Height, dimensions, waterproofing and insulation of the basement of the house. The height of the basement from the ground according to the norms The low basement of the house what to do

Often in private homes create a basement. It is first or ground floor. Although, in fact, this basement. Work on it must be carried out with strict compliance with certain criteria. By law there is specific criteria (from 2.5 to 3 meters). They relate to the height of this space.

There are also taxes on the area built for living. This question is of interest to everyone who is planning their home.

The disadvantages of the basement are huge expenses, ranging from digging holes to wiring electricians. The estimated cost is calculated after geological and engineering studies: the type of soil is determined, the level groundwater. There are situations when these factors categorically do not allow to create ground floor- its construction and maintenance will be unreasonably expensive.

Basement tasks

Basements in private buildings need good drainage, powerful and warming. Just forming a continuation of the foundation is not enough. Neglecting the rules of hydroprotection and using materials in the work Low quality, you seriously increase the risk of drowning.

Important! Work should be carried out only by highly qualified specialists.

Usually windows in socles do not suit, it is almost impossible. Exceptions are pictured below. But even if there are windows, full-fledged natural light does not work here. Therefore, such premises as residential and are not considered. Here, as a rule, organize: sports facilities, domestic cinemas, saunas, etc. The issue of ventilation in the basement is especially relevant when a gym is built. It is necessary to carry out pressure sewerage here if saunas and showers are created.

Usually, a plan to create a basement appears when it is not possible to create all the intended premises in the house or their area is small for some master's ideas. Also, the need for a basement is determined, when the site has a slope with a significant difference in height. But with proper construction, you can achieve good savings and develop the pace of work.

How to arrange it? First of all, chase the number of residential square meters useless. It is better to choose small rooms (as a result, there can be up to 3 floors). But there should also be ideas about the purpose of the base. What is going to be there? Playroom, warehouse-cellar, recreation room or a place for other undertakings? Let's say build a pantry or barn separately, or attach to the house, much cheaper. The basement or basement will definitely be heated, not every year, but still most basement owners are forced to take measures against increased dampness.

To correct a local natural disaster at the very bottom of the pit, it is advisable to look at this material:

Types of plinths

1. Buried. This is the most common type. It has very strong resistance to moisture. Water quickly leaves such a base.
2. Speaker. He is usually satisfied when wall structures the houses are quite thin.
3. On the same level as the foundation. Not the most rational option, because it has poor resistance to moisture and at the same time it becomes the beginning of the wall. We have to seriously strengthen the hydroprotection, and this is an additional expense. Also, with this option, there is no way to improve appearance building.

Plinth materials

The plinth continues the foundation. And the same material is used for it. You can rarely use the materials that went to create wall structures.

The most popular plinth material options:

1. Already created blocks.
2. Bricks.
3. Monolithic concrete.

Whichever option you prefer, the work always starts from the calculations. Particular care must be taken calculate wall thickness. Concrete screeds and slabs usually form a floor. The base can be created from already formed reinforced concrete slabs. Wood materials are used for cladding.

If the base is much higher than the ground level, then there, in the upper part, whole windows and doors are made. They shouldn't face north. So the frames can be deformed due to solid accumulations of snow.

The initial stage of facing is the creation stairs in basement. The most common options are:

1. Classical march. Arranged only if the area for this is sufficient.
2. Screw. It is created when the conditions of the socle do not allow the first option to be arranged.

Hydroprotection

For the base, you need to do double-sided waterproofing. It is not necessary to isolate components that are concentrated above ground level.

The most powerful protection is arranged only if the base is based on a concrete monolith. Again, the work must be carried out very efficiently, otherwise the plate, under the influence of moisture, will not adhere well to the walls. Do not forget about the standards for the height of the base - 250 cm. For this, a foundation pit of the appropriate depth is formed.

Create projects

As already noted, it is very important to define desired thickness walls. The type of soil, the location of the building, the type and behavior of the soil are taken into account. If the soil is reliable, then the thickness of the basement walls can correspond to other walls of the house. If there are problems with the soil, their thickness increases by 20-30 cm.

If the building is built of wood, then the plinth can be created from concrete blocks.

The project should also reflect the position of groundwater. Since there is a requirement for the depth of the pit, it should not reach their level. The soil is studied in advance, the depth of these waters is determined.

