The frame house has a wooden staircase. Structural solutions for stairs. What is important to know about the construction of a metal staircase

The construction of a staircase in a private house is, although laborious, but an interesting creative process that gives room for imagination and the emergence of experience and ingenuity. Any frame under the stairs inside the house is assembled in several stages, regardless of whether it is metal or wooden. Each design has its own advantages, but for self-assembly, a rigid wooden frame will be the easiest. But if there is a welding machine and work experience, then a metal staircase constructed from a metal corner will be more solid, stronger and more durable. But nothing compares to the elegance of wooden staircases.

What type of stairs to choose?

Depending on the functionality, stairs are internal and external. The frame of the stairs to the second floor can be of different types, and the most common are:

• marching;
• screw;
• ring etc.

The shape of the stairs is chosen in relation to the space that it should occupy:

• straight;
• rounded or rounded;
• trapezoid;
• -2, 3-section;
• L- and U-shaped;
• screw.

There are ladder-type stairs, but they are made only to the attic or to the cellar, when there is little space for tilting at a sufficient angle. In rare cases, in a private house, vertical frame stairs are made of metal, provided with reliable handrails. It is convenient to climb up them, but it is inconvenient to go down. Due to the steepness and dangerous descent of the steps of a steep staircase, it is reasonable to make an oar type - a separate base for each foot. Because of the waddle they are called "duck step".

But the most common stairs are marching ones. Flights of stairs rest on facade or ordinary crossbars or consoles of stiffening diaphragms.

Flights of stairs are designed to ensure the convenience of moving along 2-flight or broken stairs when climbing to any floor or descending.

Tip: When choosing the type of stairs, it is worth considering the most appropriate type of frame and the shape of the handrails. The design of the frame of the stairs is right and left, and between the turns you need landings that are mounted wider than the steps.

The metal frame for the stairs differs from the wooden frame, primarily in that the tree, when one of the elements falls out, is easy to nail into place. The loss of one part of the metal structure adversely affects its safety and the strength of the entire staircase, which is unsafe for the inhabitants of the house. This fragment is not always possible to weld back immediately after a breakdown, moreover, it is of high quality and aesthetically pleasing. And if the staircase already has a decorative lining, it is difficult not to spoil it by welding.

metal staircase

Making a staircase frame is not a difficult task, but painstaking and responsible. Some types of staircase designs can be assembled by welding within a few hours. But preliminary calculations and the manufacture of the main parts of the metal structure are very important, in compliance with:

• horizontality;
• symmetry;
• the location of the axis of symmetry of the center of gravity for frameless installation.

Modern masters have developed several simple options for frame-type stairs, which are convenient to use in a country house or for access to an auxiliary room. But inside the house, an aesthetic metal staircase is designed to become a real decoration. But the most important thing is the reliability of the design and the safety of movement on the stairs. Therefore, for any metal frame of the stairs, special attention should be paid to the quality of the welds and the processing of the corners.

The most common types of bases for internal stairs between floors:

In the first case, the steps look more reliable and solid, in the second - more weightless and light, and the stairs are more economical.

A channel for welding, decorated with a rectangle, is used as a guide. It is important to calculate and measure the angle of inclination relative to the floor and the base of the stairs.

Tip: It is easiest to weld the frame of the stairs on the spot than to deliver the welded structure to the cottage under construction. In finished form, only solid chiseled or wooden stairs with carved details are delivered. But they also consist of several parts of the structure, which are then assembled manually.

Basic requirements for self-made stairs

• work in overalls and gloves, and protect your face during welding;
• grind the cut channel, round off, eliminate notches and burrs, especially on the handrails;
• control the strength of all welds;
• calculate such an interval and height of degrees so that it is easy and safe to navigate through them;
• the frame structure must be processed and painted not only for aesthetic reasons, but also to exclude the possibility of injury;
• stairs should not be too steep and slippery, and handrails or a restrictive capsule are a must for a spiral staircase.

Outdoor metal stairs must be protected in such a way that the sole of the shoe does not slip on the steps and does not freeze.

Attention: Do not forget that metal is subject to corrosion, and rust spoils its appearance. After the staircase frame is made, it is recommended to cover it with a primer or any anti-corrosion compound so that the structure receives sufficient moisture resistance.

Important Safety Precautions

1. During welding, sparks and drops from molten metal are formed. Therefore, it is also important to protect the body with a mask and overalls, and the base where welding work is performed.

