Pie under the floor screed. How to equip a concrete floor on the ground in a private house. The main layers of the "floor pie"

The floor on the ground in a private house will be no worse than others only with correct device his "pie". Basically, it's like iron. concrete slab flooring, made directly on construction site. But in order for the floor to serve for a long time, it is necessary to fulfill a number of conditions, which we will discuss in this material.

Moisture protection

Most experts as the main condition for the installation of the floor on the ground indicate the need for occurrence ground water deeper than two meters from the level of the bottom layer of his pie. Of course, there are no aquifers at such a depth, but we are talking about perched water, or sedimentary water, which, due to the characteristics of the soil, did not have time to seep through the filter layer to the water-resistant layers. It is possible (and necessary) to deal with the impact of sedimentary water and perched water using a set of such measures:

1. Foundation tape waterproofing. The simplest kind— coating insulation, more reliable way- adhesive insulation. And if we add clay castle, this will reduce the load on waterproofing materials and increase their service life.
2. Drainage. To help excess moisture“to leave” the upper layers of soil adjacent to the foundation, it is necessary to make several “punctures” (wells) to a depth of 4-5 m. Even more effective option when these wells are connected by trenches with a depth below the heel of the foundation and drainage pipes laid at the bottom.
3. Blind area. If the type of waterproofing and the need for drainage are determined by the type of soil and climatic conditions, then the blind area is one of the mandatory water protection measures. The width of the blind area depends on the type of soil, and the type of storm sewer depends on the amount of precipitation.

But not only "external" sedimentary water can affect the floor on the ground. Due to the capillary rise, there is also the effect of moisture "from below". Partially, this rise is prevented by tamping the top layer of the bottom of the trough for the “pie”. Particularly effective seal for clay soils- to some extent it is akin to the creation of a clay castle.

1. Drainage. 2. Blind area. 3. Foundation. 4. Wall. 5. Multi-layer cake of concrete floor on the ground

A clay castle will completely protect against the penetration of soil moisture to the base of the floor, that is, backfilling a layer of clay and ramming it to the state of a water-resistant layer, however, filling with crushed stone sand cushion at the bottom of the trough will interrupt the capillary rise of water.

Foundation preparation

In the context of the floor on the ground is a multilayer "pie" with top coat as the top layer. To determine the level of the base, the threshold is taken as a reference point front door. And the thickness of each layer is already subtracted from it.

The zero calculation scheme looks like this:

• the height of the entrance door threshold (no more than 2.5 cm);
• thickness of the finished floor covering;
• thickness of soundproofing or sound-absorbing substrates (if they are provided for by the project);
• coupler;
• concrete preparation;
• sand pillow;
• crushed stone base;
• clay castle.

The total thickness of the separating layer (geo-membrane film between sand and concrete preparation) and rolled waterproofing under the screed is insignificant and does not affect the level of the base for the floor on the ground.

1. Floor covering. 2. Reinforced screed. 3. A layer of insulation. 4. Concrete preparation. 5. Sand cushion. 6. Crushed stone preparation. 7. Clay castle. 8. Mother soil

After the soil is selected to the calculated "zero", the bottom is rammed and the level is checked. The clearance under the two-meter rail should be no more than 1.5 cm.

To improve the waterproofing of the base, a clay castle can be made at the bottom of the trough. If a thickness of 8-12 cm is recommended for adobe floors, then here they are limited to a layer of rammed clay of 5-6 cm.

For soils with low design resistance (for example, subsidence and bulk soils, dusty sandy loams and light loams), backfilling is necessary crushed stone base 10-15 cm thick. It is performed by successive filling and compaction of two layers of crushed stone of different fractions: first medium (40-70 mm), and then as a wedge - small (5-10 mm).

It is possible to replace gravel with bulk thermal insulation by combining two layers at the same time

The next layer, at least 10 cm thick, is required for any type of soil. This is a pillow of sand, which is rammed in a moistened form. The surface of the sand must be leveled so that the clearance to the attached three-meter rail is no more than 10 mm.

A layer of polyethylene film with a thickness of 200 microns is laid on top of the sand. The film strips should overlap each other by 10-15 cm and go to the walls, moreover, above the level of the finished floor. The main purpose of the film is to provide conditions for proper hydration of concrete (to prevent water from leaving the mortar into sand), therefore, there are not many requirements for its strength and quality other than integrity.

Pouring concrete preparation

The footing itself is not taken into account when calculating the bearing loads of the floor, therefore it is not reinforced and is made of lean concrete, in which the percentage of cement is less than usual due to a doubling of the proportion of one of the fillers (usually crushed stone). The thickness of the footing lies within 7-8 cm, and its main advantages are workability and the ability to create an even and solid base for insulation.

