Stump resin- this is a naturally tarred sound part of stumps and roots conifers. Resin serves as a raw material for turpentine and rosin production. In our country, the harvesting and processing of stump resin from Scots pine and Siberian pine is carried out.

Stump resin resources are determined based on the number and diameters of stumps, using regional reference tables.

Using the initial data in Appendix 1 and the taxation characteristics of the units presented in Table. 2.17, as well as by the values ​​of the average diameter and the number of tar stumps per 1 ha (Table 2.18), the stock of stump tar per 1 ha is determined and total area allotment (Table 2.19).

Table 2.17

Taxation characteristics of pine forest stands allotted for felling

sq. no.	issue no.	S, ha	Compound	D cm	Bonitet	completeness		felling year
		5,2	6S2E2B			0,6
		3,4	7S3B			0,5
		1,2	6S2B1E1Os			0,6
		6,8	6S3B1Os			0,5
		2,2	7S2B1Os			0,5
		4,1	6S4B			0,4
		5,0	6S1E3B			0,5
		3,8	7S1E2B			0,5
		2,9	8S2B			0,6
		4,2	8S1E1B			0,5
		2,4	7S3B			0,6
		6,3	6S2E2B			0,5
		2,2	8S2B			0,4
		6,4	7S1E1B1Os			0,6
		3,3	7S3B			0,5

When determining the number of resin stumps, it is necessary to take into account the share of pine in the stand formula by multiplying by the participation factor. Also, the number of resin stumps depends on the felling age and is expressed by the following ratio:

Table 2.18

Determination of the average diameter and number of resin stumps per 1 ha, depending on the quality class and density of pine plantations

Quality class	Wed D old, cm	The number of trunks (stumps) at fullness	Wed D stumps, cm
1,0	0,9	0,8	0,7	0,6	0,5	0,4
II
III
IV
V

Example. Determine the stock of stump resin with an average stump diameter of 28 cm and their number per 1 ha - 325 pcs.

The stock of stump resin by digits of numbers and the corresponding diameter will be: for three hundred - 17 cl. m 3 (intersection of the number 3 in the quantity column and the column "hundreds"); for two tens - 1 cl. m 3; for 5 units - 0. Accordingly, the stock of 325 stumps will be: 17+1+0=18 skl. m 3.

Table 2.19

Determination of the stock of stump resin

Wed D stumps, cm	Quantity		Wed D stumps, cm	Quantity	Stock of stump resin, skl.m 3 by digits of numbers
thousand	hundreds	dec.	units	thousand	hundreds	dec.	units
				-	-						-
			-	-					-
			-	-					-
				-					-
				-					-
				-					-
				-					-
				-					-
				-					-
				-	-						-
			-	-					-
				-					-
				-					-
				-					-
				-					-
				-					-
				-					-
				-
				-	-						-
				-					-
				-					-
				-					-
				-					-
				-					-
				-					-
				-
				-
				-	-						-
				-					-
				-					-
				-					-
				-					-
				-
				-
				-
				-
				-	-						-
				-					-
				-					-
				-					-
				-
				-
				-
				-
				-
					-						-
				-					-
				-					-
				-
				-
				-
				-
				-
				-

According to the table 2.20 is the mass of stump resin harvested from the area of ​​​​the allotment at a given humidity, per 1 ha.

Table 2.20

Conversion of the storage volume of stump resin into weight indicators

Based on the felling age index, the stump resin ripeness classes are determined for all sections, the characteristics of which are given in Table. 2.21 and the content of resinous substances is calculated per 1 ha of the allotment in total mass raw materials according to the table. 2.22 subject to Appendix 19.

Table 2.21

Stump resin ripeness classes

Table 2.22

Ripeness class	TUM
Bory	Subora
dry	fresh	wet	raw	dry	fresh	wet	raw
I	9,8	10,5	7,1	6,5	10,2	11,2	7,6	5,8
II	16,4	16,9	11,9	10,8	16,2	15,5	11,5	10,2
III	20,5	19,4	16,5	14,2	19,8	18,5	16,7	15,8
IV	23,8	24,5	22,2	20,1	23,5	22,9	21,0	19,5

Knowing the area of ​​the section, the stock of stump resin is determined (cl. m 3 and kg) and the amount of resinous substances (kg) for all sections.

According to the results of all calculations, the table is filled. 2.23.

Table 2.23

Summary sheet for determining the stock of stump resin and the amount of resinous substances

sq. no.	issue no.	S, ha	Ripeness class	Stock of stump resin, skl. m 3	Pneumatic resin weight, kg	The amount of resinous substances, kg
		5,2
		3,4
		1,2
		6,8
		2,2
		4,1
		5,0

Tasks to complete practical work 2.10

1) Determine the average diameter of stumps and their number for each section.