Note! Permission, or rather an update of the document, is necessary if initially they submitted papers for individual housing construction without a basement, but after some time they changed their minds in favor of the ground floor. And according to the law, if the area changes by 17% or more, documents must be submitted to the HOA for approval.

Price questions

They are determined by the following factors:

1. The region of your residence (climate, soil, soil, etc.)
2. Prices of materials in your area.
3. The cost of services of specialists and workers.
4. Conceived parameters of the basement and foundation.

Example 1. Base parameters: 10x10. The foundation is tape. Its depth is 240 cm, width - 30 cm, elevation above the ground: 60 cm.

The following materials are involved here:

1. Land sampling - 360 cubic meters. m. = 360 thousand rubles.
2. Corrugated reinforcement, section 0.14 cm. 5700 m are involved. The cost is about 205,150 rubles.
3. Concrete. Spending: 265,900 rubles.
4. Formwork, 10 cubic meters. Expenses: 62,000 rubles.
5. Hydroprotection. Bituminous mastic. She demanded 60,000 rubles. This is the inner layer. For the outer layer of roofing felt, the cost is about 60,000 rubles.
6. Insulation. Styrofoam. One slab is 10 cm thick, 58 cm wide and 26 cm long. 10 slabs are required. Costs of the order of 32,000 -35,000 rubles.
7. Interlayer materials (crushed stone and sand) + nails. Spending: 42,000 rubles.

Tools:

• For calculations: tape measure, pencil, level.
• For masonry: trowel, pickaxe.
• Others: spade, hammer, plumb line.

Their total cost lies within 30,000 rubles.

The services of workers will cost here about in 130 -140 thousand rubles. This includes their fees and expenses for accommodation and meals.

If you do the work yourself, then other numbers appear here. Digging the necessary pit and backfilling it will cost about 50,000 rubles.

Example 2 The basement parameters are 8 x 8 m. The walls are made of FBS blocks. The foundation is slab, monolith.

Materials:

1. Waterproofing, roofing material.
2. Insulation. Penoplex. Thickness - 5 cm.
3. Change house. Parameters 2.5x5 m.

The list of tools is almost the same. It will also require the cost of work, rental of equipment, delivery of materials.

The total price of all specified - about 1,000,000 rubles.

Of this amount, approximately 64% goes to the purchase of materials, 7% to their delivery, 3% was required for tools, 14% is needed for work, 7% for equipment rental, and 5% for change houses.

When the plinth is erected under the condition of a high position ground water, the costs are escalating. You have to build a very strong foundation. Typically, in such cases, pile foundation and a plinth on it. The costs indicated in the first example can increase by about 1.5 - 2 times.

Of course, you can save on the construction of the basement. The main thing is to do it without sacrificing quality. Especially you should not save on concrete and waterproofing, as well as insulation. It is better to create a base of smaller parameters, but reliable and with a powerful base.

Also, don't skimp on workers. high class. If you yourself are unable to quality work or you do not have time, then it is better to entrust this matter to specialists with characteristics. Today it is quite popular to order a turnkey basement. The price range here is very wide. Much depends on the parameters of the planned basement, geological factors, prices of materials and services of a particular company. The following are some examples of turnkey socles, taking into account various parameters and factors.

Table. Calculations on data in the central regions

So do or not? What they say on the forums

The most commonly recommended are:

1. If there are free funds, then it is possible to implement the plan. If there is a shortage of money in the process, you can postpone finishing work precisely on the base in a long box.
2. As a rule, a basement is necessarily planned on expensive and small areas in order to increase space.

Minuses identified during the construction process:

1. The price of building a foundation with a basement or basement increases by 35-40%. This is significant money, especially if the need for space is not expected.
2. Sometimes they forget about insulation and waterproofing, and the sprinkling has already been done. It is necessary to re-prepare the external trenches, fix the penoplex or come up with something new with waterproofing.

A selection of arguments "for"

One of the most popular videos on the topic. The author is distinguished at the same time by academicism and worldly wisdom, judging by the level of elaboration of the topic. In addition, the author, obviously, is a supporter of the construction of the basement and quite convincingly proves the practicality of its arrangement.

In a private house is a basement that acts as the first floor. Others consider it a standard zero floor, which is located below the soil level. In any case, its creation remains unchanged and requires compliance with certain rules.