After the rough screed is poured and leveled, it is given time to gain 70% of the design strength (as for ordinary concrete). To prevent the surface from drying out, it is covered with burlap, which is periodically moistened.

Without the use of hardening accelerators, it takes a week, with the use - three days.

Then proceed to the arrangement of the upper layer - the screed.

Reinforcement

A concrete floor on the ground can be considered as a screed on a fragile foundation. Therefore, its reinforcement is mandatory to prevent destruction as a result of movement or subsidence of the soil, as well as in the case of using loose or sheet insulation.

On the other hand, this is not a slab foundation, which is subject to high loads. This means that for the floor on the ground, a concrete thickness of 20-25 cm and a double armored belt with a reinforcement diameter of 10 mm or more are not needed.

Comparison with a floor slab is also not very correct. For example, the most common Khrushchev project (series 464) uses a 4.33 m long, 10 cm thick slab with one layer of reinforcement 12 mm in diameter. And it rests on the edges, and the concrete floor of a private house lies on a prepared base and experiences much lower fracture loads. Therefore, these dimensions can be considered limiting for office space where heavy equipment is located, such as a hot tub or oven.

For residential premises, the load is less and for reinforcing the floor on the ground, a road mesh with a cell of 100x100 mm and a bar diameter of not more than 5-6 mm is sufficient, and for such “heavy objects” as a fireplace or large aquarium, you can make a separate foundation.

So, in a section, the floor itself on the ground is a sandwich, the lower part of which is a concrete preparation (footing or rough screed), in the middle there is a layer of waterproofing and insulation, and on top is a reinforced screed.

Screed device

For a floor on the ground in a private house, its waterproofing is required. Perform it using roll materials with bituminous impregnation. The sequence of work is standard: a bituminous primer is applied to the cleaned surface, two layers of insulation panels are laid with hot welding seams and access to walls above the thickness of the screed.

Warming is best done with expanded polystyrene or its extrusion modification. The second option is preferable, since EPPS has high performance strength and very low water absorption.

To get the maximum effect, the insulation must be laid on top of the waterproofing in two layers, shifting them relative to each other so that the seams do not coincide either in the longitudinal or in the transverse direction. This will prevent the formation of cold bridges. In each row, the sheets should be tightly fitted at the ends, and the joints should be treated with glue.

It is also necessary to insulate the basement for the entire thickness of the screed. In addition, the insulation around the perimeter of the screed will act as a damper. A road mesh is mounted on top of the insulation. It should be approximately in the middle of the screed, so it is placed on special stands.

Stripes or grid cards should overlap on two cells, and connect them together with a wire. The cement-sand mixture is poured over the entire floor area in one step or without long breaks between portions. The minimum thickness of the screed in residential premises is 50 mm.

If it is not planned to level the surface with plywood or self-leveling floors (self-levelling mixture), then it is necessary to ensure the highest possible level compliance.

After the screed gains design strength, proceed to the rest finishing work. And the final flooring put last when own relative humidity screed will meet the requirements of a particular material (for example, for a laminate, it must be less than 2.5%).

Concrete floor on the ground in a private house is a well-known universal way arrangement of reliable and warm base. Through the use of new types of insulation, we get good thermal insulation the entire floor, which leads to a reduction in the cost of public utilities. And also the insulation is an obstacle to the penetration of moisture and the appearance of fungus and mold.

And the most important thing is that this species you can build the floor with your own hands. In this article we will analyze all the advantages and disadvantages. Consider in detail the arrangement of the floor on the ground.

Floor on the ground: the pros and cons

Let's start with the fact that this type of floor is a "layer cake". And each layer has its own functions and purpose, thanks to such a device, the floor on the ground has a number of advantages:

There are not many disadvantages, but they are all there:

Cannot be used on loose ground.

How to make the right floor construction on the ground

We will consider the correct classic floor structure, which will consist of 9 layers. We will analyze each layer separately.

It’s worth saying right away that for each master and specialist, the number of layers can change, and the materials can also differ.

This type of floor is ideal for a strip foundation. The average thickness of the “floor pie” is approximately 60-70 cm. This should be taken into account when building the foundation.

If your foundation height is not enough, then choose the soil, up to given depth. Level the surface and tamp. For convenience, in the corners around the entire perimeter, a scale should be applied in increments of 5 cm, so it will be more convenient to navigate in layers and levels.

It is important that for compacting the soil it is best to rent a vibrating plate, since manual way will take a lot of time and will not give such results as a special device.