2) Determine the stock of stump resin (cl. m 3 per 1 ha) for each section.

3) Find the mass of stump resin harvested from 1 hectare of the area of ​​each section.

4) Determine the content of resinous substances in the stump osmol (kg / ha) for each section.

5) Find the total supply of stump resin, its mass, the amount of resinous substances for all sections.

2.11. Calculation of logging waste resources and dynamics of their formation during the year

An important direction at present is a more complete use of the logging fund, reducing wood losses during its harvesting and transportation. By different reasons The logging fund allotted for felling is developed and used extremely irrationally. The value of wood losses and waste at all stages of production ranges from 1/3 to 1/2 of the total logging fund allocated for felling.

With the technology and equipment of logging currently used at the enterprises of the forest complex, waste is generated at the cutting area, loading point (upper warehouse) and timber warehouse.

Considered logging waste includes branches, branches and tops, fragments of trunks, waste from the processing of the dimensions of the wagon, as well as residues from cutting the lengths into assortments (bundling, peaks).

AT general view volume of any wood waste V 0 T , can be determined by the formula:

where Vc- the volume of raw materials, relative to which the waste is determined, m 3; N- waste generation standard, %.

The volume of waste in the form of twigs, branches and tops at the cutting area and at the loading point is determined relative to the volume of timber removal. At a timber warehouse, the volume of exported wood, in particular the volume of crosscutting waste, is determined relative to the volume of wood to be crossed. Table 2.24.

Table 2.24

Consolidated standard for the formation of logging waste

Region	Timber waste generation standard, % of timber removal
Branches, branches, tops on a growing tree	Fall of branches, branches, when felling, hauling	Consolidated standard of logging waste suitable for use
Used to strengthen logging trails and further as a fertilizer	Including used to strengthen the portages
Northwestern region	13,3	8,1	2,8	5,2
central District	12,2	7,7	3,4	4,5
Volga region	12,2	4,4	-	7,8
North Caucasus region	16,6	5,7	-	10,9
Ural region	14,4	10,2	5,0	4,2
West Siberian region	12,2	10,9	5,8	1,3
East Siberian region	13,3	10,1	5,3	3,2
Far East region	15,5	11,8	6,2	3,7

The free average standard of logging residues suitable for use may vary depending on a number of factors. In summer, its value slightly increases (1.2 times), and in winter it decreases (up to 0.9 times). Its value is also adjusted depending on the degree of swamping of the forest fund allocated to the felling. When the swampiness of cutting areas is up to 20, up to 40, and up to 60%, correction factors equal to 0.8 are applied, respectively; 0.6 and 0.4.

The applied equipment and technology of work have a significant impact on the amount of logging waste generation. For example, the loss of stemwood harvested by machine approximately 1.6-1.8 times higher than in the development of logging sites with machine systems using gasoline-powered saws. Wood waste in the cutting area in the form of damaged tree-lengths and their fragments are taken into account in the volume of actual use. According to the research of TsNIIME , the average standard for the use of stem wood relative to the volume of haulage can be taken as an average of 6.4% (in winter - 6.65%, in summer - 6.16%). Standards for the use of waste from bringing the dimensions of a timber truck to the requirements for the transportation of goods by road common use can be taken as 4% - when timber is removed in whips, 9% - when timber is removed by trees (in summer - 10%, in winter - 8%). The standard for the generation of bucking waste in the forest can be taken as for timber warehouses (Table 2.26), increased by 30% due to worse working conditions.

For informed choice and operation of systems of machines that produce technological chips in a cutting area, it is important not only to know the total amount of waste, but also to take into account the dynamics of the formation of this waste during the year (by months, per shift).

Then, in general terms, the real annual volume of logging waste generated at the enterprise can be determined by the formula

(2.67)

where Vi- the real volume of logging waste in i-th month, m 3 . In general, the value Vi can be calculated using the formula

where - the annual volume of logging operations of the enterprise, m 3; K i T and K i B- coefficients of unevenness, respectively, skidding and removal of wood in i-th month (Table 2.25), showing how the volume differs a certain kind works in a particular month compared to the average monthly for the year; N ij - usage standard j-th type of logging waste in i-th month, %.

For specific conditions production and considered types of waste formula (2.68) will take the form

where N i 1 , N i 2 , N i 3 , N i 4 - standards, respectively, for the use of waste in the form of: branches, branches, tops; fragments of trunks; wood formed during the processing of the dimensions of the cart; otkomlevok and visors; C s, C 3, C m- coefficients taking into account, respectively: the season of work; the degree of swampiness of cutting areas and the system of machines that harvest wood.