4. It is important to be careful when handling the equipment, do not accidentally touch the electrodes, so as not to get an electric shock. When working with welding equipment in a country house, it is important to make sure that the mains voltage is sufficient for the device.

What is important to know about the construction of a metal staircase?

To determine the design of the ladder frame, you need accurate measurements and drawings so that the design is easy to use and does not take up much usable space. Its appearance is also important, since it is able to decorate the house or create visual discomfort. For the final selection of the type of stairs, see our illustrations:

After the choice is made in favor of one or another configuration, according to the size of the room, you can proceed to the design calculations. It is important to consider:

• span sizes;
• the area of ​​the steps (not less than the width of the foot);
• span angle;
• right or left handrail, etc.

In a single-flight staircase, the angle of inclination is usually within 45 °. The gentle slope takes more material and supporting parts of sufficient thickness. Too steep stairs are not very convenient, especially for descending children and the elderly. They are used to go to auxiliary and utility rooms where they rarely go - attic, attic, pantry or basement.

We divide the height of the floor by the distance between the steps in height - this is the number of steps. It is indicated in mm - from point to point, without taking into account the thickness of building materials. Optimally in the frame of modular stairs, the distance between the feet in height is about 20 cm. But there may be options, especially if there are children in the house who will often climb these steps.

The width of the step is determined by the length of the march, but taking into account the tread, which can protrude forward on the tread of 250-320 mm. A tread is a fragment of a step from the leading edge to the projection below it. Next, we draw up a diagram or drawing-drawing of the future design with the designation of all markings.

The dimensions of the stairs determine the consumption of materials:

• under the bearing elements;
• for risers;
• supports and fasteners;
• sheet metal for steps.

What is the easiest thing to do on your own?

1. Cantilever stairs without inclined supports look light and compact. The steps are fixed at the side end with special horizontal pins. Only a pro can handle such an installation, but thick glass can be inserted into the frame of the step to literally take off above “weightlessness”.

2. The simplest is a straight single-flight staircase, it is easier to make a frame for a staircase with your own hands than for a rounded or spiral one. It is only important to observe a right angle and the location of the steps parallel to the floor. Steps will lie on the supports, sidewalls, ends, risers and handrails will rise from them. A little more difficult is a marching structure with landings. They are mounted on vertical supports or directly to the wall.

3. Spiral staircases are almost the only way out with a minimum area for the lower support of the staircase structure. They are not very comfortable to lift, but they look great. The great thing is that some designs require a minimum of welding. For example, if sleeves of 230-250 mm are strung on a wide pipe between floors, between which wedge-shaped metal steps are located, then it remains only to fix them with railings from the outside at regular intervals.

Attention: Under the sleeves, a galvanized pipe of a slightly larger section of almost the same length is needed. The cutting is done strictly perpendicular so that the step angle is not distorted, and the sleeves must sit tightly on the main pipe between the steps. With a significant difference in the diameter of the base and sleeves, a sealant is laid. The edges of the sleeves must be sanded or sanded. You can separately weld each step to its sleeve.

wooden stairs

Much of the above applies to wooden stairs:

• determining the length of the stairs;
• calculation of the height of the steps;
• width and number of steps, etc.

A ladder frame made of natural wood is more expensive than a metal one, but it is easier and more pleasant for a home craftsman who knows how to work with wood to make a ladder without welding with his own hands. But it is important to consider that wood is a softer material and less durable. The steps of such a ladder can creak and sag over time. But designers have also developed universal structures based on metal and wood of a modular type. For example, a modular prefabricated staircase "Ladder", video:

For the construction of the frame, wood will be required for the main structural details, and subsequently for the railings and finishing details. For the base you will need:

• steps;
• stringers (an inclined part with cut corners for fastening steps and risers);
• risers (closes the gap between the steps);
• base beams;
• landing (if the design involves a turn).

Tip: Use the illustrations to choose the most aesthetically pleasing staircase option you can afford, but keep in mind that there must be enough space in the house for any design, especially at the bottom of the support.

Based on the selected sample, we design the frame of a wooden staircase with our own hands. The drawings must indicate the exact dimensions, taking into account:

• sufficient area of ​​​​the room where the span will be located;
• width, height (between two floors) and total length of the stairs; * * sizes of steps;
• rise and riser height.

Attention: When planning the frame of a wooden staircase, if it will cover several floors, the height between each floor must be clarified and adjusted! An approximate drawing of the frame with dimensions.

