The syntactic analysis of a simple sentence has become firmly established in the practice of initial and high school. This is the most difficult and 3D view grammar parsing. It includes a description and scheme of the sentence, analysis by members, indicating the parts of speech.
The structure and meaning of a simple sentence is studied starting from grade 5. The full set of features of a simple sentence is indicated in the 8th grade, and in the 9th grade the focus is on complex sentences.
In this type of analysis, the levels of morphology and syntax are correlated: the student must be able to identify parts of speech, recognize their forms, find conjunctions, understand the ways of connecting words in a phrase, know the signs of the main and secondary members of a sentence.
Let's start with the simplest: help the guys prepare for the implementation parsing in 5th grade. In elementary school, a student memorizes the sequence of analysis and performs it at an elementary level, indicating the grammatical basis, syntactic relationships between words, the type of sentence in terms of the composition and purpose of the statement, learns to draw up diagrams and find homogeneous members.
The elementary school uses different programs in the Russian language, so the level of requirements and preparation of students are different. In the fifth grade, I took children who were studying in elementary school according to the programs of the educational system "School 2100", "School of Russia" and "Elementary School of the 21st Century". There are big differences. Teachers elementary school do a tremendous job to make up for the shortcomings of their textbooks, and themselves "make" successive links between elementary and secondary schools.
In grade 5, the material for parsing a sentence is generalized, expanded and built into a more complete form, in grades 6-7 it is improved taking into account the newly studied morphological units (verbal forms: participle and gerund; adverb and category of state; service words: prepositions, conjunctions and particles ).
Let's use examples to show the differences between the level of requirements in the format of parsing.
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In 4th grade |
In 5th grade |
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In a simple sentence, the grammatical basis is highlighted, familiar parts of speech are indicated above the words, homogeneous members are emphasized, phrases are written out or syntactic links between words are drawn. Scheme: [O -, O]. Narrative, non-exclamatory, simple, common, with homogeneous predicates. Exist. (main word) + adj., Ch. (main word) + noun. Ch. (main word) + places. Adverb + ch. (main word) |
Syntactic links are not drawn, phrases are not written out, the scheme and basic designations are the same, but the characteristics are different: narrative, non-exclamatory, simple, two-part, common, complicated by homogeneous predicates. Parsing is constantly practiced in the classroom and participates in the grammar tasks of control dictations. |
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In a complex sentence, grammatical foundations are emphasized, parts are numbered, familiar parts of speech are signed above the words, the type is indicated according to the purpose of the statement and emotional coloring, according to the composition and the presence of secondary members. Parsing scheme: [O and O] 1 , 2 , and 3 . Narrative, non-exclamatory, complex, common. |
The scheme remains the same, but the characteristics are different: narrative, non-exclamatory, complex, consists of 3 parts that are connected by an allied and allied connection, in 1 part there are homogeneous members, all parts are two-part and common. Parsing a complex sentence in grade 5 is educational in nature and is not a means of control. |
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Sentence schemes with direct speech: A: "P!" or "P," - a. The concept of quotation is introduced, which coincides in design with direct speech. |
The schemes are supplemented by a break in direct speech with the words of the author: "P, - a. - P." and "P, - a, - p". The concept of dialogue and ways of its design are introduced. Schemes are made up, but the characteristics of sentences with direct speech are not made. |
Plan for parsing a simple sentence
1. Determine the type of sentence according to the purpose of the statement (narrative, interrogative, incentive).
2. Find out the type of sentence by emotional coloring (non-exclamatory or exclamatory).
3. Find the grammatical basis of the sentence, underline it and indicate the ways of expression, indicate that the sentence is simple.
4. Determine the composition of the main members of the proposal (two-part or one-part).
5. Determine the presence of minor members (common or non-common).
6. Emphasize minor members sentences, indicate the ways of their expression (parts of speech): from the composition of the subject and the composition of the predicate.
7. Determine the presence of missing members of the proposal (complete or incomplete).
8. Determine the presence of complications (complicated or not complicated).
9. Write down the characteristics of the proposal.
10. Draw up a proposal scheme.
For analysis, we used sentences from the beautiful fairy tales of Sergei Kozlov about the Hedgehog and the Bear cub.