Clay. If during the sampling of the earth you have reached a layer of clay, then you should not fill in a new one. The layer thickness must be at least 10 cm.

Clay is sold in bags, we pour it out and moisten it special solution(4 liters of water + 1 teaspoon of liquid glass), and we carry out tamping using a vibrating plate. After tamping, we spill a layer of clay with cement milk (10 liters of water + 2 kg of cement).

We make sure that there are no puddles. As soon as you spill clay with this composition, the process of glass crystallization begins.

You should not do anything for a day, it is worth waiting for the crystallization process to seize, and it will end in about 14-16 days. This layer prevents the main flow of water from the ground.

Layer of waterproofing material. The purpose of this layer is to protect the insulation from moisture. You can use roofing material, polymer-bitumen materials, PVC membranes and polyethylene film with a thickness of at least 0.4 mm.

In the case of using roofing material, it is preferable to lay it in two layers, on liquid bitumen. Lay waterproofing overlap with each other and on the walls.

Between themselves 10-15 cm, and on the walls to the height of the floor level. The seams must be glued with construction tape. Walk on waterproofing material should be in soft shoes.

insulation+ layer of vapor barrier. Most best material for insulation, it is extruded polystyrene foam (EPS). For reference, EPPS 5 cm thick can replace a 70 cm layer of expanded clay.

But so, you can use perlite concrete and sawdust concrete. Insulation sheets are laid without joints, so that one plane is formed.

The thickness is determined depending on the region, the recommended thickness of the insulation is 5-10 cm. Some use mats 5 cm thick, and lay two layers, with offset seams, and glue the upper seams with special adhesive tape.

In order to remove cold bridges from the foundation or basement, the insulation is laid vertically and fastened with dowels with inside. Experts recommend insulating the basement from the outside, with one sheet of insulation and also fixing it with dowels.

On top of the insulation should be laid a layer of vapor barrier. As a vapor barrier material, it is best to use PVC membranes, they do not rot and have long term operation. The disadvantage of this material is the high cost.

The main task of the vapor barrier material is to protect the insulation from the harmful alkaline effects. concrete mortar. The material is laid with an overlap of 10-15 cm and glued with construction tape.

We make smoothing with the help of a rule or a vibrating screed. As soon as the solution dries, the beacons should be removed, and the cavities filled with a solution.

The entire concrete floor should be covered with a film and watered periodically. In a month, the concrete will gain full strength. To pour concrete with my own hands, I make a solution of the following composition: cement + river sand in a ratio of 1 to 3.

In the case of using underfloor heating technology, water or electric. Be sure to mount the rough floor screed on the ground.

After laying the insulation, pipes or wires are laid. Then we fill the cavities with concrete, lay the reinforcing elements and continue pouring concrete to a predetermined level.

The technology of floors on the ground can be used not only in brick and stone houses, but so, the same in houses made of wood. At right approach and correct calculations, the layers do not harm the wooden elements.

Finish flooring. Received concrete surface suitable for any type of fine flooring. It all depends on your preferences and financial capabilities.

As mentioned above, the combination of components, and the number of layers may be different. It all depends on your finances and capabilities.

Conclusion

As we all know, from 20 to 30% of heat can go through the floor. In cases where there is no “warm floor” system, the floors should be as thermally insulated as possible, and this in turn increases the energy efficiency of the entire house.

The owner of a private house receives comfort, coziness and savings on utility bills. Floors on the ground with insulation are a highly effective and long-term choice for every owner.

There are several technologies for flooring on the ground, depending on the operating conditions, the preferences of the owner. The flooring can be laid on a wooden base or on a concrete screed, slab. In the latter case, the slab is either attached to a strip foundation, or a floating screed (filled, dry) is used.

To save the construction budget, the basement of the building is most often covered with floor slabs, which automatically become the base of the floor. The monolithic structure is located above the non-freezing one in the most very coldy soil saturated with groundwater, radon radiation. Without quality natural ventilation the concrete slab begins to collapse, the health of the residents deteriorates with an increased radio background.

Therefore, in strip foundation or plinth are created ventilation holes which cannot be closed even in winter. In projects of cottages with low plinth there is not enough space for natural ventilation, the holes are covered with snow in winter. In this case, the only way to install the floor is ground technology.

Communications are traditionally connected through the lower level, therefore, in order to ensure maximum maintainability, it is more reasonable to lay duplicate sleeves, carry out additional systems water supply, gas pipeline, sewerage. If the main pipelines are clogged during the operation of the house, in this case it will not be necessary to open the slab / screed, it is enough to shift the risers to backup life support systems.