The height of the rise (the distance between the steps in height) can be varied - from 15 to 28 cm. You can save on the amount of wood by reducing the number of steps, due to more height, but this will make it difficult to descend (ascent).

The frame of a straight flight staircase sometimes cannot be placed in the allocated space, so sometimes you have to break it into 2-3 fragments. This is also a good design, but more wood is required. With a minimum of space, a spiral wooden staircase with railings is built - photo:

The flights of stairs and the landing make adjustments to the formula for calculating the number and height of the feet. Classic formula:

• 2.8-(1.8+0.25)=0.75 m;
• where 1.8 + 0.25 is the average height of a person;
• 2.8 m - the height of the ceiling of the house;
• take into account the minimum clearance.

Attention: Do not make the stairs too narrow - at least 0.75 m, and sometimes it is required to separate the stairwell or a portable glass gallery on the side of the house for a full-fledged staircase. Such a decision has to be made for a separate entrance to the attic or extension.

It is important to think about the method of attaching the frame to the lower support and the upper floor, as well as the attachment points for the structural details of the staircase itself. Its durability and safety largely depend on the reliability of fastening to the floor. For more reliability, you can use:

• metal plates;
• corners;
• anchor;
• screws and other specialized equipment.

Tip: It is important to observe an equal step between the steps. Even if there are stairs of different designs in a big house, the legs get used to the same height. If there is a difference between the number and height of the march, and there is still some space left without a step on the frame, it is not recommended to equalize the error from above. It is better to make a wide decorative step below.

Attention: In no case, do not equalize the difference at the top, especially if there are problems with lighting.

To learn how to assemble the elements of the entire structure of a wooden marching staircase, watch the video:

1. along the stringers, (starting from the bottom step) the steps are laid, leveling with linings according to the level,
2. the lower step (Fig. 5) is mounted at the height of the future floor and reinforced with concrete.

In order to unify the staircase, all marches are made the same length.

An exception may be the flights of stairs of the basement floor, which are made much shorter in terms of the height from ground level to the floor of the first floor.

This version of the stairs with a different number of steps in marches at a floor height 2.8 m shown in Fig.1.

1 - supporting steel beam for the march and platform; 2- intermediate landing; 3- interfloor platform; 4- st. stringers of the march; 5- concrete intermediate steps; 6- upper frieze stage; 7 - lower frieze step; 8 - basement steps on brickwork; 9- vestibule; 10 doorway.

Starting from the lower frieze step, the steps are laid along the stringers, leveling with linings according to the level, and the lower step - along the height of the future floor and reinforced with concrete.

2. Installation of metal structures for stairs with concrete steps.

When arranging stairs, it is necessary to observe the horizontality of steps and platforms (deviations of marks at opposite ends of platforms or steps should not exceed 3 mm).

To align the position of the landings of the support beams, slabs for landings and stringers in the plan, use a template (Fig. 2, pos. 3), which copies the profile of the supporting part of the march.

Alignment of the position of landings during installation using templates is shown in Fig. 2.

1- floor slab; 2- intermediate landing; 3- template profile of the flight of stairs; 4-storey platform; 5- internal walls of the house; 6- outer wall.

Installation of reinforced concrete slabs (PP-24-10) of landings should be carried out after the installation of the metal frame of the underlying elements.

Before the structural elements to be installed are released from the crane hook, they should be securely fastened with anchor bolts, plugs, tacks and permanent or temporary connections, spacers and braces should be installed.

The structures are finally verified and fixed during the installation of each section of the flight of stairs.

When arranging stairs, the following rules should be followed:

1. steps are laid from the bottom up, while laying the horizontal and vertical risers, with alignment in the level in the longitudinal and transverse directions (Fig. 2);
2. installation of stairs is carried out from specially arranged scaffolding (Fig. 3);
3. the assembly of flights of stairs begins from the lower section (Fig. 5);
4. the fastening of the stringers to the platform beams is carried out by welding or bolts (Fig. 6-Fig. 7):;
5. during the installation of the platform beam, the stringers and platform plates supported on the beam are fixed on temporary racks and girders.

Devices for organizing the workplace of installers are shown in Fig.3.

1- mobile scaffolding; 2- platform - stepladder; 3 - inventory ladder with handrails.

Devices for temporary fixing and alignment of structures installed in place:

1. single and group conductors,
2. braces, clamps.

Devices for organizing the workplace of installers and ensuring safe working conditions: inventory scaffolding, stairs, fencing elements, racks, containers.