1) It was an extraordinary autumn day!
2) Everyone's duty is to work.
3) Thirty mosquitoes ran out into the clearing and played their squeaky violins.
4) He has no father, no mother, no Hedgehog, no Bear cub.
5) And Squirrel took nuts and a cup and hurried after.
6) And they put things in a basket: mushrooms, honey, a kettle, cups - and went to the river.
7) And pine needles, and fir cones, and even the web - everyone straightened up, smiled and dragged on with all their might the last autumn song of the grass.
8) The Hedgehog lay, covered up to the very nose with a blanket, and looked at the Bear Cub with quiet eyes.
9) The hedgehog sat on a hill under a pine tree and looked at the moonlit valley flooded with fog.
10) Across the river, blazing with aspens, the forest darkened.
11) So until the evening they ran, jumped, jumped off a cliff and yelled at the top of their lungs, emphasizing the stillness and silence of the autumn forest.
12) And he jumped like a real kangaroo.
13) Water, where are you running?
14) Maybe he's crazy?
15) It seems to me that he imagined himself ... as the wind.
Examples of Parsing Simple Sentences
Why would you need a proposal outline? There are several options. For example, you need to draw up a sentence scheme when parsing it.
You can also schematically depict the parts of the sentence for yourself in order to more clearly present its structure and trace the logic of joining the parts of the sentence to each other (relevant for complex sentences).
If we are already talking about complex sentences, using diagrams it is convenient to analyze sentences with different types connections. And in simple circuit helps visualize syntactic structure.
In general, whatever one may say, sentence schemes in Russian are far from useless. Now we will summarize this topic. So that you can use this article as a reference material. By the way, in order to correctly draw up diagrams, it does not hurt to repeat some topics on syntax. Now we will analyze examples of circuits and repeat at the same time. So you will benefit from the article twice - at the same time you will get a summary of the types of sentences, punctuation marks in direct speech, homogeneous members, etc. will.
Proposal Mapping Plan
- Read the sentence carefully, pay attention to what it is according to the purpose of the statement: narrative, interrogative, or incentive. And take note of the emotional coloring: exclamatory or non-exclamatory.
- Define grammatical foundations. What parts of speech are they?
- After that, it will be easy to say whether the sentence in front of you is simple or complex.
- In a complex sentence, determine the boundaries of the simple ones included in it and use a simple pencil to mark them with vertical lines. By the way, also separate the participial and participle turnover and other types of complications with such features.
- Underline the additional members of the sentence (with a broken line - the addition, a wavy line - the definition and the whole participial turnover, “dot-dash-dot” - circumstance and adverbial turnover). What parts of speech are they?
- If in front of you difficult sentence with an allied connection between its parts, pay attention to the unions: they are coordinating or subordinating.
- The previous paragraph will help you correctly identify the predicative parts of a complex sentence. So, the parts of a compound and non-union complex sentence are equal, mark them with square brackets. The subordinate clause in the complex sentence is marked with parentheses. Do not forget that the union / union word must also be included in them.
- In a complex sentence in the main part, find the word from which you can ask a question to the subordinate clause, mark it with a cross. From the word, draw an arrow with a pencil to the subordinate clause and write down the question. It also happens that the question to the subordinate clause is posed from the entire main sentence.
- And now the next step is the scheme of a simple / complex sentence - depending on what you have there. draw a linear graphic diagram, on which you transfer all the main designations with which you have previously drawn the proposal. In particular, sentence boundaries, grammatical foundations, complications if the sentence is complicated, the connection between sentences and the arrow with a question, conjunctions and allied words.
- Complex sentences with multiple clauses will require a vertical diagram to correctly display sequential, parallel, or homogeneous subordination. We will consider these below with specific examples.
- The numbers above the parts of a complex sentence can indicate the levels of the subordinate clauses, which will reflect their position in the composition of the complex sentence. The main sentence is not marked in any way.
Sometimes teachers may have specific requirements. For example, it will indicate on the diagram, in addition to the main ones, additional members. In addition, there are also reverse tasks when you need to make a sentence according to the scheme. An example of such a task can be found below.