Flaws

It is worth noting that the construction is characterized by high costs compared to the usual one, and in some cases more economical option will expand the construction area.

The approximate cost becomes clear after the implementation of geological and engineering surveys, establishing the type of soil, the level of groundwater. Sometimes after it turns out that there is construction in this place similar building impossible.

Ground floors in private houses require drainage, high-quality waterproofing and insulation, so it will not be possible to do with the simple formation of a continuation of the foundation. Failure to comply with waterproofing rules or the use of low-quality materials increases the likelihood of flooding.

To carry out such work, builders must be highly qualified, since negligent attitude to work in this case is more likely to have undesirable consequences.

Lighting and ventilation

Since the arrangement of full-fledged windows in the basement is most often impossible, the premises will be insufficient. Therefore, the location living rooms preferably on the ground floor. The most popular arrangement options are entertainment and sports facilities: home cinemas, billiard rooms, swimming pools, saunas, gyms.

It is worth remembering that operation is also associated with large investments, allowing you to maintain the space in the required state. Forced ventilation the basement floor of a private house is especially relevant in gym and premises with high level humidity, and the creation will be required for saunas and showers. The pool below ground level is also difficult to arrange.

When you can not do without a plinth

It becomes necessary most often with a lack of floor space above the ground, and the impossibility of accommodating all the planned premises.

In some cases, the size of the construction site contributes to the creation of a basement. It may be small or narrow shape, while the owner has the means to build big building, and the space of the upper floors is no longer enough.

Arrangement is also common in the presence of a site characterized by the presence of a slope with a noticeable difference in height. In this case, the relief becomes the focus of everything landscape design and allows you to build a very original building.

The basement in a private house, the photo of which is presented above, gives respectability to the entire building and can accommodate various premises, basement or utility areas. It is also worth noting that such a building differs more high properties thermal insulation. With proper arrangement, you can reduce costs and accelerate their payback. Thanks to him, you can not worry about the loads that fall on the foundation, and the house itself becomes more reliable. in accordance with established rules must be within 2.5 meters.

Varieties

There are three main types:

• recessed basement in a private house;
• speaker;
• located on the same level as the base.

The first option has become the most widespread. This is facilitated by less exposure to moisture, compared with other species. Also in this case, humidity does not have such a detrimental effect on other parts of the building, since water quickly drains from the basement.

The protruding type is optimal for a house with thin wall structures. So you can equip rooms that will be located almost underground. Sometimes it acts as a place to store seasonal and rarely used items.

The arrangement of the basement floor of a private house on the same level as the foundation is not always rational, since it will have insufficient protection against moisture and at the same time act as the beginning of the wall. Requires the use of additional waterproofing materials which incurs extra costs. It is also worth noting the impossibility of improving the appearance of the building.

materials

Due to the fact that the base is a continuation of the foundation, it is built from a material similar to that used to create the foundation. Sometimes it is possible to choose the materials that make up the wall structures. Most often used ready blocks, brick and monolithic concrete. Regardless of the perfect choice, competent calculation is required. Special attention should be given to determining the thickness of the walls.

Screed and concrete plates act as a floor. The base can be formed from ready-made reinforced concrete slabs. For facing works often applied wood material. If the basement in a private house rises significantly above the ground, it is possible to create full-fledged windows and doors in its upper part, while it is desirable that they face the south, west or east side. The arrangement of openings on the north side is undesirable, as this can lead to deformation of the frames due to the accumulation a large number snow.

Stairs

It is advisable to start with the stairs to the basement in a private house, as it is an integral and important element of the room. Three types are most widely used staircase structures providing a comfortable ride. The arrangement of the classic march option is possible if there is sufficient space. If the design of the floor and its dimensions do not allow creating such a comfortable descent, a bolt or screw view will do.

Waterproofing

Separately, it should be noted waterproofing work. The underground structure must be coated on both sides with materials that protect against moisture. This will increase their reliability. Waterproofing elements located above the ground does not require mandatory internal waterproofing.

The basement floor in a private house, which is based on a solid concrete slab, has undoubted advantages:

• it is possible to arrange premises for any purpose;
• the structure is distinguished by sufficient protection from negative external influences, for example, humidity;
• it takes relatively little time to build;
• outstanding structural strength.