The replacement volume of logging waste generated after final felling, in m 3 in different months of the year, can be determined by the formula

where n pi- number of working days i-th month; k cm i- shift factor in i-th month.

The average shift volume of logging waste during the year is (2.7

where np the number of working days in a year; - the coefficient of change during the year.

Example(figures are conditional): a logging enterprise with an annual production volume of 200 thousand m 3 is located in the Komi Republic and carries out export in assortments; harvesting is carried out by a system of machines using gasoline-powered saws; the number of working days by month, starting from January, is: 24, 23, 24, 21, 23, 26, 25, 26, 24, 24, 20.25; the shift coefficient in all months is 1; the degree of swampiness of cutting areas - 20%.

The volume of logging waste suitable for use for technological and fuel needs will include branches, branches, tops, fragments of trunks, patches and peaks.

The real volume of logging waste generated in i-th month, is determined by the formula (2.68), using the data: tab. 2.24 ( N i 1, reduced for winter months by 0.9 times and increased by 1.2 times for summer months); tab. 2.25, option ( K iT and K iB); norms for the use of damaged stem wood: N i 2\u003d 6.4% (in winter 6.65%, in summer 6.16%), as well as the standards for the generation of cross cutting waste, taken from Table. 2.26 and increased by 30%.

Table 2.25

Monthly coefficients of irregularity of skidding K i T and removal K i B of timber

Months	Options
a	b	in	G	d	e
K and T	K and B	K and T	K and B	K and T	K and B	K and T	K and B	K and T	K and B	K and T	K and B
January	1,15	1,18	1,22	1,41	1,28	1,73	1,08	1,12	1,10	1,15	1,13	1,20
February	1,30	1,33	1,28	1,39	1,32	1,72	1,04	1,12	1,20	1,25	1,16	1,23
March	1,38	1,41	1,33	1,40	1,66	2,01	1,21	1,25	1,30	1,35	1,28	1,28
April	0,95	0,69	0,83	0,76	0,88	0,87	0,98	1,00	1,00	0,60	0,95	0,73
May	0,77	0,64	0,74	0,70	0,61	0,46	0,82	0,80	0,70	0,80	0,84	0,93
June	1,00	0,92	0,95	1,00	0,72	0,63	0,96	1,01	0,90	0,90	0,95	1,05
July	0,95	0,99	0,92	0,90	0,78	0,63	0,94	0,98	0,90	0,95	0,90	0,87
August	0,92	0,99	0,94	0,98	0,87	0,67	0,92	0,92	0,90	1,00	0,92	0,98
September	0,91	0,88	0,87	0,72	0,86	0,60	1,00	0,94	0,95	1,00	0,91	0,93
October	0,77	0,89	0,87	0,64	0,89	0,51	1,00	0,95	0,90	0,95	0,96	0,96
November	0,90	1,02	0,98	1,00	0,91	0,85	0,99	0,92	0,95	0,90	0,97	0,91
December	1,00	1,06	1,07	1,10	1,16	1,30	1,06	0,99	1,10	1,15	1,04	1,03

Table 2.26

Bucking waste generation standard

Then the volume of logging waste generated, for example, in January, will be

and in August it will be

Similarly, the volumes of logging waste for other months are determined. Summing up their values ​​for all months (formula 2.67), we find the real annual volume of logging waste at the enterprise, equal to 19646 m 3.

Determining the monthly volumes of logging residues using the formula (2.70), it is easy to obtain shiftable volumes of logging residues in these months. For example, in August, a shift will form

waste

Having determined the monthly and shift volumes of logging waste, we build a graph of the dynamics of their formation during the year (Fig. 2.9) based on Appendix 1.

Rice. 2.9. Dynamics of logging waste generation

Tasks for practical work 2.11

1) Determine the types of waste generated in the cutting area, and the area of ​​their use.

2) Determine the actual annual volume of logging waste.

4) Build a graph of the dynamics of the formation of logging waste during the year.

This question comes from every third person who wants to know the price of firewood or buy firewood for fireplaces in baths, saunas or barbecues.

warehouse meter can be represented as a cube (1 meter - height, 1 meter - depth, 1 meter - width) of densely stacked firewood. 1 sq./m. - this is about 0.75 cubic meters of solid wood (just imagine such a solid wooden cube).

It is possible to determine how many skl / m or cubic / m of firewood in the car, if they are not stacked there, but lie evenly in an embankment along the entire length of the body without a slide, by measuring the length, width and height of the body and then multiplying them.