What a developer needs to know about floor construction on the ground

This technology has a high operational resource only if the requirements of the joint venture regulations of 2011 under the number (formerly SNiP 2.03.13-88) are observed. To understand the design of the "pie" of the floor on the ground of the first floor of the building, it is necessary to consider the Factors acting on the flooded slab:

1. Heaving forces, which are usually used to scare individual developers, do not occur under most buildings. Cottages based on slabs, strip foundations, grillages, resting on the ground or buried in it, emit some heat to the lower level. With normal insulation of foundations (pasting the outer walls of the base with extruded polystyrene foam), under the sole of the house geothermal heat bowels
2. In any project, there must be a drainage and / or storm drain, which diverts flood, ground, and melt water from the load-bearing structures of the cottage. Therefore, the high humidity of the ground under the house is most often an aggressive advertisement, calling on the developer to increase the construction budget to combat a non-existent danger. In fairness, it should be noted that in the absence of storm water and / or drainage system the ground under the building will be really constantly wet.
3. Even in the absence of heaving forces, the earth under the house will sag in 90% of cases during operation. The floor base slab, tied to the strip foundation, will be hanging on it, which is not particularly scary with normal reinforcement. The floating screed in this case will sink lower along with the floor, which will require dismantling and re-manufacturing of the slab. Therefore, backfilling is used not with soil extracted at the stage of excavation, but with non-metallic materials with mandatory layer-by-layer compaction with a vibrating plate or manual tamping every 20 cm of sand, crushed stone.
4. Recommended by many companies under-cushion geotextile layer backfill in this case, not only unnecessary, but also harmful. The soil will not be compacted, the effectiveness of the screed / slab will be reduced to zero. nonwoven fabric used only in the manufacture of pillows before laying the outer engineering systems(sewerage, water supply), paving of parking lots with paving stones, paths paving slabs. In this case, the filtering, drainage properties of geotextiles are relevant.

Thus, when choosing a ground floor technology, especially on a strip foundation, it is necessary to correctly position each layer of the “pie”. This will provide maximum resource, ease of use, high maintainability of the structure.

What layers are needed and their relative position

With a limited construction budget for a self-leveling screed / floor slab on the ground, the minimum required layers are (from top to bottom):

• reinforced reinforced concrete screed - most floor coverings can be laid on it (linoleum, laminate, carpet, porcelain stoneware, floorboard, cork, tile) or sub-base for parquet (multilayer plywood);
• insulation - reduces heat loss and operating budget (fewer heating registers can be used);
• waterproofing - does not allow moisture to penetrate into the heat insulator from the ground;
• subbase (concrete preparation) - films are often used as waterproofing, roll materials, membranes that are easy to damage when reinforcing, pouring the top screed, builders' shoes when laying a heat insulator, therefore, a slab (4-7 cm) is poured from low-strength concrete;
• pillow - when vibrocompacting non-metallic material, stability of the geometry of the lower layer is achieved, on which the floating screed will rest.

A plastic film between the screed and the insulation is not required.

According to the SP regulations for residential buildings enough 60 cm pillow (3 layers of 20 cm). Therefore, with a significant depth of the pit, which is made for a strip foundation, it is more expedient to fill it with the same soil up to the design mark, also with layer-by-layer compaction.

building on slab foundation has a floor-on-ground design by default. Therefore, before pouring the slab, it is enough to perform the following measures:

• ensure duplication of engineering systems - additional sleeves with a piece of sewer + water pipe;
• make a pillow - excavation of 80 cm of soil with 60 cm of backfill;
• perform waterproofing - film or roofing material;
• lay a heat insulator - usually 5-10 cm of expanded polystyrene, which retains its properties even when wet, immersed in water.

It is possible to plan a construction budget for a cottage only at the stage of project development. Therefore, the floor on the ground must be included in the documentation for initial stage.

Floor construction technologies on the ground

If the project, for the above reasons, does not have a floor slab necessary to fix the floor cladding of the first floor, there are several options for arranging the substructure. At the same time, pouring a screed from low-strength concrete is recommended in all cases, without exception. Subsequently, the main plate or adjustable logs, which are necessary when choosing a parquet or floorboard, will be based on it.

Bulk screed

Scheme of a concrete floating floor on the ground

The maximum resource of the structure is provided by a self-leveling floating screed on the strip foundation of the building. The technology looks like this:

• filling the pit with sand - periodic backfilling with compaction every 10 - 20 cm;
• rough screed - reinforcement is not necessary, under concrete grade M100 (5-7 cm layer, filler fraction 5/10 mm), film waterproofing can be laid;
• hydrovapor barrier - a membrane, film or roofing material in two layers with a launch on a monolithic strip foundation by 15 - 20 cm;
• insulation - preferably extruded polystyrene foam, which retains its characteristics even in water;
• finishing screed - reinforced with a mesh (cell 5 x 5 cm, wire 4 mm), poured with concrete M 150 (crushed stone fraction 5/10 mm, river sand or washed quarry sand, without clay).