Schemes of simple sentences
So let's start right away and start with a task, no kidding, at the level of grade 2: we need a simple sentence scheme of the form “subject - predicate - subject”. Simple example:
At the same time, you keep in mind that a simple sentence, based on the presence of main members, can be one- and two-part. By the presence of secondary members - common and non-common (in the example above, which one?). And also, according to the presence of a complete or truncated set of necessary members, the proposals are divided into complete and incomplete.
Transferring the main members of the sentence to the diagram, do not let the predicate confuse you. They are:
Now let's move on to the 5th grade and take up sentence schemes with appeal and other types of complications of simple sentences.
Appeal: denoted by O, the sign is separated from the rest of the sentence in the diagram using two vertical lines - │ │. The appeal is not a member of the sentence and only its location and punctuation marks are important:
On the diagram with homogeneous members the last sentences are indicated by a circle - ○, in which their syntactic role in the sentence can be noted (homogeneous objects, or circumstances, or subjects - any of options). Also, the unions and punctuation marks that stand with them are transferred to the diagram. Generalizing words are also indicated, for example, by a circle, only with a dot in the middle. And in this article we use a square - it’s more convenient for us:
Offers from introductory words: we can designate them as BB and also enclose them in two vertical lines - a member of the sentence introductory words are not. Otherwise, the same aspects are important for the scheme with an introductory word as for the scheme with an appeal:
In the scheme with participle turnover , except for punctuation marks, denote the word being defined. In the scheme with participle turnover and constructions with the meaning of addition and refinement- the most important thing is to indicate their place in the sentence:
You also probably remember that a simple sentence can be complicated. separate members (some of which are already reflected in the examples above):
- separate definitions (coordinated and inconsistent, single and common, this category also includes participle turnovers);
- separate additions;
- isolated circumstances (germs, participles, nouns and adverbs in the role of circumstances).
Direct speech sentences
The scheme of a sentence with direct speech is not at all difficult: only the boundaries of the sentence, the words of the author and the actual direct speech, as well as the punctuation marks attached to them, are indicated on it. Here are some examples:
Schemes of complex sentences
And now we finally got to the high school program. And now we will consider the schemes of complex and complex sentences with examples. And we will also definitely analyze proposals with an allied, as well as various types of communication.
Let's start with compound sentence: its parts are equal, so we denote them in the diagram with the same square brackets.
AT complex sentence the main and subordinate parts are clearly distinguished, therefore we denote the main part with square brackets, and the subordinate part with round brackets. The subordinate clause can take different positions in relation to the main clause: stand in front of or behind it, break the main clause.
Parts non-union complex sentence are equivalent, therefore, the same square brackets are used here to designate them in the diagram.
Charting offers with different types of communication, easy to get confused. Carefully study the proposed example so as not to make mistakes in the future:
A special case - compound sentence with multiple clauses. When drawing diagrams of subordinate clauses, they are placed not horizontally, but vertically. Sequential submission:
Parallel subordination:
Homogeneous submission:
Make sentences according to the given schemes
Now, after we have analyzed the whole theory in such detail, it will, of course, not be difficult for you to write proposals for ready-made schemes. It's a good workout and good job to check how well the material is learned. So don't neglect them.
- Proposal with appeal: [ │О?│… ]?
- A sentence with homogeneous members: [and ○, and ○, and ○ - □].
- Sentence with participial turnover and introductory word: [X, |PCH|, ... |BB| …].
- A sentence with direct speech: "[P, - a: - P]".
- A complex sentence with several types of connection: [ ... ], but [ ... ], (which ...): [ ... ].
Write us your options in the comments - at the same time you can check whether you have learned everything well and figured out the schemes. See for yourself that there is nothing archaic here!
Conclusion
You have worked on a large and voluminous topic. It includes knowledge from different sections of syntax: types of sentences, types of predicates, punctuation marks with homogeneous members of a sentence, direct speech, etc. If you carefully studied all the material, you could not only remember how to designate the members of the sentence in the diagram, but also repeat very important and useful rules.
And if you are not too lazy to write down sentences according to the schemes, then you can say with full confidence: you will meet the control and exams fully armed.