2.1. Installation of steel beams and stringers.

The installation of metal structures for the stairs begins with the installation of an intermediate (between the first and second span) beams under the stringers of the first span (Fig. 1, pos. 1).

Before proceeding with the installation of the metal structures of the stairs, it is necessary to completely complete the assembly, welding, riveting and bolting on this section.

Steel beams and stringers with anti-corrosion coating are prepared in advance according to wooden templates.

Center axes, necessary for the installation of steel structures of the stairs, are applied to the metal parts of the beams (Fig. 4 pos. 5) and stringers (Fig. 4 pos. 4) outside the contour of the structure support, as well as on the walls around the support nests of B-1 beams and stair slabs platforms PP-24-10 (fig.4 pos.2).

Steel beams and stringers for stairs from individual concrete steps between the floors of the building are shown in Fig. 4.

1- intermediate landing; 2- interfloor platform; 3- finishing coating of the landing; 4- kosour (K-1) from st. channel No. 14 ... 16; 5- strut support beam (B-1) from st. channel No. 16 ... 18 under the landing; 6 - lower frieze stage; 7- upper frieze stage; 8-row prefabricated concrete step.

Using a tape measure and a level, mark the location of the nests for installing B-1 beams - to support the flight of stairs.

If during the laying of the walls nests were not made for the beams, they are punched with a jackhammer to a depth twice the depth of the embedment.

At the same time, you can punch nests for no more than 4 beams.

Then the support plane of the nest is cleaned of rubble and debris, steel support pads are laid on the cement mortar under the beams.

For embedding beams in nests, concrete grade M-100 is used.

The horizontal installation of the bottom of the beams is checked by marks on the wall or using a level. After adjusting the position of the support plates (using wedges), the mortar is added.

The installation of stringers and slabs is started after a concrete set of monolithic at least 75% design strength (after 5-7 days).

Installation work should be carried out only after the foundation or place of support of steel structures is ready. For this suit:

1. nests 250x250 mm depth not less than 250 mm in the walls of floors - for beams B-1 (Fig. 4, pos. 5);
2. concrete pads 300x300 mm(Fig.5 pos.3) with a depth of at least 150 mm on the first floor - for K-1 stringers.

2.2. Nodes of support of the flight of stairs.

It is necessary to rest the metal stringers K-1 on the support plates, pre-installed in the nests, aligned and poured with cement mortar, from a steel sheet with a thickness of 10-12 mm and size 200x250 mm with upper strict surface.

It is possible to support metal stringers for the first span in concrete cushions after aligning the steel structure of stringers, beams and the position of anchor bolts to the design level of the floor of the room, followed by filling the cushion with heavy (with crushed stone) concrete of at least grade M-100.

Concrete is laid in layers, and I compact it with a rammer until the sinuses of the pillow are completely filled.

The node of the support of the flight of stairs from prefabricated concrete steps along the steel stringer for the flight of the first floor is shown in Fig.5.

1- base plate made of steel sheet 10 ... 12 mm thick and 200x250 m in size; 2- kosour from st. channel No. 14 ... 16 mm; 3- pillow made of concrete M-100; 4- concrete floors on a soil base; 5- floor tiling; 6-concrete steps LS 11.

Stringers (Fig. 5, pos. 2) can also be supported on pre-installed and verified supporting parts (Fig. 5, pos. 1), embedded in foundation pads (Fig. 5, pos. 3), followed by pouring them with concrete mortar.

When installing structures, it is necessary to ensure:

1. the stability of the mounted parts of the structures of the flights of stairs at all stages of installation;
2. stability of mounted structures and their strength under mounting loads;
3. safety of installation work.

The installation of each section should begin with the connections of the spatially stable part of the staircase.

To ensure the stability of structures during the installation process, it is necessary to follow a certain sequence of installation of horizontal and inclined structural elements, to establish permanent or temporary connections between them.

The node of the support of the steel stringer of the flight of stairs to the upper platform between the floors is shown in Fig.6.

1- kosour (K-1) from st. channel No. 14; 2- support beam (B-1) from st. channel No. 16; 3- docking (welded to the stringer) st. corner 63x63x5 mm, length 100 mm; 4- anchor bolts with nuts.

The structures of each overlying tier of the frame should be mounted only after the structural elements of the underlying tier are securely fastened with permanent or temporary fasteners.

To fix the rigidity, after alignment of the structure, the stringer and the beam are welded to each other by welding along the contour of the steel angle with bolts (Fig. 6 and Fig. 7).