Also, in the construction of the self-leveling floor, you can easily arrange a warm floor, for this you need to put polyethylene or metal-plastic pipes for the coolant. Each contour of the warm floor must be inseparable, i.e. pipe connections in a concrete screed are not allowed.

Scheme of a concrete floating underfloor heating on the ground

At the level of GWL below 2 m, according to the experience of operating the site from 3 years, in the floor structure on the ground, the absence of lower waterproofing is allowed, the thickness of the sand cushion is reduced to 15–20 cm. In this case, the maximum level of GWL should be taken into account, according to statistical data for the region . Any facing materials can be laid on the screed.

Wooden logs

A budget option for floor technology on the ground is the design of an adjustable floor:

• on a pillow made of non-metallic material (layered compaction of 20 cm), covered with waterproofing, a concrete screed is poured;
• lags are exposed to adjustable feet, top part which are cut off after installation;
• a heat insulator is laid inside ( basalt wool or extruded polystyrene foam);
• the floorboard or laminate is laid directly on the logs; a layer of plywood is required for parquet cladding.

Supports can not be mounted on the ground or non-metallic material. However, a concrete screed without reinforcement is cheaper than any other technology.

Dry screed

The floor on the ground can be made using the dry screed technology. At the initial stage, the design is similar to the previous case (pillow + rough screed + waterproofing). After that, the sequence of actions changes. Manufacturer Knauf offers turnkey solution dry screed of the following type:

• positioning of beacons - special strips or a profile from GKL systems, fixed with a putty mortar;
• backfilling of expanded clay crumbs - the gaps between the beacons are covered with this material along the waterproofing layer;
• laying GVL - special two-layer plates, fastened to each other with glue and self-tapping screws.

Scheme of a dry floor on the ground using Knauf technology

ZIPS offers original solution dry screed on a strip foundation of a different type. Expanded clay chips here are replaced with mineral wool glued to GVL (also two-layer). After installing the gypsum fiber panels, 12 mm plywood is laid on top of them, on which it is also convenient to mount any floor covering.

These technologies are successfully used both for the first floor and for any next floor in high-rise building. In both cases, in addition to thermal insulation, sound insulation of the premises is provided.

Features of self-leveling screed technology

When building a floor on the ground, it is necessary to take into account several nuances:

• roots are removed inside the contour of the foundation tape, removed fertile layer, not suitable for tamping;
• polyethylene film passes radon, so it is better to use polycarbonate, vinyl acetate, PVC modifications laid in two layers;
• it is imperative that the waterproofing does not let steam through, i.e. was a hydro-vapor barrier (or just a vapor barrier), because moisture in the soil is also in a vapor state, including;
• it is recommended to run the film on strip base along the perimeter 15 cm above the designed screed (subsequently cut with a knife);
• the insulation is launched to the height of the slab to be poured; above this level, a damper tape is used to provide sound insulation from structural noise.

The floating screed of each floor in the house is created with several purposes. Cutoff of the slab from the walls allows you to compensate for internal stresses inside it, to prevent cracking from possible shrinkage wall materials, isolate the noise transmitted to the power frame of the cottage by generators, compressors, boilers, and other power equipment.

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The floor is a surface that every homeowner has constant contact with. Floors have an impact on health, so it is imperative that they are done correctly. Take care of the device quality and warm floors necessary at the stage of implementation repair work in home.

One of the most budgetary and optimal options for arranging flooring is the floor on the ground. It is advisable to lay it only if there is a dry underlying soil, since otherwise it will be necessary to perform a series of waterproofing measures. Floors on the ground do not require the laying of beams or ceilings, but require careful preparation of the coating.

A little about the technology of making a cake for a dirt floor

At proper conduct thermal insulation work, the floor on the ground is able to create warmth, coziness and a comfortable microclimate. A guarantee of a reliable result of this event can only be called the observance of a clear plan. If you violate the order of the stages of the pie, you can completely forget about the effectiveness of the flooring. Pie laying technology involves the following steps:

• site marking;
• soil preparation for laying the floor;
• waterproofing or laying the underlying layer;
• installation of a heater;
• concrete reinforcement;
• screed alignment.