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The scheme of the complex sentence must be correctly drawn up. Only she can help you figure it out. difficult cases setting commas, dashes and colons. In addition, its schematic execution also helps to correctly characterize a complex syntactic unit. Syntax and punctuation issues are covered in USE assignments and GIA, therefore it is absolutely necessary to be able to visualize the composition of a complex sentence. How to do it right? Let's figure it out in this article.
The concept of a complex sentence
It is necessary to define a complex sentence as such. This is the most complex syntactic unit, which has several simple ones in its composition.
Thus, such a sentence has at least two grammatical bases. They can be related to each other in different ways:
- and allied words.
- Unionless.
- Within one syntactic unit, there can be observed different kinds connections.
Accordingly, in Russian they are determined by the type of connection within them. They will be called complex, compound, unionless and with various types of communication, respectively.
Scheme of the proposal: highlights
The scheme of a complex sentence requires special attention. In fact, it is necessary to explain the setting of all punctuation marks in it. Thus, the algorithm for its compilation can be represented as follows:
- Highlight grammatical basics and determine the number of parts.
- Find out the type of connection of parts within a sentence. It must be remembered that we denote subordination with round brackets, the main part, the coordinating and non-union connections - with square brackets.
- Determine the secondary members of the proposal, see if there are any homogeneous ones among them. The latter are also needed in the expanded scheme. It should be remembered that particles, unions do not play a syntactic function. Prepositions refer to those members of the sentence with which they form a grammatical link.
- See how each part of the circumstance is complicated, introductory words and constructions, homogeneous members).
- In a complex sentence, determine the type of subordination: parallel or sequential.
Compound sentence and its scheme
Let's analyze everything specific example: In the summer sky, full of rippling clouds, small clouds began to gather, and a cool rain drizzled.
First, let us prove that this proposition is indeed complex. It has two bases: clouds (subject 1), began to gather (predicate 2); rain (subject 2), drizzled (predicate 2). The parts are connected by a union and, accordingly, a compound sentence.
We work with the first part: in the sky - a circumstance expressed by a noun with a preposition; summer - a definition expressed by an adjective; small - a definition expressed by an adjective. This part is difficult separate definition full of rippling clouds, it is expressed by participial turnover.
The second part has only one minor member, the definition of cool. She is uncomplicated. Thus, the scheme of a complex sentence will look like this:
, [u=-]
In this scheme, the sign X denotes the word being defined, to which the isolated definition refers.
The scheme will help to distinguish a compound sentence from a simple one with homogeneous predicates connected by the union and. Compare: In the summer sky, full of rippling clouds, small clouds began to gather and cover the horizon. There are only homogeneous predicates here: they began to gather, to cover. They are connected by the union and.
Complex sentence and its scheme
Complex sentences in Russian with a subordinating connection have unequal parts: main and subordinate. It is quite simple to determine them: in the latter there is always a subordinating union, or such schemes of a complex sentence are quite interesting. We will analyze examples below. The fact is that the subordinate clause can be at the beginning, end of the sentence, and even break the main one.
When the Cossack raised his hand and shouted, a shot rang out. The sentence is complex: Cossack - subject 1; raised, shouted - predicates 1; shot - subject 2; resounded - predicate 2. The parts are connected by the union when, it is subordinating, therefore the sentence is complex. In this case, the clause begins the sentence. Let's prove it. Firstly, it contains an alliance, and secondly, one can easily ask a question to it: a shot was fired (when?) When the Cossack raised his hand. In the scheme, the subordinate part is enclosed in parentheses. In addition, the subordinate clause is complicated by homogeneous predicates (we also indicate them graphically). The scheme of a complex sentence will look like this: (when - = and =), [=-].
Another option is when a complex sentence begins with the main part: A shot rang out as the Cossack raised his hand and shouted.[=-], (when - = and =).
Complex sentences: special cases
Compound sentences broken by subordinate clauses are the most difficult. We will now analyze examples with unions. The smoke from the fires, into which everything was thrown, corroded the eyes to tears. The grammatical basis of the main part: smoke - subject, corroded - predicate. In the subordinate part there is only the predicate thrown. The grammatical basis of the main part is broken by the subordinate clause with the allied word which. Accordingly, the scheme will be as follows: [-, (in which =), =].
