference dictionaries), then in order to determine the place of stress in the derivative forms of words of certain grammatical categories (for example, goose or goose?? re?ku or river??) have their own rules.
Thus, many monosyllabic masculine nouns have the form genitive singular accent on the end; bandage - bandage?, pancake - pancake?, bean - bean?, beaver - beaver?, screw - screw?, harm - harm? umbrella - umbrella ?, whale - whale ?, tuft - tuft ?, fang - fang ?, ladle - bucket ?, mole - mole ?, hook - hook ?, sack - sack ?, tench - tench ?, layer - layer ?, fruit - fruit?, sickle - sickle?, whitefish - whitefish?, stack - stack?, trace - trace? and etc.
Concerning goose, then there are two options for stress - and goose?, and goose. And there are many such words: pond? and pru? yes, rogue? and a cheat, wands? and also? evil, gruzdya? and heavy and etc.
Nouns female in the form of the accusative case of the singular, they have partly the stress on the ending, and partly on the basis:
1) trouble?, tops?, armor?(protective lining) , widow?, spring?, count?, gum?, length?, hole?, snake?, ash?, hut?, pick?, goat?, hole?, sheep?, alder?, saw?, stove? ?, dew?, rock?, saliva?, resin?, owl?, plow?, foot?, country?, stanza?, string?, grass? and etc.;
2) beard, mountain, do? sku, earth, winter, po? ru, sleep and etc.
A number of words have two options for stress: harrow and harrow ?, river and river ?, ke?tu and ketu? and etc.
With an accent on the ending, some monosyllabic feminine nouns of the 3rd declension are pronounced when used with prepositions in and on the in circumstance: in a handful?, on the chest?, in bones?, in blood?, in the night?, on the stove?, in connection?, in the steppe?, in the shade?, on a chain?, in honor? etc. However: on the door? and two? ri, in a cage? and in the cage and etc.
Part of the nouns of the 3rd declension in the form of the genitive plural are pronounced with stress on the base, and part - with stress on the ending:
1) eminences, stupidity, insolence, localities, shepherds, honors, profits, preaching, strands, cuts, joys, pranks;
2) branch? th, handful, position, pole? th, brush? th, fortress? th, blade? th, flat? th, square, tale, role, set, tablecloth, speed, degree, sterlet, shadow slot? etc. However, it is possible: about? Industries and industries? etc. Sometimes prepositions take on stress, and then the noun (or numeral) following them turns out to be unstressed: hour about hour, year about year; before? nights before? semi etc. Most often, the stress is pulled over by prepositions:
On the: on the? leg, on mountain, on hand, on back, on winter, on soul, huh? wall, on head, on side; on the? coast, on year, on house, on nose, on corner, on ear, on day, on night, tooth on? tooth; on the? two, on three, na? six, na? ten, huh? hundred;
Behind: behind? leg, for head, for hair, for hand, for back, for winter, for soul; behind? nose, for year for? city; behind? ear, for ears, for night; behind? two, for three for? six for? ten for? forty, for hundred;
By: on? sea, by field, by forest, by semi, by nose, by ear; on? two, by three, by? one hundred, by two, by three;
Under: up the legs, up the arms, up the mountain, up the nose, down the evening;
From: and? from the nose;
Without: without news, without sense, without a year a week.
However: and? from the sight and from the sight, and? from the house and from the house, and? from the forest and from the forest, on? water and water and etc.
Many short adjectives(without suffixes in stem or with suffixes -k-, -l-, -n-, -ok- in most cases, they have the stress on the first syllable of the stem in all forms except the feminine singular (where it passes to the ending). But some of these adjectives have plural parallel form with accent on the ending: pale, pale?, pale, pale?; close, close?, close, close?; striker, striker ?, striker, striker ?; merry, merry?, merry, merry?; harmful, harmful?, harmful, harmful?; stupid, stupid?, stupid? by, stupid? py?; deaf (deaf), deaf?, deaf?, deaf? hungry, hungry?, hungry, hungry; proud, proud?, proud, proud?; bitter, bitter?, bitter, bitter?; rude, rude?, rude?bo, rude?; thick, thick ?, thick? one hundred, thick? sty ?; cheap, cheap?, cheap, cheap; to? log, debt?, to? long, to? lies; to? horn, road?, to? expensive, road? friendly, friendly?, friendly, friendly?; sorry, sorry, sorry, sorry; alive, alive?, alive? in, alive? you; green, green?, green, green?; strong? pok, strong?, strong? pko, strong? pki?; short, short, short, short, short; young, young?, young, young; right, right?, right? in, right? you; empty, empty?, empty, empty, empty?; rare, rare?, rare, rare?; light, light?, light, light; satiated, satiated?, satiated? those? sen, cramped?, those? clear, those? dreams?; stupid, stupid ?, stupid? by, stupid? py ?; cold, cold?, cold, cold?.