From embankment to st. / M. conversion factor - from 0.73 to 0.82 depending on the length of firewood.
0.80 for firewood 25cm long
0.78 for firewood 33cm long
0.75 for firewood 50cm long
0.73 for firewood 75cm long

The error of such a miscalculation is 5-8%.

Question: How many stack meters of firewood are in the back of a car (for example, shown in the photo below)? To get an answer, we turn on the logic and remember the schools. While the car was driving along our roads to you, the firewood settled a little on potholes and gullies. This is good, because as a result of shaking, a more homogeneous "heap" of firewood is obtained, and the value that will be obtained after converting firewood "in bulk" into warehouse meters will be more accurate.

Mentally we divide the body into 2 parts (In Figure 1 and 2). One part (1) is presented in the form of a rectangular parallelepiped and the so-called. "hills".

We determine the volume of the parallelepiped (1) by multiplying the lengths. As a result, we get the volume of firewood in the parallelepiped "in bulk":

V(1)= 3.6m*2.2m*0.6m=4.752m3

Multiplying the obtained value by the conversion factor (for firewood 0.33 m long it is 0.78) we get the number of firewood stock meters in the specified parallelepiped, namely:

Vsq(1)=4.752m3*0.78=3.707sq.m

Determining the volume of firewood in the "hill" (2) is somewhat more difficult. To do this, it is necessary to simulate the formulas of the curves shown in the photograph, and then, using the mathematical methods of integral calculus and transformations, derive the volume occupied by the "hill" (2) in the body. :)

However, we will not do this, because there is no time, and we don’t want to delay the car (we need to quickly and approximately?), but we will do the following:

Let's mentally imagine instead of a "hill" (2) a parallelepiped, in which the "hill" itself (2) occupies at least 70% of the area in each of the body projections (side and rear view) (See photo). If the “hill” is too steep, then we are not shy, we climb onto the body and make it more gentle. We descend from the "heaven" to the earth and measure the height.

In this case, the height is: 0.28m + 0.35m = 0.63m.

We determine the volume of the parallelepiped (2) by multiplying the length, width and height. As a result, we get the volume of firewood in the parallelepiped "in bulk":

Vpp= 3.6m*2.2m*0.63m=4.987m3

To obtain the volume of firewood in bulk occupied by the "slide" (2), we multiply the resulting value by 0.7:

V(2)=4.987m3*0.7=3.49m3

Multiplying the obtained value by the conversion factor, we get the number of firewood storage meters in the "hill" (2):

Vsq(2)=3.49m3*0.78=2.72sq.m

In total, we get that, according to our approximate calculations, in the indicated body there is:

Vcl \u003d Vcl (1) + Vcl (2) \u003d 3.707 +2.72 \u003d 6.43 sq. meters,

which is true within the margin of error (0.5-0.6 sq. meter) for the proposed method, since the body of the car shown in the photograph contains at least 6.3 oak logs.

The error of the given calculation method is 10-12%, however, it allows you to approximately determine the volume of the car loaded with firewood with an accuracy of 0.5-0.7 sq.m.

Attention: the above approach to determining the volume of firewood in a car body can only be used as an indicative or approximate for evaluative perception.

Another popular method of delivering firewood is in nets or stacked in rows. In this case, it is quite easy to determine the number of cubic meters brought. We do not have to convert the bulk volume to the storage volume, the only thing that needs to be done is to measure the woodpile, calculate the volume, and then make calculations using the coefficient already known to you.

As you can see, there is nothing complicated in the calculations. For exact definition the number of cubic meters, it is enough just to find out the volume of firewood brought, convert it to folding meters, and then, using the coefficient, find out the number of cubes.

Calculation for 1 tree

No. pp

Name of works

Unit measurements

Discharge - a range of work

Deadline, months

Multiplicity

Scope of work

Labor costs

Means of mechanization

materials

Person-hour

Name, brand

Machine-hour

Name

Unit measurements

Quantity

TNV 1987 1.2.11V-1 add. ETKS 1997 TNV 1987 1.2.11V-2 add. ETKS 1997 TNV 1987 1.2.11V-3 ​​add. ETKS 1997 TNV 1987 1.2.11V-4 add. ETKS 1997