Another example: The hut, empty for several years, where we decided to stay, was located on the very edge of the village. Main part: subject - hut, predicate - was; it is complicated by participle turnover, which is not isolated. The subordinate part: the subject - we, the predicate - decided to stop. The scheme is as follows: [|p.o.|-, (where -=), =].
Scheme of an union-free complex sentence
We have considered coordinating and subordinating compound sentences. Examples with unions are not the only ones. There is also a connection of parts exclusively in meaning, unionless. Here correct scheme is especially important, because in such sentences, along with commas, a semicolon, dash or colon can be used. Their choice depends on semantic and grammatical relations.
It should be remembered that the parts of a non-union sentence are equivalent and are indicated by square brackets. Let's look at examples.
- The wind howled even louder; even louder ran the rats, bustling about in their burrows. This complex sentence consists of two parts: in the first base, the wind howled, in the second, the rats ran. According to the rule, if there are still punctuation marks in other parts, it is required to put a semicolon in case of an allied connection. The second part contains a separate definition separated by a comma. The scheme will look like this: [-=]; [=-, |p.o.|].
- There was a bustle in the house all day: servants scurried about, princesses tried on outfits, adults in excitement checked their readiness for the holiday. In this proposal with unionless bond there are four parts. The grammatical bases are as follows: vanity (subject) was (predicate), servants (subject) scurried around (predicate), princesses (subject) tried on (predicate), adults (subject) checked (predicate). The first sentence is explained by the following ones, so a colon is required. The scheme is: [=-]: [=-], [-=], [-=].
- If you read as a child, books will become true friends for life. Let us prove that the proposition is complex. There are two grammatical bases: you will (predicate), books (subject) will become friends (predicate). In this case, a dash is required, because the second part contains a consequence of the first. The scheme is simple: [=] - [-=].
Different types of connection in a complex sentence
Studying a complex sentence at school (grade 8), various types of communication pass within the framework of one sentence. Let's analyze the drawing up of a diagram of a similar design.
The souvenirs acquired during the trip were connected with some history, and each knick-knack had a long pedigree, but among all these rare things, there would not be a single one that would be worth attention on its own.(B. Garth)
This sentence has 4 parts connected by a coordinating and a subordinating connection. The first - souvenirs (subject) were connected (predicate), the second - a trinket (subject) possessed (predicate), the third - was not found (only the predicate), the fourth which (the allied word, subject) would be worth attention (predicate). There is a coordinating connection between the first and second parts, in addition, in the first there is a separate definition; between the second and third also coordinating, between the third and fourth subordinating. The scheme will be as follows: [-,|p.o. |, =], [a-=], [but =], (which =).
Characteristics of a complex sentence
The characteristic of the proposal should go inseparably from the scheme. It must indicate what it is in terms of the purpose of the statement and intonation, and then it is necessary to describe each of the parts: composition (one or two-part), prevalence, complete or not, and what is complicated.
Let us take as an example the sentence outlined in the previous section. It is narrative, non-exclamatory. 1st part: two-part, common, complete, complicated by a separate definition, expressed by participial turnover; 2nd part: two-part, common, complete, uncomplicated; 3rd part: one-component (impersonal), widespread, complete, not complicated by anything; 4th part: two-part, common, complete, uncomplicated.
Do you know the scientific name that begins with the word complicated...
Words that form two roots are called compound words.
For example, rhinoceros(two roots nose- and horn-, the letter o is a connecting vowel), vacuum cleaner(the roots are dust- and sos-, the letter e is a connecting vowel).
Proposals are also difficult. In them, as in words, several parts are connected.
Lesson topic: “Simple and complex sentences. Unions".
Read the sentences and think about how they differ from each other?
1) The bell rang.
2) The children entered the classroom.
3) The first lesson has begun.
4) The bell rang, the guys went into the classroom, the first lesson began.
Let's find the grammar.
A sentence with one grammatical basis is a simple sentence.
1, 2 and 3 offers simple, because in each of them on one basis.
4 offer complex, consists of three simple offers. Each part of a complex sentence has its main members, its own basis.
A sentence with two or more grammatical bases is a compound sentence. Compound sentences are made up of several simple sentences. How many simple sentences, so many parts in a complex sentence.
The parts of a complex sentence are not just simple ones joined together.