In places where the head or nut adjoins inclined planes, oblique washers are placed. In this case, the bolt thread should be outside the hole of the elements to be connected, and the smooth part of the rod should not protrude from the washer.

At least one thread with a full profile must remain in each bolt on the nut side.

The threads of the anchor bolts must be protected from damage and corrosion during installation.

The support unit of the steel stringer of the flight of stairs to the lower landing for the flight between floors is shown in Fig. 7.

1- kosour (K-1) from st. channel No. 14; 2- support beam (B-1) from st. channel No. 16; 3- docking (welded to the stringer) st. corner 63x63x5 mm, length 100 mm; 4- anchor bolts with nuts.

The heads and nuts of the bolts must be in close contact with the planes of the structural elements and washers.

3.2. Materials for reinforced concrete stairs on a steel frame.

To install such a ladder, you will need the material specified in the specification below.

Table 1: Specification of products and materials for the stairs.

The popularity of frame construction is growing due to cost-effectiveness, ease of execution and the traditional advantages of wooden housing, which distinguished old Moscow and its outskirts - environmental friendliness, convenience and high aesthetics.

Interfloor staircase of a frame house

Characteristic features of a typical staircase built into a frame house

When erecting a frame-type building, you need to understand that the stairs in such a house are created according to similar rules. It can be erected at the construction stage so as not to damage the finished surfaces of the walls and floor, or you can order a ready-made version and install it in the stairway.

In a frame house, a wooden staircase structure, decorated with railings and turned balusters made of wood of the same type, is mainly in demand. Depending on the total height and location of the floors, the staircase may include several flights and turntables. Edged boards are used for the racks and frame of the platform, the platform is mounted from plywood / osb.

Types of stairs popular in frame construction in Moscow

Modern design can have a huge number of options. The classification depends on the architectural features of the building, the preferences of its owner:

• in terms of composition, a wooden staircase to a frame house is most popular, there are also metal and combined options;
• according to its location, it is internal and external;
• according to its intended purpose, the frame structure can be input and interfloor, stationary and temporary;
• depending on the number of storeys, a different number of marches is designed;
• in form there are straight, angular or rotary, screw models.

Stages of creating a staircase in a frame house

In the manufacture of the structure, a frame is first assembled, which is sheathed with osb or plywood. The installation process can be divided into two stages, while at the stage of interior decoration you can use the finished structure without fear of damage. Only upon completion of the interior decoration of the premises, the staircase surface is covered with finishing materials in accordance with the interior design of the house.

The number and complexity of the stages of building staircase structures depends on their type. A single-span frame version requires a minimum of time, the amount of lumber for its creation. The construction of a two-span model repeats in miniature the technology of creating a frame house and includes the main stages:

1. creation of a mathematical model with specification of the parameters of the flight of stairs, the number and shape of steps.
2. turntable device;
3. installation of a bowstring for each flight of stairs;
4. installation of draft steps;
5. finish coating.

Basic requirements for frame construction

Any staircase must, first of all, guarantee the safety of the residents of the house, for this it is necessary to make accurate calculations at the design stage and strictly observe the calculated dimensions for the main elements - tread, march, turntable and others. The fundamental prerequisite for functionality and convenience is the logical connection of the staircase structure with the architecture of the frame building.

All functional elements of the stairs must be technically and technologically tied to the general building codes. The optimal angle of inclination should not exceed 45 degrees, the height and width of the steps should be 15 cm and 30 cm, respectively. The minimum limit for the width of marches, spans is 120 cm, otherwise, the design will cause inconvenience during operation.Le

When arranging a mid-flight staircase, one of the most important and serious stages that determine its quality is the installation of marches. Their number and type of installation depends on the type of stairs. We will consider the features and requirements for the installation of flights of stairs below.

Requirements for flights of stairs

Marching stairs are of several types:

• single-march;
• two-march;
• multi-march.

The simplest option is the arrangement of a single-flight staircase, they are typical for low buildings. If the number of degrees in the staircase does not reach the mark of sixteen pieces, then the construction of a single-flight staircase will be relevant for it.

Otherwise, it is required to equip a structure consisting of several marches. Its construction will cost more and much more difficult. Multi-flight stairs consist of a certain number of flights, which are separated by special platforms.

There is an order of building codes that apply to the construction of a marching staircase. A march is called a building structure, which is located in a straight oblique line or in a curvilinear way. The minimum number of steps in the arrangement of mid-flight stairs is three pieces, and the maximum is sixteen. If there are more steps, then the construction of a horizontal platform is required.