Removal of trees on a stump by hand with delimbing and bucking for a short trunk with a trunk diameter at chest height: up to 0.2 m 0.2-0.3 m 0.3-0.4 m 0.4-0.5 m

skl. m 3 skl. m 3 skl. m 3 skl. m 3

3.64 2.66 2.11 1.85

6-2 hours drive 6-2 hours drive 6-2 hours drive 6-2 hours drive

1-HP 1-HP 1-HP 1-HP

0.758 1.60 3.66 6.63

2.75 4.25 7.723 12.26

Chainsaw Gazelle Chainsaw Gazelle Chainsaw Gazelle Chainsaw Gazelle

1.37 2.12 3.862 6.13

- - - -

- - - -

- - - -

	TNV 1987 1.2.11V-54 add. ETKS 1997	collection of branches and logging residues after felling trees - with a trunk diameter of up to 0.2 cm (20%) - with a trunk diameter of 0.2-0.3 cm (30%) - with a trunk diameter of 0.3-0.4 cm (30%) - with a trunk diameter of 0.4-0.5 cm (20%)		0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15		1-HP 1-HP 1-HP 1-HP		0.758 1.60 3.66 6.63	0.11 0.24 0.549 0.99	- - - -	- - - -	- - - -	- - - -	- - - -
	TNV 1987 1.2.11V-9-60 add. ETKS 1997	Loading onto vehicles and unloading branches and logging residues (Hvr x 2) - with a trunk diameter of up to 0.2 cm (20%) - with a trunk diameter of 0.2-0.3 cm (30%) - with a trunk diameter of 0.3-0.4 cm (30%) - with a trunk diameter of 0.4-0.5 cm (20%)	skl. .m 3 sk. m 3 skl. m 3 skl. m 3	1.08 1.08 1.08 1.08		1-HP 1-HP 1-HP 1-HP		0.758 1.60 3.66 6.63	0.88 1.72 3.9528 7.16	ZIL-MMZ ZIL-MMZ ZIL-MMZ ZIL-MMZ	0.88 1.72 3.9528 7.16	- - - -	- - - -	- - - -
		Removal of branches and logging residues by road at a distance of up to 60 km	t	0.96	-	1-HP		7.5888	-	ZIL-MMZ	7.285248	Waste collection voucher	t	7.5888

TOTAL: 42.5848

Note: the calculation of the cubic capacity of cut trees must comply with the tables of timber volumes 19. 22. 183. 187. 206, published in the All-Union Standards for Forest Inventory. M. 1992
TECHNOLOGICAL SHEET 4.7

UPROADING STUMP MANUALLY

Calculation for 1 stump

No. pp

Basis of standard costs

Name of works

Unit measurements

Norm of time per unit. measurements, man-hour

Discharge - a range of work

Deadline, months

Multiplicity

Scope of work

Required for work

Labor costs

Means of mechanization

materials

Person-hour

Name, brand

Machine-hour

Name

Unit measurements

Quantity

TNV 1987 1.2.11b-3-48 add. ETKS 1997

Manual removal of stumps up to 70 cm in diameter. Dig in the stump, cut the roots and clear the ground. Uproot, move to a distance of up to 5 m using a crowbar, horn and other devices. Fill the hole with earth

stump

10.6

1-HP

10.6

-

-

-

-

-

TNV 1987 1.2.11b-7-56 add. ETKS 1997

Uprooting a free-standing shrub by hand. Dig, cut roots and move to a distance of 50 m with laying in a pile. Fill the hole with earth

bush

0.36

1-HP

0.36

-

-

-

-

-

TECHNOLOGICAL SHEET 4.8

WATERING PLANTS FROM HOSE

Calculation for 100 m 2

No. pp

Basis of standard costs

Name of works

Unit measurements

Norm of time per unit. measurements, man-hour

Discharge - a range of work

Deadline, months

Multiplicity

Scope of work

Required for work

Labor costs

Means of mechanization

materials

Person-hour

Name, brand

Machine-hour

Name

Unit measurements

Quantity

TNV 1987 1.2.1-6a-16.17 add. ETKS 1997

Watering plants from a hose up to 40 m long at a rate of 5 l / m 2. Bring the hose, unwind and connect to the water supply. Water plants evenly. Roll up the hose and take it to the storage place

100 m2

0.2

U-1X

0.2

-

-

Water

l

TNV 1987 1.2.1-6b-18.19 add. ETKS 1997

Watering plants with a hose over 40 m long at a rate of 5 l/m 2 . Bring the hose, unwind and connect to the water supply. Water plants evenly. Roll up the hose and take it to the storage place

100 m2

0.8

U-1X

0.8

-

-

Water

l

TECHNOLOGICAL SHEET 4.9

LOADING SNOW ON VEHICLES

Calculation for 1 car

No. pp

Basis of standard costs

Name of works

Unit measurements

Norm of time per unit. measurements, man-hour

Discharge - a range of work

Deadline, months

Multiplicity

Scope of work

Required for work

Labor costs

Means of mechanization

materials

Person-hour

Name, brand

Machine-hour

Name

Unit measurements

Quantity

Norma GUP Moszelenkhoz

Loading snow on vehicles with movement within the site up to 1 km with a body capacity of up to 6 m 3

mash.