Having united, these parts continue, complement each other, turn different thoughts into one, more complete one. AT oral speech on the border of the parts of a complex sentence there is no intonation of the end of each thought.
Remember: in writing commas are usually placed between the parts of a complex sentence.
Determine if the sentence is complex or simple. First, let's find the main members (bases) of the sentences and count how many bases are in each.
1) At the edge of the forest, the voices of birds are already heard.
2) Tits sing, a woodpecker taps loudly with its beak.
3) Soon the sun will warm the earth better, the roads will turn black, thawed fields will be exposed, streams will murmur, rooks will come.(According to G. Skrebitsky)
1) At the edge of the forest, bird voices are already heard.
2) Tits sing, a woodpecker taps loudly with its beak.
Who? tits, what are they doing? chant - the first basis.
Who? dude what is he doing? taps - the second basis.
This is a complex sentence, consisting of two parts.
3) Soon the sun will warm the earth better, the roads will turn black, the fields will be barethawed patches , brooks murmur, rooks will welcome.
What? the sun, what will it do? warm - the first basis.
The roads will turn black - the second basis.
thawed patches will be exposed - the third basis.
Streams murmur - the fourth basis.
Rooks welcome - the fifth basis.
This is a compound sentence with five parts.
Read complex sentences. Observe how the parts of a complex sentence are connected?
1) Winter approaching , the cold sky often frowns.
Parts 1 of a complex sentence are connected using intonation. There is a comma between parts of the sentence.
2) The sun was warm during the day , a at night frosts reached five degrees.
3) Wind calmed down , and the weather has improved.
4) The sun just got up , but its rays were already illuminating the tops of the trees.
Parts 2, 3, 4 of sentences are connected using intonation and conjunctions a, and, but. The union is preceded by a comma.
Each of the unions does its job. The union connects words, and the unions a, but also help to oppose something.
When writing, parts of a complex sentence are separated by a comma. If parts of a complex sentence are joined by unions (and, but, but), a comma is placed before the union.
The sentences of our language are very diverse. Sometimes with one subject there can be several predicates, or with one predicate there can be several subjects. Such members of the sentence are called homogeneous. Homogeneous members answer the same question and refer to the same member of the sentence. In the diagram, we will circle each homogeneous member.
What conclusion can be drawn from the comparison of these schemes?
The first line contains diagrams of complex sentences, and the second line - diagrams of simple sentences with homogeneous predicates (they are shown in a circle).
In simple sentences with homogeneous members and in complex sentences between their parts, the same conjunctions are used: and, but.
Remember!
1. Before unions ah, but always put a comma.
2. Union and requires special attention: connects homogeneous members - a comma is most often not put; used between parts of a complex sentence - a comma is usually needed.
Let's practice. Let's put in the missing commas.
1) At night, the dog crept up to the dacha and lay down under the terrace.
2) People were sleeping and the dog jealously guarded them. (According to L. Andreev)
3) The pelican wandered around us, hissed, shouted, but did not give up. (According to K. Paustovsky)
4) Spring is shining in the sky, but the forest is still covered with snow in winter. (M. Prishvin)
1) At night, the dog crept up to the cottage and lay down under the terrace.
The sentence is simple, since one stem, one subject and two predicates - the dog crept up and lay down. Union and connects homogeneous predicates, so a comma is not put.
2) People slept, and the dog jealously guarded them.
The proposal is complex, since there are two bases - people were sleeping, the dog was guarding. Union and connects parts of a complex sentence, so a comma is needed before the union.
3) Pelican wandered around us, hissed, shouted, but did not give into hands.
The proposal is simple, since one stem, one subject and 4 predicates - the pelican wandered, hissed, shouted, did not give up. before the union but always put a comma. We put commas between homogeneous predicates.
4) Spring shines in the sky, but the forest is still covered with snow in winter.
The proposal is complex, since there are two foundations - spring is shining, the forest is covered. before the union but always put a comma.
Consider the schemes and decide which schemes hide complex sentences, and which ones are simple ones with homogeneous members; in which of them you need to put punctuation marks.