High-quality arrangement of waterproofing is the main point in the construction. If this rule is not observed, the floor slab will have poor adhesion to the base wall elements. As mentioned earlier, the height of the base should be within 2.5 meters. For its construction, a pit is dug with the required depth.

Design work

First of all, when arranging, it is necessary to establish the required thickness of the walls. Here you need to build on the type of soil on the site and the location of the building. If the ground is sufficiently reliable, it is possible to create walls with a thickness similar to those that walls in other parts of the house have. Otherwise, it is recommended to increase the thickness by 20-30 cm. When using wood for the construction of a building, the basement in a private house can be made of concrete blocks with your own hands.

An important stage is the preparation of a project, which must necessarily take into account the location of groundwater. This is due to the fact that the depth of the pit should not reach the level of the water. Preliminary exploration of the soil is carried out to determine the possible depth.

When can I make a facade of a house without a plinth? The plinth may be absent in houses in which the facade is made of weather-resistant materials with high strength, such as clinker brick or a natural stone. In the case of a facade finished with durable materials, the plinth can be reduced so that it is almost invisible. If the house is plastered, then it is necessary to choose a hydrophobic facade plaster - non-absorbent water, from which dirt is easily washed off and cleaning is not necessary. Such facade plasters are silicone plasters.

The plinth can be hidden, that is, hidden by the lower fragment of the facade cladding made of clinker facade tiles under brick or boards, which are already hardened at the factory and covered with several layers of varnish resistant to weathering m.

How to properly insulate the base?

During the insulation of a building in which there will be no plinth, the lower section of the thermal insulation of the walls before contact with the ground (about 30 cm) should be well made of a moisture-resistant material, such as polyurethane foam and extruded polystyrene foam, even if expanded polystyrene or mineral wool. If the house is to be stuccoed, the wall should not go straight to the ground. Leave a very small plinth and finish it in the usual way, for example with clinker facade tiles.

How to get the effect of a house without a plinth?

To get the effect of a house without a plinth, where the facade is finished with facing clinker bricks, the lower part of the facade is above the ground foundation wall make from the same material as the wall cladding of the first floor. In the facade and plinth finished with clinker bricks, be sure to leave vertical blanks. colored solution seams. These seams will be holes for air ventilation - ventilation slots. Particular care must be taken to ensure proper drainage of the strip around the house. AT modern houses, stone slabs and facing ceramic brick. They can be laid in such a way that the lowest element ends 2-3 cm above the ground.

Only in the case of wall construction with a ventilated facade, we can afford to build facade walls without a plinth, a wall that descends to the ground, closing the plinth. Then the accumulated water at the foundation wall can evaporate freely without destroying the structure of other layers. In the case of slab facades, the rules for the installation of a ventilated facade must be strictly observed.

How to make a bandage that winds along the ground along the facade?

Along the walls of the building on the ground, a wall protection bandage should be paving, limiting the penetration of rainwater directly into the walls of the house. The bandage should be selected depending on the type of soil. If the earth absorbs water, we use gravel, expanded clay or crushed stone. If the ground is impermeable, then concrete pavers or clinker paving stones or concrete tiles.
The bandage should not leave water in itself. Must "breathe" because it facilitates the evaporation of water from the soil. Regardless of what material the bandage is made of, it should have a slope of about 2%, which causes automatic drainage of water. In addition, water should flow towards the garden, and not onto the facade of the house. Downspouts, draining rainwater from the roof must be installed in the gutter sump, and further into the rainwater sewer. This will protect the foundation from moisture as much as possible. In areas with high groundwater levels, it is worth making drainage around the house.

View samples of materials for the plinth, as well as - wall ceramic blocks and facing clinker brick, you can get advice and buy this material at our office at 69, Prospekt Mira, Moscow.

Today we will talk about plinth. One of the meanings of the word plinth(Italian zoccolo - a shoe with a wooden sole) - the lower part outer wall(most often - protruding), which is located on the foundation.

We do not plan to fully reveal the topic of building plinths for a house - there is an Internet for this. We will tell you in detail everything about how we erected a brick base on a monolithic reinforced concrete strip foundation for our house from gas silicate blocks.

In this article, as usual, you will find a lot of specific, useful and, we hope, interesting material for you:

• briefly about the purpose of the base;
• briefly about the types of plinth;
• a detailed description of the construction of a brick basement for our house from gas silicate blocks (foam concrete);
• new photos and audio recording about the construction of a basement for a house.