1.0

Water car Water loader 4 razr Working 3 razr.

Х1-Ш

50.0

ZIL-MMZ Loader

50.0

-

-

-

Norma GUP Moszelenkhoz

Snow removal by road up to 35 km

mash.

2.4

-

Х1-Ш

-

ZIL-MMZ

120.0

Snow removal ticket

t

TOTAL: 50.0

TECHNOLOGICAL SHEET 4.10

REMOVAL OF GARBAGE, CUTTING RESIDUES,

WASTE EARTH, LEAVES, GRASS, SNOW, etc.

AT A DISTANCE OF 1 KM

Calculation for 1 t

No. pp

Basis of standard costs

Name of works

Unit measurements

Norm of time per unit. measurements, man-hour

Discharge - a range of work

Deadline, months

Multiplicity

Scope of work

Required for work

Labor costs

Means of mechanization

materials

Person-hour

Name, brand

Machine-hour

Name

Unit measurements

Quantity

Norma GUP Moszelenkhoz

Removal of garbage, logging residues, waste land, foliage, grass, snow, etc. by road at a distance of 1 km

t

0.016

-

1-HP

-

ZIL-MMZ

0.016

-

-

-

TECHNOLOGICAL SHEET 4.11

REMOVAL OF SELF-SEEDING OF TREE AND SHRUBS

Calculation per 1 ha

No. pp

Basis of standard costs

Name of works

Unit measurements

Norm of time per unit. measurements, man-hour

Discharge - a range of work

Deadline, months

Multiplicity

Scope of work

Required for work

Labor costs

Means of mechanization

materials

Person-hour

Name, brand

Machine-hour

Name

Unit measurements

Quantity

Norma GUP Moszelenkhoz

Self-seeding removal

100 pieces.

5-1h water 1

1-HP

0.5

26.5

Chainsaw

-

-

-

TNV 1987 1.2.7-9-54 add. ETS

Collection of logging residues (0.3 cubic meters / piece)

100 m 2 cleaning area

0.31

1-HP

0.31

-

-

-

-

TNV 1987 1.2.11V-9-60 add. ETS

Loading and unloading of logging residues (H time x 2)

skl.m 3

1.08

1-HP

30.0

32.4

ZIL-MMZ 45085

32.4

-

-

-

Removal of logging residues by road at a distance of up to 60 km

t

0.96

1-HP

7.5

-

ZIL-MMZ 45085

7.2

Waste collection voucher

t

7.5

The ratio of the volume of wood in dense cubic meters to the volume of the layer occupied by a stack, heap or woodpile, is called the full-wood coefficient and is calculated by the formula

Where P is the full-wood coefficient; Upl - the amount of wood, PL. M3; Usl - the volume of the layer of wood, skl. m3.

The coefficient of total wood content P depends on the size and shape of the particles, the moisture content of the wood, the way the wood is placed in a given container, and the time the fuel is stored in it. This ratio can vary widely.

The average value of the coefficient of wood content of various types of natural wood waste is given in Table. 17.

17. Wood content ratios of various wood wastes Type of waste Coefficient Type of waste Coefficient Polnodre Polnodre spring spring Large croaker: In woodpile Small loose In cages Small compacted Slab thin: Large loose In woodpile Small shavings: In cages Rail installed: Packed Branches and tops Not business Short cut boards

In accordance with GOST 15815-83, the full-wood ratio of technological chips with its free dumping before shipment to the consumer is 0.36. The ratio of full wood chips in the body of a car or in a railway car after its transportation by road or rail for a distance of up to 50 km is 0.4, and when transporting chips for a distance of more than 50 km, it is 0.42. These values ​​of the wood content ratio can be accepted with a small error for fuel chips. The coefficient of full-wood content increases under the influence of pneumatic loading, while reaching a value of 0.43.