The first three schemes reflect the structure of a simple sentence with homogeneous main members. They are circled. In scheme 1, a comma is not needed, since the union connects homogeneous subjects and. In 2 and 3 schemes, commas should be placed. 4 scheme corresponds to a complex sentence. It should also include a comma between parts of a complex sentence.
Sentences that include words that, that, therefore, because, are most often complex. These words usually begin a new part of a complex sentence. In such cases, they are always preceded by a comma.
Let's give examples.
We saw, what the she-wolf crawled along with the cubs into the hole.
what a comma is placed.
All night long winter knitted lace patterns, to trees dressed up. (K. Paustovsky)
This is a complex sentence, before the word to a comma is placed.
Birds able to communicate everything with their voice , That's why they sing.
This is a complex sentence, before the word That's why a comma is placed.
I lovefairy tales, because in them, good always triumphs over evil.
This is a complex sentence, before the word because a comma is placed.
1. One afternoon, Winnie the Pooh was walking through the forest and grumbling a new song under his breath.
2. Winnie the Pooh got up early, in the morning he diligently did gymnastics.
3. Winnie quietly reached the sandy slope.
(B. Zakhoder)
3. 
Sentence 1 corresponds to scheme 3, since this is a simple sentence with one subject (Winnie the Pooh) and two predicates (walked and grumbled).
Scheme 1 corresponds to sentence 2, since this complex sentence has two bases (Winnie the Pooh got up, he was engaged). A comma separates parts of a sentence.
Sentence 3 corresponds to scheme 2, since this is a simple sentence with one base (Winnie got it).
In the lesson, you learned that a sentence in which there are two or more grammatical bases - complex offer. Parts of complex sentences are connected using intonation and conjunctions. a, and, but. When writing, parts of a complex sentence are separated by a comma.
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- School-collection.edu.ru ().
- The festival pedagogical ideas "Public lesson" ().
- Zankov.ru ().
- Find the main clauses in the sentences. Which sentence of the text is difficult - 1st or 2nd? What is the name of the remaining offer?
At the top of an alder tree a bird sat and opened its beak. The feathers on the swollen neck fluttered, but I did not hear the song.
(According to V. Bianchi)
- Insert two missing commas in sentences.
Winter hid in the dense forest. She looked out of the shelter and millions of little suns are hiding in the grass. Winter is angry! She waved her sleeve and covered the cheerful lights with snow. Dandelions are now flaunting in a yellow dress and then in a white fur coat. (According to I. Sokolov-Mikitov)
Find an offer with an alliance and. What does it connect - homogeneous members or parts of a complex sentence? Underline the words you need to answer.
- Write unions and, but. Underline the basics, mark homogeneous members and put commas where necessary.
The ball climbed into the water _ Uncle Fyodor soaped it _ combed the wool. The cat walked along the shore _ sad about different oceans. (According to E. Uspensky)
The cat stole fish meat sour cream _ bread. One day he tore tin can with worms. He did not eat them _ chickens ran to the jar of worms _ pecked at our stock. (According to K. Paustovsky)
The ability to draw up a sentence scheme is necessary for schoolchildren and students of philological faculties. Often, when performing parsing, there are problems with drawing up a sentence schema. At the same time, thanks to the clear and understandable scheme you can see parts of a complex sentence, trace the logic of composition and subordination, visually fix the main members. It is especially convenient to use diagrams when parsing sentences of a complicated structure, with different types of connections. Classes are also held in schools and universities, in which they not only draw up schemes of ready-made sentences, but also compose texts according to given schemes. It is important to master the basic methods in order to draw up a proposal scheme correctly. Then it will help you visualize the syntactic structure of the text.
We draw up a proposal. General recommendationsTo get started, you will need to remember all the basic information from the "syntax" section.
- You need to know exactly how a simple sentence differs from a complex one, to be able to find parts in a complex sentence.
- Knowledge of the types of simple and complex sentences is required.
- Of great importance is the skill of determining the boundaries of the sentence, its grammatical basis.
- To accurately highlight the grammatical basis, you need to know the types of predicates, the main ways of expressing them.
- It is necessary to repeat all the complicating elements of the sentence in order to quickly find and distinguish from each other isolated, homogeneous members of the sentence, appeals, introductory and clarifying constructions.
- One must be able to determine the type of a sentence by the structure of its grammatical basis.