Purpose of the base

A plinth is an intermediate structure located between the foundation and load-bearing walls.

1. One of the purposes of the base is prevention the walls of your house from precipitation(melting snow, rainwater, dew), capillary suction(moisture coming from the ground). If the house does not have a basement, then capillary moisture can rise up to 3 meters up the wall of your house. In the future, this can lead to mold and rotting of the wall, loss of frost resistance and an increase in the thermal conductivity of the wall material.
2. Since our house does not have a basement (basement) and the floor is located on the ground, the basement, takes on mechanical action., which is rendered by the covered earth inside the perimeter of the house;
3. Lies on the plinth.
4. For our house, we flooded. In this case the base will also allow you to "register" the perimeter future home.

Thus, on plinth buildings are affected from all sides. Therefore, to ensure the strength and safety of the plinth, it must be built from high-quality materials with frost resistance, minimal moisture resistance and mechanical strength.

When constructing the basement for our house, we used not new brick but strong enough good quality. This is clearly seen in the photos attached to the article. Thus, we were able to successfully solve two problems at once:

• minimized the cost of bricks for the basement by using old bricks;
• good quality solid bricks were used.

Plinth types

It should be noted that below we will talk about plinths, taking into account the final insulation or finishing of the walls and the plinth itself. it important note, because directly during the laying of the basement and walls, and then when finishing them, the location of the walls and basement relative to each other may change.

There are three main types of plinth.

Sometimes you can find houses with plinth protrudes out relative to the wall — protruding plinth. Such a base requires the construction of a protective drain. Since this type of plinth is most exposed to atmospheric influences, it is necessary to apply quality materials for its decoration. A plinth of this type is advisable to use if there is a basement (basement) in a thin-walled house, which requires additional insulation. Or a protruding plinth is an architect's way of expressing his idea. The protruding base is not often used in the construction of a house.

Sometimes plinth is level with a wall. Also a rather rarely used type of basement for the construction of a country house.

In our case, for walls made of gas silicate blocks, brick the plinth is "drowned" relative to the walls -sinking plinth. Why did we opt for this type of plinth?

With a sinking plinth, rainwater, flowing down the walls, does not fall on the junction between the wall and the plinth, flows freely to the ground. At the same time, the waterproofing layer, hidden by the ledge of the wall, is protected from precipitation and external mechanical influences. In addition, the sinking plinth allows you to save money during its construction:

• reducing the cost of materials for the plinth,
• reduction of construction time;
• no need for a drain device, as is the case with a protruding plinth.

The optimal is the "sinking" of the basement relative to the walls (taking into account the insulation and finishing performed) by at least 5 cm.

During the construction of our house, the plinth took on the appearance of a sunken one after we insulated it with foam plastic and plastered the walls. When laying walls from blocks, the plinth protruded relative to the walls. In the photo on the left, with an increase, it is clearly seen how during the laying of the walls, before their subsequent insulation and plastering, the brick base slightly “protrudes” beyond the walls.

Construction of a brick basement on a strip monolithic reinforced concrete foundation for a house made of gas silicate blocks

So, the foundation is already poured. It's time to start building the plinth.

To get started, listen to a short audio, and then we will describe in more detail all the steps for building the base:

1. Setting corners during the construction of the base.

When laying the base, as in the future, when, it is VERY IMPORTANT to set the corners correctly. Incorrectly set corners will lead, in the future, to improper masonry walls. Incorrectly set basement corners, if the deviation is insignificant, can be corrected when laying the first row of walls. However, don't count on it. It's better to do everything right.

The first thing to do is, at the four corners, initially without mortar, lay out the bricks along the width of the future basement. Bricks in the corners must be leveled.

Then, with a tape measure or with the help of a strong thread (the thread should not stretch!) We very accurately measure the length and width of the sides of the future house, taking into account the laid out corners. It is also necessary to measure both diagonals. All measurements must be equal accordingly: the length of one side must be equal to the length of the other side of the wall, etc.

If the measurements are equal, then you did everything right and you can start laying the basement. If some measurements do not match, this means that not all angles are equal to 90 degrees. and it needs to be fixed urgently. How can this be done?

It is necessary, constantly rechecking all the measurements described above, with the help of simultaneous movement corner bricks on one of the sides (you didn’t use the mortar when setting the corners, did you?), find something optimal location them at the corners, at which the measurements of the sides will respectively coincide or have a deviation of no more than 2-3 cm. With further laying, this difference can be eliminated.