Difficulties are caused by the placement of stress in a number of verbs in the form of the past tense. Three groups of verbs can be distinguished here:
1) with an accent on the base in all forms: beat - beat, bi?la, bi?lo, bi?li; shave - shave, br? la, br? lo, br? li; blow - blew, blew, blew, blew, blew; reap - sting, sting, la, sting, sting; put - put, put? La, put? Lo, put? Whether; steal - stole, stole, stole, stole; to cover - wings, wings? la, wing? lo, wings; wash - washed, we? la, we? lo, we? whether; knead - kneaded, mumbled, lathered, wrinkled, wrinkled; mouth - fell, pa?la, pa?lo, pa?li; neigh - neigh, neigh? La, neigh? Lo, neigh? sew - sewed, shi? la, shi? lo, shi?;
2) with stress on the basis in all forms, except for the feminine form (in which the stress passes to the ending): take - took, took ?, took? Lo, took; to be - was, was?, would? lo, would? vit - pitchfork, pitchfork ?, vi?lo, vi?li; heed - heeded, heeded?, heeded? lo, heeded? to lie - lied, lied?, lied? lo, lied; drive - drove, drove ?, drove? Lo, drove? to fight - tore, tore?, to fight, to fight; live - lived, lived ?, lived? lo, lived? call - called, called ?, called? Lo, called? pour - lil, lil?, whether? lo, whether? whether; drink - drank, drank ?, drank? Lo, drank? swim - swam, swam ?, swam? Lo, swam? to tear - tore, tore?, tore? Lo, tore? take off - took off, took off ?, took off? Lo, took off? Whether; sleep - slept, slept ?, spa? lo, spa? etc. However: take - took, took ?, took? lo ?, took; give - gave, gave ?, yes? lo ?, yes? whether, etc .;
3) with an accent on the prefix in all forms, except for the feminine form (in which the stress goes to the ending): donya?t - got it, got it?, got it?, got it; freeze? - for? measures, froze?, for? froze, froze; busy - occupied, occupied, occupied, occupied; lock? - for? lane, locked?, for? bar, locked? hired - hired, hired ?, hired, hired; start - started, started, started ?, started, started; depart(leave) - o? left, departed ?, o? left, o? left; understand - understood, understood?, understood, understood; understood; arrive - arrived, arrived, arrived?, arrived, arrived; accept - accepted, accepted?, accepted, accepted; cursed - cursed, cursed?, cursed, cursed; to wane - y? was, wane?, y? was, y? were; die? - u? died, died ?, u?.
Some of the verbs allow a parallel form with an accent on the root: live? - lived up to? lived? l, lived up?, lived up? drink up - before? drunk? l, finished drinking?, up? ask - for? yes? l, asked?, for? yes? lo, for? yes? nazhi?t - nazhi?l, nazhila? take away - o? take away? l, took away ?, o? otpi?t - o?tpi?l, drank?, o?tpi?lo, o?tpi?li; give? - yes? l, filed?, yes? raise? t - by? day? l, raised?, by? day? lo, by? day? sell? - pro? yes? l, sold?, sold? yes? lo, sold? yes? live? - lived? lived? l, lived?, lived? lived? lo, lived? shed? t - about? or? l, shed?, pro? or? lo, pro? or? and etc.
A similar phenomenon is observed in some passive participles past tense: in the feminine form, in some cases, the emphasis falls on the ending, in others - on the prefix:
1) taken - taken, taken ?, taken? that, taken? you; vi? ty - vit, vit?, vi? then, vi? you; obsolete - outlived? t, obsolete? begun? started - started? chat, started?, started, started, started? chats; accepted - accepted, accepted, accepted, accepted. However: before? given - before? given, before? given, before? given, before? given; about? given - about? given, about? given?, about? given, about? given; with? given - with? given, given? given?, given? given, given? pro? given - pro? given, sold? given?, sold? given, sold? given; born - born, born, born?, born, born, born; created - created, created, created?, created, created;
2) taken - taken, taken, taken, taken, taken; bred - bred, bred, bred, bred; taken away - taken away, taken away, taken away, taken away; tattered - tattered, torn, torn, torn, torn; for? called - for? called, for? called, for? called, for? called; and? chosen - and? chosen, and? chosen, and? chosen, and? chosen; iso-dran - iso-dran, iso-dran, iso-dran, iso-dran; recruited - recruited, recruited, recruited, recruited; called? called - called, called? called, called? called, called; selected? selected - selected? selected, selected? selected, selected? selected, selected; torn off - torn off, torn off, torn off, torn off; recalled - recalled, recalled, recalled, recalled, recalled; picked up - picked up, picked up, picked up, picked up; called? called - called, called, called, called, called; interrupted - interrupted, interrupted, interrupted, interrupted, interrupted; tidied up - tidied up, tidied up, tidied up, tidied up; called? called - called, called, called, called, called; called - called, called, called, called, called; collected - collected, collected, collected, collected, collected; convened - convened, convened, convened, convened, convened etc. However: requested? given - requested? given, requested? given?, requested? given, requested? given.