A classic pie should be multi-layered and must include the following components:

1. compacted ground cover;
2. pillow out river sand;
3. bedding of crushed stone or expanded clay;
4. waterproofing layer;
5. rough concrete screed;
6. vapor barrier layer;
7. insulation;
8. reinforced rough screed;
9. flooring.

For styling right pie floors on the ground use video instructions. It should be noted that the floor technology and the design of the cake directly depends on the type of flooring used. Consider a few popular options.

Concrete floor on the ground

Before performing work, it is necessary to divide the room into strips 100 cm wide. The laying of the floor will begin from the segment farthest from the entrance. With proper concreting of such a floor, it will practically not need care. It is advisable to break the old floor layer only when the coating has already cracked or begun to crumble. The main advantage of a concrete floor can be called strength and durability, in addition, it is the most a budget option flooring devices. The availability of materials and the ease of preparing the mix make concrete floors popular today.

The installation of such a floor covering takes place in stages, and here it is important to follow the sequence and not skip points. So, the concrete floor involves the use of the following laying technology:

• level marking;
• cleaning and compacting the soil;
• laying a pillow of crushed stone, sand and gravel;
• waterproofing layer;
• insulation;
• laying a reinforcing layer;
• installation of guides;
• formwork installation;
• preparation and pouring of concrete mix;
• concrete leveling;
• screed execution.

Concrete floor on the ground is durable and reliable option home improvement, however, the laying process requires compliance with technology and takes a lot of time.

Wooden floor on the ground

The main feature and advantage of wooden flooring is a ventilated underground, in addition, such floors can give warmth, comfort and provide a home with coziness. For normal circulation of air masses and to reduce the level of heat loss, the height of the ventilated underground should be 20 cm. wooden floor includes the following steps:

• soil preparation: leveling the soil, laying a cushion of crushed stone and compacting the soil;
• pouring a thin layer of concrete
• installation of lighthouses and determination of the location of brick pedestals;
• styling concrete screed under a brick bedside table on top of the underlying layer;
• arrangement of bedside tables made of solid brick;
• waterproofing with a two-layer roofing material;
• styling wooden beams pre-impregnated with an antiseptic;
• thermal insulation of the floor on the ground;
• laying timber on brick bedside tables;
• installation of floor logs;
• leveling the floor with a planer;
• puttying the locations of mounting nails.

A wooden floor on the ground is the most best option for do-it-yourself flooring in the house. Anyone who knows how to hold a hammer can cope with this process.

• Professional builders note that when making a cake, it must be remembered that the finished flooring must correspond to the level of the door threshold.
• Floors on the ground with a very limited budget allocated for their installation, it is recommended to perform in outbuildings, non-residential premises, basements, etc. Here it will be possible to save significantly on the building materials used.
• In the presence of a sufficient amount of cement, first of all, a screed should be made from a concrete-gravel mixture. After that, thermal insulation can be laid on top of the screed - expanded clay or slag.

Floors on the ground - a universal way to build a warm and reliable foundation in the house. And you can do them at any level of groundwater and the type of foundation. The only limitation is the house on stilts. In this article, we will describe in detail all the layers of the "floor pie" and show how to organize it yourself.

Concrete floors on the ground, imply no basements or gaps for ventilation in the underground.

At its core, this is a multi-layer cake. Where the bottom layer is the soil, and the top layer is the floor covering. At the same time, the layers have their purpose and a strict sequence.

There are no objective restrictions for organizing the floor on the ground. High groundwater is not a hindrance in this. Their only weakness- production times and financial expenses. But on such floors you can put brick or block walls and even heavy equipment.

The correct "floor cake" on the ground

The classic floor cake on the ground implies the presence of 9 layers:

1. prepared clay;
2. sand cushion;
3. crushed stone;
4. Polyethylene film;
5. Rough concreting;
6. Waterproofing;
7. insulation;
8. Finishing screed;
9. Flooring.

We deliberately did not indicate the thickness of each layer, so as not to put some strict restrictions. Below, approximate values ​​\u200b\u200band the factors influencing it will be indicated. But first we would like to point out the very important point: groundwater levels can change dramatically in a relatively short period of time.

In our practice, there were cases when, within 5-7 years, dry semi-basements and cellars in private houses had to be filled up, because groundwater completely flooded the underground premises. At the same time, such a phenomenon was observed not in one separate house, but immediately in the whole block of private buildings (40-60 houses).

Experts explain similar phenomena, improper drilling of wells under water. Such actions lead to mixing of aquifer lenses, fracturing and alteration of aquifers. Moreover, they can drill a well far enough from your home. So be careful about the purpose of each layer of the floor cake on the ground and do not think that there are extra elements here.