2. Brick plinth

The corners are set, all the measurements of the sides and diagonals matched - it's time to lay out the base. When laying a brick base, we used. You can read more about this solution.

The width of the plinth depends on the material from which you plan to lay out the walls in the future. If the walls, like ours, are made of gas silicate sides (foam concrete) measuring 600 X 300 X 200, while the width of the masonry is 300 mm, and in the future you will insulate the house only with foam plastic, followed by plaster, then the width of the basement is one and a half bricks (380) as once the one you need. At the same time, do not forget that as a result of further wall insulation and wall decoration, the base should turn out to be sinking.

If, when laying walls from the same blocks, you plan to use brick for finishing after wall insulation, then the plinth should be laid out two bricks wide (500).

In other words, to determine the width of the plinth, you first need to decide on the material of the walls and the material for further insulation and decoration of the walls and, if you see fit, the plinth. Then make the necessary calculations.

What height should the plinth be? In this matter, even experienced builders sometimes disagree. It is believed that the height of the plinth should not be lower than the maximum snow cover height for the region over the past fifty years. Socle such minimum height will protect the walls from capillary moisture, thereby increasing the durability of your home.

As for the maximum height - here everyone chooses for himself. The basement height of our house is 40cm.

If your house will have a basement, then the height of the basement is usually 70-100cm. Houses with a high plinth look more elegant than houses with a low plinth or no plinth at all. Regardless of whether you have a basement or not, you should not forget that the height of the basement regulates the height of the floor of the first floor.

Now you know what you need to pay attention to when it comes time to decide on the height and width of the plinth for your future home.

3. Basement waterproofing

In order for the basement to adequately fulfill one of its purposes - protecting the walls of the house from moisture, it is necessary to carefully waterproof the basement. As a waterproofing, we used roofing material, folded in half. We talked about this in great detail in an article on laying the first row of blocks in the section. Please note that the waterproofing layer must be below the level of the future floor, or vice versa: the future floor must be arranged higher. what is the waterproofing layer.

Today, there are many materials that can be used for basement waterproofing. wide and varied, it all depends on the planned cost of construction. Since our goal is to build inexpensive house with our own hands, we were content with roofing material, without losing at all in the quality of construction.

Subscribe to FREE BONUS "Eight Practical Techniques To Use When Laying Block Walls" masonry walls subject to certain rules and knowledge of the secrets of masonry, it will not present any difficulties for you.

4. How to save a brick base if the construction of the house is temporarily stopped?

If you are building a house in more than one construction period and due to lack of funds or the onset of cold weather, you are forced to suspend construction at the stage of readiness brick plinth, it is necessary to take care of its safety.

The construction of the foundation is not limited to the laying of its underground part. Above the ground, to a height of 50-70 cm, the upper part of the foundation is built - the basement.

The socle is called the upper part of the foundation, protruding above the level of the vertical layout (Fig. 1.)

The plinth is not only a support for the walls, but takes on the function of protecting against natural influences: in winter it is covered with snow, in spring melt water undermines it, in summer and autumn it rains. Therefore, the strength and resistance of the base to adverse natural conditions must be mandatory. Structurally, the basement practically does not differ from the foundation, but its appearance should be in line with the general architectural solution at home. To do this, the outer part of the basement is plastered, lined with natural or artificial stone or tiles. In the simplest version of the finish, the base is overwritten cement mortar and paint. Top part the base must be strictly horizontal.
The height of the plinth can be different depending on the terrain of the site. But in any case, the height of the plinth should not be less than 50 cm above the level of the layout. A house with a low plinth seems squat and loses architecturally.

Plinths are made of solid brick grades for frost resistance 50 Mrz by the method of continuous masonry or from concrete foundation blocks .

House basement waterproofing

Two waterproofings are placed on the plinth, each of the two layers of roofing material on bituminous mastic. The first waterproofing is arranged at a height of 20 cm from the level of the blind area, the second - along the top of the basement. The purpose of waterproofing is to cut off the migration of moisture into the walls due to capillary suction of water from the soil and moistening of the walls from melting snow and rain splashes (Fig. 1.). Previously, one waterproofing was arranged at the level of the top of the basement. Such waterproofing cut off the infiltration of water into the walls, but the base itself was in a moist state. As a result, the moisture accumulating in the capillaries of the basement material increased in volume during winter freezing and tore the capillaries.
The process, repeated from year to year, destroyed the material of the plinths of houses. Therefore, they began to use double waterproofing of the basement. To protect the plinth from atmospheric moisture, they are lined with bricks, natural stone slabs or ceramic tiles.