In verbs in -ing two groups are distinguished: with an emphasis on and(most of them) and with an emphasis on a:
1) ballot, balm, block, guarantee, debate, orchestrate, disqualify, discredit, debate, dispute, distill, discipline, differentiate? to plan, to plan, to illustrate, to stage, to inform, to qualify, to compromise, to compete, to state, to copy, to liquidate, to maneuver, to decoy, mini? vat, operate, parry, ratify, refine, rehabilitate, register, summarize, scalp, summarize, telegraph, third? exaggerate, exaggerate, formulate, force, photograph, quote, shock, evacuate and etc.;
2) bombard, corrugate, engrave, make up, group, drape, seal, lacquer, march, mask, furnish, seal, premium? t, form? etc. However: gaz? rov? t, normalize? rov? and etc.
Similar groups stand out among the passive past participles formed from verbs in –ing: shape on -and? corresponds to the form on -and?, form on -irova?t- form on -iro?bathroom:
1) block? block - blocked, plan? etc. Type Exceptions: distilled - distilled;
2) bombarded - bombarded, lacquered - lacquered, sealed - sealed - bathed, rewarded - rewarded, formed - formed etc. Respectively: Gazi? Rova? T - Gazi? Ro? Bathroom, Normal? Rova? and etc.
In conclusion, let us recall some words, the placement of stress in which causes difficulties.
and? vgustovsky
bus
autograph
agent
agency
agony
agronomy
alcohol
alphabet
anatomist
anoni?m
apartments and apartments
apostrophe
arbu?z, arbu?za, pl. watermelons
argument ? nt
are ? st
aristocrat ? tiya
asbe ? st
astrono ? m
a ? tlas(meeting geographical maps)
atla ? with(the cloth)
athlete
atomic
scam
pampered bathroom
pamper
barge and barge?
rampant
without y? silence
unprecedented
library
blocked
block? rove, block? ruesh
fear
fraternization
fraternize
delusional
armor(assigning something to someone)
armor?(protective lining made of steel)
bourgeoisie
being?
bureaucracy
gross
sculpture
sculptor
ve?rba
religion? giving
explosive
vision(ability to see)
vision(ghost)
magic?
thief, thief, pl. the thieves
gates
temporary? to
second?
gastronomy
hegemony
hectare
genesis
coat of arms, coat of arms?, pl. coats of arms?
hydroplane
hospital
engraver
grapefruit
grenadier
toast
caterpillar
long-standing
two? native
democracy
department
despot
hyphen
decimeter
activity
diagnosis
dialog
dispensary[se]
extraction?cha
contract, pl. contracts
agreement
call
document
dollar
don?
board?, pl. do?ski, do?juice and doso?k, do?scam and board?m
dramaturgy
nap?
Egyptian
unity
heretic
gland?, pl. same? glands, glands, iron? m
pearl, pl. pearls?
cruelly?
book(attach something to someone)
book(cover with armor)
envious bottom
forever? thai
CONSPIRACY
conspirator
headline
butt? lgo
loan
call? call, call? sh
zai?ndevet and frosty
close up
busy(Human)
busy(house)
zarzha? vet and rust
drought
call? call? sh
health resort
winterer
evil?ba
significance
jagged
hieroglyph
spoiled bathroom
spoil?
chosen one
sculpture
exile
and? for a long time
invention
occasionally
and?canopy
otherwise and otherwise
foreign
pulse
industry
tool
incident
spark
spark and spark
and?
expired
hysteria
run out and (col.) exhaust
flounder and (col.) flounder?
camphor? and camphor
camphor and camphor
catalog
catastrophe
rubber
quarter(part of the city; quarter of the year)
cedar
who? and chum?
ketovy and keto
kilometer
cinema
Cypriot and (col.) tarpaulin?
whale(mustache)
kitchi?
cemetery
pantry
skin?x
whooping cough
college
colossus(giant)
combiner and combine operator
compass
complex
compromise
more beautiful
flint
cooking and chefs? me
kitchen
lasso?
athlete
lazy
lethargy
lithography
lomo?ta
bruise
score
maneuvers
masterfully?
skill?
medications
a little and (col.) finely? m
metallurgy and (colloquial and prof.) metallurgy
meteorologist
mi?grain and (less often) miserable
the youth
monologue
monument
carrot
muscular and muscular
drill?
we?kat
cleaning
on? white
maybe
nave?rx
hex
on? naked(cut off)
naked?(hold checker)
need to take
askew
anvil
tax
intention
nao?tmash
arrears
obituary
dumbness?
hatred
nearby
unsurpassed
Necessé?r[nesese?r]
oil?nickname
newborn
normalize and (col.) normalize
madness?
security
depreciate thread
promised
ease
exchanged
encourage
exacerbate
everyday
ogu? scrap
borrow, borrow
embittered
window?, pl. o? kna, o? con
oligarchy
guardianship
lean on
wholesale
refresh
aware
otku?
partly
pa?
paralysis
parte?r[te]
libel
plowing
ashes?
translated
feathery(clouds)
the loop and (col.) the loop?
glider
mold
tale
whitewashed
induce?