1. prepared clay. The purpose of this layer is to stop groundwater. In general, the three lower layers of the floor cake are for this purpose. Of course, if you, removing the fertile layer, have reached the layer of clay, then you do not need to bring and fill it up, only a little preparation is required. But more about that in due time.
2. Sand. There are no special requirements for sand. You can use any, for example career and not even washed.
3. Rubble. Large, fraction 40-60 mm.

These three layers are responsible for cutting off the capillary rise of water. A layer of clay cuts off the main access, sand weakens the capillary water rise and relieves pressure upper layers, and crushed stone does not allow water to rise in principle. At the same time, each layer must be rammed. The thickness of each layer is at least 10 cm. Otherwise, it makes no sense to fill it up. But the maximum height should be explained in more detail. The fact is that tamping is most often done makeshift gadgets. The weight of such instruments is 3-5 pounds.

It has already been empirically proven that to compact a layer of rubble, sand or clay more than 20 cm. hand tool impossible. Therefore, the thickness of one of the first three layers maximum - 20 cm. But, if you need to make the floor cake higher, then tamping can be carried out in two stages. First, 15-20 cm of sand are poured and rammed well. Then another layer of the same thickness is poured, and rammed again.

The order of occurrence of clay-sand-gravel layers cannot be changed. The reason here lies in the fact that if sand is poured on top of rubble, then after some time it will seep through it. Which in turn will lead to subsidence and destruction of the concrete layer, and then the deformation of the entire floor.

1. Polyethylene film. Be sure to take the film with a sleeve, and fit without cutting. That is, there will actually be two layers of polyethylene. It is intended solely to prevent the solution from draining from concrete into rubble.
2. Rough concreting. The minimum layer thickness is 8 cm. Sand can be taken from a quarry, but it must be washed. But crushed stone is required with a fraction of 10-20 mm. This layer will be the basis for the final part of the floor on the ground. Dispersed steel fiber reinforcement is recommended.
3. . When done correctly preliminary work, an ordinary roofing material without powder can cope with waterproofing. If in doubt, you can lay the roofing material in two layers.
4. Thermal insulation. It is recommended to use only Extruded Polystyrene Foam (EPS) here. The thickness should be determined according to the region and climatic conditions. But we do not recommend the use of XPS with a thickness of less than 50 mm.
5. Finishing stitch. Depending on the project, underfloor heating pipes or electrical underfloor heating cables can be integrated into it. Sand is used only river. This layer must be reinforced. Dispersed reinforcement with steel fiber is possible. The thickness of the screed is at least 50 mm.
6. Flooring. Concrete floors on the ground, organized in a private house in this way, have no restrictions on the use of flooring.

Do-it-yourself flooring on the ground

Before starting work, calculate the depth of excavation. The calculation is carried out in reverse order. That is, the threshold of the front door is taken as zero. Then begin to summarize the thickness of each layer. For example:

• Linoleum - 1 cm;
• Finishing screed - 5 cm;
• Insulation - 6 cm;
• Rough screed - 8 cm;
• Crushed stone - 15 cm;
• Sand - 15 cm;
• Prepared clay - 10 cm.

The total depth turned out to be 60 cm. But keep in mind that we took the minimum values. And each building is different. Important: add 5 cm of depth to the result obtained for you.

Excavation is carried out to the estimated depth. Of course, that the fertile layer will be removed, but clay may not always be at the bottom. Therefore, we will describe the process of organizing a floor cake on the ground in full.

Before filling the layers, draw with chalk, at all corners of the foundation, level marks in 5 cm increments. They will facilitate the task of leveling each layer.

Soil compaction

For these purposes, any clay will do. It crumbles in an even layer, and is abundantly moistened before tamping. aqueous solution liquid glass. The proportions of the solution are 1 tsp of liquid glass and 4 tsp of water.

For compacting the first three layers, you can use a one and a half meter piece of timber 200x200. But the process will be better if you make a special fixture. For this, to a one and a half meter segment metal pipe, T-shaped weld a piece of the channel. The lower part of the channel should not have an area of ​​​​more than 600 cm 2 (20 by 30 cm). To make the rammer heavier, sand is poured into the pipe.

The compacted layer of prepared clay is well moistened with cement milk. For its preparation, 2 kg of cement is dissolved in 10 liters of water. Make sure that no puddles form on the surface of the clay. That is, it should be fairly even.

Almost immediately after the contact of cement with liquid glass, the chemical process of crystallization begins. It passes quickly enough, but during the day it should not be disturbed in any way crystal formation. Therefore, do not walk on clay, but rather leave work for a day for a technological break.