Basement construction. Zabirka

the most successful constructive solution the basement is rubble masonry with simultaneous brick cladding.
The basement superstructure above the strip foundation is made the same width as the foundation itself. plinth column foundation(it is called a fence or a fence wall) is never thick: if it is brick, then the laying is carried out in brick or half a brick; if rubble, then no more than 30 cm wide. If the soil at the construction site is rocky, sandy or gravel, then the pick-ups are laid from ground level; if the soil is clayey, then deepen the pick-ups into the ground by 20-30 cm, and under them make sand cushion another 20-30 cm thick. Align the upper plane of the base (as well as upper plane foundation) using the building level.
And one more thing that you should not forget about when building a basement - natural ventilation enclosed space bounded by basement walls, floor and ground. For free circulation of air in this space in the basement on each side of the house at a height of 15-20 cm from the ground, ventilation windows (air vents) approximately 15 x 15 cm in size should be left. it is worth hammering with wooden corks.

Plinth brickwork

When erecting foundations, the plinth is laid out of red solid clay brick of a grade of at least 75 or front brick with jointing. For brickwork you can use a solution of composition 1: 0.3: 4 (cement: lime or clay: sand, by volume) - for foundations in low-moisture and wet soils; composition 1: 0: 3 - for foundations located in water-saturated soils.
Bricklaying is performed in horizontal rows, laying the brick flat (on the bed). Each brick of the upper row must lie between two or more bricks of the lower row, closing their joints. The order in which bricks are laid relative to each other so that their joints overlap is called ligation. The simplest is single-row, or chain ligation, when rows of bricks across the wall (poke) alternate with rows along the wall (loose). At the same time, the transverse seams in adjacent rows are shifted by a quarter of a brick, and the longitudinal ones by half a brick (Fig. 2).

Mortar joints between bricks should be within 10-15 mm. The thickness of the horizontal joints of brickwork should be 12 mm, vertical joints - 10 mm.
When plastering walls, the basement of the foundation, the seams should not be filled with mortar to a depth of 10-15 mm for better adhesion of the mortar to the surface during its plastering.
In order for the masonry to be of high quality, at the corners of the foundation, to pre-installed pillars of logs with a diameter of 10-12 cm, wooden ordering slats are attached, marked in height at 77 mm (brick thickness 65 mm plus joint thickness 12 mm). The top of the first row is fixed with a mooring cord. On the cord, the horizontal laying of the row is checked. As the rows are laid, the cord must be moved up. (Fig. 3.)

If this plinth masonry technology turns out to be difficult to perform, then formwork panels can be used instead of a mooring cord, or edged boards. They are supported on rails-orders and intermediate bars hammered into the ground. On the board, lines are applied that define the top of the stacked row of bricks.

The masonry starts from the corner and gradually moves to the left of the laid part of the basement row. The mortar trowel must be in right hand. With the left hand, they remove the brick from the stack and lay it on the mortar. Part of the solution with a trowel is pushed onto side rib or the end of a previously laid brick, then the brick is pressed with the left hand, with light strokes of the trowel handle they are pressed in so that the upper edge coincides with the horizontal line drawn on the board, or is in line with the mooring cord. When laying the outer versts, the mooring cord is pulled for each row at the level of the top of the stacked row, indented from vertical plane by 3-4 mm. Usually, the mooring cord is tied to nails fixed in the seams of the masonry. To check the horizontal and vertical masonry used building level 500-700 mm long.

To control the quality of the masonry, after fixing the orders, beacons are laid out on them in the form of a sheltered penalty or intermediate orders are established (every 3 - 4 m). Part of the mortar, into which the brick is pressed, sometimes protrudes beyond the plane of the foundation plinth. It must be immediately removed with a trowel, put back in the box (bucket) and mixed with the solution located there.
Plinth for log, cobbled and frame walls usually performed in one or 1 1/2 bricks (i.e., 250 and 380 mm wide).