The central line dividing the span is called the sunrise line, its location should be at least thirty centimeters away from the tread. Therefore, the value of the minimum width of the flight of stairs is sixty centimeters. On such a ladder it is convenient to move only one person. The march requires mandatory fencing with railings located on both sides of the stairs.

The landing of the building is called the horizontal part, which is located in the interval between marches. When calculating its size or shape, one should proceed from the average step length of the average person.

We suggest that you familiarize yourself with the basic requirements for the arrangement of the landing:

• the value of the width of the platform and the stairs must be the same;
• its length is the length of the flight of stairs;
• with a parallel arrangement of marching elements in front of each other, the platform should have a rectangular or rounded shape, with a perpendicular one, its shape will be in the form of a square.

The most common place to install a flight of stairs is a multi-storey building. It is during the arrangement of mid-flight stairs in these places that structures made of concrete or reinforced concrete are most often used. To perform the full range of these works, the intervention of special equipment is required.

Before installing the flight of stairs, it is required to check its high quality. This is done in two ways:

• visual;
• measuring.

With the help of a visual inspection, debris, dirt, cracks, frost are detected - all this is eliminated by cleaning. With the help of the measuring method, the compliance of the shape and size of the flight of stairs with geometrically predetermined parameters is checked.

During the installation of flights of stairs, each stage of work is carefully controlled, all the details of the stairs are checked, and the installation of welding and finishing work is completed.

Flights of stairs photo:

According to the requirements laid out in special documents, there are maximum permissible deviations when installing flights of stairs:

• with a horizontal arrangement of steps - 0.2 cm;
• with a horizontal arrangement of sites - 0.5 cm;
• with vertical installation of elements providing fencing - 0.3 cm;
• in the mismatch of the upper row of the roof - 0.5 cm;
• discrepancy between the depth of support of sections of horizontal value - 0.5 mm.

Deviations from the norm in relation to the dimensions of the details of the stairs are more than 0.3 cm in thickness and up to 0.5 cm in length. The presence of cracks, sagging, rust spots, fat accumulations on the details of the stairs is unacceptable.

The construction of stair structures begins to be carried out after the spans are filled with concrete slabs. Fixation of the flight of stairs is carried out using cement mortar, the thickness of which does not exceed three centimeters. The solution must be of high quality and freshly prepared.

Calculation of a flight of stairs: features of carrying out

The calculation of stair flights of dimensions is carried out taking into account the load on the supporting structures, which are the consoles. Since dynamic loads act on the stairs almost daily, the rigidity of the load-bearing elements must be of high quality. The value of their deflection should not exceed four hundredth of one span. To calculate the load on the stair consoles, the own weight of the structure should be added to the live loads, for a residential building this value is three hundred kilograms per square meter.

Keep in mind that a person uses several times more energy to climb stairs than when moving along a horizontal straight line. Experts say that for the correct calculation of a comfortable and, most importantly, safe staircase, you need to double the height of the riser, add the width of the step to it, this value will show the average step of a person. If we take into account the length of the step on the treads, then it is 60-64 cm. Therefore, to determine the tread and rise, this formula should be used: 2 * A + B \u003d 60-64 cm.

In addition, there is an alternative version of the above formula: A + B \u003d 460, in which A is the height of the tread, and B is its width.

When calculating the width of the tread, it should be assumed that the leg should rest completely on it, which means it should be at least 20 cm and maximum - 32 cm. The best option is the riser height of 15 cm and the step width of 30 cm. If the width of the tread is quite large, then when climbing the stairs, a person will constantly go astray, otherwise, with a minimum width of the tread, the descent from the stairs will be steep, which will lead to injury to people who use it for its intended purpose.

The scheme of the flight of stairs is based on the fact that when calculating the angle of inclination of the flight of stairs, one should take into account the factor that the best options are values ​​​​from 24 to 38 degrees. The space in the room that it occupies depends on the angle of inclination of the stairs. If there is an angle of inclination that is less than twenty-four degrees, it is recommended to install a ramp - a flat platform for descent. If the angle of inclination is more than forty-five degrees, then the ladder is built folding or attached.

The most difficult process when arranging stairs with a steep angle is to ensure a safe descent. If the angle of inclination of the ladder is more than forty-five degrees, then to ensure safety, the launch on it is carried out only facing backwards.