cookery(salt)
immersed(per platform)
immersed(into water; into thought)
donate, donate
subtitle
swept up
poedo?m
poi?mka
porous
briefcase
handrails
pedestal? nt
in the morning?(there is)
at a funeral, at a funeral?
thing
reward
claimant
precedent
approximate(to something)
approximate(close)
sentence
dowry
prizes?
conscript? to
invocative(item, age)
invocatory(calling)
adapted
force
principle
acquisition
damn(cursed)
damn(hated)
pro?seka and (less often) pro?sec
percent
alias
developed? th (child), developed? I (industry)
developed (provisions developed in the report)
developed (curl)
crayfish and (colloquial) shell
get angry, get angry
revolver
belt
rust? vet and rust?
novel
mine
lead, lead, lead
ru?slo
lynx
soot? and sa?zhen
salute? be, salute? eat
sanitation
centimeter
beet
flog, past sek, sekla?, seklo?, sekla?(chopping)
strong
silage
symmetry and symmetry
an orphan?, pl. orphan companies
folded(from details)
folded(possessing one or another physique)
happening
swept away
sable? knowledge
perfect(perfected)
perfect(made)
modern
cosas?in
concentration
means, pl. facilities
stable
status
statute
a statue
shorthand
table?r
vessel
happy[sl]
customs
dancer
cottage cheese and (col.) cottage cheese
those?
terror
those fattels and meatballs?
brindle
tyranny
then? plivny
nausea?
trainer
litigation
coal, genus. u?look and coal?
carbonic(from coal)
carbonic(from injection)
Ukrainian
dead
simplification
aggravate and help? beat
uti?l, uti?la
thickened
discounted
facsimile
porcelain
fireworks
phenomenon and phenomenon
fetish
philanthropy
philately
forum
foundation
ha?nzhestvo
chaos(in ancient Greek mythology)
chaos and chaos(mess)
surgery
cotton(plant)
cotton(hit)
cotton
move? mystery
move? hide, move? hide
host?
sleek and sleek
ridge?t
Christian
chronograph
chronometer
cement
citrus
Gypsy
shepherd? n, shepherd?
che?rpat
chassis?
seamstress?
chauffeur
headquarters?(pl.)
sorrel
dandies? ha
smartly?
alkaline
pinch
excursion
expert
expert
export
epigraph
epilogue
Yuro? marvelous
yurt
language(pertaining to the verbal expression of thoughts)
linguistic(referring to an organ in the oral cavity)
barley
Look up to the speaker!
Of course, we will talk about the exemplary literary pronunciation of radio and television announcers, professional dramatic artists.
Normative pronunciation plays a huge role in the process of human communication. Any deviation from the norm in this area distracts the listener from the content of the statement, interferes with its correct perception, and causes a feeling of dissatisfaction. Literary pronunciation and stress are the most important components of sounding speech. Therefore, it is necessary to know the basic rules for pronunciation of unstressed vowels, voiced and voiceless consonants, individual sound combinations and grammatical forms.
A large role in our language is played by nasal consonants [m] and [n] and smooth consonants [l] and [p], with which a significant part of the words of the language begin; these consonants have great sonority and musicality. The appearance in the speech of the multitude soft sounds is explained by such a phonetic feature of the language as the softening of consonants before the front vowels [i] and [e].
In Russian words, difficult-to-pronounce combinations of sounds are almost absent, as a result of which speech acquires such valuable qualities as lightness and fluency.
Great importance has a mobile multi-place stress, due to which, in combination with intonational diversity, rhythm, musicality, and expressiveness of speech are created.
A few words about the development of Russian literary pronunciation. Its historical basis is Moscow speech, which developed in the first half of the 17th century. By this time, Moscow pronunciation had lost its dialectal features, combining the pronunciation features of both the northern and southern dialects of the Russian language. M.V. Lomonosov considered the Moscow “dialect” the basis of literary pronunciation: “The Moscow dialect is not only for the importance of the capital city, but for all its excellent beauty, it is rightly preferred by others ...”
With the development of the Russian national language, Moscow pronunciation acquired the character of nationwide pronunciation norms. The orthoepic system developed in this way, in its main features, has been preserved at the present time as stable pronunciation norms of the literary language.
However, it is impossible not to take into account the fact that over the past century there have been fundamental changes in all areas of the life of our people, that the literary language has become the property of many millions of people and, thereby, the composition of the native speakers of the literary language has significantly expanded. Significantly changed, especially in the second half of the 20th century, the national and social composition of the population of Moscow - in short, conditions were created for the "loosening" of some of the former orthoepic norms and for the emergence of new pronunciation options that coexist today with the old norms.
It should also be taken into account that the styles of the literary language differ from each other not only in terms of vocabulary and grammar: the differences between them also extend to the area of pronunciation. So, we can talk about two varieties of pronunciation style - book style (high), which finds its expression in public speaking, lectures, etc., and colloquial style, manifested in everyday speech, in everyday communication. These styles are respectively associated with vocabulary - bookish and colloquial. And between these two styles is the neutral style of pronunciation.