The coefficient of full-wood content of fuel chips is practically the same as this coefficient for technological chips. When carrying out technological calculations, it is recommended to choose the coefficients of full-wood content of chopped wood and within the following limits:

Chips from logging waste ......................................... 0.30. . .0.36

Chips from woodworking waste ......................................... 0.32. . L,38

Loose sawdust .............................................................. .............. 0.20. . .0.30

Clumped sawdust .............................................................. ............. 0.33. . .0.37

Branches and brushwood tied into bundles .................................. 0.35. . .0.40

Rail................................................. .............................. 0.35. . .0.60

Slab ............................................................ ......................... 0.45. . .0.60

Firewood................................................. ............................ 0.70. . .0.80

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When logging in winter time the yield of technical greenery is reduced by 20%. Weight loss during 3-day storage of raw materials is 10% for coniferous species, 30% for hardwoods.

stump wood. The stumps and roots of some conifers are used to obtain stump resin as a valuable raw material for rosin-extraction production. In some forest-deficient areas, they are used as fuel. The study of the taxation properties and features of stump resin, the development of reference data on the accounting and inventory of raw materials of this forest product for recent times conducted by A.A. Smolenkov (1986) and A.P. Seryakov (1987).

Harvested by the uprooting method or the explosive method, the stump resin is folded into dense piles. rectangular shape. It is accounted for in storage m3. Depending on the diameter of the heart part of the stumps, the coefficient of full-woodiness of heaps increases in the interval of tree thickness steps of 16–60 cm from 0.45 to 0.49. For the production taxation of resin raw materials in clearings, its value is taken equal to

A similar method of accounting can also be applied when estimating stocks of harvested stumps. To convert the volume into a dense measure, an average full-wood ratio of 0.5 is used.

More accurate data on the total wood content of these types of forest products can be found by xylometric or weight method.

3.5. Taxation of lumber

AT as a result of longitudinal sawing of logs, lumber is obtained, which is divided according to the shape of the cross section into plates (cut into two symmetrical parts), quarters (cut into four symmetrical parts), beams, bars, boards, sleepers and slabs. When they are taxed on sawmills and woodworking enterprises are used automated calculations on a computer.

Bars are sawn timber with a width and thickness of more than 10 cm. According to the number of sawn sides, they are divided into two-, three- and four-edged. In turn, the four-edged bars in the shape of the cross-section can be acute and blunt-edged (wane).

Bars are lumber, the thickness of which does not exceed 10 cm, and the width is not more than twice their thickness.

Boards are also harvested with a thickness of not more than 10 cm, but their width exceeds the thickness by two or more times. The wide sides of the boards and bars are called the face, the narrow sides are the edges, and the corners are the ribs.

Lumber is edged if both edges are sawn at least half the length, and unedged - if there is no cut or it is less than half the length. In addition, there are clean-edged sawn products, which are obtained with a full cut of the edge. The unsawn parts of the edge are called wane, and the corresponding boards and bars are called wane.

A sleeper is a piece of log of a certain cross-sectional profile with a length of 2.7 m for a regular gauge railway and 2.5 m - for narrow. According to the section profile, two categories of sleepers are distinguished: A - sawn from four sides; B - sawn on both sides. Depending on the thickness and size of the beds, sleepers are divided into five types.

Transfer bars serve for laying under railway track in places of turnouts. They come in five types for the wide gauge and four for the narrow gauge. Assortment length 2.75…5.5 m with gradation

The slab is the cut outer part of the log, in which the other surface remains unfinished.

Depending on the quality of the wood, softwood lumber is divided into four grades, and hardwood lumber is divided into three grades. Broad gauge sleepers are divided into two grades. For narrow gauge sleepers, such differentiation is not provided.

The volumes of plates and quarters are determined according to special tables. In their absence, according to the tables of GOST 2708-75, according to the diameter in the upper cut and the length of the logs, the cubic capacity of the taxed assortments is found by a corresponding decrease in volumes.

The volumes of sharp-edged beams, beams and pure boards are calculated by multiplying their width a by the thickness b and length l according to the formula

where t is the wane chord length.

The cross-sectional area of ​​the edged sleepers is

g a h
and their volume
Vgl,

where a is the sleeper width; h is the sleeper thickness; t is the wane chord length; l is the length of the sleeper.

The cross-sectional area of ​​​​a bar sleeper is calculated by the formula of a trapezoid and segments:

					c t ;

h is the sleeper thickness; с – segment base; t is the height of the segment. The cross-sectional area γ of bar sleepers (and transfer bars) is determined by

lyayut in the middle of the length of the assortment or as half the sum of the upper and lower sections.

To facilitate production calculations for these types of sleepers, special tables of volumes have been compiled. Sleepers are counted individually using templates that reproduce their cross-sectional profile.

where a is the width of the slab; b is the thickness of the slab; l is the length of the slab.

In this case, the cross-sectional area is set at 0.4 lengths from the butt end. In some cases, the slab is taken into account in the skl. m3. The coefficient of full-wood content of their stacks ranges from 0.48-0.74 and is determined according to GOST 5780-77.