When calculating the number of steps, factors such as the height of the floor and the angle of inclination should be taken into account. When determining the exact location of the stairs and the height of the room, it is possible to independently determine the number of steps. To do this, you need to draw a drawing of a flight of stairs, in which the staircase and its main components will be drawn up to a millimeter. The flight of stairs is drawn in relation to the height of the flight of stairs.

The floor height value indicates the distance between the height marks of the finished floors on the first and second floors. For example, when finishing the floor of the first floor with laminates, and the second with tiles, all layers of the finish, including the concrete screed, should be taken into account. The standard height of one floor is 280 cm, sometimes 300, 270 or 330 cm. In this case, the ceiling height in the room will be 240 cm. With this height, it is possible to install a staircase in which the steps meet all safety standards. If there is a different height of the flight of stairs, the height of the steps should be calculated very carefully, while taking into account the size of the riser. If there are small errors in the calculations, then it is better to distribute them between the first steps, and leave the size of the remaining steps the same.

When arranging steps of different heights, the staircase becomes traumatic. If there is a non-standard height of the flight of stairs, you need to take care of lowering the level of the subfloor of the first and second floors. To equalize the difference between the floor in the house and the landing, the level of the finished floor should be made below the level of the landing. In this case, the threshold will be absent, and the floor will be equipped in an inclined way.

The device of the flight of stairs

During the construction of multi-storey buildings, flights of stairs are one of the main components that provide vertical communication between floors. Their installation is a rather laborious process that requires special care and attention.

There are three options for the location of the march:

• straightforward;
• curvilinear;
• oblique way.

To easily remove moisture from the stairs, the lower edge of the flight of stairs must be higher than the first.

In addition, there are several forms of landings, which are:

• tetrahedral;
• multifaceted;
• curvilinear shape.

Installation work on the arrangement of the flight of stairs begins with the reinforcement of surfaces, this process will help protect the stairs from heavy loads. Since the flight of stairs is influenced by many factors: gravity from its own mass, people and things that move along it, reinforcement is a mandatory process. Reinforcement of a single-flight staircase is carried out in its lower part, and two-flight structures require reinforcement both from above and below, while the upper reinforced section smoothly passes from the landing to the surface of the steps. Due to the susceptibility of stairs to high loads, they need to be reinforced in a concrete wall.

The installation of flights of stairs itself begins after the level masonry is performed. the first span and the platform are installed in the presence of internal masonry of the wall, and the following masonry is already carried out floor by floor.

Landing installation

The main stages of work on the installation of the landing:

• implementation of work on marking the installation site of the site;
• application of concrete solution on the surface of persistent places;
• direct site installation.

To check the horizontal position of the landing, a building level is used. To check the interval between the sites, the manufacture of a special wooden template is required, according to which the check is carried out. The spans on the interfloor ceilings are installed in the same way as the platforms. The installation of the flight of stairs begins with its laying first on the lower section, and then on the upper one. Scrap helps to eliminate minor flaws that arise during the installation process.

Installation of prefabricated flights of stairs

Since making flights of stairs with your own hands is an almost impossible procedure, in the absence of a special tool and skills to work with it, it is better to resort to buying a prefabricated structure. In this case, consider the option with a staircase made of reinforced concrete.

This type of flight stairs is absolutely fireproof and is installed on stairwells. Their installation is carried out with the help of cranes, since it is impossible for people to lift such a weight.

The most common version of the flight of stairs is its one-to-two slope; such stairs are the basis of almost any multi-storey building. At the same time, there are prefabricated structures with a slope of one to one and a half, they are relevant for cottages or private houses.

There are several types of such marches:

• flat shape, on which there are no frieze steps, but there is a ribbed surface;
• ribbed type with the presence of one or two half-platforms.

Their main difference is that the first option uses a reinforced flat pipe as reinforcement, while the second option uses a reinforced beam or stringer.

Each flight of stairs involves the individual production of its own landing. There are two types of execution of flights of stairs and platforms:

• left-sided;
• right-sided.

Before starting construction work, you should carefully calculate the size of the flight of stairs and the landing. Since their installation is carried out in accordance with the working drawing of the project, which clearly indicates the elevation marks, horizontal dimensions and installation clearances.

Stairs, in this case, are installed during the construction of walls. Before starting installation work, it is required to check the flight of stairs and the platform using a tape measure. Next comes the manufacture of their wooden template, which is identical to the natural version, it copies the supporting components of the stairs.

Next, the installation site of the site is marked on the wall, the solution is applied and it is installed. The next process is to check the evenness of the installed site. If the platform is installed incorrectly, then a crowbar or correction with a crane is used to correct it.