If we ignore the vocabulary and evaluate only the phonetic side of speech, then two styles are distinguished: full, characterized by a clear pronunciation of sounds, a slow pace of speech, and incomplete, characterized by less thoroughness in pronunciation of sounds, a faster pace of speech.
What can interest us in the field of pronunciation? First of all, those cases that obey the literary norm. Then there are such cases when pronunciation options are acceptable, of which one is still preferable and can be recommended: this means the choice between the options old and new, bookish and colloquial. In short, the same question is being solved: “What is the best way to say it?”
If we talk about the main trend in the development of Russian literary pronunciation, then this is the convergence of pronunciation with spelling. The explanation of this process should be sought primarily in such socio-cultural factors as the general literacy of the population, the widespread use of the mass media, craving for books, etc. Acquaintance with the literary language (including standard pronunciation) begins mainly at school. And before the eyes of children from the first days of training, there is always a graphic image of a word, which, with a tenacious childhood memory, is firmly remembered and leaves its mark on pronunciation.
Maybe you noticed the double pronunciation of the suffix -sya / -sya- with soft [s '] and hard [s]? The old Moscow norm recommended a firm pronunciation (it is preserved to some extent on the theater stage, in the speech of radio and television announcers): scared[sa], strive[sa], combat[with], I hope[with]. Currently, the pronunciation with soft [s '] prevails. It is not difficult to explain this change. Even at school, children learn that in letter combinations Xia and camping vowel and letter " soft sign"indicate the softness of the pronunciation of the preceding consonant (this is illustrated by examples: [s'a] d, ve[with']). How can a schoolchild know that this provision does not apply to verb forms and that in them -sya sounds like [sa], but -ss- how [with]? Much easier to remember general rule, and you can safely pronounce the indicated suffixes (postfixes) softly.
According to the old norm (not yet completely lost), adjectives in -hy, -hy, -hy (strict, distant, quiet) and verbs in - nod, - nod, - nod (stretch, push, push) were pronounced without softening the back-lingual consonants [g], [k], [x] and with a weakening (reduction) of the subsequent vowel (in place of the letter and a sound was pronounced between [a] and [s]). But the schoolboy knows that in the words [g'i] vigor, [k'i] vat, [x'i] three these consonants, according to the laws of Russian pronunciation, sound soft, and there is no need to inform him that in some grammatical forms this rule is not observed. So general position it extends to special cases. In this case, you can also safely use the new “soft” norm.
You can point to other changes in pronunciation, explained by the same reason - the influence of spelling. Yes, spelling LJ according to the previous norm, it was pronounced as a long soft [zh ']. But the hissing [g] is by nature hard, and it is not surprising that words like reins, buzz now more and more often pronounced with a solid long [g].
Under the influence of spelling, the pronunciation of the letter combination has changed ch. Earlier in book words (endless, eternal, exact etc.) combination ch was pronounced in accordance with the spelling, but in everyday words - like [shn] ( measles[sn] left, plum[sn] th etc.). Today's pronunciation ch as [shn] was preserved in a few words: of course, boring, laundry, fiddling, mustard plaster, birdhouse, scrambled eggs and etc.
Let us dwell on two more cases: on the pronunciation of double consonants and words of foreign origin. Matching the pronunciation of words gamma - grammar, mass - massage, we notice that double consonants between vowels are pronounced as a long sound if the accent precedes the double consonant ( ha?mma, ma?sa). If the stressed syllable is after double consonants, then they are pronounced as a simple (not long) sound ( grammar? tika, mass?). Hence the difference in the pronunciation of words with double consonants:
1) with a long consonant at the root, the words are pronounced: va? nna, g? mma, group? ppa, cape? lla, ka? ssa, massa, program? mma, then? etc.;
2) with a simple (short) consonant, the words are pronounced at the root: cancel, assistant, influenza, group, correspondent, saturday, terra? sa, terror, tunnel etc.
A long consonant is also pronounced at the beginning of a word before a vowel ( quarrel, loan) and at the junction of morphemes: prefixes and roots ( carefree, seated) or root and suffix ( deep, equestrian).
In the pronunciation of words of foreign origin, we are interested in the pronunciation of unstressed about and pronunciation of consonants before e.
According to the rules of Russian phonetics in place of the letter about in the first pre-stressed syllable [a] is pronounced (compare the literary pronunciation of the words water, leg, time etc.). But in some words of foreign origin, the literary norm recommends pronunciation in accordance with the spelling, i.e. in words boa, bordeaux, necklace, hotel, foyer, highway etc. on the spot about pronounce [o]. In separate words poet, sonnet, phonetics etc.) in place about along with the pronunciation [o] (book version) there is the pronunciation [a] (colloquial version).