The main layers of the "floor pie"

Sand. After a day, you should start filling the sand. At the same time, try not to walk on the first layer. Pour in the sand and step on it. Chemical processes between liquid glass and cement will go another week and a half. But air access is no longer needed for this, and water is present in the clay. Having poured a layer of 15 cm, boldly step on it and tamp.

Rubble. Spreads evenly over the surface of the sand and is also rammed. Pay attention to the corners. It is very important that after tamping the surface is as even as possible.

Polyethylene film. Laid with an overlap of 10 cm and glued with adhesive tape. A small, 2-3 cm bend on the walls is allowed. You can walk on the film in soft shoes with extreme caution. remember, that polyethylene film, it is not , but only technological layer to prevent the flow of cement laitance into crushed stone.

Rough concreting. Preparing "lean concrete" in next proportion: cement M500 - 1 hour + sand 3 hours + crushed stone 4 hours. For dispersed reinforcement, steel fiber should be added at the rate of 1 kg. fibers per 1 cube of concrete. Try to level the freshly poured mortar, guided by the corner marks. For more flat surface, subsequently it will be more convenient to lay layers of waterproofing and insulation.

48 hours after pouring, the concrete must be hardened. This will require a solution of liquid glass in water (1:10) and cement. First, the solution is passed over the entire surface. You can use a roller, or you can use a spray bottle. Then concrete is powdered with a thin layer and immediately begins to be rubbed into the cement into the surface. It is most convenient to do this with grout.

This procedure increases the strength of concrete by an order of magnitude, and in combination with liquid glass makes it as waterproof as possible. Concrete will mature within a month and a half, but work can begin on the next stage in a week.

Warming and waterproofing

To create a waterproofing layer, the floor surface is cleaned and treated with liquid bitumen. The roofing material is overlapped, with an allowance of 3-5 cm. The joints are carefully soldered with building hair dryer. Wall allowance 5 cm. IMPORTANT: Make sure that the roofing material adheres to the corners, do not leave voids. The second layer of roofing material is laid with an offset of half the width of the roll. During waterproofing work, it is best to walk on the surface in shoes with soft soles (sneakers, galoshes).

For thermal insulation, the most the best way- extruded polystyrene foam. A layer of XPS 5 cm thick replaces 70 cm of expanded clay. And additionally, XPS has a practically zero water absorption coefficient and a rather high compressive strength. We recommend laying 3 cm thick XPS in two layers. In this case, the laying of the top layer is carried out with an offset. This method guarantees the absence of cold bridges and increases the heat-insulating properties of the floor cake. The joints between the XPS boards are glued with special adhesive tape.

Proper thermal insulation of the floor cake is an extremely important component for the energy efficiency of the whole house as a whole. Up to 35% of heat escapes through the floors! Even if the floors themselves will not produce heat (warm floors), they must be thermally insulated as much as possible. This will allow you to save on heating in the future quite impressive amounts.

Floor screed

Glue along the room, 15-20 mm thick. In this case, the lower part must be glued to the XPS boards. To reinforce the floor on the ground in residential premises, a masonry mesh with cells of 100x100 mm is used. Wire thickness 3 mm. The grid must be placed on the supports so that it is approximately in the middle of the screed layer. To do this, it is placed on special stands. But you can use ordinary corks from PET bottles.

The installation of beacons is possible, but in combination with reinforcing mesh, this will create a rather bulky and extremely fragile structure. After all, if the mesh is rigidly fastened, this will require additional costs for fastening and it will be necessary to violate the integrity of the XPS. And if the reinforcement is not fixed, then it can easily change the levels of the beacons. Therefore, it will be more convenient to pour this layer and then level it with a self-leveling screed.

For the finishing screed, the solution is diluted in the proportion of 1 part M500 cement + 3 parts river sand. Work is carried out promptly. For rough leveling of the surface, you can focus on the corner marks.

After pouring the finishing screed, it must be allowed to gain strength within 3-5 days. With a thickness of 5 cm, the maturation period of this layer will be 4-5 weeks. During this time, regular wetting of the surface with water is required.

Acceleration of the cement hydration process is unacceptable! After about a month, you can check the degree of readiness. To do this, in the evening they take a roll of dry toilet paper, put it on the floor and cover it with a pan on top. If in the morning toilet paper will be dry, or slightly damp, then the layer is ready. You can level the floor with a self-leveling screed.

Self-leveling screed is spread according to the manufacturer's instructions and poured onto the surface of the concrete floor. With scrupulous performance of work, height differences do not exceed 8-10 mm. Therefore, a minimum amount of self-levelling screed is required. It dries pretty quickly. And after 1-2 days, the floor cake on the ground will be completely ready for laying the flooring.