The elements of the described lumber are shown in fig. 3.1. Allowances when determining the volume of lumber in

calculation is not accepted.

To determine the volume unedged boards in accordance with OST 13-24-86, methods are used: piece, batch and sampling method. When the moisture content of lumber is more than 20%, correction factors are introduced into the accounting results according to the first method according to the standards of GOST 5306-83: for coniferous species - 0.96; for deciduous - 0.95.

The requirements for the packages are:

a) the boards on one side of the butt are aligned; b) the boards in the horizontal rows of the package are stacked close to each other

friend; c) the package has the same width along the entire length and vertical

sides.

The volume of the package in folding m3 is determined by multiplying its overall sides minus the dimensions of the gaskets and introducing corrections for protruding ends in the loose part of the package.

Rice. 3.1. Cross sections of some lumber: 1 - blunt beam; 2 - unedged sleeper; 3 - croaker

The package volume in a dense measure is found by introducing a stacking density coefficient according to OST, equal to 0.59 ... 0.75.

When evaluating large batches of unedged boards, their accounting is carried out by sampling. The sample sizes for determining the average volume of a board are provided for: for lumber of the same length - at least 3% of the delivered lot, but at least 60 boards; with an admixture of up to 15% shorter - not less than 4%, but not less than 80 boards; for lumber not more than 4 adjacent lengths - not less than 7%, but not less than 120 boards.

The percentage of lumber yield, according to TsNIIMOD, increases with an increase in the upper diameter of logs from 53% at d w/o = 14 cm to

64% with d in / about = 44 cm.

From 1 m3 of a sleeper log, on average, 6 ... 7 sleepers come out, making up 52 ... 60% by volume. In addition, boards (8 ... 15%) and slabs (7 ... 15%) are obtained. The minimum diameters in the upper cut for the production of category A sleepers are 23 cm, B - 24 cm.

When sawing logs, a significant amount of waste is generated. They are more and more widely used for the production of technological chips, in hydrolysis production, for heating, etc. These wood wastes are taken into account in skl. m3. Their full-wood coefficient is on average: sawdust - 0.35; cutting boards, beams - 0.58.

To account for woodworking waste, full-wood coefficients are used in accordance with TU 13-539-80.

3.6. Accounting for split, hewn, planed, peeled

and other timber

To the group under consideration belongs quite big number timber harvested by primary machining wood.

To small-sized wood raw materials include trunks with a thickness of 2 to 6 cm. They are harvested 1 ... 3 m long with a gradation of 0.5 m. tab. 3.7.

Table 3.7 - Full wood coefficients of small-sized wood raw materials

	Full wood coefficients for the length of thin raw materials, m
Deciduous

cooper riveting different sizes, depending on the intended purpose, are taken into account individually, in thousands of pieces or in sets (side and bottom). Its volume is determined in sq. m3 in three dimensions using special tables.

The sleigh skid is counted in pairs, the wheel rim - in pairs (on the front and rear wheels) or in camps (on all four wheels). Their volumes are determined by the trapezoid formula:

			h l .

Blanks are pieces of trunks with hewing attached to them. special form products. They are accounted for in weight units.

A special place in the described group is occupied by planed and peeled plywood. It is accounted for in m2.

In addition, a number of products of local importance are made: bushings, knitting needles, shovels, rakes, etc., which are counted in pieces. In thousands of pieces, roofing and plaster shingles are also accepted.

Technological chips and chips are taken into account in skl. m3. Their full-wood coefficient is taken equal to 0.37 and 0.11, respectively. Special standards are provided for wood chips when transported by road and rail, for which the indicator in question varies from 0.36 to 0.43.

The useful yield from the raw materials of individual assortments is: cooper cage - 30 ... 40%, wheel rim - 20 ... 25%, sleigh runner - 65%, plywood - 50%, roofing and plaster shingles - 50%, etc. Therefore, it seems possible to calculate the need for raw materials for a particular production.

At present, it is technologically quite realistic to use the entire phytomass of trees. The organization of such a cycle should be based on economic indicators production.

test questions

1. Give a classification of forest products based on their size, shape, nature production use and methods of accounting.

2. What methods of determining the volume of logs do you know?

3. Give a systematization of firewood according to its existing properties and features.

4. On what factors does the coefficient of full-woodness of firewood depend?

5. What methods of accounting for brushwood, branches and tree bark are used in forestry?

6. Describe the main methods of taxation of lumber.

7. What are the features of accounting for split, hewn, planed and peeled timber?

8. What standards describe how to account for the main harvested timber?