As you know, in Russian words (as well as in borrowed words that have long been included in the Russian language), the consonant before e pronounced softly: [b '] white, [in'] cheat, [d'] day, [l’] UTB,[m'] ena, [n'] no, [P'] first, [with'] ery etc. However, in words of foreign origin, insufficiently mastered by the Russian language and perceived as borrowed, the consonant before e not mitigated: for example: ice[b] erg, en[t] enna, [d] elta, ka[f] e, porridge[n] e, ku[P] e, summary[m] e, ti[R] e, chimp[h] e, highway[e].
A very small conclusionOur joint journey into the world of language is over. But before each of you are open wide opportunities continue it on your own: there are no limits to the study mother tongue.
It is appropriate to recall the statement of the famous French philosopher and enlightenment writer Voltaire: “Learning several languages is a matter of one or two years; and it takes half a lifetime to learn to speak your own language properly.”
Orthoepy. Modern orthoepic norms. Main orthoepic rules modern Russian literary language.
In the literary language, we focus on generally accepted patterns - norms. Norms are characteristic of different levels of the language. There are lexical, morphological, spelling, phonetic norms. There are pronunciation rules.
Orthoepy - (Greek orthos- "simple, correct, epos" - "speech") is a set of rules that establish pronunciation standards.
The subject of orthoepy is oral speech. Oral speech accompanied by a number of mandatory features: stress, diction, tempo, intonation. But orthoepic rules cover only the area of pronunciation of individual sounds in certain phonetic positions or combinations of sounds, as well as the features of the pronunciation of sounds in certain grammatical forms, in groups of words or individual words.
Compliance with orthoepic rules is necessary, it helps to better understand speech.
Pronunciation norms are of a different nature and have different origins.
In some cases, the phonetic system dictates only one possibility of pronunciation. A different pronunciation will be a violation of the laws of the phonetic system.
For example, indistinguishing between hard and soft consonants
or pronunciation of only hard or only soft consonants; or distinguish between voiceless and voiced consonants in all positions without exception.
In other cases, the phonetic system allows not one, but two or more possibilities of pronunciation. In such cases, one possibility is recognized as literary correct, normative, while others are evaluated either as variants of the literary norm, or are recognized as non-literary.
Norms of literary pronunciation are both a stable and developing phenomenon. In every this moment they have something that connects today's pronunciation with past eras of the literary language, and something that appears as new in pronunciation under the influence of the live oral practice of a native speaker, as a result of the action of internal laws of the development of the phonetic system.
Contemporary Russian pronunciation evolved over the centuries, from the 15th to the 17th centuries. on the basis of the so-called Moscow vernacular, formed on the basis of the interaction of northern Great Russian and southern Great Russian dialects.
By the 19th century Old Slavonic pronunciation developed in all its main features and, as an exemplary one, extended its influence to the pronunciation of the population of other major cultural centers. But there has never been complete stability in pronunciation, in the pronunciation of the population major centers there have always been local differences.
So, the norms of literary pronunciation are a stable and dynamically developing phenomenon; they are based on the laws of the functioning of the phonetic system of the language and on socially developed and traditionally adopted rules that undergo changes during the development of oral literary speech as a result of the influence various factors language development. These changes initially have the character of fluctuating norms, but if such changes do not contradict the phonetic system and become widespread, they lead to the emergence of variants of the literary norm, and then, possibly, to the establishment new norm pronunciation.
There are several sources of deviation from the norms of literary pronunciation: 1) the influence of spelling, 2) the influence of dialect features, 3) the influence of the native language (accent) - for non-Russians.
The heterogeneity of pronunciation in different population groups determined the emergence of the doctrine of pronunciation styles. For the first time, L.V. Shcherba took up the issues of pronunciation style, he distinguished two styles of pronunciation:
1. Full, characterized by maximum clarity and clarity of pronunciation;
2. Incomplete style - the style of ordinary casual speech. Within these styles, various variations are possible.
In general, the current orthoepic norms of the Russian language (and their possible options) are registered in special dictionaries.
It should be highlighted:
a) rules for the pronunciation of individual sounds (vowels and consonants);
b) rules for pronunciation of combinations of sounds;
c) rules for pronunciation of individual grammatical forms;
d) rules for pronunciation of individual borrowed words.
1. The pronunciation of vowels is determined by the position in pre-stressed syllables and is based on a phonetic law called reduction. Due to reduction, unstressed vowels are preserved in duration (quantity) and lose their distinct sound (quality). All vowels undergo reduction, but the degree of this reduction is not the same. So, the vowels [y], [s], [and] in an unstressed position retain their main sound, while [a], [o],
[e] qualitatively change. The degree of reduction [a], [o], [e] depends mainly on the place of the syllable in the word, as well as on the nature of the preceding consonant.
a) In the first pre-stressed syllable, the sound [Ù] is pronounced: [vÙdy / sÙdy / nÙzhy]. After hissing, [Ù] is pronounced: [zhÙra / shÙry].
In place of [e] after hissing [w], [w], [c], the sound [ye] is pronounced: [tsyepnoį], [zhyeltok].