If the site does not comply with the pre-calculations, the installation of the flight of stairs will end with its failure or location in a crooked position. To check the accuracy of the site installation, it is recommended to use a template made of wood.

The supply of flights of stairs is carried out with the help of a crane, which in the process of lifting makes it slightly inclined. If there are no mounting loops on the march, then a fork is used.

Before the installation of flights of stairs, a bed is made on the basis of a cement-sand mixture. It is located in the places of reference, the application is carried out manually, with the help of trowels.

To install a flight of stairs, a minimum of three people are required, one of whom stands on the lower platform, and the second on the upper one. The third - acts as a driver. As the flight of stairs moves, the person on top takes it first. 35-40 cm before landing, the march should be pressed tightly against the wall and sent to the stairwell. First, the lower part of the march is installed, and then the upper one. With the help of a crowbar, minor flaws are corrected and the march is uncoupled from the crane. The seams between the marches and landings are covered with a monolithic mortar. When installing the march in the opposite position, first the top and then the bottom, it will fall off the site.

When carrying out work in low-rise buildings in the form of cottages, the arrangement of reinforced concrete stairs takes place in open stairwells. To save space, it is possible that there is no landing. In this case, the stairs ascend and descend directly from the concrete floor. The flight of stairs rests on the surface of a bearing lintel or reinforced concrete beam. In no case is it allowed to rest the floor slab on the surface of the slabs. The installation height of the jumpers depends on the total thickness of the floor covering to be installed.

The standard appearance of marches implies the presence of smooth reinforced concrete steps, which are further finished with marble or granite treads. They come with the stairs. Staircases are also trimmed with this material. Please note that the tread is taken into account when calculating the height of the finished floor. When organizing the entrance to the building through the staircase, the first intermediate platform requires the organization of a basement march, numbering from three to six steps. In such cases, structures consisting of reinforced concrete steps are used.

At first I wanted to make a temporary staircase, but then I felt sorry for the material and decided to make a capital one right away. Or rather, I thought that nothing could happen to the teteva, and the steps can always be changed. Steps bought cheap, pine. Therefore, even if I scratch something during the construction process, it will always be possible to restore everything “cheaply”.

First, of course, I had to sheathe the corridor. For the inner lining of the corridor, I chose an imitation of a bar. If you sheathe the corridor after installing the stairs, then you would have to fiddle with the "bypass" of the stair profile for a long time. And so, it turns out, first I sheathe the walls, and then, in the already finished opening, a ladder is mounted.

Also, before the installation of the stairs, I had to immediately make a major floor. I didn’t want to lay floors after the stairs, then I would have to bypass the stairs with a floorboard, cut openings, etc.

On the floor I chose a floorboard. He laid it across the corridor. The width of the corridor is 1600 mm, so a six-meter board was cut into four parts with almost no trimmings. Since the length of the joint of the board is only one and a half meters, there was little marriage, even curved boards were easily stretched at such a length. The decision to lay the floor across arose after a couple of hours of unsuccessful docking of six-meter floorboards. After I had to abandon four boards in a row, the only solution left was to cut the entire floor into one and a half meters. This saves a lot of time and material.

The figure shows the design dimensions of the stairs. During installation, I followed exactly this scheme.

At the design stage of the house, I decided to make the stairs comfortable. That is, the main requirement: GOST degree of slope, a platform for turning. Therefore, I immediately decided on the type of stairs - they should be two-flight. The width of each march is 800 mm.

The floorboard in the corridor was laid across. The corridor width of 1.5 meters made it possible to work almost without scraps.

The removal of the stage made for a more "light" look. And also for the convenience of mounting balusters when fastening from below - through a step.

After carrying out all the necessary calculations, I mounted the first march. Previously, he built an inter-march turntable. I already attached the string of the first march to it. First the right one - with fastening to the wall, then the left one. Not a single bowstring of the first march weighs in the air. The left one is "insured" by fastening to the wall, the right one is framed with supports and sheathed with an imitation of a tier. Subsequently, a pantry will be organized under the stairs with an entrance at the beginning of the second march.

Two bowstrings of the second march were installed in the same way: the bottom comes to the platform, the top - to the floor of the second floor. I bought a 3 meter bowstring. Therefore, there were almost no cuts. Board thickness 60 mm. The only string of the entire structure of the stairs, which had only two supports, is the right string of the second flight. Left - fastened to the wall.