- It is desirable to freely navigate in the means of communication of sentences, to distinguish unions from allied words. It’s great if you know how to immediately determine the type of connection, the type of subordinate clause by the union.
- AT this moment special attention is paid to the analysis of sentences of a complicated structure with different types of connections, so you will need the skill of analyzing such sentences, the ability to determine parallel, sequential, homogeneous subordination.
Algorithm for drafting a proposal schema
The proposal scheme must be drawn up according to a specific algorithm. Try to concentrate and not be distracted, take notes on a piece of paper, write a draft. Only after a complete analysis of the proposal, when you check whether your scheme is drawn up correctly, can you transfer it to a clean copy.
- Read the sentence carefully 2-3 times. Think about the meaning of each word - this will help not to confuse the role of words in the sentence in the future.
- First determine the grammatical bases. Select the subject and predicate. The predicate is underlined with two lines, and the subject with one.
- Think about the sentence in front of you: simple or complex. Sometimes there is only one subject, two predicates, and the sentence is complex. Do not forget that there are one-part and incomplete sentences.
- Mark sentence boundaries with vertical lines.
- Identify all the secondary members of the sentence, underline them, observing the general conventions:
- definition - wavy line;
- addition - dotted line;
- circumstance - dot, dash, dot, dash;
- adverbial turnover - dot, dash, dot, dash, stands out on both sides with vertical lines;
- participial turnover - a wavy line, distinguished from both sides by vertical lines.
- definition - wavy line;
- Select the predicative parts in the complex sentence. To do this, you will need to determine the type of connection in the sentence, the designation will depend on it:
- equal parts of a compound sentence are enclosed in square brackets;
- in complex sentence main part denoted by square brackets, and the subordinate clause by round brackets.
- equal parts of a compound sentence are enclosed in square brackets;
- Pay attention to unions: in a compound sentence, the union must be left outside the boundaries separating simple sentences from each other. In a complex sentence, the union is included in adnexal part. Sometimes unions are double, one part of them remains in the main sentence.
- Find a word in the main sentence from which you can ask a question to the subordinate clause. Sometimes the question is asked from the entire sentence as a whole. Thus, there is a difference between a verbal connection and a propositional one. If the connection is conditional, put a large dot above the main sentence, draw an arrow from it to the subordinate clause. Above the arrow, write the question you are answering. subordinate clause. When the relationship is suggestive, the arrow is drawn without a dot.
- You are now ready to move the schema. It does not need to rewrite the sentence itself. AT classical pattern indicate only the grammatical foundations, the boundaries of sentences, complicating elements, the connection of sentences, indicate an arrow with a question that the subordinate clause answers, enter unions and allied words. However, do not forget about the specific requirements of the teacher. Sometimes for practical exercises it is necessary to designate all members of the sentence in the scheme.
- If you have a proposal of a complicated structure in front of you, your scheme will not be built in one line, but in volume. Determine the type of subordination, build a diagram depending on it.
- Sequential subordination: first mark the main clause, draw a downward arrow from it, and on the next line graphically indicate the subordinate clause by drawing parentheses. From the subordinate clause, swipe down the arrow to the next subordinate clause, then follow the sequence.
- Homogeneous subordination - subordinate clauses depend on the main one and answer one question. Designate the main sentence, draw arrows down from it. On the second line, place the designations of all subordinate clauses. Write one general question.
- Parallel subordination - subordinate clauses answer different questions, depend on the main one. Mark the main sentence in square brackets, draw arrows from it to the subordinate clauses down, next to each arrow write the question that the subordinate clause answers.
- With combined subordination, different types of communication are combined. The scheme will also be combined: place sequentially subordinate sentences one above the other, and parallel or uniformly connected sentences on the same line.
- Sequential subordination: first mark the main clause, draw a downward arrow from it, and on the next line graphically indicate the subordinate clause by drawing parentheses. From the subordinate clause, swipe down the arrow to the next subordinate clause, then follow the sequence.
- Mark the levels of articulation with numbers. For example, when the subordination is sequential, the first subordinate clause is on the first level, and the second is on the second. One level is one line, but the main sentence is not taken into account in the numerical designation: these are the levels of division, and not the number of sentences.