After soft consonants in place [a], [e], the sound [ie] is pronounced:
[ch٬iesy / s٬iela].
b) In the rest of the unstressed syllables, in place of the sounds [o], [a], [e], after solid consonants, the sound [b] is pronounced:
par٨vos] After soft consonants in place of sounds [a], [e], it is pronounced [b]: [n" tÙch "okʹ / h" mÙdan].
2. Pronunciation of consonants:
a) the norms of literary pronunciation require a positional exchange of paired deaf and voiced in a position in front of the deaf (only deaf) - voiced (only voiced) and at the end of the word (only deaf): [chl "epʹ] / trʹpkʹ / proʹ b]];
b) assimilation softening is not necessary, there is a tendency to lose it: [s"t"inaʹ] and [st"inaʹ], [z"d"es"] and [zd"es"].
3. Pronunciation of some combinations of vowels:
a) in pronominal formations what, to - th is pronounced like [pcs]; in pronominal formations such as something, mail, the pronunciation [h "t] is almost preserved;
b) in a number of words of predominantly colloquial origin, [shn] is pronounced in place of ch: [kÙn "eshn / nÙroshn].
In words of book origin, the pronunciation [h "n] has been preserved: [ml "ech" nyį / vÙstoch "nyį];
c) in the pronunciation of the combinations vst, zdn, stn (hello, holiday, private trader), one of the consonants usually decreases or drops out: [holiday "ik], [h "asn" ik], [hello]
4. Pronunciation of sounds in some grammatical forms:
a) pronunciation of the form I.p. unit adjectives without stress: [red / s "in" iį] - under the influence of spelling arose - th, - y; after back-lingual r, k, x ® uy: [t "iх" iį], [m "ahk" iį];
b) pronunciation - sya, - sya. Under the influence of spelling, soft pronunciation became the norm: [n'ch "ielas" / n'ch "iels" aʹ];
c) the pronunciation of the verbs na-ive after g, k, x, the pronunciation [g "], [k"], [x"] became the norm (under the influence of spelling): [vyt "ag" ivyt "].
5. Pronunciation of borrowed words.
In general, the pronunciation of borrowed words is subject to the phonetic system of the Russian language.
However, in some cases there are deviations:
a) pronunciation of [o] in place of [Ù]: [boaʹ / otel" / poet], although [rÙman / [rÙĵal" / prucent];
b) [e] is preserved in unstressed syllables: [Ùtel"ĵé / d"epr"es"iįb];
c) before [e], g, k, x, l are always softened: [g "etry / k" ex / bÙl "et].
The pronunciation of borrowed words should be checked in a dictionary.
Speech norms act differently in various styles pronunciation: in colloquial, in the style of public (bookish) speech, of which the first is realized in everyday communication, and the second - in reports, lectures, etc. The differences between them relate to the degree of reduction of vowels, simplification of consonant clusters (in colloquial style the reduction is more significant, the simplification is more intensive), etc.
Questions:
1. What is the subject of study of orthoepy?
2. Describe the basic rules for the pronunciation of vowels.
3. Describe the basic rules for the pronunciation of consonants.
4. Indicate the main features and pronunciation variants of certain grammatical forms acceptable by the literary norm.
5. Indicate the features of the pronunciation of some combinations of sounds and doubled consonants.
6. Describe the main features of the pronunciation of vowels and consonants in foreign words.
7. What are the main reasons for the appearance of pronunciation options and violations of the norms of literary pronunciation?
Literature:
1. Avanesov R. I. Russian literary pronunciation. M., 1972.
2. Avanesov R. I. Russian literary and dialectal phonetics. M., 1974.
3. Gorbachevich K. S. Norms of the modern Russian literary language. M., 1978.
Orthoepy is a system of norms for correct pronunciation. Orthoepic norms are historically established and accepted in society rules for the pronunciation of words and grammatical forms of words. Orthoepic norms are no less important for the literary language than the norms for the formation of grammatical forms of words and sentences or spelling norms.
It is customary to distinguish between different orthoepic norms: “older” and “younger”, as well as norms of high and neutral pronunciation styles.
The older norm, which primarily distinguishes the speech of educated older people, is characterized by the pronunciation bulo [shn] aya, soft [ky], [z`v`] er. The younger pronunciation norm, observed in the speech of young people who speak a literary language, allows the pronunciation of bulo [ch] aya, soft [k`y], [zv`] vr.
The norms of a high pronunciation style (cf. the measured speech of a radio or television announcer, as well as an artist reading a solemn ode from the stage) allow, for example, the pronunciation of an unstressed sound [o] in borrowed words: p[o]et, s[o]no, nocturne. In a neutral style, these and similar words are pronounced according to the general rule of replacing an unstressed sound [o] with a sound [a]: p[a]et, s[a]no, n[a]kturne.
The system of modern norms of Russian literary pronunciation and the features of the pronunciation of more than 63,000 words and their grammatical forms are reflected in the Orthoepic Dictionary of the Russian Language, edited by R. A. Avanesov (the first edition was published in 1983, after which there were a number of reprints). The compact “Dictionary of Russian Pronunciation Difficulties” by M. L. Kalenchuk and R. F. Kasatkina (M., 1997) is also useful for both the student and the teacher, which contains 15,000 of the most common Russian words, the pronunciation of which can cause difficulties.
To master the norms of correct literary pronunciation, it is important to take into account four sections of orthoepy: orthoepy of consonant sounds; orthoepy of vowel sounds; orthoepy of individual grammatical forms; orthoepy of borrowed words.
Orthoepic norms. Orthoepic norms are also called literary pronunciation norms, since they serve the literary language, i.e. the language spoken and written by cultured people. The literary language unites all Russian speakers, it is needed to overcome the linguistic differences between them. And this means that he must have strict norms: not only lexical - norms for the use of words, not only grammatical, but also orthoepic norms. Differences in pronunciation, like other language differences, interfere with people's communication, shifting their attention from what is being said to how it is being said. Pronunciation norms are determined by the phonetic system of the language. Each language has its own phonetic laws, according to which words are pronounced. For example, in Russian, the stressed sound [o] in an unstressed position changes to [a] (in [o] du - in [a] yes, t [o] chit - t [a] chit); after soft consonants, the stressed vowels [o, a, e] change to an unstressed sound [i] (m [i] so - m [i] sleep, in [e] l - in [i] la, l [e] s - vl [and] zat); at the end of words, voiced consonants change to deaf ones (du [b] s - du [n], moro [s] s - moro [s]). The same change of voiced to deaf ones occurs before deaf consonants (ru[b]it - ru[n]ka, slide - how [s]ko), and deaf consonants before voiced ones change to voiced ones (ko[s]it - kozba, young [t]it - youth [d]ba). Phonetics is the study of these laws. Orthoepic norms determine the choice of pronunciation options - if the phonetic system in this case allows several possibilities. So, in words of foreign origin, in principle, the consonant before the letter e can be pronounced both hard and soft, while the orthoepic norm sometimes requires a hard pronunciation (for example, [de] kada, [te] mp), sometimes soft (for example [d "e] declaration, [t" e] temperament, mu[z" e] d). The phonetic system of the Russian language allows both the combination [shn] and the combination [h "n], cf. bulo [h "n] th and bulo [shn] th, but the orthoepic norm prescribes to speak horse [shn] o, and not horse [h "n] o. Orthoepy also includes stress norms: to pronounce the document correctly, not the document, began, but did not start, ringing, and not ringing, alphabet, not alphabet). The basis of the Russian literary language, and hence the literary pronunciation, is the Moscow dialect. It happened historically: it was Moscow that became the unifier of the Russian lands, the center of the Russian state. Therefore, the phonetic features of the Moscow dialect formed the basis of orthoepic norms. If the capital of the Russian state were not Moscow, but, say, Novgorod or Vladimir, then the literary norm would be “okane” (i.e. we would now pronounce in [o] yes, and not in [a] yes), and if Ryazan became the capital - “yakane” (i.e. we would speak in [l "a] su, and not in [l "i]su). Orthoepic rules prevent a mistake in pronunciation, cut off unacceptable options. Pronunciation options that are recognized as incorrect, non-literary, may appear under the influence of the phonetics of others. language systems- territorial dialects, urban vernacular or closely related languages, mainly Ukrainian. We know that not all Russian speakers have the same pronunciation. In the north of Russia, they “okayut” and “jump”: they pronounce v[o]da, g[o]v[o]rit, n[e]su), in the south they “kayat” and “yak” (they say v[a] ]yes, n[ya]su), there are other phonetic differences. A person who has not mastered the literary language since childhood, but who consciously masters literary pronunciation, may encounter pronunciation features in his speech that are characteristic of the local dialect that he learned in childhood. For example, people from the south of Russia often retain a special pronunciation of the sound [g] - they pronounce a voiced [x] in its place (the sound denoted by the sign [g] in transcription). It is important to understand that such pronunciation features are a violation of the norms only in the system of the literary language, and in the system of territorial dialects they are normal and correct and correspond to the phonetic laws of these dialects. More in the specified source
The term "orthoepy" is used in the science of language in two meanings: 1) the totality of the norms of the literary language associated with the sound design of words: the norms of pronunciation of sounds, stress and intonation; 2) a science that studies the variation of the pronunciation norms of the literary language and develops pronunciation recommendations (orthoepic rules). Orthoepy ensures the unity of the sound design of the national language, which contributes to quick and easy language communication. The rules of orthoepy have their own long history and take shape as the norms of the language, usually late, when various forms develop. public speech and increases specific gravity oral speech in society. Of great importance in the development of literary pronunciation was the theater, which preserved the norms of orthoepy in the purest form. Stage speech in many languages is the basis of orthoepic norms. The importance of orthoepy increases with the development of sound films, radio, and television. The orthoepic norms of the Russian language developed in their most important features as early as the first half of the 17th century as the norms of the Moscow dialect, which later began to acquire the character of national norms. The norms of orthoepy finally took shape in the second half of the 19th century and are largely preserved today; only a few private rules have changed.
